Tefillin - Knowledge

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wrapped around the upper arm in the opposite direction it came from in order to keep the knot tight without having to hold it. Some wrap it around the upper arm for less than a full revolution (the bare minimum to keep the knot tight) and then wrap it around the forearm seven times, while others wrap it around the upper arm an additional time before wrapping it around the forearm. Many Ashkenazim and Italian Jews wear the knot to be tightened (not to be confused with the knot on the base which is permanently tied and always worn on the inside, facing the heart) on the inside and wrap inward, while most Nusach Sephard Ashkenazim and Sephardim wear it on the outside and wrap outward.

2745: 2630: 3135: 3116: 3299: 3742: 3868: 3455: 3127: 3570: 38: 6263: 3556: 3892: 3727:(early 20th-century), following the second compromise practice above, recommends Ashkenazim make the following stipulation before donning tefillin: "If I am obligated to don tefillin I intend to fulfill my obligation and if I am not obligated to don tefillin, my doing so should not be considered as fulfilling any obligation" and that the blessing not be recited. 3500:

of mind intent on the commandment of tefilin, and distractions due to recent death or marriage would be problematic. A sufferer from stomach-trouble who thus can not maintain a clean body, or one who is otherwise in pain and cannot concentrate their mind is also exempt. One who is engaged in the study of the Law and scribes of and dealers in tefillin and

6749: 6270: 4115:. Teach them to your children, to speak of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk on the road, and when you lie down, and when you rise up. And write them on the door-posts of your house, and upon your gates; so that your days, and those of your children, may be multiplied upon the land which the L 3523:(18th century) wore tefillin, but there is little historical evidence for these claims. There was not a widely accepted practice of women wearing tefilin prior to 20th century progressive Judaism, though historical sources suggest it was done in some communities prior to the advent of progressive Judaism. 3581:

Sometimes tefillin were worn all day, but not during the night. Nowadays the prevailing custom is to wear them only during the weekday morning service, although some individuals wear them at other times during the day as well. Observant Jews make a tremendous effort to don Tefillin at the appropriate

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In earlier Talmudic times, tefillin were either cylindrical or cubical, but later the cylindrical form became obsolete. Nowadays the boxes should be fashioned from a single piece of animal hide and form a base with an upper compartment to contain the parchment scrolls. They are made in varying levels

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A mourner during the first day of his mourning period is exempt from wrapping tefillin; according to Talmudic law, a bridegroom on his wedding-day is also exempt, but this later exemption is not practiced today. The reason for these exemptions is that the wearer of tefilin must have a constant state

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Rav Shlomo Ha-kohen of Vilna, in his work of responsa Binyan Shlomo (siman 6), writes that he was once asked why the Gemara never mentions a requirement to purchase beautiful tefillin. Seemingly, tefillin is no less a religious article than a tallit, Sefer Torah or lulav, and thus the obligation of

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your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might. And these words, which I command you this day, shall be upon your heart; and teach them thoroughly to your children, and speak of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk on the road, and when you lie down, and

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The arm-tefillin is laid on the inner side of the bare left arm, right arm if one is left handed, two finger breadths above the elbow, so that when the arm is bent the tefillin faces towards the heart. The arm-tefillin is tightened with the thumb, the blessing is said, and the strap is immediately

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The texts have to be written with halachically acceptable (acceptable according to Jewish law) ink on halachically acceptable parchment. There are precise rules for writing the texts and any error invalidates it. For example, the letters of the text must be written in order - if a mistake is found

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shall bring you into the land of the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Amorite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite, which He swore unto your fathers to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, that you shall keep this service in this month. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, and the

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as to whether tefillin should be worn or not. Those who forbid it consider the "sign" of intermediate days as having the same status as the festival itself, making the ritual of tefillin redundant. Others argue and hold that Chol HaMoed does not constitute a "sign" in which case tefillin must be

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The four biblical passages which refer to the tefillin, mentioned above, are written on scrolls and placed inside the leather boxes. The arm-tefillin has one large compartment, which contains all four biblical passages written upon a single strip of parchment; the head-tefillin has four separate

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Beauty enhances the mitzvot by appealing to the senses. Beautiful sounds and agreeable fragrances, tastes, textures, colors, and artistry contribute to human enjoyment of religious acts, and beauty itself takes on a religious dimension. The principle of enhancing a mitzvah through aesthetics is

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details of the sanctity of tefillin and writes that "as long as the tefillin are on the head and on the arm of a man, he is modest and God-fearing and will not be attracted by hilarity or idle talk; he will have no evil thoughts, but will devote all his thoughts to truth and righteousness". The

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spoke to Moses, saying: 'Sanctify to Me all the first-born, whatever opens the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of animal, it is Mine.' And Moses said to the people: 'Remember this day, in which you came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand the

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In modern times, men have not been the only ones to elect to wear tefillin. In 2018, a group of students from Hebrew College, a non-denominational rabbinical school in Boston, created a series of YouTube videos to help female and transgender Jews learn how to wrap tefillin. Within the Orthodox

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your God, and to serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul, then I will give the rain of your land in its season, the early and the late rain, and you will gather in your grain, your wine, and your oil. And I will give grass in your fields for your cattle, and you will eat and be

4009:'S. Every firstborn donkey you shall redeem with a sheep, and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck; and all the first-born of man among your sons shall you redeem. And when your son asks you in time to come, saying: What is this? say to him: By strength of hand the L 3820:. The two straps of the head-tefillin are brought in front of the shoulders, with their blackened side facing outwards. Now the remainder of the arm-tefillin straps are wound three times around the middle finger and around the hand to form the shape of the Hebrew letter of either a 3260:

to tie and then "matleit" (plait? wind three times?) them. However, the passage leaves unclear where the measuring is done from, whether the reference is to hand- or head-tefillin, and what exactly the meaning of "matleit" is. Combining and interpreting the Talmud's statements,

3431:, who wore the tefillin of Rashi, rejected the stringency of also laying Rabbeinu Tam, pointing out that there were 64 possible arrangements of the tefillin scrolls, and it would not be practical to put on 64 different sets of tefillin to account for all possibilities. The 3401:, the last two passages are switched around. There are two additional opinions of the Shimusha Rabba and the Raavad, who hold that like Rashi and Rabbeinu Tam respectively, but they hold that the scrolls are placed in the head tefillin in mirror image of those opinions. 3811:

Then the head-tefillin is placed on the middle of the head just above the forehead, so that no part rests below the hairline. A bald or partially bald person's original hairline is used. The knot of the head-tefillin sits at the back of the head, upon the part of the

3957:. Unleavened bread shall be eaten throughout the seven days; and no leavened bread shall be seen with you, neither shall there be leaven seen with you, in all your borders. And so shall you tell your son on that day, saying: It is because of that which the L 3840:‎) according to Sephardim. There are various customs regarding winding the strap on the arm and hand. In fact, the arm strap is looped for counter-clockwise wrapping with Ashkenazi tefillin while it is knotted for clockwise wrapping with Sephardic and 3082:

considered every ornament worn on the body (whatever its declared function) as initially serving the purpose of an amulet. In addition, the early Rabbinic sources furnish more or less explicit examples of the apotropaic qualities of tefillin. For instance,

3772:. All, however, put on and remove the head tefillin while standing. Halacha forbids speaking or being distracted while putting on the tefillin. An Ashkenazi says two blessings when laying tefillin, the first before he ties the arm-tefillin: ... 3281:

wind around the finger); however, this leniency does not appear in his comments to the Shulchan Aruch. In addition to the windings around the finger, the Shulchan Aruch states that the custom is to wind six or seven times around the forearm.

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German Jews also did not tie a finger earlier. But later they put on arm-Tefillah with a knot on biceps while standing, then put on head-Tefillah, and after that they wind seven wraps around forearm (counting by the seven Hebrew words of

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The straps must be black on their outer side, but may be any color except red on their inner side. A stringent opinion requires them to be black on the inner side too, but more commonly the inner side is left the color of leather.

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Earlier, Yemenite Jews' custom was to put on arm-Tefillah and wind forearm with strap, making knot on wrist not winding a finger, and then put on head-Tefillah all made in sitting position. Later, Yemenite Jews followed by

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compartments in each of which one scroll of parchment is placed. This is because the verses describe the hand-tefillin in the singular ("sign"), while in three of four verses, the head-tefillin is described in the plural ("

3107:, was miraculously saved from the Roman persecution. Also, tefillin are believed to possess life-lengthening qualities, and they are often listed in one breath among various items which are considered amuletic in nature. 3327:). These are: "Sanctify to me ..." (Exodus 13:1–10); "When YHWH brings you ..." (Exodus 13:11–16); "Hear, O Israel ..." (Deuteronomy 6:4–9); and "If you observe My Commandments ..." (Deuteronomy 11:13-21). The Hebrew 2569:), women are exempt from most time-dependent positive commandments, which include tefillin, and unlike other time-dependent positive commandments, most halachic authorities prohibit from fulfilling this commandment. 3466:

The legal duty of laying tefillin rests solely upon Jewish males above the age of thirteen years, women are exempt from this obligation. Though no such prohibition existed in ancient times, since at least the

3055:). The Jewish Sages explain: "Is it possible for a human being to add glory to his Creator? What this really means is: I shall glorify Him in the way I perform mitzvot. I shall prepare before Him a beautiful 3290: 3048:(16th century) explains that tefillin are placed on the arm adjacent to the heart and on the head above the brain to demonstrate that these two major organs are willing to perform the service of God. 4828:

I think the beauty was important then because it reminded the people of the worth of God in their worship. During the dry and dusty days of desert wanderings, they needed a reminder of God's majesty.

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Nowadays, the prevailing custom is to arrange the scrolls according to Rashi's view, but some pious Jews are also accustomed to briefly lay the tefillin of Rabbeinu Tam as well, a custom of the

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ruled that the strap of hand-tefillin must reach from where the tefillin is placed on the arm, as far as the middle finger, where it must be wound three times around the middle finger.

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the word meant "headband" and was derived from a root meaning "to encircle", as ornamental bands encircling the head were common among Levantine populations in the biblical period.

1743: 3372: 8002: 1398: 1093: 1285: 3717:. However it may have been in his time, this is no longer universally the case, since many Ashkenazim refrain from wearing it or wear it without a blessing during Chol HaMoed. 4107:

be lit against you, and He shut up the heaven, so that there shall be no rain, and the ground not yield her fruit; and you be quickly lost from off the good land which the L

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Many have the custom to have high-quality tefillin and beautiful tefillin bags as a hiddur mitzvah. This idea comes from the verse "This is my God and I will glorify Him" (

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movement, it remains a male-only religious obligation, but in egalitarian movements, others may observe this practice as a social statement. Women affiliated with the

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caused consternation from the rabbi in charge of the site until a Jerusalem District Court judge ruled in 2013 that doing so was not a violation of "local custom".

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of tefillin was not performed by women, but the ritual was possibly kept privately by some women in medieval France and Germany. It has been popularly claimed that

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called Hiddur Mitzvah. The concept of Hiddur Mitzvahis derived from Rabbi Ishmael's comment on the verse, "This is my God and I will glorify Him" (Exodus 15:2):

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Talmudic commentators debated the order in which scrolls should be written in the hand tefillin and inserted into the four compartments of the head-tefillin.

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later, it cannot be corrected as the replacement letter would have been written out of sequence. There are 3188 letters on the parchments, and it can take a

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under Roman rule in the second century, or possibly due to expense, lack of skill in manufacture, or other social pressures upon Jews in the middle ages.

7506: 3412:, some were made according to the order understood by Rashi and others in the order of Rabbeinu Tam; however, they in fact do not follow either opinion. 3074:. For instance, Yehudah B. Cohn argues that the tefillin should be perceived as an invented tradition aimed at counteracting the popularity of the Greek 3488:, who said that by neglecting the precept, one transgresses eight positive commandments. A report of widespread laxity in its observance is reported by 2588:

from Egypt. While it is technically permitted for one to wear tefillin all day, this is not common: it is customary to remove them following services.

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Mahadurah u-Perush 'al Derekh ha-Mehqar le-Pereq "Ha-Motze' Tefillin" mitokh ha-Talmud ha-Bavli ('Eruvin, Pereq 'Eshiri), [PhD thesis, Hebrew]

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only recite the blessing on the head-tefillah if they spoke about something not related to tefillin since reciting the blessing on the arm-tefillah.

2936:, both expressions meaning "speech", "for when one sees the tefillin it causes him to remember and speak about the Exodus from Egypt". According to 1729: 4103:

satisfied. Take care for yourselves, lest your heart be seduced, and you turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; and the anger of the L

3703:(Turei Zahav). The advantage of this compromise is that one avoids the transgressions of either not donning tefillin or making a blessing in vain. 1079: 2803:

and it is also used in subsequent Talmudic literature, although the word "ṭoṭafah" was still current, being used with the meaning of "frontlet".

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Although "tefillin" is technically the plural form (the singular being "tefillah"), it is often used as a singular as well. The arm-tefillah (or

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and the major festivals because these holy days are themselves considered "signs" which render the need of the "sign" of tefillin superfluous.

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One who performs all labor and activities with his left hand except for writing, should he be wearing the tefillin shel yad on his right hand?

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Kashrut, tefillin, tzitzit: studies in the purpose and meaning of symbolic mitzvot inspired by the commentaries of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch

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head-Tefillah and arm-Tefillah are two different commandments, if both Tefillin aren’t available, then one can wear the available one alone.

3211:) pass through the rear of the base and are used to secure the tefillin onto the body. The knot of the head-tefillin strap forms the letter 777: 2972:

in the plural), meaning "guarded post, safeguard, security", and in later Greek, "amulet" or "charm". The word "phylactery" occurs once (in

2576:) is placed on the upper (non-dominant) arm, and the strap wrapped around the forelimb, hand and middle finger; while the head-tefillah (or 6325: 4001:

brings you into the land of the Canaanite, as He swore unto you and to your fathers, and shall give it to you, you shall set apart to the L

3736: 3044:(14th century) adds that the purpose of tefillin is to help subjugate a person's worldly desires and encourage spiritual development. 1215: 4789: 3852:

and put on arm-Tefillah, making seven windings on forearm and three on a finger, and then put on head-Tefillah. Because according to the

3155:("simple"), are made using several pieces of parchment to form the inner walls of the head tefillin. The higher quality tefillin, namely 2997:

bears witness to the ancient functional interpretation of the said device as a kind of an amulet. The other Greek words for "amulet" are

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killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the first-born of man, and the first-born of animals; therefore I sacrifice to the L

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brought you out from this place; no leavened bread shall be eaten. This day you go forth in the Spring month. And it shall be when the L

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You shall put these words of mine on your heart and on your soul; and you shall tie them for a sign upon your arm, and they shall be as

1483: 1300: 1290: 535: 5628:"Tefillin 101 - Week Four | Women's League for Conservative Judaism - Jewish Women's GroupWomen's League for Conservative Judaism" 7972: 6671: 6106: 6087: 1879: 1829: 1794: 1488: 1353: 1220: 7563: 6889: 4915:"The Name of Yahveh is Called Upon You. Deuteronomy 28:10 and the Apotropaic Qualities of Tefillin in the Early Rabbinic Literature" 3225:(known as the square-knot) while the strap that is passed through the arm-tefillin is formed into a knot in the shape of the letter 2479: 1571: 1533: 1508: 1428: 1413: 1260: 1200: 1155: 4963: 2744: 2629: 6152: 1864: 1846: 1752: 1646: 1498: 1493: 1418: 1383: 1250: 6704: 3492:

in 13th-century Spain. It may have arisen from the fear of persecution, similar to what had occurred to the Jews living in the

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The Talmud specifies that tefillin straps must be long enough to reach one's middle finger, and records the practice of Rav

2549:, are a set of small black leather boxes with leather straps containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the 4585: 4593: 2276: 1814: 1799: 1762: 1724: 1696: 1686: 1681: 1666: 1661: 1641: 1626: 1611: 1586: 1552: 1523: 1423: 1408: 1332: 1322: 1240: 1210: 1135: 1121: 5694: 762: 7952: 7556: 6161: 4234: 3134: 1884: 1804: 1767: 1691: 1636: 1503: 1478: 1403: 1378: 1368: 1307: 1230: 1225: 1205: 1195: 1175: 1160: 1053: 526: 521: 6128: 5615: 4407: 3471:

in the 16th century, the prevalent practice among religious Jews has strongly discouraged women from wearing tefillin.

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The codes view the commandment of tefillin as important, and call those who neglect to observe it "transgressors".

2348: 2193: 1901: 1295: 496: 486: 222: 838: 7982: 7914: 7429: 7168: 6320: 6199: 2462: 2155: 2006: 1947: 2598:, for instance, does not designate explicitly what specifically to "bind upon your arm", and the definition of " 7052: 6355: 3692: 3489: 2165: 2145: 1255: 740: 281: 5140: 4247: 2662:

And it shall be for a sign for you upon your hand, and for a memorial between your eyes, that the law of the L

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uses "phylacteries" in their translations. The choice of this particular Greek equivalent to render the Heb.

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custom is that no blessing is said for the head-tefillin, the first blessing sufficing for both. Sephardim,

3536: 2610:, many Jews understood the verses literally and wore physical tefillin, as shown by archaeological finds at 2306: 2296: 2261: 2140: 2130: 1913: 1084: 1026: 860: 544: 501: 216: 5289: 3535:

in Riverdale, New York, has allowed girls to wrap tefillin during morning prayer; it is probably the first

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rules that only "one who is known and famous for his piety" should put on Rabbeinu Tam tefillin, while the

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wrote that it is not necessary to wind around the finger (rather, the straps must be long enough that one

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which strongly advocate refraining from laying tefillin on Chol HaMoed. This position is maintained by

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bring us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage; and when Pharaoh found it hard to let us go the L

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held that the passages are placed according to the chronological order as they appear in the Torah (

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brought you out of Egypt. You shalt therefore keep this ordinance in its season from year to year.

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The manufacturing processes of tefillin are intricate and governed by hundreds of detailed rules.

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counts the commandment of laying the arm-tefillin and head-tefillin as two separate positive

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explains that if any other person puts on Rabbeinu Tam tefillin, it is a sign of arrogance.

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while engaged in their work if it cannot be postponed, are also free from this obligation.

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And it shall be for a sign for you upon your hand, and as a memorial between your eyes

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practice is to put on and remove the arm tefillin while standing in accordance to the

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It is often claimed that of the tefillin dating from the 1st-century CE discovered at

3182:, מעברתא) through which the tefillin strap is threaded, to tie the tefillin in place. 7941: 7904: 7856: 7825: 7650: 7424: 7419: 7327: 7191: 7067: 6961: 6838: 6801: 6517: 6408: 6330: 6232: 5828: 5151: 4665: 4601: 4554: 4398: 4180: 3900: 3822: 3723: 3590: 3409: 3257: 3187: 2982: 2948: 2615: 2415: 2410: 1616: 1543: 1069: 918: 913: 908: 898: 876: 828: 595: 434: 339: 301: 252: 131: 6144: 3454: 3126: 7845: 7460: 7289: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7042: 6796: 6618: 6252: 5739: 5475: 4930: 4068:

And tie them for a sign upon your hand, and let them be "totafot" between your eyes

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swore unto your fathers to give them, as the days of the heavens above the earth.

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means "two and two", corresponding to the four compartments of the head-tefillin.

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The tefillin are to serve as a reminder of God's intervention at the time of the

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Women and Tefillin : The United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism (USCJ)

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tie them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be "totafot" between your eyes

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And it shall be for a sign upon your hand, and as "totafot" between your eyes

3052: 77: 67: 7342: 7332: 7213: 6976: 6966: 6757: 4879: 4131: 3793: 3765: 3757: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3555: 3424: 3119: 3009:, which literally signifies "things tied around", analogously to the Hebrew 2838: 2814: 2251: 2236: 1326: 1274: 1036: 984: 974: 660: 656: 646: 561: 321: 6682: 6262: 6171: 5407:, '"Mah Enosh": Reflections on the Relation between Judaism and Humanism', 3891: 3159:("thin"), made by stretching a thin piece of leather, and the more durable 1004: 98: 7722: 7717: 7697: 7674: 7640: 7635: 7608: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7299: 7102: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6656: 6501: 6486: 6481: 6466: 6383: 6284: 5595: 4705: 4442: 4098:

If you listen to My commandments which I command you today, to love the L

3662: 3614: 3610: 3582:

time every morning, even in crowded airports. Tefillin are not donned on

3352: 3100: 2822: 2800: 2751:

man wearing arm wrappings and headband similar to tefillin (c. 1300 BCE,

2623: 2420: 2030: 1962: 793: 306: 257: 137: 5570:. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. pp. 178, 194. 5357: 5325: 5234: 3539:

high school in the U.S. to do so. The wearing of tefillin by members of

2831:(14th century) suggests that "tefillin" is derived from the Hebrew 43:

A set of tefillin includes the arm-tefillah (left) and the head-tefillah

17: 7727: 7712: 7645: 7630: 7393: 7388: 7367: 7082: 7062: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7001: 6822: 6806: 6646: 6598: 6583: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6549: 6537: 6491: 6433: 6403: 6398: 6340: 6299: 5520: 4667:

The Biblical and historical background of Jewish customs and ceremonies

3841: 3583: 3511: 3502: 3480: 3420: 3331:

script must be used and there are three main styles of lettering used:

3104: 3064: 2811: 2602:

between your eyes" is not obvious. These details are delineated in the

2566: 2396: 2362: 2231: 2025: 1014: 1009: 881: 672: 668: 664: 413: 408: 385: 367: 242: 237: 227: 205: 180: 92: 50: 7548: 6129:

Many pictures and explanations about Tefillin, the parshiyot and batim

3899:

are included in the scroll in addition to the first two paragraphs of

2710:

And you shall bind them as a sign upon your arm, and they shall be as

2591:

The biblical verses often cited as referring to tefillin are obscure.

7850: 7805: 7784: 7072: 6714: 6666: 6651: 6613: 6603: 6588: 6573: 6559: 6544: 6522: 6446: 6418: 6413: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6304: 6289: 4434: 3797: 3640: 3636: 3606: 3459: 3405: 3075: 3060: 3004: 2998: 2977: 2967: 2956: 2879: 2867: 2807: 2796: 2748: 2611: 2584:'s instructions to maintain a continuous "sign" and "remembrance" of 2557:

and traditional communities, they are worn solely by men, while some

2056: 2051: 2011: 1996: 1107: 999: 424: 390: 376: 311: 105: 4914: 4070:. And write them on the door-posts of your house and on your gates. 4952:

As is the case in M Kelim 23:1, M Eruvin 10:1 and BT Eruvin 96b-97a

4111:

gives you. Put these words of Mine on your heart and on your soul;

3103:, whereas Elisha the Winged, who was scrupulous in performing this 7919: 7878: 7800: 7779: 7692: 7603: 7337: 7158: 7027: 7017: 6971: 6770: 6748: 6718: 6527: 6476: 6471: 6269: 6099:

Tefillin and Mezuzot from Qumran: New Readings and Interpretations

5725:

Western Wall Rabbi: No More Tallit and Tefillin for Women at Kotel

4790:"Holiday Art Beautiful ritual objects enhance holiday celebration" 4473: 4040: 3890: 3866: 3832: 3740: 3666: 3644: 3568: 3554: 3453: 3427:

communities, and individuals within the Ashkenazic community. The

3378: 3360: 3318: 3297: 3289: 3213: 3133: 3125: 3114: 3088: 3056: 2743: 2703: 2655: 2647: 2628: 2581: 2550: 1019: 453: 357: 326: 58: 6898: 4021:

all males that open the womb, and redeem all my first-born sons.

2565:

communities allow them to be worn by either sex. In Jewish law (

7873: 7758: 6775: 3817: 3713:

who writes that this is the universally accepted practice among

3678: 3323: 3227: 2759:

The word "tefillin" is not found in the Bible, which calls them

176: 7552: 6902: 6686: 6188: 4208: 2837:, "justice, evidence", for tefillin act as a sign and proof of 6184: 4326:

Dictionary of Jewish usage: a guide to the use of Jewish terms

4185:

Dictionary of Jewish usage: a guide to the use of Jewish terms

4005:

all that opens the womb; every firstborn animal shall be the L

3605:) service and they are worn instead at the afternoon service ( 3199:

on the wearer's left side has four branches instead of three.

2985:, whence it has passed into the languages of Europe. Neither 2810:"tefillin" is uncertain. "Tefillin" may have derived from the 5303:"The Real Origins of the Rashi, Rabbenu Tam Tefillin Dispute" 4620:

Miracle or Magic? The Problematic Status of Christian Amulets

4594: 4586: 4547: 4391: 2861: 3844:

tefillin. On removing the tefillin, the steps are reversed.

3573:

Arm-tefillin with ש (shin) pattern, according to one of the

3446:) identifies as to which opinion the tefillin were written. 3163:("thick") are both fashioned from the single piece of hide. 6168:, Ashkenazi and Sephardic methods, pp. 627–630 in PDF. 5813:. Kol Torah: Torah Academy of Bergen County. Archived from 5539:

Mothers and Children: Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe

3170:(קציצה), is cubical. Below it is a wider base known as the 3087:

12:3 presents tefillin as capable of defeating "a thousand

3070:

Some non-Orthodox scholars think that tefillin may play an

5592:"Women & Tefillin - Congregation Beth El–Keser Israel" 4943:

Suggested in BT Menahot 36b, 44a-b and in BT Shabbat 13a-b

3871:

Tefillin wrapping custom of the Rodrigues-Pereira family

2646:

The obligation of tefillin is mentioned four times in the

4187:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 165. 3707:

To wear tefillin and recite the blessings in an undertone

3442:

The placement of the protrusion of a tuft of calf hairs (

2819:, "to plead, pray", a word closely related to the Hebrew 5033:

The psychodynamics of American Jewish life: an anthology

4867:. Providence: Brown Judaic Studies. pp. 88–99, 148. 4360:

Bar mitzvah and tefillin secrets: the mysteries revealed

4248:

Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls

3648:

laid. Three customs evolved resulting from the dispute:

3166:

The main box which holds the tefillin scrolls, known as

3138:

Silver and leather teffilin case made in Germany in 1885

4881:

Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion

3780:"), and the second after placing the head tefillin: ... 6133: 5786: 4758:

Tefillin: an illustrated guide to their makeup and use

4357:

Dovid Meisels; Avraham Yaakov Finkel (30 April 2004).

3969:

may be in your mouth; for with a strong hand has the L

3883:

have developed a personalized family wrapping method.

3788:"); thereafter, he tightens the head straps and says " 3363:(scribe) as long as 15 hours to write a complete set. 3185:

On both sides of the head-tefillin, the Hebrew letter

2666:

may be in your mouth; for with a strong hand did the L

5848:

Shaarei halachah: a summary of laws for Jewish living

5712:"NYC Orthodox High School Lets Girls Put On Tefillin" 5679:"Laying Tefillin Isn't Just For Straight Men Anymore" 5567:

Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe

4999:

Shaarei halachah: a summary of laws for Jewish living

4884:. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House. p. 132. 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 3677:

whose ruling has been almost universally accepted in

3367:

Ordering of scrolls (Rashi and Rabbeinu Tam tefillin)

5840: 5838: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 3239:

on the head-tefillin box, these three letters spell

3010: 2962: 2951: 2931: 2925: 2883: 2873: 2855: 2845: 2832: 2820: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2035: 2016: 444: 27:

Leather boxes containing parchment with Torah verses

7897: 7866: 7793: 7772: 7741: 7673: 7586: 7515: 7474: 7453: 7402: 7376: 7308: 7242: 7111: 7010: 6944: 6850: 6789: 6756: 6726: 6627: 6510: 6432: 6354: 6313: 6277: 6220: 5154:Hilchot Tefillin 13:12; Tur Hilchot Tefillin 27:8; 2688:

between your eyes; for with a mighty hand did the L

146: 130: 104: 91: 57: 49: 6080:Tangled Up in Text: Tefillin and the Ancient World 5917:See Shulchan Aruch OC 25:5 and commentaries there. 4865:Tangled Up in Text: Tefillin and the Ancient World 4664: 2924:explains that the word is derived from the Hebrew 2684:And it shall be for a sign upon your hand, and as 6134:Educational information and diagrams of tefillin 3130:Leather moulded into shape for the head-tefillin 4851:hiddur mitzva should apply equally to tefillin. 4509:Jeffrey H. Tigay, "On the Meaning of Ṭ(W)ṬPT", 4318: 4316: 3685:To wear tefillin without reciting the blessings 3302:Man makes tefillins, Jerusalem, 1949. Photo by 3099:used their sets to repel the demons inhabiting 2723: 2708: 2682: 2660: 2614:and a reference in Matthew 23 of the Christian 3737:List of Jewish prayers and blessings: Tefillin 3731:Laws and customs regarding putting on tefillin 3687:: This is the opinion of, among others, Rabbi 2947:" ("phylacteries" in the plural) derives from 7564: 6914: 6698: 6200: 5710:Briefs, Jewish Press News (20 January 2014). 5251: 5249: 5247: 3294:Man makes boxes for tefillin, Jerusalem, 1964 2915: 2909: 2908:means "two" in the "Afriki" language, hence, 2903: 2889: 2795:). The first texts to use "tefillin" are the 2606:. At least as early as the 1st century 2487: 8: 8003:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible 6140:Short movie about Tefillin producing process 5879: 5877: 5875: 4658: 4656: 4525:The Cambridge Bible for schools and colleges 3016: 2784: 30: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 4513:, Vol. 101, No. 3 (Sep., 1982), pp. 321-331 3961:did for me when I came forth out of Egypt. 3768:do so while sitting in accordance with the 736:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7571: 7557: 7549: 7507:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm 6921: 6907: 6899: 6705: 6691: 6683: 6207: 6193: 6185: 4981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4846:The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash 3721:In light of the conflicting opinions, the 3643:, there is a great debate among the early 3531:movement often wrap tefillin. Since 2013, 3067:), and beautiful phylacteries (Tefilin)." 2633:Man wearing arm- and head-tefillin at the 2494: 2480: 2344: 1985: 1058: 865: 475: 344: 163: 7502:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 6172:Enhance your knowledge regarding Tefillin 6123:Halachic sources and diagrams on Tefillin 5616:What’s the Truth About…Rashi’s Daughters? 4701: 4699: 4329:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 165. 3601:do not wear tefillin during the morning ( 5542:. Princeton University Press. p. 88 3906: 3151:of quality. The most basic form, called 5442:Student Edition of Halachos of Tefillin 5207:. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 13–14. 5204:Student Edition of Halachos of Tefillin 5095:. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 21–22. 5092:Student Edition of Halachos of Tefillin 5058:Student Edition of Halachos of Tefillin 4671:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 4645:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4618:Crow, John L. (2009). Braak, J. (ed.). 4163: 4148: 3830:‎) according to Ashkenazim, or a 3617:) wear tefillin at Shacharit as usual. 3321:with special ink on parchment scrolls ( 2395: 2347: 2173: 2120: 2087: 2064: 1988: 1854: 1742: 1716: 1551: 1345: 1120: 1092: 951: 785: 719: 619: 534: 478: 398: 375: 347: 175: 8008:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 6162:Illustrations on how to tie the knot ( 4974: 4635: 4625: 3091:" emerging on "the left side", rabbis 29: 5664:"Why Women can and Must Lay Tefillin" 4528:. University press. 1908. p. 175 3953:seventh day shall be a feast to the L 2894:means "two" in the "Katpi" language ( 2888:is combination of two foreign words: 2850:, too, is of disputed etymology. The 2540: 2528: 7: 5995:"London Sephardi Minhag - Tephillin" 5890:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 488. 5290:Tefillin: Shimusha Rabba and Ra’avad 4761:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 118. 4170:Rama OC 38:3 and commentaries there. 3864:), and three wraps around a finger. 3559:Old man with a tefillin in Podolsk, 7435:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai 6145:How to Guide to Putting on Tefillin 5851:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 36. 5445:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 21. 5262:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 128. 5061:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 11. 5002:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 39. 3249:‎), one of the names of God. 3017: 2785: 5957:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 35. 5439:Shimon D. Eider (September 1985). 5201:Shimon D. Eider (September 1985). 5089:Shimon D. Eider (September 1985). 5055:Shimon D. Eider (September 1985). 4755:Mosheh Ḥanina Naiman (June 1995). 3792:("blessed be the holy name"). The 25: 6890:Category:Jewish scribes (soferim) 5809:Jachter, Howard (April 7, 2001). 5429:Mishnah Brurah, Orach Chaim 34:16 5301:Cohn, Yehudah (11 January 2016). 4707:Tefillin, Mezuzah, ve'Sefer Torah 4363:. Dovid D. Meisels. p. 133. 527:Historical population comparisons 6747: 6268: 6261: 5420:Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 34:3 5036:. Twayne Publishers. p. 334 4817:MARATHON Jewish Community Center 4721:Bailey, Stephen (15 June 2000). 4061:is one. And you shall love the L 3709:: This opinion is the ruling of 3653:To refrain from wearing tefillin 3122:head tefillin, Jerusalem, Israel 1166:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1080:Historical population by country 139:Tefillin, Mezuzah, veSefer Torah 36: 5845:Grinṿald, Zeʾev (1 July 2001). 5256:Jacobs, Louis (November 1984). 5122:Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 32:3 4996:Grinṿald, Zeʾev (1 July 2001). 4029:brought us forth out of Egypt. 4025:; for by strength of hand the L 3673:and is also the opinion of the 3519:(12th century) and the wife of 3078:with an "original" Jewish one. 6051:Tefillin: An Illustrated Guide 5377:. Jason Aronson. p. 482. 4931:10.4467/20844077SR.15.011.3557 4511:Journal of Biblical Literature 4499:(in Hebrew). Ḥoveret Yeshanim. 4323:Steinmetz, Sol (August 2005). 3816:that protrudes just above the 3458:A Jewish woman praying with a 3317:The passages are written by a 53:texts relating to this article 1: 6053:, Feldheim Publishers (1995) 6025:, Feldheim Publishers (2001) 5951:Jacobs, Louis (1 June 1987). 4878:Trachtenberg, Joshua (1939). 4727:. Jason Aronson. p. 31. 4622:. Amsterdam. pp. 97–112. 3895:Two paragraphs that conclude 3560: 3174:(תיתורא). At the back of the 2622:understands the verses to be 742:Christianity and Judaism 6065:Tefillin: Wrapped in Majesty 5932:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5757:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5374:The encyclopedia of Hasidism 4971:. Ramat Gan. pp. 51–54. 3235:‎). Together with the 3005: 2999: 2968: 2957: 2868: 2815: 2692:bring us forth out of Egypt. 5954:The book of Jewish practice 5496:Isaac David Essrig (1932). 4962:Stollman, Aviad A. (2006). 4813:"Shabbat Truma Rosh Hodesh" 4493:Saruq, Mĕnaḥem ben (1854). 4437:often substitutes the word 3784:("as to the commandment of 3627:Chol HaMoed § Tefillin 3011: 2932: 2926: 2884: 2874: 2856: 2846: 2833: 2821: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2753:Tomb of Horemheb in Saqqara 2036: 2017: 1744:Latin America and Caribbean 445: 8024: 6037:Tefillin: The Inside Story 5342:10.1628/094457007783244619 4595: 4587: 4548: 4482:U'letotafot bein ei'neicha 4463:U'letotafot bein ei'neicha 4392: 3992:inform his or her children 3734: 3624: 3370: 2963: 2952: 2862: 2349:Jewish political movements 2046:Conversion to Judaism 7973:Jewish religious clothing 7915:Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim 7430:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael 7169:Pillars of fire and cloud 6887: 6745: 6259: 6181:at Vaad Meleches HaKodesh 5727:haaretz, February 1, 2016 5411:, Vol. 14 (2006-07), p.46 5409:The Torah U-Madda Journal 5371:Rabinowicz, Tzvi (1996). 5259:The book of Jewish belief 4913:Kosior, Wojciech (2015). 4663:Abraham P. Bloch (1980). 3837: 3827: 3246: 3232: 3218: 3195:‎) is moulded; the 3192: 2841:among the Jewish people. 2772: 2760: 2518: 2514: 757:Hinduism and Judaism 35: 6166:) in the head phylactery 6082:. Brown Judaic Studies. 5811:"Tefillin on Hol Hamoed" 5787:"The Laws of Tisha B'Av" 5785:Rabbi Yirmiyahu Ullman. 5775:Shulchan Aruch OC 555:1. 5330:Jewish Studies Quarterly 4863:Cohn, Yehuda B. (2008). 3881:Rodrigues-Pereira family 3691:(Ba'al ha-Turim), Rabbi 3111:Manufacture and contents 583:Temple in Jerusalem 276:Bar and bat mitzvah 6879:Torah scroll (Yemenite) 6097:Feldman, Ariel (2022). 5884:Kitov, Eliyahu (2000). 5662:Friedman, Will (2014). 5241:. Retrieved 1 July 2011 5170:Orach Chaim 27 letter 5 5131:Shut Shevet Halevi 9:16 4848:. Yeshivat Har Etzion. 4840:Silverberg, Rav David. 4408:A Greek–English Lexicon 4235:"Some Laws of Tefillin" 3965:, that the law of the L 3635:(intermediate days) of 2916: 2910: 2904: 2890: 2882:explains that the word 2806:The ultimate origin of 2670:bring you out of Egypt. 2650:: twice when recalling 545:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7270:Stations of the Exodus 6078:Cohn, Yehudah (2008). 6049:Neiman, Moshe Chanina 6039:, Targum Press (1995) 6035:Emanuel, Moshe Shlomo 5499:The fountain of wisdom 5324:Cohn, Yehudah (2007). 5168:Darchei Moshe haKatzar 5030:Kiell, Norman (1967). 3904: 3872: 3753: 3578: 3566: 3463: 3397:), while according to 3373:he:סדר הפרשיות בתפילין 3306: 3295: 3207:Black leather straps ( 3139: 3131: 3123: 3015:derived from the root 2756: 2737: 2722: 2700: 2681: 2638: 2563:Conservative (Masorti) 7978:Jewish ritual objects 7445:In Antebellum America 7410:Sources and parallels 7058:High Priest of Israel 6873:(scribal corrections) 6326:Prayers and blessings 5677:Feldman, Ari (2018). 4571:Woes of the Pharisees 4399:Liddell, Henry George 4087:reward for observance 4053:Hear, O Israel: the L 3894: 3887:Biblical commandments 3879:families such as the 3870: 3800:and followers of the 3790:Baruch Shem Kovod..." 3746:Israel Defense Forces 3744: 3655:: This ruling of the 3572: 3558: 3457: 3301: 3293: 3137: 3129: 3118: 3063:, beautiful fringes ( 2878:, "round jewel". The 2747: 2632: 1286:São Tomé and Príncipe 1281:Republic of the Congo 680:Second Temple Judaism 551:Kingdom of Judah 522:Modern historiography 6809:(marriage contracts) 6462:Weekly Torah reading 6136:on a commercial site 6125:on a commercial site 6063:Rav Pinson, DovBer: 6023:Halachos of Tefillin 5887:The Jew and His Home 5534:Baumgarten, Elisheva 4919:Studia Religiologica 4842:"PARASHAT BESHALACH" 4794:myjewishlearning.com 4091:precepts and warning 3752:prays with tefillin. 3645:halachic authorities 3387:Ve-haya Ki Yeviehcha 3343:– generally used by 3335:– generally used by 2388:World Agudath Israel 1529:United Arab Emirates 621:Second Temple period 611:Babylonian captivity 7953:Book of Deuteronomy 7889:Papyrus Rylands 458 7811:Gathering of Israel 7580:Book of Deuteronomy 7538:Zipporah at the inn 7300:Yam Suph (Reed Sea) 7129:Ark of the Covenant 6817:(divorce documents) 6295:Bar and bat mitzvah 5405:Aharon Lichtenstein 4796:. 20 January 2024. 4307:Jewish Encyclopedia 3984:Ve-haya Ki Yeviakha 3782:al mitzvat tefillin 3774:lehani'ach tefillin 3589:On the fast day of 3484:. The Talmud cites 3221:‎) or double 3080:Joshua Trachtenberg 3072:apotropaic function 3021:meaning "to bind". 686:Hellenistic Judaism 264:Land of Israel 223:Principles of faith 32: 7998:Leather in Judaism 7993:Religious headgear 7963:Hebrew calligraphy 7910:Deuteronomy Rabbah 7415:Textual variations 7255:Massah and Meribah 7173:Priestly clothing 7093:Pharaoh's daughter 6434:Religious practice 6177:2022-05-17 at the 6155:2022-01-20 at the 5697:2009-08-07 at the 5630:. 24 January 2019. 4233:Cowen, Alexander. 4093:of retribution for 4085:God's assurance of 3994:on these matters. 3936:Egyptian bondage. 3905: 3873: 3754: 3701:David HaLevi Segal 3579: 3567: 3509:Historically, the 3464: 3450:Obligation and sex 3307: 3296: 3140: 3132: 3124: 2943:The English word " 2863:ἀσάλευτον in Greek 2844:The Biblical word 2783:, "memorial"), or 2757: 2729:between your eyes. 2714:between your eyes. 2639: 2542:[tefiˈlin] 2242:Jewish Koine Greek 1784:Dominican Republic 1065:Judaism by country 749:Jews and Christmas 604:Assyrian captivity 7988:Positive Mitzvoth 7968:Jewish life cycle 7933: 7932: 7884:Papyrus Fouad 266 7841:Deuteronomic Code 7546: 7545: 7295:Wilderness of Sin 7285:Battle of Refidim 7182:golden head plate 7098:Shiphrah and Puah 6896: 6895: 6871:Tiqqunei soferim 6680: 6679: 6336:Grace after meals 6221:Birth and infancy 6059:978-0-87306-711-9 6045:978-1-56871-090-7 6031:978-1-58330-483-9 5984:Shulchan-Aruch 27 5964:978-0-87441-460-8 5897:978-1-58330-711-3 5858:978-1-58330-434-1 5817:on July 19, 2018. 5577:978-1-58465-392-9 5562:Grossman, Avraham 5480:Targum Yerushalmi 5478:, 38:3. See also 5452:978-1-58330-050-3 5384:978-1-56821-123-7 5269:978-0-87441-379-3 5235:What is Tefillin? 5214:978-1-58330-050-3 5102:978-1-58330-050-3 5068:978-1-58330-050-3 5009:978-1-58330-434-1 4894:BT Berakhot 23a-b 4768:978-0-87306-711-9 4734:978-0-7657-6106-4 4682:978-0-87068-658-0 4370:978-1-931681-56-8 4336:978-0-7425-4387-4 4194:978-0-7425-4387-4 4137:Tefillin Campaign 4123: 4122: 4081:Ve-haya Im Shamoa 4066:when you get up. 3930:the Jewish people 3877:Western Sephardic 3541:Women of the Wall 3517:Rashi's daughters 3395:Ve-haya Im Shemoa 3286:Parchment scrolls 3178:is a passageway ( 3031:Exodus from Egypt 2980: 2922:Menahem ben Saruq 2734:Deuteronomy 11:18 2702:and twice in the 2539: 2530:[tfiˈlin] 2527: 2504: 2503: 2453: 2452: 2201: 2200: 1948:Reconstructionist 1892: 1891: 1044: 1043: 851: 850: 693:Jewish–Roman wars 641:Hasmonean dynasty 557:Kingdom of Israel 461: 460: 162: 161: 106:Babylonian Talmud 83:Deuteronomy 11:18 16:(Redirected from 8015: 7983:Leather clothing 7925:Textual variants 7836:Ten Commandments 7733:V'Zot HaBerachah 7573: 7566: 7559: 7550: 7533:Ten Commandments 7528:Plagues of Egypt 7403:Textual analysis 7154:Incense offering 7124:Ark of bulrushes 6923: 6916: 6909: 6900: 6874: 6866: 6858:Soferim (Talmud) 6851:Related articles 6842: 6834: 6826: 6818: 6810: 6751: 6727:Lists of scribes 6707: 6700: 6693: 6684: 6442:613 commandments 6364:Marriageable age 6272: 6265: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6112: 6093: 6021:Eider, Shimon D 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5999:sites.google.com 5991: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5881: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5842: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5806: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5701: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5642:"Tefillin - BJE" 5638: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5594:. Archived from 5588: 5582: 5581: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5493: 5487: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5309:. Archived from 5298: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5253: 5242: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5182:Orach Chaim 27:8 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5158:Orach Chaim 27:8 5149: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4670: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4496:Maḥberet Menaḥem 4490: 4484: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4320: 4311: 4299: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4156: 4153: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3907: 3839: 3829: 3565: 3564: 1870–1880 3562: 3248: 3234: 3220: 3194: 3041:Sefer ha-Chinuch 3020: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2938:Jeffrey H. Tigay 2935: 2929: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2836: 2826: 2818: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2735: 2720: 2698: 2691: 2679: 2669: 2665: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2345: 2226: 2047: 2041: 2022: 1986: 1933: 1880:New Zealand 1832: 1795:El Salvador 1785: 1717:Northern America 1709: 1303: 1059: 970:Crimean Karaites 866: 844: 842: 768: 766: 758: 752: 743: 731:Rabbinic Judaism 712: 706: 700: 688: 676: 642: 635:Maccabean Revolt 612: 605: 599: 591: 584: 578: 570: 552: 476: 450: 345: 277: 265: 164: 40: 33: 21: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8012: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7929: 7893: 7862: 7821:Jewish holidays 7789: 7768: 7737: 7669: 7582: 7577: 7547: 7542: 7511: 7470: 7449: 7440:Song of the Sea 7398: 7372: 7304: 7238: 7107: 7078:Nadab and Abihu 7006: 6940: 6939: 6927: 6897: 6892: 6883: 6872: 6864: 6846: 6840: 6832: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6785: 6752: 6743: 6722: 6711: 6681: 6676: 6662:Yahrzeit candle 6623: 6511:Religious items 6506: 6428: 6350: 6331:Prayer services 6309: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6228:Hebrew birthday 6216: 6213: 6179:Wayback Machine 6157:Wayback Machine 6119: 6109: 6101:. De Gruyters. 6096: 6090: 6077: 6018: 6016:Further reading 6013: 6012: 6003: 6001: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5882: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5826: 5822: 5808: 5807: 5794: 5789:. Ohr Somayach. 5784: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5699:Wayback Machine 5690: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5255: 5254: 5245: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5191:BT Menachot 34b 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4704: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4584: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4413:Perseus Project 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4300: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4128: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4046:pronouncing the 4045: 4038: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3990:of every Jew to 3989: 3987: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934:redemption from 3933: 3932:to remember the 3931: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3889: 3739: 3733: 3715:Ashkenazic Jews 3689:Jacob ben Asher 3629: 3623: 3613:(following the 3563: 3553: 3537:Modern Orthodox 3533:SAR High School 3521:Chaim ibn Attar 3452: 3419:adopted by the 3375: 3369: 3288: 3205: 3148: 3113: 3027: 2981:) in the Greek 2829:Jacob ben Asher 2742: 2736: 2733: 2721: 2719:Deuteronomy 6:8 2718: 2699: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2644: 2642:Biblical source 2620:Karaite Judaism 2500: 2455: 2454: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2322:Judeo-Malayalam 2302:Judaeo-Georgian 2222: 2213: 2203: 2202: 2103:Yiddish theatre 2045: 1983: 1973: 1972: 1931: 1904: 1894: 1893: 1830: 1783: 1707: 1301: 1085:Genetic studies 1056: 1046: 1045: 863: 853: 852: 840: 839: 764: 763: 756: 746: 741: 723:and Middle Ages 721:Rabbinic period 708: 702: 695: 683: 654: 640: 610: 603: 594: 586: 582: 573: 568:in Judaism 565: 550: 473: 463: 462: 342: 332: 331: 275: 263: 208: 126: 87: 78:Deuteronomy 6:8 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8021: 8019: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7958:Book of Exodus 7955: 7950: 7940: 7939: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7497:Eye for an eye 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:I Am that I Am 7478: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7310:Torah readings 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7234:Temple menorah 7231: 7226: 7221: 7219:Staff of Moses 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6934:Book of Exodus 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6739:List of sofers 6736: 6734:Great Assembly 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6637:Chevra Kadisha 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6394:Jewish wedding 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321:Ritual washing 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6169: 6159: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6126: 6118: 6117:External links 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108:978-3110725261 6107: 6094: 6089:978-1930675797 6088: 6075: 6061: 6047: 6033: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 5986: 5977: 5963: 5943: 5919: 5910: 5896: 5871: 5857: 5834: 5820: 5792: 5777: 5768: 5744: 5737:Shulchan Aruch 5729: 5717: 5702: 5684: 5669: 5654: 5633: 5619: 5608: 5583: 5576: 5553: 5525: 5513: 5488: 5473:Shulchan Aruch 5465: 5451: 5431: 5422: 5413: 5397: 5383: 5363: 5336:(4): 319–327. 5316: 5313:on 2016-02-14. 5293: 5282: 5268: 5243: 5227: 5213: 5193: 5184: 5180:Shulchan Aruch 5172: 5160: 5156:Shulchan Aruch 5144: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5101: 5081: 5067: 5047: 5022: 5008: 4988: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4905: 4903:BT Shabbat 49a 4896: 4887: 4870: 4855: 4832: 4811:Greene, Gary. 4803: 4781: 4767: 4747: 4733: 4713: 4695: 4681: 4652: 4610: 4578: 4563: 4539: 4515: 4502: 4485: 4466: 4451: 4426: 4417: 4383: 4369: 4349: 4335: 4312: 4251: 4240: 4225: 4200: 4193: 4181:Steinmetz, Sol 4172: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155:Variant: Gadpi 4147: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4096: 4095:disobedience. 4089:of the Torah's 4072: 4071: 4057:our God, the L 4051: 4031: 4030: 3995: 3988:the obligation 3975: 3974: 3937: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3888: 3885: 3854:Shulchan Aruch 3850:Shulchan Aruch 3814:occipital bone 3762:Shulchan Aruch 3750:Asael Lubotzky 3732: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3711:Moses Isserles 3704: 3693:Moses of Coucy 3682: 3671:Sephardic Jews 3658:Shulchan Aruch 3622: 3619: 3552: 3549: 3494:Land of Israel 3490:Moses of Coucy 3451: 3448: 3437:Mishnah Brurah 3433:Shulchan Aruch 3368: 3365: 3287: 3284: 3271:Shulchan Aruch 3204: 3201: 3147: 3144: 3112: 3109: 3085:Numbers Rabbah 3026: 3023: 2839:God's presence 2741: 2738: 2731: 2716: 2694: 2672: 2643: 2640: 2538:pronunciation: 2526:pronunciation: 2511:Israeli Hebrew 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2383:Territorialism 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2267:Judaeo-Spanish 2264: 2262:Judaeo-Iranian 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708:United Kingdom 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141:Bilad-el-Sudan 1138: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1094:Land of Israel 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 954: 953: 952:Related groups 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 885: 884: 879: 864: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 848: 847: 846: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Jewish atheism 806: 801: 796: 788: 787: 783: 782: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765:Islamic–Jewish 760: 753: 738: 733: 725: 724: 717: 716: 715: 714: 690: 677: 649: 644: 637: 632: 630:Yehud Medinata 624: 623: 617: 616: 615: 614: 607: 600: 592: 579: 571: 559: 554: 547: 539: 538: 536:Ancient Israel 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Land of Israel 489: 481: 480: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 447:Shulchan Aruch 442: 437: 432: 427: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 403: 402: 396: 395: 394: 393: 388: 380: 379: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 352: 351: 343: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 272: 267: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 225: 220: 213:God in Judaism 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 184: 183: 173: 172: 160: 159: 151: 148:Shulchan Aruch 144: 143: 135: 128: 127: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 111: 109: 102: 101: 96: 89: 88: 86: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 62: 55: 54: 47: 46: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8020: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7936: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7905:Deuteronomist 7903: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7857:Shema Yisrael 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7826:Song of Moses 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:Kadesh–barnea 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7562: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Exodus Rabbah 7423: 7421: 7420:Covenant Code 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7207:undergarments 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6802:Five Megillot 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6518:Sifrei Kodesh 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:Sheva Brachot 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Role of women 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278:Coming of age 6276: 6271: 6264: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Shalom Zachar 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5944: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5829:Mishna Berura 5824: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5655: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5609: 5598:on 2013-06-13 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5307:TheGemara.com 5304: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152:Mishneh Torah 5148: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5048: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5023: 5011: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4748: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4403:Scott, Robert 4400: 4396: 4387: 4384: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4350: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4226: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4152: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4114: 4097: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4024: 3996: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3964: 3938: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3902: 3901:Shema Yisrael 3898: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3863: 3862:Psalms 145:16 3857: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764:, while most 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3724:Mishna Berura 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3571: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3410:Judean Desert 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3258:Aha bar Jacob 3254: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:New Testament 2979: 2976: 2970: 2959: 2950: 2949:Ancient Greek 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2677: 2671: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:New Testament 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2536:Modern Hebrew 2531: 2525: 2512: 2508: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2307:Judeo-Aramaic 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297:Judeo-Italian 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277:Ghardaïa Sign 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902:Denominations 1898: 1897: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1730:United States 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216:Guinea-Bissau 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1070:Lists of Jews 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 955: 950: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 862: 857: 856: 845: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829:The Holocaust 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 761: 759: 754: 750: 744: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 722: 718: 711: 705: 699: 694: 691: 687: 681: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 626: 625: 622: 618: 613: 608: 606: 601: 597: 593: 590: 585: 580: 576: 572: 569: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 537: 533: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 466: 455: 452: 449: 448: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435:Mishneh Torah 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 421: 420: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 405: 404: 401: 397: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 382: 381: 378: 374: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 353: 350: 346: 341: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 273: 271: 268: 266: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 233: 229: 226: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 196: 195:Who is a Jew? 193: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 165: 158: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 140: 136: 133: 132:Mishneh Torah 129: 123:Kiddushin 36a 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 94: 90: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 34: 19: 7935: 7855: 7846:Asherah pole 7658: 7651: 7623: 7461:Nash Papyrus 7228: 7144:Burning bush 7139:Bronze laver 7134:Asherah pole 6932: 6841:(guide text) 6830: 6619:Four species 6593: 6253:Pidyon haben 6163: 6098: 6079: 6064: 6050: 6036: 6022: 6002:. 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