Distance education - Knowledge (XXG)

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their classmates. The distance educational increase in communication, particularly communication amongst students and their classmates, is an improvement that has been made to provide distance education students with as many of the opportunities as possible as they would receive in in-person education. The improvement being made in distance education is growing in tandem with the constant technological advancements. Present-day online communication allows students to associate with accredited schools and programs throughout the world that are out of reach for in-person learning. By having the opportunity to be involved in global institutions via distance education, a diverse array of thought is presented to students through communication with their classmates. This is beneficial because students have the opportunity to "combine new opinions with their own, and develop a solid foundation for learning". It has been shown through research that "as learners become aware of the variations in interpretation and construction of meaning among a range of people construct an individual meaning", which can help students become knowledgeable of a wide array of viewpoints in education. To increase the likelihood that students will build effective ties with one another during the course, instructors should use similar assignments for students across different locations to overcome the influence of co-location on relationship building.

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teach in real-time and could only switch to asynchronous instruction, this significantly and negatively affected their coping with the transition, and posed various legal issues, especially in terms of copyright. The physical surroundings during the COVID-19 pandemic are seen by university instructors as having a detrimental effect on the quality of distance education. However, where the lecture is delivered and the type of faculty do not show any significant statistical variances in the quality of distance education. The shift away from real-time instruction to asynchronous learning modes has posed significant challenges, impacting both the teaching and learning experience. Educators, grappling with this abrupt transition, have faced hurdles in effectively engaging students and delivering course content, leading to heightened stress and burnout among faculty members. Additionally, this shift has raised legal concerns, particularly regarding copyright issues related to the dissemination of educational materials in digital formats. Post-COVID-19 pandemic, while some educational institutions went back to physical classes, others switched to blended learning or kept up their online distance learning.

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able to complete a scheduled course, need additional courses, or have pressure which precludes regular study for any length of time. The self-paced nature of the programming, though, is an unfamiliar model for many students and can lead to excessive procrastination, resulting in course incompletion. Assessment of learning can also be challenging as exams can be written on any day, making it possible for students to share examination questions with resulting loss of academic integrity. Finally, it is extremely challenging to organize collaborative work activities, though some schools are developing cooperative models based upon networked and connectivist pedagogies for use in self-paced programs.

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education. Distance education may be able to help to save students a considerable amount financially by removing the cost of transportation. In addition, distance education may be able to save students from the economic burden of high-priced course textbooks. Many textbooks are now available as electronic textbooks, known as e-textbooks, which can offer digital textbooks for a reduced price in comparison to traditional textbooks. Also, the increasing improvements in technology have resulted in many school libraries having a partnership with digital publishers that offer course materials for free, which can help students significantly with educational costs.

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can be synchronized with campus delivery. Student familiarity and the pressure of deadlines encourage students to readily adapt to and usually succeed in paced models. However, student freedom is sacrificed as a common pace is often too fast for some students and too slow for others. In additional life events, professional or family responsibilities can interfere with a student's capability to complete tasks to an external schedule. Finally, paced models allow students to readily form communities of inquiry and to engage in collaborative work.

159: 468: 280:. Private correspondence schools outside of the major cities provided a flexible, focused solution. Large corporations systematized their training programs for new employees. The National Association of Corporation Schools grew from 37 in 1913 to 146 in 1920. Private schools that provided specialized technical training to everyone who enrolled, not just employees of one company, began to open across the nation in the 1880s. Starting in Milwaukee in 1907, public schools began opening free vocational program. 1221:

the learner and teacher and has direct implications for the learning process and future endeavors in distance education. Distance education providers began to introduce various strategies, techniques, and procedures to increase the amount of interaction between learners and teachers. These measures e.g. more frequent face-to-face tutorials, and increased use of information and communication technologies including teleconferencing and the Internet, were designed to close the gap in transactional distance.

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institutional capacity constraints arising from the traditional demand on institutional buildings and infrastructure. As a result, more classes can be offered and enable students to enroll in more of their required classes on time and prevent delayed graduation. Furthermore, there is the potential for increased access to more experts in the field and to other students from diverse geographical, social, cultural, economic, and experiential backgrounds. As the population at large becomes more involved in

221: 343: 750: 89:, online learning, virtual classroom, etc.) are used roughly synonymously with distance education. E-learning has shown to be a useful educational tool. E-learning should be an interactive process with multiple learning modes for all learners at various levels of learning. The distance learning environment is an exciting place to learn new things, collaborate with others, and retain self-discipline. 1128:

share, question, infer, and suggest new methods and techniques for continuous improvement of the content. The ability to complete a course at a pace that is appropriate for each individual is the most effective manner to learn given the personal demands on time and schedule. Self-paced distance learning on a mobile device, such as a smartphone, provides maximum flexibility and capability.

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have the potential to foster deeper reflections and discussions of client issues as well as a quicker response to client issues, since supervision happens on a regular basis and is not limited to a weekly supervision meeting. This also may contribute to the students feeling a greater sense of support, since they have ongoing and regular access to their instructors and other students.

1217:(ICT), replacing traditional content delivery with postal correspondence. Instruction can be synchronous and asynchronous online communication in an interactive learning environment or virtual communities, in lieu of a physical classroom. "The focus is shifted to the education transaction in the form of a virtual community of learners sustainable across time." 1111:, "A Swiveling Proxy Will Even Wear a Tutu", explains the positive impact of virtual learning in the classroom, and another explains how even a simple, stationary telepresence robot can help. Distance education may provide equal access regardless of socioeconomic status or income, area of residence, gender, race, age, or cost per student. Applying 327:, who established a model for the Open University as one of widening access to the highest standards of scholarship in higher education and setting up a planning committee consisting of university vice-chancellors, educationalists, and television broadcasters, chaired by Sir Peter Venables. The British Broadcasting Corporation's ( 436: 5002: 1144:

Some students attempt to participate in distance education without proper training with the tools needed to be successful in the program. Students must be provided with training opportunities (if needed) on each tool that is used throughout the program. The lack of advanced technology skills can lead

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Distance learning offers individuals a unique opportunity to benefit from the expertise and resources of the best universities currently available. Moreover, the online environment facilitates pedagogical innovation such as new program structures and formats. Students have the ability to collaborate,

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The rapid spread of film in the 1920s and radio in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for public schools. One line of thought was to use

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resulted in the closure of the vast majority of schools worldwide for in-person learning. COVID-19 increased the value of distance education although its policies were implemented and formulated among several universities much earlier. Many schools moved to online remote learning through platforms

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One of the most significant issues encountered in the mainstream correspondence model of distance education is transactional distance, which results from the lack of appropriate communication between learner and teacher. This gap has been observed to become wider if there is no communication between

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Additionally, though distance education offers industrial countries the opportunity to become globally informed, there are still negative sides to it. Hellman states that "These include its cost and capital intensiveness, time constraints and other pressures on instructors, the isolation of students

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There may also be institutional challenges. Distance learning is new enough that it may be a challenge to gain support for these programs in a traditional brick-and-mortar academic learning environment. Furthermore, it may be more difficult for the instructor to organize and plan a distance learning

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noted that there is no evidence that large class size is always worse or that small class size is always better, although a negative link has been established between certain types of instruction in large classes and learning outcomes; he argued that higher education has not made a sufficient effort

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deliver full curricula online. The capacity of the Internet to support voice, video, text, and immersion teaching methods made earlier distinct forms of telephone, videoconferencing, radio, television, and text-based education somewhat redundant. However, many of the techniques developed and lessons

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The Open University revolutionized the scope of the correspondence program and helped to create a respectable learning alternative to the traditional form of education. It has been at the forefront of developing new technologies to improve distance learning service as well as undertaking research in

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grew explosively in the 1890s. Founded in 1888 to provide training for immigrant coal miners aiming to become state mine inspectors or foremen, it enrolled 2500 new students in 1894 and matriculated 72,000 new students in 1895. By 1906 total enrollments reached 900,000. The growth was due to sending

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Not all courses required to complete a degree may be offered online. Health care profession programs in particular require some sort of patient interaction through field work before a student may graduate. Studies have also shown that students pursuing a medical professional graduate degree who are

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face-to-face social interaction. However, as more people become used to personal and social interaction online (for example dating, chat rooms, shopping, or blogging), it is becoming easier for learners to both project themselves and socializes with others. This is an obstacle that has dissipated."

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a few more disadvantages should be considered." He describes that over multiple years, "all of the obstacles have been overcome and the world environment for distance education continues to improve." Pankaj Singhm also claims there is a debate to distance education stating, "due to a lack of direct

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proxies. This helps the students have experiences in the classroom and social interaction that they are unable to receive at home or the hospital, while still keeping them in a safe learning environment. Over the last few years more students are entering safely back into the classroom thanks to the

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Distance education can also provide a broader method of communication within the realm of education. With the many tools and programs that technological advancements have to offer, communication appears to increase in distance education amongst students and their professors, as well as students and

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beyond the normal schooling age, institutions can benefit financially, and adult learning business courses may be particularly lucrative. Distance education programs can act as a catalyst for institutional innovation and are at least as effective as face-to-face learning programs, especially if the

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In the United States in 2011, it was found that a third of all the students enrolled in postsecondary education had taken an accredited online course in a postsecondary institution. Growth continued. In 2013 the majority of public and private colleges offered full academic programs online. Programs

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to students from less affluent backgrounds. Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was widely copied elsewhere. However, the university only provided examinations, not instructional material, leading academics to state that "the original degree by external study

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A more complex challenge of distance education relates to cultural differences between students and teachers and among students. Distance programs tend to be more diverse as they could go beyond the geographical borders of regions, countries, and continents, and cross the cultural borders that may

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Within the class, students are able to learn in ways that traditional classrooms would not be able to provide. It is able to promote good learning experiences and therefore, allow students to obtain higher satisfaction with their online learning. For example, students can review their lessons more

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The high cost of education affects students in higher education, and distance education may be an alternative in order to provide some relief. Distance education has been a more cost-effective form of learning, and can sometimes save students a significant amount of money as opposed to traditional

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Paced models are a familiar mode since they are used almost exclusively in campus-based schools. Institutes that offer both distance and campus programs usually use paced models so that teacher workload, student semester planning, tuition deadlines, exam schedules, and other administrative details

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endorsed the project and predicted that the "college-by-radio" would put "American education 25 years ahead". The university was owned by the city, and local residents would pay the low tuition rates, receive their study materials in the mail, and listen by radio to live classroom discussions

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A recent study about the benefits and drawbacks of online learning found that students have had a harder time producing their own work. The study suggests teachers should cut back on the amount of information taught and incorporate more activities during the lesson, in order for students to create

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but with many others added over the next two decades. The affiliated colleges provided certificates that the student had attended a course. A new charter in 1858 removed this requirement, allowing men (and women from 1878) taking instruction at any institution or pursuing a course of self-directed

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are at their optimal conditions, distance education can lead students to higher satisfaction with their learning experiences. Studies have shown that high satisfaction correlates to increased learning. For those in a healthcare or mental health distance learning program, online-based interactions

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Self-paced courses maximize student freedom, as not only can students commence studies on any date, but they can complete a course in as little time as a few weeks or up to a year or longer. Students often enroll in self-paced study when they are under pressure to complete programs, have not been

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The two methods can be combined. Many courses offered by both open universities and an increasing number of campus-based institutions use periodic sessions of residential or day teaching to supplement the sessions delivered at a distance. This type of mixed distance and campus-based education has

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perform just as effectively as participants in conventional learning classes. The use of online learning is becoming a pathway for learners with sparse access to physical courses so they can complete their degrees. Furthermore, digital classroom technologies allow those living remotely to access

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Concerns arose over the impact of this transition on students without access to an internet-enabled device or a stable internet connection. Distanced education during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted synchronous learning for many students and teachers; where educators were no longer able to

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Most distance education uses a paced format similar to traditional campus-based models in which learners commence and complete a course at the same time. Some institutions offer self-paced programs that allow for continuous enrollment, and the length of time to complete the course is set by the

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Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and

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and was the first distance education and online university in the Philippines. Its mandate is to provide educational opportunities to individuals aspiring for higher education and improved qualifications but were unable to take advantage of traditional modes of education because of personal and

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The International Conference for Correspondence Education held its first meeting in 1938. The goal was to provide individualized education for students, at low cost, by using a pedagogy of testing, recording, classification, and differentiation. Since then, the group has changed its name to the

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The regular technical school or college aims to educate a man broadly; our aim, on the contrary, is to educate him only along some particular line. The college demands that a student shall have certain educational qualifications to enter it and that all students study for approximately the same

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Distance learning can also reduce the phenomenon of rural exodus by enabling students from remote regions to remain in their hometowns while pursuing higher education. Eliminating the distance barrier to higher education can also increase the number of alternatives open to students, and foster

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Web conferencing software helps to facilitate class meetings, and usually contains additional interaction tools such as text chat, polls, hand raising, emoticons etc. These tools also support asynchronous participation by students who can listen to recordings of synchronous sessions. Immersive

381:(who had earlier called the idea of an Open University "blithering nonsense"). However, the OU accepted its first 25,000 students in 1971, adopting a radical open admissions policy. At the time, the total student population of conventional universities in the United Kingdom was around 130,000. 1123:

Distance learning may also offer a final opportunity for adolescents that are no longer permitted in the general education population due to behavior disorders. Instead of these students having no other academic opportunities, they may continue their education from their homes and earn their

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Distance learning can expand access to education and training for both general populace and businesses since its flexible scheduling structure lessens the effects of the many time-constraints imposed by personal responsibilities and commitments. Devolving some activities off-site alleviates

1201:(DELES), which examines instructor support, student interaction, and collaboration, personal relevance, authentic learning, active learning, and student autonomy. Harnish and Reeves provide a systematic approach based on training, implementation, system usage, communication, and support. 1248: (MOOCs) have a very direct bearing on our understanding of learning, recognition and levels as they pose a direct challenge to the status quo. It is useful to distinguish between three forms of online credentials: Test-based credentials, online badges, and online certificates. 249:

In 1892, Harper encouraged correspondence courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by the University of Chicago, U. Wisconsin, Columbia U., and several dozen other universities by the 1920s. Enrollment in the largest private for-profit school based in

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to an unsuccessful experience. Schools have a responsibility to adopt a proactive policy for managing technology barriers. Time management skills and self-discipline in distance education is just as important as complete knowledge of the software and tools being used for learning.

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and receiving transcriptions from his students in return for correction. The element of student feedback was a crucial innovation in Pitman's system. The postage stamp made this scheme for remote education possible, and these efforts were scalable because of the introduction of

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participating in distance education courses, favor a face to face communication over professor-mediated chat rooms and/or independent studies. However, this is little correlation between student performance when comparing the previous different distance learning strategies.

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This early beginning proved extremely successful and the Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to establish these courses on a more formal basis. The society paved the way for the later formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country.

852:, and community colleges. This study led to coordinated instructional systems legislation allowing the use of public funds for non-classroom instruction and paved the way for the emergence of tele-courses as the precursor to the online courses and programs of today. The 3706:

Blackmore, C., van Deurzen, E., & Tantam, D. (2007). Therapy training online: Using the internet to widen access to training in mental health issues. In T. Stickley & T. Basset (Eds.) Teaching Mental Health (pgs. 337-352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,

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In asynchronous learning, participants access course materials flexibly on their schedules. Students are not required to be together at the same time. Mail correspondence, which is the oldest form of distance education, is an asynchronous delivery technology, as are

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length of time; when they have finished their courses they are supposed to be qualified to enter any one of a number of branches in some particular profession. We, on the contrary, are aiming to make our courses fit the particular needs of the student who takes them.

837:(AIM) which brought in a variety of communications technologies aimed at providing learning to an off-campus population. The radio courses faded away in the 1950s. Many efforts to use television along the same lines proved unsuccessful, despite heavy funding by the 1235:

Online credentials for learning are digital credentials that are offered in place of traditional paper credentials for a skill or educational achievement. Directly linked to the accelerated development of internet communication technologies, the development

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of such courses to students with a range of abilities, disabilities, learning styles, and native languages. Distance education graduates, who would never have been associated with the school under a traditional system, may donate money to the school.

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than once according to their needs. Students can then manipulate the coursework to fit their learning by focusing more on their weaker topics while breezing through concepts that they already have or can easily grasp. When course design and the

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The results of a study of Washington state community college students showed that distance- learning students tended to drop out more often than their traditional counterparts due to difficulties in language, time management, and study skills.

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and the learning is usually mediated by some form of technology. A distance learning program can either be completely a remote learning, or a combination of both online learning and traditional offline classroom instruction (called hybrid or

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Barriers to effective distance education include obstacles such as domestic distractions and unreliable technology, as well as students' program costs, adequate contact with teachers and support services, and a need for more experience.

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devices such as the Kubi Telepresence robot stand that looks around and the Double Robot that roams around. With these telepresence robots, the remote students have a seat at the table or desk instead of being on a screen on the wall.

670:) have also been used to enhance participant presence in distance education courses. Another form of synchronous learning using the classroom is the use of robot proxies including those that allow sick students to attend classes. 3779:

Stebnicki, M. A. & Glover, N. M. (2001). E-supervision as a complementary approach to traditional face-to-face clinical supervision in rehabilitation counseling: Problems and solutions. Rehabilitation Education, 15(3),

949:. Levels of accreditation vary: widely respected universities such as Stanford University and Harvard now deliver online courses—but other online schools receive little outside oversight, and some are fraudulent, i.e., 1610:. Studien und Berichte der Arbeitsstelle Fernstudienforschung der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (in German). Vol. 11. Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Universitat Oldenburg. p. 13. 1029:

learner's time, skill, and commitment levels. Self-paced courses are almost always offered asynchronously. Each delivery method offers advantages and disadvantages for students, teachers, and institutions.

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or illness such as decreased mobility and immune system suppression, to get a good education. Children who are sick or are unable to attend classes are able to attend them in "person" through the use of

725:" or less often "hybrid learning". Many open universities use a blend of technologies and a blend of learning modalities (face-to-face, distance, and hybrid) all under the rubric of "distance learning". 4398: 3789:

Olszewski-Kubilius, Paula; Corwith, Susan. "Distance Education: Where It Started and Where It Stands for Gifted Children and Their Educators." Gifted Child Today, v. 34 issue 3, 2011, pp. 16–24,.

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Jedlicka, J. S., Brown, S. W., Bunch, A. E., & Jaffe, L. E. (2002). A comparison of distance education instructional methods in occupational therapy. Journal of Allied Health, 31(4), 247-251.

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from instructors and their peers, instructors' enormous difficulty in adequately evaluating students they never meet face-to-face, and drop-out rates far higher than in classroom-based courses."

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use distance education technologies as delivery methods, though some require attendance at local study centers or at regional "summer schools". Some open universities have grown to become

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Betts, Kristen, et al. (2021) "Historical review of distance and online education from 1700s to 2021 in the United States: Instructional design and pivotal pedagogy in higher education."

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to experiment with a variety of instructional methods to determine whether the large class size is always negatively correlated with a reduction in learning outcomes. Early proponents of

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The External Programme is now known as the University of London Worldwide, and includes postgraduate and undergraduate degrees created by member institutions of the University of London.

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The five characteristics of technological innovations (compatibility, observability, relative advantage, complexity, and trialability) have a significant positive relationship with the

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Some universities have been starting to use robot proxies to enable more engaging synchronous hybrid classes where both remote and in-person students can be present and interact using

5091: 918:), offering a course in "Women and Computers in Education", dealing with gender issues and educational computing. The first new and fully online university was founded in 1994 as the 62:. Distance education is a technology-mediated modality and has evolved with the evolution of technologies such as video conferencing, TV, and the Internet. Today, it usually involves 2516: 1051:

SMOCs (Synchronous Massive Online Courses): Open-access online course that allows for unlimited participation but requires students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously);

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Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Distance Education Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES)

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In the United States, only a third of the population lived in cities of 100,000 or more population in 1920; in order to reach the rest, correspondence techniques were adopted.

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Ellen L. Bunker, "The History of Distance Education through the Eyes of the International Council for Distance Education", in Michael Grahame Moore, William G. Anderson, eds.

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came into being and the "wrapped" series, and individually produced tele-course for credit became a significant part of the history of distance education and online learning.

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in New York City, with students earning the MA in Media Studies completely online via computer conferencing, with no in-person requirements. This was followed in 1986 by the

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exist concerning race, gender, and religion. That requires a proper understanding and awareness of the norms, differences, preconceptions, and potential conflicting issues.

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SSOCs (Synchronous Private Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and requires students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously).

937:, and for-profit institutions worldwide now offer distance education courses from the most basic instruction through to the highest levels of degree and doctoral programs. 1115:

strategies to distance learning courses as they are being developed (rather than instituting accommodations for specific students on an as-needed basis) can increase the

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Between 2000 and 2008, enrollment in distance education courses increased rapidly almost every country in both developed and developing countries. Many private, public,

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From 1970 to 1972 the Coordinating Commission for Higher Education in California funded Project Outreach to study the potential of tele-courses. The study included the

448: 1768: 272:, as American high schools and colleges expanded greatly. For men who were older or were too busy with family responsibilities, night schools were opened, such as the 3283: 1177:(MOOCs) saw them as just the type of experiment that Barwick had pointed out was lacking in higher education, although Barwick himself has never advocated for MOOCs. 387:, Canada's open university, was created in 1970 and followed a similar, though independently developed, pattern. The Open University inspired the creation of Spain's 1198: 2985: 1891:

The social mediation of multinational legal education: A case study of the University of London's undergraduate laws programme for external/international students

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In synchronous learning, all participants are "present" at the same time in a virtual classroom, as in traditional classroom teaching. It requires a timetable.

1042:(Massive Open Online Courses): Open-access online course (i.e., without specific participation restrictions) that allows for unlimited (massive) participation; 4716: 3120: 5021:

Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios, and Agoritsa Makri. (2019) "Online communication and interaction in distance higher education: A framework study of good practice."

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There is a theoretical problem with the application of traditional teaching methods to online courses because online courses may have no upper size limit.

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Soekartawi, Haryono, A. & Librero, F. 2002. Greater Learning Opportunities Through Distance Education: Experiences in Indonesia and the Philippines.

2846:"Transitioning to the "new normal" of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms" 915: 1783:"The Evolution, Principles and Practices of Distance Education, Borj Holmberg, Bibliotheks-und Informationssytem der Universitat Oldenburg 2005 page 15" 1156:, "distance learning benefits may outweigh the disadvantages for students in such a technology-driven society, however before indulging into the use of 471:

Filipino homeschooling students – blended (printed-digital modular) distance learning with self-learning materials during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in

2592:"Teachers' engagement in and coping with emergency remote instruction during COVID-19-induced school closures: A multi-national contextual perspective" 1366:

Kaplan, Andreas M.; Haenlein, Michael (2016). "Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster".

1214: 954: 388: 3147: 316: 5797: 174: 339:, and his natural enthusiasm for the project did much to overcome the technical difficulties of using television to broadcast teaching programs. 1048:(Small Private Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and therefore requires some form of formal enrollment; 5077: 1335: 5044: 3095: 4940: 4741: 4197: 3751:

Maggio, L. M., Chenail, R., & Todd, T. (2001). Teaching family therapy in an electronic age. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 20(1), 13-23.

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out complete textbooks instead of single lessons, and the use of 1200 aggressive in-person salesmen. There was a stark contrast in pedagogy:

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Stanton, S. (2001). Going the distance; Developing shared web-based learning programmes. Occupational Therapy International, 8(2), 96-106.

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Nasiri, Fuzhan; Mafakheri, Fereshteh (2014). "Postgraduate research supervision at a distance: A review of challenges and strategies".

4554: 3500: 615:. Although the expansion of the Internet blurs the boundaries, distance education technologies are divided into two modes of delivery: 4990: 4925: 2274: 71:). Other modalities include distance learning with complementary virtual environment or teaching in virtual environment (e-learning). 4695:

Garrison, D.R. (20 May 2011). E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice. New York: Taylor & Francis.

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Orr, P. (2010). Distance supervision: Research, findings, and considerations for art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37, 106-111.

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Caruth, Gail D., and Donald L. Caruth. "The impact of distance education on higher education: A case study of the United States."

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program, especially since many are new programs and their organizational needs are different from a traditional learning program.

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or other network technologies, are recent educational modes in distance education. A number of other terms (distributed learning,

5530: 4344: 3519: 1895: 830: 795: 4383: 5802: 5787: 3310:"Coping with Administrative Pressures in the Chicago Schools' Superintendency: An Analysis of William Henry Johnson, 1936-1946" 1230: 3979:"Increasing success in Higher Education: The relationships of online course taking with college completion and time-to-degree" 4047: 2713:"Digital Disruption in the COVID-19 Era: The Impact on Learning and Students' Ability to Cope with Study in an Unknown World" 923: 1405: 246:, celebrated the concept of extended education, where a research university had satellite colleges elsewhere in the region. 3440:

Robert J. Taggart. (2007). "The Promise and Failure of Educational Television in a Statewide System: Delaware, 1964–1971."

2222: 5669: 5398: 5127: 4425:"Stress, disruption and community — Adult learners' experiences of obstacles and opportunities in distance education" 2427:"The influence of online distance learning and digital skills on digital literacy among university students post Covid-19" 2114:

Lee, Francis (2008). "Technopedagogies of mass-individualization: Correspondence education in the mid twentieth century".

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study to sit the examinations and receive degrees. The External Programme was referred to as the "People's University" by

5060:. A series of over 10 books related to distance education research. Available in print for sale or online as open access. 4529: 1197:

Tools have been developed to assess the quality of distance education. Walker developed a survey instrument known as the

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of users. Besides, observability, trialability, and digital skill were found to have a positive significant influence on

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and Haenlein classify distance education into four groups according to "Time dependency" and "Number of participants":

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Harnish, D; Reeves, P (2000), "Issues in the evaluation of large-scale two-way interactive distance learning systems",

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What's the difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education

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in 1858. It had been established in 1836 as an examining and degree-awarding body for affiliated colleges, originally

4864:"The Business of Education: Home Study at Columbia University and the University of Wisconsin in the 1920s and 1930s" 4485: 3628: 2252: 54:, or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. Traditionally, this usually involved 1672:"The stamp: A classic object in the development of education? | Social Worlds in 100 Objects, Themes and Ideas" 1341:

Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century

5747: 5735: 5710: 5327: 4156: 3284:"Perspective | In Chicago, schools closed during a 1937 polio epidemic and kids learned from home — over the radio" 3124: 1245: 784: 643: 612: 604: 346: 214: 74: 5792: 5535: 5525: 5342: 3309: 2490:"290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response" 999: 982: 927: 178: 3895: 2905:"Synchronous collaboration competencies in web-conferencing environments – their impact on the learning process" 787:

and assistant superintendent Minnie Fallon implemented a programs of distance learning that provided the city's

728:

Distance learning can also use interactive radio instruction (IRI), interactive audio instruction (IAI), online

158: 5705: 5520: 5433: 4223: 4074: 1292: 845: 799: 639: 363: 207: 3801:"Alleviating the Senses of Isolation and Alienation in the Virtual World: Socialization in Distance Education" 182: 4427:. Department of Child and Youth Education, Special Education and Counselling, Umeå University. Archived from 4322: 2162: 1213:(also called e-learning) facilitates distance learning and independent learning through the extensive use of 4965:

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A Union Against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight Against Organized Labor, 1903–1947

1267: 1210: 1157: 635: 608: 251: 82: 35: 5700: 5649: 5286: 5199: 5163: 5100: 4093: 1272: 911: 620: 243: 239: 227:

encouraged the development of external university courses at the new University of Chicago in the 1890s.

224: 217:, formerly an examining and certification body, started to present distance education tuition in 1946. 173:

was the first university to offer degrees to anyone who could pass their examinations, establishing its

4997:

Sun, Anna, and Xiufang Chen. (2016) "Online education and its effective practice: A research review."

3799:

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2358: 988:

By 2008, online learning programs were available in the United States in 44 states at the K-12 level.

220: 5438: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5050: 4832: 2024:

J.J. Clark, "The Correspondence School—Its Relation to Technical Education and Some of Its Results",

1762: 1090: 966: 616: 384: 170: 3622:"Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs" 1097:

Distance learning may enable students who are unable to attend a traditional school setting, due to

289:

International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE), with its main office in Oslo, Norway.

5730: 5664: 5550: 5301: 5137: 1241: 938: 903: 472: 402:

The University of the Philippines Open University was established in 1995 as the fifth constituent

392: 142: 4182: 5586: 5367: 5244: 5148: 4885: 4637: 4428: 4364: 4289: 4270: 4008: 3250: 2979: 2932: 2131: 1460: 895: 861: 120: 2711:

James, Trixie; Toth, Gabriela; Tomlins, Melissa; Kumar, Brijesh; Bond, Kerry (2 November 2021).

2672:

Al-Tkhayneh, Khawlah M.; Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Nser, Khaled Khamis (1 January 2023).

815:

also was a pioneer in the field of distance education when he hosted a televised course through

362:

was appointed the OU's first vice-chancellor in January 1969, and its foundation secretary was

5742: 5596: 5540: 5239: 5209: 4986: 4936: 4921: 4908:

Transactional Radio Instruction: Improving Educational Outcomes for Children in Conflict Zones

4848: 4765: 4737: 4696: 4000: 3959: 3449: 3421: 3415: 3228: 3070: 3034: 2967: 2957: 2924: 2885: 2867: 2823: 2805: 2786:"Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era" 2763: 2752:"Digital Higher Education and Copyright Law in the Age of Pandemic - The Hungarian Experience" 2732: 2693: 2654: 2446: 2387: 2312: 2094: 2067: 1968: 1748: 1717: 1692: 1639: 1611: 1551: 1519: 1509: 1452: 1314: 1073: 946: 881: 822: 816: 631: 479: 411: 308: 4919:

Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America.

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Discussion-based online teaching to enhance student learning: Theory, practice and assessment

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3546: 2559:"Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective" 2088: 2061: 114:

in the 1840s who taught a system of shorthand by mailing texts transcribed into shorthand on

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Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening Up Access to Their Courses

4875: 4840: 4629: 4356: 4133: 4033:"The Effectiveness of Online Learning: Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons" 3990: 3949: 3859: 3812: 2916: 2875: 2857: 2813: 2797: 2724: 2685: 2644: 2636: 2603: 2570: 2438: 2123: 2013:

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One of the earliest attempts at distance education was advertised in 1728. This was in the

5591: 5581: 5490: 5474: 5459: 5371: 5337: 5332: 5296: 5184: 5057: 4224:"An Exploration of the Representation of Students with Disabilities in Distance Education" 4106: 1257: 1153: 838: 812: 695: 568: 560: 552: 524: 520: 504: 488: 484: 350: 304: 298: 269: 187: 5063: 4774:

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Gold, Larry; Maitland, Christine (1999). Phipps, Ronald A.; Merisotis, Jamie P. (eds.).

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An Introduction to Distance Education: Understanding Teaching and Learning in a New Era

1309: 1262: 1169: 1032: 991: 970: 907: 902:

The first online courses for graduate and undergraduate credit were offered in 1985 by

891: 857: 788: 659: 651: 647: 588: 162: 99: 78: 2751: 1889: 592:

learning, and it enables the student to fit learning into their schedule more easily.

583:

required schools to adapt and learn how to use new digital and online learning tools.

342: 5776: 5626: 5469: 5404: 5362: 5204: 5132: 4889: 4800: 4641: 4503: 4138: 4121: 4012: 2844:

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2801: 2135: 1578: 1464: 1287: 1237: 1132:

greater competition between institutions of higher learning regardless of geography.

1116: 1003: 962: 942: 732:, digital games, webinars, and webcasts, all of which are referred to as e-Learning. 729: 683: 544: 429:

Distance lessons over video conferences in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic ...

312: 107:", who sought students who wanted to learn the skills through weekly mailed lessons. 31: 4368: 4183:"Online Versus In-Class Courses: An Examination of Differences in Learning Outcomes" 2936: 1671: 336: 77:(MOOCs), offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through the 5659: 5621: 5555: 5454: 5254: 5234: 5189: 5104: 4983:

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Proceedings to the 20th Annual National Agricultural Education Research Meeting

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The first distance education course in the modern sense was provided by Sir

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2673: 2658: 1395:"Agriculture distance education: A valid alternative for higher education?" 50:, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at 5051:"Issues in Distance Education book series from Athabasca University Press" 4222:

Woods, Michael L.; Maiden, Jeffrey; Brandes, Joyce A. (15 December 2011).

3621: 3121:"From a Spot on the Wall to a Seat at the Table – CEPSE/COE Design Studio" 2260: 1124:

diplomas, offering them another chance to be an integral part of society.

587:

has become more popular since 2007. Researchers have found that people in

5757: 5158: 3333:"Remote learning isn't new: Radio instruction in the 1937 polio epidemic" 1650:(1). The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 887: 600: 580: 548: 540: 115: 4399:"Quebec can become a 'leader in distance learning" at universities: MEI" 3270:

Community Backgrounds of Education: A Textbook and Educational Sociology

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Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020).

1447: 1009: 1002:

can contribute to a distance education experience. Research shows that

124: 27:

Mode of delivering education to students who are not physically present

579:

their own work. Though schools are slow to adapt to new technologies,

5214: 2728: 2493: 1644:

The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning

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to use radio as a medium for distance education. The chairman of the

775:

The first large-scale implementation of radio for distance education

687: 51: 4820: 3894:(March/April). Michigan: Michigan Virtual University. Archived from 3570:"Celebrating the 30th anniversary of the first fully online course" 3372:"Before Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson, There Was Dan Q. Posin" 2850:

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The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning

3852:

The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning

3653: 3178:

Distance Education for Teacher Training: Modes, Models and Methods

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was the most used by students as decided by their lectures,

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through the Graduate School of Education (then called OISE: the

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technology has enabled many forms of distance learning through

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established its Department of Correspondence Studies in 1911.

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The Association for Educational Communications and Technology

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distance learning... a magazine for leaders volume 2 number 6

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The evolution, principles and practices of distance education

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plays an important role in some forms of distance education.

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The first correspondence school in the United States was the

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learned with earlier media are used in Internet delivery.

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full-text books and articles online; from 1930s and 1940s

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The vast distances made Australia especially active; the

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Athabasca University The Evolution of Distance Education

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and International University Canada, for example, offer

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has made distance learning easier and faster, and today

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superintendent of Chicago Public Schools William Johnson

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International Journal of Educational Telecommunications

3480:. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy 4151: 4149: 3747: 3745: 2066:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 60–61. 1361: 1359: 1357: 5064:

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in engineering and management-related fields through

58:

wherein the student corresponded with the school via

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Moore, Michael Grahame and William Anderson (2012).

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students with instruction through radio broadcasts.

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Francis Lee. p. 48. 1439:10.1344/der.2020.37.208-229 1246:massive open online courses 1175:Massive Open Online Courses 1024:Paced and self-paced models 870:Public Broadcasting Service 850:California State University 766:radio as a master teacher. 399:or in the local language). 376:Chancellor of the Exchequer 138:which was founded in 1873. 75:Massive open online courses 5819: 5748:Open educational resources 4969:( Brill, 2021) pp. 79-103. 4881:10.1177/016146811011200905 4845:10.1126/science.24.611.327 4477:Stephens, D. (July 2007). 4031:Nguyen, Tuan (June 2015). 3539:"Connected Education, Inc" 3420:. Routledge. p. 609. 3227:. Teachers College Press. 2903:Bower, Matt (1 May 2011). 2863:10.1186/s41239-020-00234-x 2641:10.1007/s12115-021-00584-w 1961:Levinson, David L (2005). 1228: 879: 644:direct-broadcast satellite 605:open educational resources 460: 407:professional obligations. 366:. The election of the new 296: 215:University of South Africa 202:Australia and South Africa 29: 5536:Open Knowledge Foundation 5526:Open Architecture Network 5343:Open-door academic policy 4957:Moore, M. G. ed. (1990). 4896:Holmberg, Börje. (1995). 4862:Hampel, Robert L (2010). 3996:10.3102/01623737211055768 3942:Canadian Family Physician 3865:10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890 2443:10.23860/JMLE-2024-16-1-6 2128:10.1080/07341510801900318 2060:William Millikan (2003). 1000:online learning community 983:rehabilitation counseling 961:included training in the 756:, 2:45, 2 December 1931, 747: 315:. Based on the vision of 190:as it provided access to 179:University College London 5521:Free Software Foundation 5434:Open-source architecture 4917:Kett, Joseph F. (1994). 4288:Elizabeth Regan (2014). 2690:10.1108/QAE-09-2022-0163 2623:Deflem, Mathieu (2021). 1967:. ABC-CLIO. p. 69. 1923:10.1080/0158791820030207 1657:10.19173/irrodl.v4i1.134 1638:Alan Tait (April 2003). 1604:Holmberg, Börje (2005). 1431:Digital Education Review 846:University of California 800:University of Louisville 640:instructional television 393:FernUniversität in Hagen 364:Anastasios Christodoulou 284:International Conference 208:University of Queensland 30:Not to be confused with 5484:Politics and governance 5056:16 October 2017 at the 4868:Teachers College Record 4792:(Taylor & Francis). 4382:Andreas Kaplan (2021). 4252:Brown, Robbie. (2013). 3938:"Benefits of TED Talks" 3835:. Athabasca University. 2796:(COVID19–S4): S27–S31. 2609:10.24059/olj.v25i1.2492 2596:Online Learning Journal 2380:Daniel, John S (1998). 1937:"William Rainey Harper" 1583:Encyclopedia Britannica 607:and facilities such as 353:(artist: Hilary French) 278:Northeastern University 5803:Television terminology 5788:Educational television 5655:Free software movement 5546:Open Source Initiative 5496:Open-source governance 5379:Open-source journalism 4976:Educational Technology 4812:14.4 (2013): 121-131. 4788:Bender, Tisha. (2023) 4528:Gabriel (March 2011). 4403:The Suburban Newspaper 4101:Cite journal requires 2116:History and Technology 1941:president.uchicago.edu 1268:Educational technology 1211:educational technology 1205:Educational technology 1158:educational technology 866:Adult Learning Service 773: 666:environments (notably 636:educational television 475: 354: 266: 252:Scranton, Pennsylvania 228: 166: 56:correspondence courses 36:out-of-school learning 5660:Open science movement 5650:Free-culture movement 5328:Educational resources 5287:Collaborative writing 5164:Participatory culture 5025:65.4 (2019): 605-632. 5011:(e-JIST), 4(1), 1-14. 4950:Major, C. H. (2015). 4819:Clark, J. J. (1906). 4760:Anderson, T. (2008). 3892:The Technology Source 1273:Low-residency program 912:University of Toronto 796:John Wilkinson Taylor 621:asynchronous learning 470: 461:Further information: 391:(1972) and Germany's 345: 244:University of Chicago 240:William Rainey Harper 225:William Rainey Harper 223: 213:In South Africa, the 183:King's College London 161: 121:uniform postage rates 5439:Open-source hardware 5417:Open-design movement 5410:Open-source software 5178:Research and science 5045:"Radio in education" 4508:libguides.hull.ac.uk 4159:. Worldwidelearn.com 3448: (1), 111–122. 2285:on 19 September 2020 2087:Francis Lee (2009). 1242:electronic passports 1091:learning environment 967:occupational therapy 896:virtual universities 736:Radio and television 617:synchronous learning 385:Athabasca University 171:University of London 5721:Free Cultural Works 5665:Open Source Ecology 5551:Open Web Foundation 5448:Economic principles 5405:Free/libre software 5302:Participatory media 4837:1906Sci....24..327C 4799:8.1 (2021) pp 3-55 4585:Barwick, Daniel W. 4560:on 25 January 2018. 4458:on 29 February 2000 4310:. 22 November 2010. 3520:"Carry on learning" 2361:on 23 November 2010 2279:The Open University 2257:The Open University 2253:"History of the OU" 1338:). 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(2005). 4655:Walker, S (2003), 4269:Regan, Elizabeth. 4254:The New York Times 3251:School and Society 3200:"Air college talk" 3127:on 8 November 2018 3067:The New York Times 2909:Distance Education 2576:10.3390/su12208438 1911:Distance Education 1585:. 17 February 2023 476: 355: 311:government led by 229: 175:External Programme 167: 44:Distance education 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5758:Open Web movement 5743:Open Data Indices 5597:Peter Murray-Rust 5541:Open Rights Group 5504: 5503: 5387: 5386: 5240:Knowledge commons 4942:978-1-4106-0729-4 4743:978-92-3-100138-3 4502:Bartram, Jacqui. 4450:Galusha, Jill M. 3549:on 27 August 2008 3427:978-1-135-17684-6 3360:, pp 115–117 3272:, pp 249–250 3234:978-0-8077-2792-8 3152:Campus Technology 3040:978-0-205-51191-4 2963:978-1-4214-3810-8 2073:978-0-87351-499-6 1795:on 29 August 2017 1557:978-0-415-99598-6 1508:(1). IAP: 48–49. 1368:Business Horizons 1315:Virtual education 1074:lifelong learning 996:discussion groups 953:. In the US, the 947:NYU Tandon Online 882:Virtual education 864:led the way. The 823:Charles Wedemeyer 817:DePaul University 802:, teamed up with 789:elementary school 763: 762: 754:Air college talk. 717:. 632:videoconferencing 480:COVID-19 pandemic 422:COVID-19 pandemic 416:mega-universities 412:open universities 293:Open universities 141:Founded in 1894, 48:distance learning 16:(Redirected from 5810: 5793:Learning methods 5753:Open music model 5717:Definition docs 5706:Creative Commons 5691: 5607:Richard Stallman 5602:Douglas Rushkoff 5516:Creative Commons 5292:Democratic media 5277: 5200:Notebook science 5118: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5071: 4946: 4893: 4883: 4874:(9): 2496–2517. 4856: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4591:Inside Higher Ed 4582: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4484:. 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Archived from 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4431:on 25 April 2012 4423:Östlund, Berit. 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4320:Burgstahler, S., 4318: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4294:Norwich Bulletin 4285: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4080:on 18 April 2013 4079: 4072: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4028: 4017: 4016: 3998: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3933: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3883: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3722: 3719: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3601:on 21 April 2013 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3574:www.tonybates.ca 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3382:on 24 April 2018 3378:. 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(1986). 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3288:Washington Post 3281: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2976: 2964: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2717:Student Success 2710: 2709: 2705: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2424: 2423: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2355:"Three Decades" 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2233:on 28 July 2013 2221:Bizhan Nasseh. 2220: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2202:. 3 August 2001 2194: 2193: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2019: 2015:(1996) pp 236-8 2010: 2006: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1759: 1755: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1433:(37): 208–229. 1424: 1423: 1416: 1408: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1365: 1364: 1355: 1350: 1323: 1258:Autodidacticism 1254: 1244: and 1233: 1227: 1207: 1195: 1154:Nims University 1138: 1069: 1026: 992:Internet forums 892:virtual schools 884: 878: 839:Ford Foundation 813:Daniel Q. Posin 749: 738: 598: 569:Microsoft Teams 553:Microsoft Teams 521:Microsoft Teams 505:Microsoft Teams 465: 459: 458: 457: 456: 455: 452: 444: 443: 440: 431: 430: 424: 351:Open University 305:Open University 301: 299:Open university 295: 286: 270:Progressive Era 234: 204: 188:Charles Dickens 156: 151: 95: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5816: 5814: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5330: 5323:Open education 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5250:Open knowledge 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5048: 5040: 5039:External links 5037: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4994: 4993: 4991:978-0787900250 4979: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4928: 4926:978-0804726801 4915: 4904: 4894: 4858: 4857: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4719: 4704: 4688: 4668: 4647: 4628:(10): 1962–9. 4612: 4603: 4577: 4563: 4535: 4520: 4494: 4469: 4442: 4415: 4389: 4374: 4335: 4313: 4299: 4280: 4261: 4245: 4214: 4196:(2): 103–115. 4170: 4145: 4132:(4): 1062–84. 4112: 4103:|journal= 4056: 4046:(2): 309–319. 4018: 3989:(3): 355–379. 3969: 3909: 3871: 3838: 3824: 3791: 3782: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3723: 3709: 3696: 3684:InsideHigherEd 3667: 3645: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3529: 3510: 3505:T.H.E. Journal 3491: 3466: 3460:Cuban (1986). 3453: 3433: 3426: 3406: 3393: 3362: 3349: 3323: 3300: 3274: 3261: 3240: 3233: 3213: 3191: 3164: 3138: 3112: 3087: 3053: 3039: 3016: 2991: 2962: 2942: 2895: 2833: 2773: 2742: 2703: 2684:(3): 504–519. 2664: 2635:(3): 204–212. 2615: 2602:(1): 303–328. 2582: 2563:Sustainability 2549: 2534: 2507: 2496:. 4 March 2020 2481: 2456: 2406: 2392: 2372: 2346: 2324: 2317: 2296: 2266: 2244: 2213: 2184: 2154: 2141: 2106: 2099: 2079: 2072: 2052: 2039: 2030: 2017: 2004: 1987: 1973: 1953: 1928: 1901: 1880: 1869:on 24 May 2007 1853: 1828: 1806: 1774: 1753: 1729: 1722: 1704: 1697: 1691:. p. 18. 1677: 1663: 1630: 1616: 1596: 1570: 1556: 1536: 1514: 1488: 1470: 1414: 1385: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1310:Videotelephony 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263:Digital divide 1260: 1253: 1250: 1238:digital badges 1229:Main article: 1226: 1223: 1206: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1170:Daniel Barwick 1137: 1134: 1109:New York Times 1068: 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