119:
69:
92:
45:
561:
Robert L. Herbst calling the loss "totally avoidable" and saying, "The human projects which so disrupted its habitat, if carefully planned, could have ensured its survival." In 1981, after an exhaustive search of over 40 locations, the Fish and
Wildlife Service officially declared the fish extinct.
517:
The popularity of the springs in the 1950s and 1960s led to the extensive alteration of the pupfishes' habitat. During the construction of bathhouses, the hot spring pools were enlarged and the outflows diverted. In 1965, the outflows of the northern and southern hot springs were re-channeled and
31:
533:
In 1966, Miller found that the population at Tecopa Hot
Springs was nearly extinct. A population was found at a reservoir at a nearby motel two years later, but its smaller scales suggested that it may have already hybridized with the
1114:
1099:
518:
merged. The resulting swifter currents caused downstream water temperatures to rise above a level to which the pupfish were adapted. Modifications also allowed the related
553:
were collected on
February 2, 1970, and the subspecies was probably extinct by the next year. Further surveys in 1972 and 1977 returned no examples of the fish. In 1978,
1124:
1094:
1119:
1084:
1059:
629:
1079:
1104:
345:
intermittently filled the now-desert region, though some may have occurred during the last 10,000 years. The evaporation of the lakes resulted in the
987:
874:
1013:
779:
724:
558:
554:
1054:
636:
1069:
1074:
865:
486:
provided occasional nutrition. The fish were capable of surviving water temperatures of 110 degrees
Fahrenheit (43 °C) or more.
915:
978:
772:
1109:
870:
599:
535:
372:
103:
1018:
720:
118:
829:
1089:
640:
388:
860:
499:
427:
940:
563:
519:
396:
304:
230:
380:
472:, breeding males displayed a bright blue coloration. Females had between six and ten vertical stripes.
436:
275:
204:
810:
669:
419:
346:
586:
538:. In 1970, concerns over this habitat alteration and the presence of non-native species such as the
1129:
1064:
695:
330:
303:. Habitat modifications, the introduction of non-native species and hybridization with the related
58:
1031:
494:
Tecopa Hot
Springs lies at an elevation of 1,411 feet (430 m), about 2 miles north of the town of
495:
368:
249:
170:
113:
628:
Moyle, Peter B.; Yoshiyame, Ronald M.; Williams, Jack E.; Wirkamanayake, Eric D. (June 1995).
833:
825:
543:
527:
404:
889:
748:
922:
507:
160:
783:
1048:
479:
465:
441:
326:
292:
79:
342:
670:"98-32: Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting"
546:
led to its inclusion in both
Federal and California lists of endangered species.
1026:
1000:
972:
338:
296:
963:
371:, after six years of study. Miller also identified five other subspecies: the
503:
461:
457:
354:
317:
300:
288:
190:
97:
73:
890:"Conservation of Fishes of the Death Valley System in California and Nevada"
322:
130:
44:
30:
838:
957:
539:
483:
284:
150:
921:(Press release). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
992:
280:
270:
180:
1005:
696:"The Tecopa Pupfish Is An Endangered Species No More—Now It's Extinct"
557:
announced that it was considering delisting the fish, with
Assistant
456:
The fish were about 1–1.5 inches (2.5–4 cm) in length. The
140:
934:
585:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T62210A15362971.
809:
Miller, Robert R.; Williams, James D.; Williams, Jack E. (1989).
587:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T62210A15362971.en
562:
It was the first animal removed from the provisions of the 1973
938:
773:"TECOPA PUPFISH DECLARED EXTINCT--REMOVED FROM ENDANGERED LIST"
811:"Extinctions of North American Fishes During the Past Century"
830:
10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0022:eonafd>2.0.co;2
753:. California Department of Fish and Game. pp. 42–43.
916:"EXTINCTION TO REMOVE FISH FROM ENDANGERED SPECIES LIST"
460:
was positioned closer to the tail than the head. The
217:
947:
526:) to migrate upstream from the Amargosa River and
337:species likely took place during the early-to-mid
321:of the pupfish family Cyprinodontidae, a taxon of
1115:Fish of North America becoming extinct since 1500
694:Saar, John; Adelson, Suzanne (21 December 1981).
630:"Fish Species of Special Concern in California"
367:was first described as a subspecies in 1948 by
895:. The Western Section of The Wildlife Society
8:
464:was small or sometimes absent, and had six
1100:Natural history of Inyo County, California
935:
482:(blue-green algae). Invertebrates such as
315:The Tecopa pupfish is member of the genus
90:
67:
43:
29:
20:
837:
663:
661:
52:Grayscale image of a live Tecopa pupfish
1125:Species made extinct by human activities
875:United States Department of the Interior
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
766:
764:
762:
760:
353:populations in remnant wetlands and the
1095:Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex
780:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
743:
741:
725:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
574:
555:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
637:California Department of Fish and Game
668:Noecker, Robert J. (5 January 1998).
7:
1120:Extinct animals of the United States
1085:Freshwater fish of the United States
1060:NatureServe presumed extinct species
273:subspecies of the Amargosa pupfish (
866:Geographic Names Information System
307:led to its extinction around 1979.
14:
1080:Fish of the Western United States
771:Levitt, Alan (18 November 1981).
750:Endangered wildlife of California
1105:Taxa named by Robert Rush Miller
675:. Congressional Research Service
549:The last confirmed specimens of
510:, and were the only place where
117:
871:United States Geological Survey
566:as a result of its extinction.
1:
1055:IUCN Red List extinct species
979:Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
949:Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
602:Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
589:. Accessed on 20 August 2023.
287:to the outflows of a pair of
266:Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
243:Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae
914:Levitt, Alan (3 July 1978).
279:). The small, heat-tolerant
1070:Endemic fauna of California
604:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1146:
1075:Fauna of the Mojave Desert
888:Miller, Robert R. (1969).
502:. The outflows of the two
16:Extinct subspecies of fish
559:Secretary of the Interior
530:with the Tecopa pupfish.
468:. Similar to some other
236:
229:
114:Scientific classification
112:
88:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
608:explorer.natureserve.org
452:Description and behavior
389:Saratoga Springs pupfish
721:"Cyprinodon nevadensis"
506:are tributaries of the
500:Inyo County, California
1110:Fish described in 1948
564:Endangered Species Act
536:Amargosa River pupfish
520:Amargosa River pupfish
490:Decline and extinction
434:) the desert pupfish (
373:Amargosa River pupfish
305:Amargosa River pupfish
583:Cyprinodon nevadensis
437:Cyprinodon macularius
276:Cyprinodon nevadensis
928:on 11 November 2012.
861:"Tecopa Hot Springs"
789:on 11 November 2012.
544:western mosquitofish
428:Devil's Hole pupfish
420:Death Valley pupfish
397:Warm Springs pupfish
347:geographic isolation
38:Live Tecopa pupfish
581:NatureServe. 2013.
446:Cyprinodon radiosus
432:Cyprinodon diabolis
381:Ash Meadows pupfish
59:Conservation status
424:Cyprinodon salinus
369:Robert Rush Miller
222:C. n. calidae
205:C. nevadensis
171:Cyprinodontiformes
1042:
1041:
941:Taxon identifiers
778:(Press release).
257:
256:
107:
83:
1137:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
996:
995:
983:
982:
981:
968:
967:
966:
936:
930:
929:
927:
920:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
894:
885:
879:
878:
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
841:
815:
806:
791:
790:
788:
782:. Archived from
777:
768:
755:
754:
745:
736:
735:
733:
731:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
674:
665:
656:
655:
653:
651:
646:on 23 March 2012
645:
639:. Archived from
634:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
596:
590:
579:
405:Shoshone pupfish
401:C. n. pectoralis
393:C. n. nevadensis
325:most diverse in
245:
241:
219:
122:
121:
101:
94:
93:
77:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1090:Amargosa Desert
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
977:
976:
971:
962:
961:
956:
943:
933:
925:
918:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
887:
886:
882:
859:
858:
854:
844:
842:
813:
808:
807:
794:
786:
775:
770:
769:
758:
747:
746:
739:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
667:
666:
659:
649:
647:
643:
632:
627:
626:
622:
612:
610:
598:
597:
593:
580:
576:
572:
524:C. n. amargosae
492:
484:mosquito larvae
454:
385:C. n. mionectes
377:C. n. amargosae
313:
253:
247:
239:
238:
225:
208:
181:Cyprinodontidae
116:
108:
95:
91:
84:
72:
68:
61:
24:Tecopa pupfish
17:
12:
11:
5:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
969:
953:
951:
945:
944:
939:
932:
931:
906:
880:
852:
839:2027.42/141989
792:
756:
737:
712:
686:
657:
620:
591:
573:
571:
568:
508:Amargosa River
491:
488:
478:primarily ate
453:
450:
409:C. n. shoshone
341:, a time when
312:
309:
261:Tecopa pupfish
255:
254:
248:
234:
233:
231:Trinomial name
227:
226:
216:
214:
210:
209:
202:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
161:Actinopterygii
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
110:
109:
89:
86:
85:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
974:
970:
965:
959:
955:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
924:
917:
910:
907:
891:
884:
881:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
856:
853:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
785:
781:
774:
767:
765:
763:
761:
757:
752:
751:
744:
742:
738:
726:
722:
716:
713:
701:
697:
690:
687:
671:
664:
662:
658:
642:
638:
631:
624:
621:
609:
605:
603:
595:
592:
588:
584:
578:
575:
569:
567:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:C. n. calidae
547:
545:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
515:
513:
512:C. n. calidae
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:cyanobacteria
477:
476:C. n. calidae
473:
471:
467:
466:lepidotrichia
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
442:Owens pupfish
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:C. n. calidae
362:
360:
359:C. nevadensis
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:pluvial lakes
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:North America
324:
320:
319:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Mojave Desert
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
251:
246:
244:
235:
232:
228:
224:
223:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
111:
105:
100: (1979)
99:
87:
81:
76: (1979)
75:
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
948:
923:the original
909:
897:. Retrieved
883:
864:
855:
843:. Retrieved
821:
817:
784:the original
749:
728:. Retrieved
715:
703:. Retrieved
699:
689:
677:. Retrieved
648:. Retrieved
641:the original
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:
601:
594:
582:
577:
550:
548:
532:
523:
516:
511:
493:
475:
474:
469:
455:
445:
435:
431:
423:
418:include the
415:
414:Other local
413:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
364:
363:
358:
350:
334:
316:
314:
274:
265:
264:
260:
258:
250:R. R. Miller
242:
237:
221:
220:
213:Subspecies:
203:
191:
18:
1027:NatureServe
1001:iNaturalist
973:Wikispecies
504:hot springs
470:Cyprinodons
416:Cyprinodons
403:), and the
339:Pleistocene
297:Inyo County
289:hot springs
104:NatureServe
1130:Subspecies
1065:Cyprinodon
1049:Categories
570:References
462:pelvic fin
458:dorsal fin
440:) and the
355:speciation
351:Cyprinodon
335:Cyprinodon
331:divergence
318:Cyprinodon
301:California
192:Cyprinodon
824:(6): 30.
818:Fisheries
613:20 August
528:hybridize
514:existed.
349:of small
333:of local
323:killifish
199:Species:
137:Kingdom:
131:Eukaryota
96:Presumed
1032:2.100477
964:Q2399695
958:Wikidata
650:22 April
542:and the
540:bluegill
329:. Most
311:Taxonomy
269:) is an
177:Family:
151:Chordata
147:Phylum:
141:Animalia
127:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
993:6165252
426:), the
395:), the
387:), the
379:), the
291:in the
285:endemic
281:pupfish
271:extinct
240:†
187:Genus:
167:Order:
157:Class:
102: (
98:Extinct
78: (
74:Extinct
1019:647759
1006:199991
700:People
496:Tecopa
252:, 1948
926:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
899:4 May
893:(PDF)
845:1 May
814:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
730:4 May
705:4 May
679:1 May
673:(PDF)
644:(PDF)
633:(PDF)
1014:ITIS
988:GBIF
901:2011
847:2011
732:2011
707:2011
681:2011
652:2011
615:2023
283:was
259:The
834:hdl
826:doi
498:in
448:).
430:, (
411:).
357:of
295:of
1051::
1029::
1016::
1003::
990::
975::
960::
873:,
869:.
863:.
832:.
822:14
820:.
816:.
795:^
759:^
740:^
723:.
698:.
660:^
635:.
606:.
361:.
299:,
903:.
877:.
849:.
836::
828::
734:.
709:.
683:.
654:.
617:.
600:"
522:(
444:(
422:(
407:(
399:(
391:(
383:(
375:(
263:(
218:†
106:)
82:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
