870:
661:
777:
754:
1127:
35:
672:
101:
847:
414:. The leading elements landed in Algiers on 12 November 1942 with eight aircraft, 11 Royal Artillery (RA) pilots, 39 RA soldiers and 25 airmen (mostly maintenance technicians). The normal strength of an AOP squadron was 12 aircraft, 19 RA officers (all pilots), 83 RA other ranks and 63 RAF including two administrative officers. Aircraft were fitted with the Army's No 22 Wireless, an HF set providing two-way voice communications with artillery units and formations on the ground.
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281:
1149:
994:
273:
1180:
893:
1059:
571:
1415:
1036:
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916:
972:
1095:
1493:
1438:
Auster Mk.V, C/N 1753, To 20 MU Aston Down 31.8.45. To CS(A) at A&AEE, Boscombe Down 12.9.46 (to replace TW513 for photography of smokescreens & communications duties). To 20 MU Aston Down 13.7.48. To 1960 Flt/661 Squadron, Kenley 19.5.49; coded ‘RCE-D’. To 19 MU St Athan 20.9.51. Sold 1953.
1409:
Auster Mk.IV, built in 1943 and deployed to France in July 1944. It was operated by 661 squadron in Europe until the squadron was disbanded. Demobbed and civilianised by
Taylorcraft England, it was sold to a flying school in East Anglia in 1948, then to a French parachuting club in 1958, before
335:
led to an accommodation that led to the first AOP pilot course for artillery officers taking place in
October 1940 and in 1941, the first AOP squadron, No 651, formed. Stinson Vigilants eventually arrived in early 1942 but most had been severely damaged in transit leading to the adoption of the
319:
were purchased from
Taylorcraft and a trials unit, D Flight, under Major Charles Bazeley RA, formed at Old Sarum on 1 February 1940. The flight with three Austers and one Stinson 105, and three artillery and one RAF pilots, moved to France where they trained with artillery and practiced fighter
1463:
Auster MK.V built in
February 1944 as MS980, issued to 661 Squadron "C Flight" on 15.06.1944; Transferred to 652 Squadron on 12.4.1945, released to 663 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 11.8.1949; Put in storage surplus 3.3.1954; civilized as G-ANGW and sold to the Austrian Flying Club
522:
Postwar Auster AOP aircraft were reorganised into independent flights (probably because the RAF used Wing-Commanders, equivalent to
Lieutenant-Colonels, to command squadrons while the army insisted on a major's command) including 1903 Flight in Korea that had artillery pilots from several
1466:
Was sold to
Fliegerclub Fürstenfeld in 1964, removed from flying in 1984 and put in long term storage until 2004. Now restored to original authentic RAF WWII D Day factory config including camouflage between 2006-2012 by Erich and Matthias Lemmerer; Aircraft based in Austria;
495:
was assigned to 14th Army and used
Austers in Burma, generally with flights assigned to each corps. In European theatres a squadron was generally assigned to each corps, but under command for technical matters of an RAF group.
320:
avoidance with
Hurricanes of Air Component before moving south to train with French artillery. The flight did not participate in the fighting and withdrew without loss to the UK. However, the War Office then ordered 100
558:. They were supplemented early in 1948 by six ex-RAF Austers that had been assembled from hulks of 25 aircraft purchased as scrap. These aircraft formed the core of Israel's air force in the early part of the
523:
Commonwealth countries. There was also an Auster-equipped
Liaison Flight, No 1913, in that theatre. Air OP flights also operated in the Malayan Emergency. Several AOP squadrons were reformed within the
535:
when it was formed in
September 1957, with AAC squadrons using numbers starting with 651. The air observation duties, counter-insurgency and casualty evacuation roles performed by Auster and similar
491:. The three squadrons deployed from RAF Andover, England, to the Netherlands, to Dunkirk in France, where the last Canadian 'shots' in Europe were fired, and later to occupied Germany.
2395:
1443:
from 1954 to 1974 as G-ANHZ. Sold to Switzerland in 1995 as HB-EZJ and fully restored in Switzerland to original condition. Since 2022 OK-BTA, privately owned by Jiri Hruska.
2284:
1109:
1025:
720:
2026:
640:(Model J) Auster IV with blind flying instruments (Vacuum pump) and flap modification, and removable armour plate installed for pilot only, 791 built.
1051:
in exile in the United Kingdom – Nine aircraft in service from 1944 to 1945. Used by Nos 331 and 332 Norwegian Squadrons as communications aircraft.
2400:
508:
504:
2405:
2277:
336:
Taylorcraft Auster 1 and an order for 100 aircraft placed. Some of the Stinsons were resurrected but found to be too big for the AOP role.
332:
487:
and the RCAF, with brief secondment to the squadrons with pilots from the Royal Artillery; control was maintained in the UK by 70 Group,
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1810:
1906:
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1994:
1410:
returning to the UK in 1973. Currently in flyable condition, restoration to full airworthiness is planned to be completed in 2024.
1560:
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and AOP.9s until at least March 1957, when the Auxiliary Air Force was disbanded. All Auster AOP units were transferred to the
1639:
700:
695:
2019:
418:
1083:
1018:
325:
1999:
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367:) which had a slightly larger cabin with three seats and used the Lycoming O-290. The major production version was the
2339:
1008:
165:
562:, being used for reconnaissance and resupply missions, while also being used to drop home-made bombs on Arab forces.
690:
684:
660:
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157:
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249:. The Model A had to be redesigned in Britain to meet more stringent Civil Aviation standards and was named the
2390:
2012:
1361:
220 nmi (250 mi, 402 km) or 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) with long range tank fitted.
791:
625:
484:
407:
356:
161:
49:
43:
315:
Pre-war tests identified the Taylorcraft Model D as the most suitable aircraft for the AOP role. Three more
1458:
1433:
1139:
376:
142:
1849:
Lopes, Mario Canongia (March–April 1997). "In at the Deep End: The Auster in Portuguese Military Service".
2329:
2293:
1739:
Canada's Flying Gunners: A History of the Air Observation Post of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
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949:
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Several Taylorcraft Austers formed, with other civil light aircraft, part of the initial equipment of the
126:
60:
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On 31 March 1943 the Army Cooperation Command was disbanded, most of its assets being used to form the
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Auster III of the Royal Australian Air Force at the RAAF Museum, Point Cook, Victoria, in March 1988
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488:
1714:
Elliott, Bryn (January–February 1999). "On the Beat: The First 60 Years of Britain's Air Police".
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and stopped licensing from Taylorcraft. Further military aircraft were supplied post war; the
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119:
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British Warplanes of World War II: Combat Aircraft of the RAF and Fleet Air Arm, 1939-1945
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engine. Due to the shortage of American engines that version was not built but led to the
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131:
1884:
The Eye in the Air – History of Air Observation and Reconnaissance for the Army 1785-1945
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in late 1944 and early 1945. The RCAF squadrons were manned by Canadian personnel of the
253:. After the start of the Second World War, the company developed the model further as an
2191:
2166:
1972:
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1938:
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583:
550:, formed in November 1947 as the air component of the Jewish paramilitary organisation
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272:
209:
1913:"Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation".
1179:
2384:
2369:
2349:
2334:
2176:
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1832:
Lopes, Mario C. (February 2000). "Courrier des Lecteurs" [Readers' Letters].
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service, the Plus Cs were re-engined with the Cirrus Minor I and re-designated as
284:
Auster I converted postwar to Taylorcraft Plus D, restored in wartime markings as
328:
in December 1940 led to the RAF rejecting the very notion of light AOP aircraft.
2196:
2151:
1697:
Cortet, Pierre (December 1999). "Rétros du Mois" [Retros of the Month].
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of the RAF) operated after D-Day in France, the Low Countries and into Germany.
395:
391:
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intended for the civilian market; the British firm having changed their name to
242:
592:
Plus C re-engined with a 90 hp (67 kW) Cirrus Minor I engine for the
2364:
2246:
2236:
2206:
2156:
1488:
634:(Model G) Three-seat version with a Lycoming O-290-3/1 H.O. engine, 253 built.
540:
199:
1922:
1860:
1841:
1723:
1706:
1792:
Auster – A Brief History of the Auster Aircraft in British Military Service
1528:
898:
875:
646:
Experimental tandem two-seat training glider converted from a Taylorcraft B.
276:
Prewar Taylorcraft C/2, impressed by the RAF in September 1941, seen postwar
262:
1414:
628:
engine, two prototypes converted from Model F (Auster I) and 467 built new.
406:
The Auster Mark III, IV and V were issued to 12 RAF, one Polish and three
1953:
Willis, David. "Military Auster A to Z: Post-war use and experimentals."
1666:
1064:
355:), which was the same as the Auster I but had a 130 hp (97 kW)
1970:
Willis, David. "Military Auster A to Z: n different colours – Exports."
1936:
Willis, David. "Military Auster A to Z: Unarmed and in the frontline."
759:
551:
1464:"Fliegerclub Wien Aspern" registered since then in Austria as OE-AAT.
1100:
1041:
945:
921:
852:
782:
433:) fought in North Africa and Italy, being joined from August 1944 by
410:(RCAF) air observation post (AOP) Squadrons. The first to deploy was
343:
was a re-engined aircraft with an American 130 hp (97 kW)
479:
were also issued with the Auster Mk. IV and V, formed in the UK at
1471:
1413:
1178:
977:
659:
569:
279:
271:
1741:. Ottawa, Canada: Air Observation Post Pilots Association, 2002.
1634:. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. p. 216.
586:-A2 engine, 23 built (one prototype and 22 production aircraft).
2266:
2008:
1405:
The Historic Aircraft Hangar, "Bellman 4", Solent Airport, EGHF
1685:. Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart Publishing, 1997.
28:
1899:
The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II
382:
Post war, the Auster Mark V was used as the basis for the
241:
The Auster was a twice-removed development of an American
1933:. (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
1734:
Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1966.
1115:
663 Polski Szwadron Powietrznych Punktów Obserwacyjnych
304:. Most of the civil Plus Cs and Ds were impressed into
1794:. Ottringham, UK: Flight Recorder Publications, 2005.
1886:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983.
1756:. Bingley, UK: International Auster Pilot Club, 1989.
602:
Plus C with a 90hp Cirrus Minor I engine, nine built.
1942:, Issue 121, January/February 2006, pp. 40–57.
511:
operated Auster Mark III aircraft in support of the
2301:
2119:
2043:
1518:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
205:
195:
185:
180:
172:
149:
137:
125:
115:
110:
93:
1805:Macfarlane, Arrol. "Warlike Sketches, 1939-1945".
839:– three Auster IIIs, in service from 1945 to 1948.
618:engine, two built, later converted to Auster IIIs
608:(Model D1) Military version of Plus C, 100 built.
1959:, Issue 122, March/April 2006, pp. 42–57.
1871:. Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2000.
2396:1940s British military reconnaissance aircraft
2000:International Auster Pilot Club magazine, 1974
2278:
2020:
1780:No. 107, September/October 2003. p. 74.
292:The Plus C was re-engined with the Blackburn
8:
1976:, Issue 123, May/June 2006, pp. 64–72.
1834:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
1699:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
1026:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force
519:from October 1944 until the end of the war.
1761:British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 1
1732:Auster Aircraft – Aircraft Production List.
721:Aircraft Research and Development Unit RAAF
2285:
2271:
2263:
2027:
2013:
2005:
1110:Polish Air Force in exile in Great Britain
90:
1349:113 kn (130 mph, 209 km/h)
225:and observation aircraft produced by the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2296:liaison aircraft designations, 1945–1958
1931:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
1375:
527:in 1949 and these operated some AOP.5s,
227:Taylorcraft Aeroplanes (England) Limited
132:Taylorcraft Aeroplanes (England) Limited
42:This article includes a list of general
1577:
701:No. 17 air observation post Flight RAAF
696:No. 16 air observation post Flight RAAF
1355:28 kn (32 mph, 51 km/h)
1662:
1660:
379:, and a conventional trimmer design.
359:engine. The next development was the
7:
1763:. London: Putnam and Company, 1974.
1754:The History of the Auster Aeroplane
1334:-3 flat-four piston, 130 hp (97 kW)
1300:36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
883:Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force
539:were generally taken over by light
2036:Taylorcraft Aeroplanes (UK)/Auster
1901:. London: Chancellor Press, 1994.
1312:167 sq ft (15.51 m)
1294:22 ft 5 in (6.83 m)
1080:– Ex-Pakistan Air Force aircraft.
437:. The other seven squadrons (Nos.
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1306:8 ft 0 in (2.44 m)
1268:British Warplanes of World War II
582:Original civilian version with a
554:, which later became part of the
394:, Auster T7 (a trainer), and the
245:design of civilian aircraft, the
1561:List of aircraft of World War II
1491:
1400:Lee on the Solent, Hampshire, UK
1272:British Aircraft of World War II
1183:A Royal Air Force Auster warbird
1147:
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992:
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33:
2401:Single-engined tractor aircraft
1855:. No. 68. pp. 26–31.
257:(AOP)—flown by officers of the
1632:Military Aircraft of Australia
691:No. 2 Communications Unit RAAF
375:) which was an Auster IV with
326:RAF's Army Cooperation Command
1:
300:and was re-designated as the
2406:Aircraft first flown in 1942
1774:Justo, Craig P. "Talkback".
1683:Where The Hell are the Guns?
1084:Pakistan Army Aviation Corps
1019:Dutch Naval Aviation Service
1324:1,850 lb (839 kg)
1318:1,100 lb (499 kg)
1009:Royal Netherlands Air Force
421:. Four squadrons (No. 651,
166:Royal Netherlands Air Force
2422:
1820:. Guild Publishing, 1991.
1394:
1251:No. 663 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1246:No. 662 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1241:No. 661 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1236:No. 660 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1231:No. 659 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1226:No. 658 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1221:No. 657 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1216:No. 656 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1211:No. 655 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1206:No. 654 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1201:No. 653 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1196:No. 652 (AOP) Squadron RAF
1191:No. 651 (AOP) Squadron RAF
685:Royal Australian Air Force
643:Taylorcraft Auster Model H
624:(Model E) Auster I with a
614:(Model F) Auster I with a
501:Royal Australian Air Force
158:Royal Australian Air Force
1260:Specifications (Auster V)
1049:Royal Norwegian Air Force
963:Royal Jordanian Air Force
862:– Postwar, 20 Auster IIIs
837:Czechoslovakian Air Force
525:Royal Auxiliary Air Force
419:Second Tactical Air Force
98:
1915:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
1630:Wilson, Stewart (1994).
792:Royal Canadian Air Force
626:de Havilland Gipsy Major
485:Royal Canadian Artillery
408:Royal Canadian Air Force
377:blind flying instruments
357:de Havilland Gipsy Major
331:Intercession by General
162:Royal Canadian Air Force
105:Taylorcraft J Auster Mk5
1882:Mead, Brigadier Peter.
1667:ADF-Serials Auster Page
1385:Institutional location
1279:General characteristics
1140:South African Air Force
560:1947–1949 Palestine war
435:No. 663 Polish squadron
269:Royal Artillery units.
261:and used for directing
221:was a British military
143:Clarence Gilbert Taylor
63:more precise citations.
2294:Czechoslovak Air Force
1929:"Taylorcraft Auster".
1701:(in French) (81): 43.
1602:Mead 1983, p. 157-163.
1477:
1434:Rakovnik Airport, LKRK
1419:
1184:
1014:Royal Netherlands Navy
665:
621:Taylorcraft Auster III
575:
289:
277:
237:Design and development
1995:Fleet Air Arm archive
1836:(in French) (83): 3.
1620:Hitchman 1989, p. 54.
1475:
1454:Niederöblarn, Austria
1417:
1182:
807:No. 666 Squadron RCAF
802:No. 665 Squadron RCAF
797:No. 664 Squadron RCAF
728:Royal Australian Navy
716:No. 454 Squadron RAAF
663:
631:Taylorcraft Auster IV
611:Taylorcraft Auster II
573:
477:No. 666 Squadron RCAF
473:No. 665 Squadron RCAF
469:No. 664 Squadron RCAF
322:Stinson L-1 Vigilants
283:
275:
1818:Fighters Over Israel
1737:Fromow, LCol. D. L.
1654:Nordeen 1991, pp.6–7
1611:Ellison 1966, p. 72.
1544:Stinson L-5 Sentinel
1539:Stinson L-1 Vigilant
1459:Niederöblarn Airport
1382:Geographic location
906:Indonesian Air Force
711:No. 77 Squadron RAAF
637:Taylorcraft Auster V
605:Taylorcraft Auster I
543:from the mid-1960s.
493:No. 656 Squadron RAF
431:No. 657 Squadron RAF
427:No. 655 Squadron RAF
423:No. 654 Squadron RAF
412:No. 651 Squadron RAF
255:air observation post
18:Taylorcraft Auster V
1917:(2): 154–162. n.d.
1752:Hitchman, Ambrose.
1681:Blackburn, George.
1593:March 2000, p. 225.
1584:Mondey 1994, p. 71.
1506:Related development
1322:Max takeoff weight:
908:– Ex-Dutch aircraft
706:No. 3 Squadron RAAF
589:Taylorcraft Plus C2
489:RAF Fighter Command
402:Operational history
384:Auster J/1 Autocrat
324:. Formation of the
288:of 653 Squadron RAF
229:company during the
210:Beagle A.61 Terrier
111:General information
2172:J/5 Aiglet Trainer
1478:
1420:
1372:Surviving aircraft
1185:
1072:Pakistan Air Force
860:Hellenic Air Force
666:
656:Military operators
599:Taylorcraft Plus D
579:Taylorcraft Plus C
576:
302:Taylorcraft Plus D
290:
278:
251:Taylorcraft Plus C
219:Taylorcraft Auster
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1867:March, Daniel J.
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1481:
1429:Rakovník, Czechia
931:Israeli Air Force
596:, 20 conversions.
556:Israeli Air Force
509:No. 17 AOP Flight
505:No. 16 AOP Flight
215:
214:
186:Introduction date
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16:(Redirected from
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738:724 Squadron RAN
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231:Second World War
120:Liaison aircraft
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59:this article by
50:inline citations
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1897:Mondey, David.
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1790:Ketley, Barry.
1759:Jackson, A. J.
1730:Ellison, N. H.
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1499:Aviation portal
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1907:1-85152-668-4
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1896:
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1892:0-11-771224-8
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1877:1-84013-391-0
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1718:(79): 68–75.
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1555:Related lists
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150:Primary users
148:
144:
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136:
133:
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121:
118:
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109:
102:
97:
92:
83:
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72:
62:
58:
52:
51:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2319:
2305:
2187:6A Tugmaster
2132:J/1 Autocrat
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
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2055:
2050:
1971:
1954:
1937:
1930:
1914:
1898:
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1833:
1817:
1791:
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1676:Bibliography
1650:
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1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1554:
1553:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1476:MS980 OE-AAT
1465:
1439:Operated by
1367:91 ft (28 m)
1365:Takeoff run:
1364:
1358:
1353:Stall speed:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1162:British Army
1133:South Africa
545:
521:
498:
467:
416:
405:
381:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
340:
338:
330:
316:
314:
309:
301:
294:Cirrus Minor
291:
285:
267:British Army
250:
240:
218:
216:
173:Number built
127:Manufacturer
75:
66:
47:
26:
2222:B8 Agricola
2167:J/5 Autocar
2137:J/1B Aiglet
2044:Taylorcraft
1340:Performance
1328:Powerplant:
1117:(1944–1946)
1000:Netherlands
958:Arab Legion
950:Transjordan
548:Sherut Avir
541:helicopters
481:RAF Andover
396:Auster AOP9
392:Auster AOP6
333:Alan Brooke
243:Taylorcraft
69:August 2008
61:introducing
2385:Categories
2192:6B Terrier
2177:J/5 Alpine
2101:Auster III
1641:1875671080
1567:References
1310:Wing area:
574:Auster III
349:Auster III
200:Taylor Cub
44:references
2227:Antarctic
2147:J/2 Arrow
2106:Auster IV
2096:Auster II
1982:0143-5450
1965:0143-5450
1948:0143-5450
1923:0143-5450
1861:0143-5450
1842:1243-8650
1786:0143-5450
1724:0143-5450
1707:1243-8650
1529:Piper Cub
1298:Wingspan:
1265:Data from
1253:1947–1949
1074:– Postwar
1028:– Postwar
899:Indonesia
885:– Postwar
876:Hong Kong
816:– Postwar
769:– Postwar
677:Australia
651:Operators
361:Auster IV
341:Auster II
263:artillery
2232:Atlantic
2152:J/3 Atom
2111:Auster V
2091:Auster I
2038:Aircraft
1485:See also
1388:History
1065:Pakistan
566:Variants
369:Auster V
265:fire of
206:Variants
138:Designer
2302:Liaison
1379:Serial
1304:Height:
1292:Length:
552:Haganah
515:in the
373:Model J
365:Model G
353:Model E
310:Plus C2
247:Model A
223:liaison
181:History
57:improve
2306:Kurýři
2120:Auster
2056:Plus D
2051:Plus C
1980:
1963:
1946:
1921:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1859:
1840:
1824:
1809:
1798:
1784:
1767:
1745:
1722:
1705:
1689:
1638:
1450:MS980
1425:TW384
1396:NJ695
1391:Photo
1359:Range:
1152:
1130:
1101:Poland
1098:
1062:
1042:Norway
1039:
997:
975:
946:Jordan
943:
922:Israel
919:
896:
873:
853:Greece
850:
827:
783:Canada
780:
757:
675:
529:AOP.6s
475:, and
388:Auster
298:engine
94:Auster
46:, but
2370:K-168
2252:AOP11
1572:Notes
1418:NJ695
1286:Crew:
978:Libya
760:Burma
286:LB382
176:1,630
2365:K-75
2360:K-74
2355:K-73
2350:K-72
2345:K-71
2340:K-70
2335:K-68
2330:K-65
2325:K-62
2320:K-61
2315:K-60
2217:AOP9
2197:Avis
2182:AOP6
1978:ISSN
1961:ISSN
1944:ISSN
1919:ISSN
1903:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1857:ISSN
1838:ISSN
1822:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1782:ISSN
1765:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1720:ISSN
1703:ISSN
1687:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1330:1 ×
1270:and
507:and
499:The
461:and
429:and
339:The
217:The
190:1942
116:Type
2157:J/4
503:'s
463:662
459:661
455:660
451:659
447:658
443:653
439:652
2387::
2247:D6
2242:D5
2237:D4
2212:B5
2207:B4
2202:T7
2061:D1
1659:^
471:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
425:,
398:.
317:Ds
312:.
296:I
233:.
2308:)
2304:(
2286:e
2279:t
2272:v
2086:J
2081:H
2076:G
2071:F
2066:E
2028:e
2021:t
2014:v
1984:.
1967:.
1950:.
1925:.
1909:.
1894:.
1879:.
1863:.
1844:.
1828:.
1813:.
1802:.
1771:.
1749:.
1726:.
1709:.
1693:.
1644:.
1288:3
1274:.
952:)
948:(
371:(
363:(
351:(
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
53:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
