1572:
shows being shared between the stations. Programmes and news footage were distributed via mail, with a programme airing in one region being mailed to another region for broadcast the following week. A network was finally established in 1969, with the same programmes being relayed to all regions simultaneously. From the 1970s to the 1990s, locally produced programmes that aired on TV One and TV2 were produced out of one of the four main studios, with TVNZ's network hub based in
Wellington. Today, most locally produced programmes that are aired by both TVNZ and other networks are not actually produced in-house, instead they are often produced by a third party company (for example, the TV2 programme
1082:). On 2 November 1936 the BBC opened the world's first regular high-definition television service, from a 405 lines transmitter at Alexandra Palace. The BBC remained dominant until eventually on 22 September 1955, commercial broadcasting was established to create a second television network. Rather than creating a single network with local channels owned and operated by a single company (as is the case with the BBC), each local area had a separate television channel that was independently owned and operated, although most of these channels shared a number of programmes, particularly during peak evening viewing hours. These channels formed the
835:, which restricted the amount of time that the networks could air programs; officials hoped that the rules would foster the development of quality local programs, but in practice, most local stations did not want to bear the burden of producing many of their own programs, and instead chose to purchase programs from independent producers. Sales of television programs to individual local stations are done through a method called "broadcast syndication", and today nearly every television station in the United States obtains syndicated programs in addition to network-produced fare.
921:(O&O) of a network and independent stations. In the early days of television, when there were often only one or two stations broadcasting in a given market, the stations were usually affiliated with multiple networks and were able to choose which programs would air. Eventually, as more stations were licensed, it became common for each station to be exclusively affiliated with only one network and carry all of the "prime-time" programs that the network offered. Local stations occasionally break from regularly scheduled network programming however, especially when a
678:
closely followed breakthroughs in radio technology. As interest in television grew, and as early television stations began regular broadcasts, the idea of networking television signals (sending one station's video and audio signal to outlying stations) was born. However, the signal from an electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio signal, required a broadband transmission medium. Transmission by a nationwide series of radio relay towers would be possible but extremely expensive.
1064:, often funded by a television licensing fee, and most of them later established a second or even third station providing a greater variety of content. Commercial television services also became available when private companies applied for television broadcasting licenses. Often, each new network would be identified with their channel number, so that individual stations would often be numbered "One", "Two", "Three" and so forth.
413:
750:
3094:
43:
3104:
3083:
229:) and "television station" have become mostly interchangeable in everyday language, with professionals in television-related occupations continuing to make a differentiation between them. Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network
3114:
318:, where he determines targeted group/non-targeted group representations as well as the cultural specificity employed in the television network entity. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the network's preferred position.
1009:, are also generally considered to be "networks" by virtue of their national coverage, although they are not officially licensed as such. CTV was previously a licensed network, but relinquished this license in 2001 after acquiring most of its affiliates, making operating a network license essentially redundant (per the above definition).
284:) can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, or use archived programming to help complement their schedules.
1555:
All television networks in New
Zealand air the same programming across the entire country with the only regional deviations being for local advertising; a regional news service existed in the 1980s, carrying a regional news programme from TVNZ's studios in New Zealand's four largest cities, Auckland,
780:
called "the country's first permanent commercial television network" on 15 August 1946, connecting New York City with
Washington. Not to be outdone, NBC launched what it called "the world's first regularly operating television network" on 27 June 1947, serving New York City, Philadelphia, Schenectady
544:
This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated television stations across the country. These local stations then carry the "network feed", which can be viewed by millions of households across the country. In such cases, the signal is sent to as many as 200+ stations or as little
997:
Currently, licensed national or provincial networks must be carried by all cable providers (in the country or province, respectively) with a service area above a certain population threshold, as well as all satellite providers. However, they are no longer necessarily expected to achieve over-the-air
1571:
In the 1960s, the service operated at the time by the New
Zealand Broadcasting Corporation was four separate television stations – AKTV2 in Auckland, WNTV1 in Wellington, CHTV3 in Christchurch and DNTV2 in Dunedin – which each ran their own newscast and produced some in-house programmes, with other
677:
As radio prospered throughout the 1920s and 1930s, experimental television stations, which broadcast both an audio and a video signal, began sporadic broadcasts. Licenses for these experimental stations were often granted to experienced radio broadcasters, and thus advances in television technology
1674:
Unlike the United States, where networks receive programmes produced by various production companies, the two largest networks in the
Philippines produce all of their prime time programmes. Other networks adopt block-time programming, which uses programming arrangements similar to the relationship
741:
relay antennas, and began transmitting some programs on an irregular basis to
Philadelphia and Schenectady in 1941. Wartime priorities suspended the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 1 April 1942 to 1 October 1945, temporarily shutting down expansion of television
693:
in 1929, primarily as a telephone improvement device. Its high capacity (transmitting 240 telephone calls simultaneously) also made it ideal for long-distance television transmission, where it could handle a frequency band of 1 MHz. German television first demonstrated such an application in
1583:
New
Zealand also operates several regional television stations, which are only available in individual markets. The regional stations will typically air a local news programme, produce some shows in-house and cover local sports events; the majority of programming on the regional stations will be
651:
beginning with the letter "W"; those west of the
Mississippi were assigned calls beginning with a "K". The number of programs that these early stations aired was often limited, in part due to the expense of program creation. The idea of a network system which would distribute programming to many
303:. This is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of commercial television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with a
310:
On the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of cable television has made available in major media markets, programs such as those aimed at
American bi-cultural Latinos. Such a diverse captive audience
1059:
Most television services outside North
America are national networks established by a combination of publicly funded broadcasters and commercial broadcasters. Most nations established television networks in a similar way: the first television service in each country was operated by a
1153:
have established TV networks since the 1980s although they initially aired exclusively on satellite. In 1991, TV4 became Sweden's first commercial television network to air terrestrially. Most television programming in Sweden is centralised except for local news updates that air on
1182:. Rather than having a single production arm, there are a number of public broadcasting organizations that create programming for each of the three stations, each working relatively independently. Commercial broadcasting in the Netherlands is currently operated by two networks,
248:
and satellite television are branded as "channels" because they are somewhat different from traditional networks in the sense defined above, as they are singular operations – they have no affiliates or component stations, but instead are distributed to the public via cable or
1598:
In the Philippines, in practice, the terms "network", "station" and "channel" are used interchangeably as programming lineups are mostly centrally planned from the networks' main offices, and since provincial/regional stations usually just relay the broadcast from their
769:
AT&T made its first postwar addition in February 1946, with the completion of a 225-mile (362 km) cable between New York City and Washington, D.C., although a blurry demonstration broadcast showed that it would not be in regular use for several months. The
1548:, which airs mostly imported programmes with children's shows airing in the daytime and shows targeted at teenagers and adult between 15 and 39 years of age during prime time. MediaWorks also operates a timeshift network, TV3 + 1, and a 24-hour music network,
505:
only provides ten hours of primetime programming each week, leaving their affiliates to fill time periods where network programs are not broadcast with a large amount of syndicated programming. Other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as
717:
every 10 miles (16 km), and in 1937 it experimented with transmitting televised motion pictures over the line. Bell Labs gave demonstrations of the New York–Philadelphia television link in 1940 and 1941. AT&T used the coaxial link to transmit the
610:
television stations, and in recent years, even more so for stations that used this revenue stream to finance their conversion to digital broadcasts, which in turn provides them with several additional channels to transmit different programming sources.
1304:, which was founded in 1965. It grew to become the largest and most successful media conglomerate in the country, having a dominating presence in various forms of media including television, radio, print (newspapers and magazines) and the Internet.
1464:. Beginning in 1989, however, television markets in rural areas began to aggregate, allowing these rural networks to broadcast over a larger area, often an entire state, and become full-time affiliates to one specific metropolitan network.
955:, a network is defined as "any operation where control over all or any part of the programs or program schedules of one or more broadcasting undertakings is delegated to another undertaking or person", and must be licensed by the
1528:
TV One Plus 1. The network operated by Television New Zealand has progressed from operating as four distinct local stations within the four main centers in the 1960s, to having the majority of the content produced from TVNZ's
827:, when most viewers were watching television. Most of the programs broadcast by the television stations were still locally produced. As the networks increased the number of programs that they aired, however, officials at the
552:, television networks have also been created specifically for distribution on the digital subchannels of television stations (including networks focusing on classic television series and films operated by companies like
1501:
is the network's flagship network which carries news, current affairs and sports programming as well as the majority of the locally produced shows broadcast by TVNZ and imported shows. TVNZ's second network,
1274:
was launched, mostly employing NTV/TV-6 staff, only to cease operations the following year. Since then, the four largest television networks (Channel One, Russia 1, NTV and Russia 2) have been state-owned.
1217:
launched on 22 March 1951 when Channel One of USSR Central Television became a unionwide network. Until 1989, there were six television networks, all owned by the USSR Gosteleradio. This changed during
619:
Television broadcasting in the United States was heavily influenced by radio. Early individual experimental radio stations in the United States began limited operations in the 1910s. In November 1920,
477:(Fox), which launched in October 1986, has gained prominence and is now considered part of the "Big Four". The Big Three provide a significant number of programs to each of their affiliates, including
956:
796:. But as the television networks expanded westward, the interconnected television stations formed major networks of connected affiliate stations. In January 1949, with the sign-on of DuMont's
652:
stations simultaneously, saving each station the expense of creating all of their own programs and expanding the total coverage beyond the limits of a single broadcast signal, was devised.
808:
networks were finally connected by coaxial cable (with WDTV airing the best shows from all four networks). By 1951, the four networks stretched from coast to coast, carried on the new
1238:
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, USSR Gosteleradio ceased to exist as well as its six networks. Only Channel One had a smooth transition and survived as a network, becoming
838:
Late in the 20th century, cross-country microwave radio relays were replaced by fixed-service satellites. Some terrestrial radio relays remained in service for regional connections.
449:
1611:
area). As such, networks made up of VHF stations are sometimes informally referred to by their over-the-air channel number in the Mega Manila area (for example, Channel 4 or
307:
broadcasting agency. Some countries have launched national television networks, so that individual television stations can act as common repeaters of nationwide programs.
823:
Each of the four major television networks originally only broadcast a few hours of programs a week to their affiliate stations, mostly between 8:00 and 11:00 p.m.
1906:
1258:
The 2000s were marked by the increased state intervention in Russian television. On 14 April 2001 NTV experienced management changes following the expulsion of former
497:. Since the creation of Fox, the number of American television networks has increased, though the amount of programming they provide is often much less: for example,
1044:
in Toronto and adopted that station's "Citytv" branding, but gradually became a network by virtue of national coverage through expansions into other markets west of
1051:
Most local television stations in Canada are now owned and operated directly by their network, with only a small number of stations still operating as affiliates.
666:
owned and operated, in a vast chain, NBC's audio signal thus transmitted from station to station to listeners across the United States. Other companies, including
792:
In the 1940s, the term "chain broadcasting" was used when discussing network broadcasts, as the television stations were linked together in long chains along the
674:, soon followed suit, each network signed hundreds of individual stations on as affiliates: stations which agreed to broadcast programs from one of the networks.
3066:
3038:
3033:
2058:
166:
1460:. Until 1989, areas outside these main cities had access to only a single commercial station, and these rural stations often formed small networks such as
753:
The DuMont Television Network in 1949. DuMont's network of stations stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&T's
1266:. As a result, most of the prominent reporters featured on NTV left the network. Later on 22 January 2002, the second largest private television network
373:
841:
After the failure and shutdown of DuMont in 1956, several attempts at new networks were made between the 1950s and the 1970s, with little success. The
1648:
897:
was launched as a "merger" of The WB and UPN (in actuality, a consolidation of each respective network's higher-rated programs onto one schedule);
3150:
722:
in June 1940 from Philadelphia to New York City, where it was televised to a few hundred receivers over the NBC station W2XBS (which evolved into
60:
529:
has a significant amount of freedom to schedule television shows as they consent to. Some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate
3060:
1699:
1346:
3055:
3045:
3025:
2827:
1953:
1916:
1838:
1779:
1689:
1213:
launched on 7 July 1938 when Petersburg – Channel 5 of Leningrad Television became a unionwide network. The second television network in the
975:
579:
913:. This led to a system where most local television stations were independently owned, but received programming from the network through a
1117:. Since the introduction of digital television, the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 each introduced a number of digital-only channels.
3050:
2896:
1016:, although the public and the broadcasters themselves will often refer to them as "networks" regardless. Some of these systems, such as
817:
202:
586:, in which cable and satellite providers pay a rate of more than $ 5.00 per subscriber to ESPN). The providers also handle the sale of
213:
In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content to all of their stations, and where most individual
2822:
1796:
1316:
1282:(its coverage increased vastly allowing it to become a federal network), Petersburg – Channel Five (overall the same), the relaunched
1146:
389:
643:(FRC), a government entity that was created in 1926 to regulate the radio industry. With some exceptions, radio stations east of the
107:
2916:
1940:
828:
733:
NBC had earlier demonstrated an inter-city television broadcast on 1 February 1940, from its station in New York City to another in
182:
126:
850:
384:
in the UK itself. Experimental television broadcasts were started in 1929, using an electromechanical 30-line system developed by
79:
3889:
3783:
3460:
2701:
2249:
2051:
1694:
1374:
1073:
910:
1270:, where the former NTV staff took refuge, was shut down allegedly because of its editorial policy. Five months later on 1 June,
4041:
3265:
2812:
1660:
1167:
1150:
805:
454:
269:
1242:. The other five networks were operated by Ground Zero. This free airwave space allowed many private television networks like
86:
2807:
2358:
1742:
1354:
719:
549:
64:
1616:
951:
A number of different definitions of "network" are used by government agencies, industry, and the general public. Under the
590:
inserted at the local level during national programming, in which case the broadcaster and the cable/satellite provider may
190:
1032:, have similar branding and a common programming focus, but schedules may vary significantly from one station to the next.
3686:
3588:
2832:
1593:
786:
462:
458:
198:
3117:
1286:. The Russian television market is mainly shared today by five major companies: Channel One, Russia 1, NTV, TNT and CTC.
4036:
3107:
2868:
2765:
2308:
2075:
1029:
979:
93:
31:
3804:
3143:
3097:
2604:
2044:
1378:
686:
534:
967:
831:(FCC) grew concerned that local television might disappear altogether. Eventually, the federal regulator enacted the
1872:
901:, a network formed from affiliates of UPN and The WB that did not affiliate with The CW, launched at the same time.
3358:
2956:
2878:
2817:
2524:
918:
671:
518:
250:
150:
75:
1580:). The networks produce their own news and current affairs programs, with most of the content filmed in Auckland.
53:
3846:
3814:
3778:
3531:
3244:
3229:
2728:
2689:
2534:
2434:
2363:
2296:
2123:
1632:
1488:
1006:
971:
862:
771:
620:
345:
322:
304:
3856:
3087:
2329:
2264:
2217:
2103:
1421:
842:
801:
640:
474:
311:
presents an occasion for the networks and affiliates to advertise the best programming that needs to be aired.
277:
2004:
1093:
broadcasting allowed a greater number of television channels to broadcast, the BBC launched a second channel,
893:, would later acquire half and later all of the network over the course of its existence). In September 2006,
376:
paid by British residents, as a result no advertising appears on these services. The advertising-funded arm (
3909:
3480:
3373:
3234:
2926:
2911:
2755:
2706:
2629:
2529:
2207:
2093:
2088:
1604:
1340:
952:
785:
and Boston were added to the NBC television network in late 1947. DuMont and NBC would be joined by CBS and
501:
only provides fifteen hours of primetime programming each week (along with three hours on Saturdays), while
218:
3214:
3136:
2848:
2634:
2449:
2394:
2389:
2202:
2167:
1577:
1537:
1517:
1494:
1002:
962:
Only three national over-the-air television networks are currently licensed by the CRTC: government-owned
882:
832:
607:
587:
507:
292:
214:
1078:
The first television network in the United Kingdom was operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation (
933:, station identifications are displayed in the first few seconds before switching to the network's logo.
3879:
3831:
3510:
3440:
3419:
3183:
3159:
2750:
2554:
2519:
2439:
2419:
2341:
2229:
2150:
1544:, which competes directly with both TVNZ broadcast networks. MediaWorks also operates a second network,
809:
734:
522:
494:
330:
170:
1856:
998:
coverage in all areas (APTN, for example, only has terrestrial coverage in parts of northern Canada).
3904:
3836:
3788:
3773:
3743:
3706:
3485:
3450:
3445:
2664:
2624:
2594:
2351:
2286:
2177:
1362:
1295:
1239:
1199:
1090:
1001:
In addition to these licensed networks, the two main private English-language over-the-air services,
946:
886:
743:
603:
582:
and satellite providers pay the networks a certain rate per subscriber (the highest charge being for
326:
273:
1536:
New Zealand also has several privately owned television networks with the largest being operated by
100:
3809:
3505:
3353:
3338:
3318:
2674:
2614:
2373:
2335:
2192:
2133:
2118:
1449:
1404:
The first commercial networks in Australia involved commercial stations that shared programming in
1134:
1061:
682:
565:
553:
537:; in fact, some programs airing on PBS were branded on other channels as coming from GPB Kids and
513:
The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service (
4015:
3955:
3924:
3671:
3650:
3623:
3618:
3515:
3500:
3363:
3323:
3280:
2901:
2858:
2789:
2659:
2589:
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2499:
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2067:
1545:
1138:
929:
situation occurs in the viewing area. Moreover, when stations return to network programming from
538:
530:
482:
300:
281:
265:
222:
158:
24:
20:
1024:, essentially operate as mini-networks, but have reduced geographical coverage. Others, such as
813:
1771:
1765:
1133:
Sweden had only one television network from 1956 until the early-1990s: the public broadcaster
3965:
3960:
3899:
3753:
3738:
3495:
3198:
3178:
2941:
2863:
2777:
2760:
2723:
2609:
2569:
2399:
2368:
2234:
2128:
1936:
1912:
1775:
1714:
1684:
1656:
1541:
1525:
1503:
1308:
1263:
1219:
1013:
1012:
Smaller groups of stations with common branding are often categorized by industry watchers as
942:
890:
824:
663:
662:
technology. The network physically linked individual radio stations, nearly all of which were
644:
636:
526:
490:
486:
478:
254:
234:
174:
299:. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming, a method known as
3980:
3841:
3681:
3633:
3598:
3328:
3313:
3308:
2946:
2906:
2886:
2853:
2782:
2740:
2654:
2509:
2494:
2469:
2444:
2404:
2254:
2113:
2108:
2098:
1808:
1508:
1461:
1386:
1358:
1283:
1279:
1227:
1187:
1083:
930:
738:
699:
658:
set up the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States by 1928, using
397:
385:
245:
1816:
911:
number of television stations that could be owned by any one network, company or individual
3748:
3666:
3645:
3628:
3608:
3429:
3424:
3270:
3239:
3193:
3188:
2574:
2429:
2197:
2160:
2022:
1958:
1843:
1704:
1549:
1045:
1025:
874:
854:
793:
758:
695:
591:
525:
networks, there is no central unified arm of broadcast programming, meaning that each PBS
349:
296:
288:
237:
in real-time when it deems this necessary – the most common example being during national
226:
154:
2172:
635:, New York City and other areas. Radio stations received permission to transmit through
3929:
3914:
3894:
3851:
3819:
3583:
3414:
3333:
3275:
3224:
2772:
2644:
2619:
2579:
2549:
2424:
2259:
2145:
1986:
1600:
1513:
1472:
1398:
1350:
1114:
1021:
963:
926:
857:), was launched on 9 October 1986 after the company purchased the television assets of
846:
749:
659:
393:
352:
with upstream and downstream systems, so that programming appears seamless to viewers.
230:
162:
761:
programming to all the stations at the same time. Stations not yet connected received
412:
360:
A major international television broadcaster is the British Broadcasting Corporation (
233:
has the technical and administrative capability to take over the programming of their
4030:
4010:
4005:
3945:
3728:
3593:
3546:
3455:
3393:
3368:
3287:
3219:
2921:
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2599:
2489:
2484:
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2459:
2281:
2140:
1876:
1453:
1267:
1247:
1183:
991:
922:
754:
690:
595:
510:
content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish.
489:
programming, but still reserve periods during each day where their affiliate can air
258:
238:
1659:), while some incorporate their channel numbers in the network's name (for example,
372:, the BBC funds itself in two ways. UK services branded under BBC are funded by the
3985:
3975:
3970:
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3863:
3638:
3613:
3551:
3536:
3434:
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2514:
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2155:
1892:
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1561:
1445:
1382:
1271:
1243:
1214:
1210:
1142:
865:
by 1994. Two other networks launched within a week of one another in January 1995:
710:
469:(formerly the Columbia Broadcasting System) and the National Broadcasting Company (
334:
3733:
3383:
2999:
2649:
2559:
2544:
2504:
2464:
2323:
1640:
1608:
1468:
1366:
1223:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1118:
914:
898:
870:
599:
502:
377:
341:
173:
on television in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of
42:
1869:
1424:, with each network forming networks based on their allocated channel numbers:
1278:
Still, the 2000s saw a rise of several independent television networks such as
576:), along with networks focusing on music, sports and other niche programming).
3919:
3884:
3824:
3696:
3676:
3475:
3465:
3343:
3292:
3004:
2711:
2409:
2318:
2274:
2244:
2222:
2212:
2187:
1812:
1671:, which respectively broadcast on VHF channel 5, and UHF channels 23 and 25).
1557:
1457:
1324:
1301:
858:
628:
573:
3701:
3603:
3556:
3260:
2989:
2454:
2269:
1664:
1409:
1328:
1259:
1102:
782:
762:
706:
648:
624:
569:
369:
3541:
3470:
3173:
2984:
2974:
2891:
2716:
2539:
1530:
1506:, airs mostly imported shows with some locally produced programs such as
1417:
1413:
1390:
1312:
1170:
was the only television network in the Netherlands, with three stations,
1113:. These were later followed by the launch of a third commercial network,
990:, but is not licensed or locally distributed (outside of carriage on the
776:
714:
545:
as just a dozen or fewer stations, depending on the size of the network.
380:) employs 23,000 people worldwide including the operation of broadcaster
365:
3128:
774:, which had begun experimental broadcasts before the war, launched what
726:) as well as seen in Schenectady, New York via W2XB (which evolved into
2979:
2964:
1709:
1624:
1565:
1320:
1098:
1094:
1041:
1037:
797:
631:, Pennsylvania. Other companies built early radio stations in Detroit,
557:
337:
287:
Some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the
244:
In North America in particular, many television networks available via
746:", was broadcast simultaneously over three stations as an experiment.
3691:
3378:
3009:
2969:
2291:
2083:
2036:
1668:
1521:
1512:. TVNZ also operates a network exclusive to pay television services,
1498:
1476:
1405:
1370:
1033:
987:
894:
866:
632:
602:
format may instead pay the station or cable/satellite provider, in a
498:
264:
A network may or may not produce all of its own programming. If not,
1520:. TVNZ previously operated a non-commercial public service network,
253:
providers. Such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as "
623:
signed on "the world's first commercially licensed radio station",
3490:
2994:
2931:
2239:
1933:
The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television
1797:"Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants"
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1106:
1017:
983:
748:
561:
30:"Television broadcasting" redirects here. For the technology, see
388:. Limited regular broadcasts using this system began in 1934 and
2936:
1767:
Here's Looking at You: The Story of British Television 1908–1939
1394:
1155:
1122:
727:
723:
583:
381:
3132:
2040:
1524:, which ceased operations in June 2012 and was replaced by the
1036:
originally began operating as a television system in 2002 when
3561:
2182:
1353:. The ABC operates eight stations as part of its main network
1110:
1079:
878:
667:
655:
514:
470:
466:
407:
361:
194:
186:
178:
36:
957:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
329:
to handle most tasks. These systems are not only used for
986:(formerly V), is licensed as a provincial network within
157:, where a central operation provides programming to many
1987:"Eyewitness: 1949 / TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise'"
1226:
program, when the first independent television network,
1040:
in Vancouver started to carry programs originating from
364:), which is perhaps most-well known for its news agency
1361:
and territory, as well as three digital-only networks,
424:
314:
This is explained by author Tim P. Vos in his abstract
1190:, which together broadcast seven commercial stations.
450:
List of United States over-the-air television networks
1300:
The major commercial television network in Brazil is
1101:). A second national commercial network was launched
533:
networks through their member stations (for example,
1971:"The Impact of the FCC's Chain Broadcasting Rules".
909:
FCC regulations in the United States restricted the
3998:
3938:
3872:
3797:
3766:
3721:
3659:
3574:
3524:
3407:
3301:
3253:
3207:
3166:
3018:
2955:
2877:
2841:
2798:
2739:
2673:
2382:
2074:
1795:Baudino, Joseph E; John M. Kittross (Winter 1977).
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
994:of pay television providers) on a national basis.
861:; it would eventually ascend to the status of the
1935:Temple University Press: Philadelphia, p. 16-17.
881:), formed through a programming alliance between
1870:Television 'Piped' From New York to Philadelphia
917:contract, except in a few major cities that had
816:. Only a few local television stations remained
694:1936 by relaying televised telephone calls from
730:) via off-air relay from the New York station.
606:carriage deal. This is especially common with
3144:
2052:
1497:(TVNZ), which consists of two main networks:
1121:operates a large number of channels, as does
1109:instead introduced a Welsh-language service,
177:. Many early television networks such as the
8:
1345:Australia has two national public networks,
869:Television Network, a joint venture between
742:networking. However, in 1944 a short film, "
702:, 180 km (110 mi) away, by cable.
3067:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1908:The Columbia History of American Television
167:multichannel video programming distributors
3935:
3718:
3656:
3298:
3151:
3137:
3129:
3103:
2059:
2045:
2037:
1471:channels, there are others on Australia's
1452:channels 7 and 10 respectively formed the
970:(French), French-language private network
1911:. Columbia University Press. p. 84.
1097:(with the original service being renamed
316:A Cultural Explanation of Early Broadcast
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:feed, allowing the network to broadcast
709:coaxial cable between New York City and
1726:
1377:. SBS currently operates six stations,
1893:GOP Convention of 1940 in Philadelphia
1700:List of television networks by country
1055:Europe, Asia, Africa and South America
1690:Cable television in the United States
348:or other sources to maintain perfect
205:evolved from earlier radio networks.
7:
3113:
1675:between a U.S. network and station.
1493:New Zealand has one public network,
1209:The first television network in the
1137:(SVT). Commercial companies such as
877:, and the United Paramount Network (
221:", the terms "television network", "
165:providers or, in the United States,
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2005:"Canadian Broadcasting Act of 1991"
982:. A third French-language service,
1905:Edgerton, Gary (12 October 2007).
1883:, February 1938, pp. 534, 574–575.
1540:. MediaWorks' flagship network is
321:As to individual stations, modern
16:Telecom network for TV programming
14:
1516:, available on providers such as
829:Federal Communications Commission
765:recordings via physical delivery.
517:), a non-profit, publicly owned,
217:therefore operate only as large "
3890:Concentration of media ownership
3784:Television content rating system
3112:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3081:
2702:Free-space optical communication
1745:from the original on 16 May 2020
1695:Concentration of media ownership
1074:Television in the United Kingdom
411:
41:
3266:Director of network programming
1584:imported from various sources.
1168:Netherlands Public Broadcasting
457:had long been dominated by the
455:Television in the United States
52:needs additional citations for
1985:Barcousky, Len (16 May 2010).
1607:station (usually based in the
720:Republican National Convention
521:service. In comparison to the
1:
3589:Broadcasting of sports events
1594:Television in the Philippines
1448:; while their equivalents on
1444:in Perth together formed the
463:American Broadcasting Company
459:Big Three television networks
3088:Telecommunication portal
2869:Telecommunications equipment
1250:to launch in the mid-1990s.
1030:Crossroads Television System
980:Indigenous peoples in Canada
32:Broadcast television systems
3805:Broadcast reference monitor
2605:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1881:Short Wave & Television
1617:People's Television Network
919:owned-and-operated stations
687:Bell Telephone Laboratories
594:. Networks that maintain a
535:Georgia Public Broadcasting
291:of television commercials,
225:" (a numeric identifier or
4058:
3359:Television program creator
2309:Telecommunications history
1591:
1486:
1338:
1293:
1197:
1071:
940:
672:Mutual Broadcasting System
519:non-commercial educational
447:
346:Global Positioning Systems
323:network operations centers
251:direct-broadcast satellite
151:telecommunications network
29:
18:
3847:Professional video camera
3815:Digital on-screen graphic
3779:List of television awards
3439:Character generator (CG)
3245:Transmission control room
3230:Network operations center
3076:
2917:Public Switched Telephone
2729:telecommunication circuit
2690:Fiber-optic communication
2435:Francis Blake (telephone)
2230:Optical telecommunication
1931:Weinstein, David (2004).
1813:10.1080/08838157709363817
1633:Radio Philippines Network
1489:Television in New Zealand
772:DuMont Television Network
305:noncommercial educational
3857:Lighting control console
2828:Orbital angular-momentum
2265:Satellite communications
2104:Communications satellite
843:Fox Broadcasting Company
705:AT&T laid the first
660:dedicated telephone line
641:Federal Radio Commission
493:, such as local news or
475:Fox Broadcasting Company
278:Sony Pictures Television
153:for the distribution of
76:"Television broadcaster"
19:Not to be confused with
3910:Influence of mass media
3481:Unit production manager
3235:Production control room
2707:Molecular communication
2530:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2359:Undersea telegraph line
2094:Cable protection system
2009:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
1991:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1801:Journal of Broadcasting
1341:Television in Australia
1307:Other networks include
1048:between 2005 and 2013.
978:, a network focused on
715:signal booster stations
293:station identifications
270:Warner Bros. Television
215:television transmitters
169:. Until the mid-1980s,
4042:Television terminology
3215:Central apparatus room
2849:Communication protocol
2635:Charles Sumner Tainter
2450:Walter Houser Brattain
2395:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2203:Information revolution
1975:, 60(1) (1951): 78–111
1764:Norman, Bruce (1984).
1578:South Pacific Pictures
1495:Television New Zealand
883:Chris-Craft Industries
833:Prime Time Access Rule
766:
143:television broadcaster
3832:Multiple-camera setup
3562:Visual effects artist
3511:Broadcast engineering
3184:History of television
3160:Television production
2823:Polarization-division
2555:Narinder Singh Kapany
2520:Erna Schneider Hoover
2440:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2420:Alexander Graham Bell
2151:online video platform
1857:Television in Germany
1240:Ostankino Channel One
968:Ici Radio-Canada Télé
810:microwave radio relay
752:
639:obtained through the
548:With the adoption of
523:commercial television
171:broadcast programming
3905:Freedom of the press
3837:Outside broadcasting
3789:Television criticism
3774:Audience measurement
3744:Political commentary
3707:Late-night talk show
3486:Production assistant
3451:Graphics coordinator
3446:Studio floor manager
2665:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2625:Almon Brown Strowger
2595:Charles Grafton Page
2250:Prepaid mobile phone
2178:Electrical telegraph
1973:The Yale Law Journal
1533:studios at present.
1296:Television in Brazil
1200:Television in Russia
1020:and the now-defunct
947:Television in Canada
887:Paramount Television
863:fourth major network
744:Patrolling the Ether
327:broadcast automation
274:Universal Television
266:production companies
175:terrestrial networks
61:improve this article
4037:Television networks
3810:Character generator
3506:Television director
3339:Production designer
3225:Master control room
2615:Johann Philipp Reis
2374:Wireless revolution
2336:The Telephone Cases
2193:Hydraulic telegraph
1135:Sveriges Television
1089:When the advent of
814:AT&T Long Lines
800:in Pittsburgh, the
566:Nexstar Media Group
554:Weigel Broadcasting
495:syndicated programs
390:an expanded service
159:television stations
4016:Television studies
3956:Communications law
3925:Media manipulation
3672:Limited-run series
3651:Television special
3624:Reality television
3619:Police crime drama
3516:Technical director
3501:Technical director
3374:Production manager
3364:Executive producer
3324:Assistant director
3281:Sports commentator
2813:Frequency-division
2790:Telephone exchange
2660:Charles Wheatstone
2590:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2565:Innocenzo Manzetti
2500:Reginald Fessenden
2235:Optical telegraphy
2068:Telecommunications
1847:, 14 October 1935.
1139:Modern Times Group
1062:public broadcaster
1014:television systems
767:
647:received official
637:broadcast licenses
550:digital television
531:digital subchannel
423:. You can help by
400:in November 1936.
374:television license
301:regional variation
282:TriStar Television
255:specialty channels
223:television channel
155:television content
147:television network
25:Television station
21:Television channel
4024:
4023:
3994:
3993:
3966:Fairness Doctrine
3961:Entertainment law
3900:Freedom of speech
3762:
3761:
3754:Weather forecasts
3739:News broadcasting
3717:
3716:
3570:
3569:
3496:Stunt coordinator
3199:Television studio
3179:Broadcast network
3126:
3125:
2864:Store and forward
2859:Data transmission
2773:Network switching
2724:Transmission line
2570:Guglielmo Marconi
2535:Internet pioneers
2400:Mohamed M. Atalla
2369:Whistled language
1918:978-0-231-51218-3
1781:978-0-563-20102-1
1715:Television system
1685:Broadcast network
1651:and Channel 5 or
1526:timeshift channel
1467:As well as these
1309:Rede Bandeirantes
1264:Vladimir Gusinsky
1220:Mikhail Gorbachev
943:Television system
931:commercial breaks
845:, founded by the
820:of the networks.
713:, with automatic
645:Mississippi River
491:local programming
441:
440:
219:repeater stations
137:
136:
129:
111:
4049:
3981:Media regulation
3936:
3842:Production truck
3719:
3682:Procedural drama
3657:
3634:Documentary film
3599:Event television
3329:Location manager
3314:Costume designer
3309:Casting director
3299:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3084:
2957:Notable networks
2947:Wireless network
2887:Cellular network
2879:Types of network
2854:Computer network
2741:Network topology
2655:Thomas A. Watson
2510:Oliver Heaviside
2495:Philo Farnsworth
2470:Daniel Davis Jr.
2445:Charles Bourseul
2405:John Logie Baird
2114:Data compression
2109:Computer network
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:"Brazil profile"
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:, UShistory.org.
1890:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1792:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1731:
1643:, Channel 13 or
1574:Shortland Street
1509:Shortland Street
1462:Prime Television
1440:in Adelaide and
1387:SBS World Movies
1262:and NTV founder
1230:, was launched.
1188:SBS Broadcasting
953:Broadcasting Act
851:News Corporation
781:and Washington.
739:General Electric
473:); however, the
436:
433:
415:
408:
398:Alexandra Palace
386:John Logie Baird
340:, but use exact
297:emergency alerts
257:" in Canada or "
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
3990:
3934:
3868:
3793:
3758:
3749:Traffic reports
3713:
3667:Animated series
3655:
3646:Television show
3629:Television film
3609:Live television
3576:
3566:
3525:Post-production
3520:
3430:Cinematographer
3425:Camera operator
3403:
3297:
3249:
3240:Stage (theatre)
3203:
3194:Television show
3189:Television crew
3162:
3157:
3127:
3122:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3014:
2951:
2873:
2837:
2794:
2743:
2735:
2676:
2669:
2575:Robert Metcalfe
2430:Tim Berners-Lee
2378:
2198:Information Age
2070:
2065:
2035:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1867:
1863:
1859:, Berlin, 1936.
1855:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1819:on 6 March 2008
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1705:Holding company
1681:
1635:, Channel 7 or
1627:, Channel 9 or
1619:, Channel 2 or
1596:
1590:
1576:is produced by
1491:
1485:
1357:, one for each
1343:
1337:
1298:
1292:
1256:
1236:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1164:
1131:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1046:Atlantic Canada
1026:Omni Television
949:
941:Main articles:
939:
907:
889:(whose parent,
875:Tribune Company
855:Fox Corporation
759:live television
681:Researchers at
617:
452:
446:
437:
431:
428:
421:needs expansion
406:
396:) started from
358:
350:synchronization
289:local insertion
227:radio frequency
211:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3930:Public opinion
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Media activism
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Counterculture
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Agenda-setting
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3852:Stage lighting
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3820:Mixing console
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
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3763:
3760:
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3731:
3725:
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3715:
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3712:
3711:
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3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:TV commercials
3591:
3586:
3584:Beauty pageant
3580:
3578:
3575:Types, formats
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
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3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Audio engineer
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Make-up artist
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3302:Pre-production
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:News presenter
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3167:Main / general
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3110:
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3090:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3063:
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3036:
3028:
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3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2987:
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2977:
2972:
2967:
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2904:
2899:
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2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
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2856:
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2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Space-division
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2768:
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2719:
2709:
2704:
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2698:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Camille Tissot
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Claude Shannon
2617:
2612:
2610:Tivadar Puskás
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Antonio Meucci
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Charles K. Kao
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Harold Hopkins
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Emile Berliner
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Videotelephony
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
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2146:Internet video
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2029:. 24 May 2016.
2014:
1996:
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1962:, 7 July 1947.
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1586:
1514:TVNZ Heartland
1484:
1481:
1473:Pay television
1432:in Melbourne,
1399:SBS WorldWatch
1347:ABC Television
1336:
1333:
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1130:
1127:
1069:
1068:United Kingdom
1066:
1056:
1053:
966:(English) and
964:CBC Television
938:
935:
927:severe weather
906:
903:
853:(now owned by
847:Rupert Murdoch
737:, New York by
616:
613:
527:member station
481:, prime time,
445:
442:
439:
438:
418:
416:
405:
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394:BBC Television
392:(now known as
357:
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261:" in the U.S.
259:cable networks
231:master control
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163:pay television
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2833:Code-division
2831:
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2749:
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2744:and switching
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2490:Lee de Forest
2488:
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2485:Thomas Edison
2483:
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2475:Donald Davies
2473:
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2460:Claude Chappe
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2304:Smoke signals
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2282:Semiconductor
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2141:Digital media
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1877:archive.today
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923:breaking news
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444:United States
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419:This section
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
3986:Pixelization
3976:Media reform
3971:Media policy
3951:Bleep censor
3864:Vision mixer
3639:Mockumentary
3614:Variety show
3537:Foley artist
3532:Sound editor
3435:Videographer
3399:Story editor
3389:Screenwriter
3349:Set designer
2800:Multiplexing
2675:Transmission
2640:Nikola Tesla
2630:Henry Sutton
2585:Samuel Morse
2515:Robert Hooke
2480:Amos Dolbear
2415:John Bardeen
2334:
2314:Telautograph
2218:Mobile phone
2173:Edholm's law
2156:social media
2089:Broadcasting
2026:
2017:
2011:. July 2020.
2008:
1999:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1948:
1932:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1888:
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1852:
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1804:
1800:
1790:
1766:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
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1636:
1628:
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1597:
1582:
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1570:
1562:Christchurch
1554:
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1507:
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1446:Nine Network
1403:
1383:SBS Viceland
1344:
1306:
1299:
1277:
1257:
1237:
1215:Soviet Union
1211:Soviet Union
1208:
1166:Until 1989,
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711:Philadelphia
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621:Westinghouse
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425:adding to it
420:
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335:video server
325:usually use
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212:
203:in Australia
146:
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3825:Microphones
3734:Debate show
3384:Head writer
3354:TV producer
3319:TV director
3000:NPL network
2712:Radio waves
2650:Alfred Vail
2560:Hedy Lamarr
2545:Dawon Kahng
2505:Elisha Gray
2465:Yogen Dalal
2390:Nasir Ahmed
2324:Teleprinter
2188:Heliographs
1749:18 November
1641:GMA Network
1609:Mega Manila
1588:Philippines
1483:New Zealand
1469:free-to-air
1428:in Sydney,
1367:ABC TV Plus
1224:Perestroika
1180:Nederland 3
1176:Nederland 2
1172:Nederland 1
1162:Netherlands
1105:, although
1084:ITV network
915:franchising
899:MyNetworkTV
871:Time Warner
818:independent
812:network of
735:Schenectady
685:subsidiary
600:infomercial
588:advertising
568:(owners of
556:(owners of
503:MyNetworkTV
378:BBC Studios
368:. Owned by
342:atomic time
331:programming
4031:Categories
3939:Regulation
3920:Media bias
3885:Censorship
3697:Soap opera
3677:Miniseries
3577:and genres
3476:Dolly grip
3408:Production
3344:Researcher
3293:Showrunner
3046:Antarctica
3005:Toasternet
2927:Television
2410:Paul Baran
2342:Television
2326:(teletype)
2319:Telegraphy
2297:transistor
2275:Phryctoria
2245:Photophone
2223:Smartphone
2213:Mass media
1770:. p.
1721:References
1603:network's
1592:See also:
1558:Wellington
1538:MediaWorks
1487:See also:
1458:Network 10
1420:and later
1339:See also:
1325:TV Cultura
1302:Rede Globo
1294:See also:
1205:Soviet era
1198:See also:
1072:See also:
905:Regulation
859:Metromedia
806:East Coast
794:East Coast
649:call signs
629:Pittsburgh
574:Antenna TV
448:See also:
235:affiliates
87:newspapers
3798:Technical
3767:Valuation
3702:Talk show
3604:Game show
3557:Publicist
3261:Celebrity
3030:Americas
3019:Locations
2990:Internet2
2751:Bandwidth
2455:Vint Cerf
2352:streaming
2330:Telephone
2270:Semaphore
2161:streaming
1954:Beginning
1807:: 61–82.
1665:Studio 23
1410:Melbourne
1335:Australia
1329:TV Brasil
1158:and TV4.
1115:Channel 5
1103:Channel 4
789:in 1948.
783:Baltimore
763:kinescope
707:L-carrier
689:patented
608:low-power
570:Rewind TV
539:PBS World
508:religious
479:newscasts
432:June 2024
370:the Crown
268:(such as
199:in the US
3547:Colorist
3542:Composer
3471:Key grip
3441:operator
3254:Profiles
3174:Audience
3098:Category
2985:Internet
2975:CYCLADES
2892:Ethernet
2842:Concepts
2766:terminal
2717:wireless
2540:Bob Kahn
2383:Pioneers
2208:Internet
2099:Cable TV
2027:BBC News
1873:Archived
1823:8 August
1743:Archived
1679:See also
1605:flagship
1531:Auckland
1475:network
1418:Adelaide
1414:Brisbane
1391:SBS Food
1375:ABC News
1363:ABC Kids
1313:RecordTV
1260:oligarch
959:(CRTC).
873:and the
777:Newsweek
683:AT&T
670:and the
604:brokered
366:BBC News
333:and for
241:events.
209:Overview
117:May 2023
3118:Commons
3108:Outline
3061:Oceania
2980:FidoNet
2965:ARPANET
2778:circuit
2347:digital
2076:History
1739:bbc.com
1735:"1920s"
1710:Skypath
1625:ABS-CBN
1566:Dunedin
1321:RedeTV!
1042:CITY-TV
1038:CKVU-TV
1028:or the
849:-owned
802:Midwest
700:Leipzig
615:History
558:Movies!
483:daytime
465:(ABC),
404:History
338:playout
197:or ABC
101:scholar
3999:Theory
3873:Issues
3692:Sitcom
3687:Serial
3660:Series
3552:Editor
3461:gaffer
3379:Writer
3208:Places
3056:Europe
3026:Africa
3010:Usenet
2970:BITNET
2907:Mobile
2783:packet
2292:MOSFET
2287:device
2084:Beacon
1939:
1915:
1778:
1669:Net 25
1653:Singko
1637:Siyete
1613:Kwatro
1601:parent
1522:TVNZ 7
1499:TVNZ 1
1477:Foxtel
1406:Sydney
1371:ABC Me
1355:ABC TV
1327:, and
1290:Brazil
1194:Russia
1149:, and
1147:Viasat
1129:Sweden
1034:Citytv
1007:Global
988:Quebec
974:, and
937:Canada
895:The CW
891:Viacom
867:The WB
696:Berlin
633:Boston
564:) and
499:The CW
487:sports
461:, the
356:Global
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3491:Gofer
3039:South
3034:North
2995:JANET
2932:Telex
2922:Radio
2761:Nodes
2756:Links
2677:media
2255:Radio
2240:Pager
2168:Drums
2134:video
2129:image
2119:audio
1645:Trese
1629:Nueve
1442:STW-9
1438:NWS-9
1434:QTQ-9
1430:GTV-9
1426:TCN-9
1422:Perth
1359:state
1254:2000s
1234:1990s
1107:Wales
1099:BBC 1
1095:BBC 2
1018:CTV 2
984:Noovo
580:Cable
562:Me-TV
344:from
246:cable
149:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
3722:News
3466:grip
3271:Host
3051:Asia
2937:UUCP
2897:ISDN
1959:Time
1937:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1844:Time
1825:2008
1776:ISBN
1751:2020
1667:and
1655:for
1647:for
1639:for
1631:for
1623:for
1615:for
1564:and
1546:FOUR
1456:and
1397:and
1395:NITV
1373:and
1349:and
1268:TV-6
1248:TV-6
1246:and
1186:and
1178:and
1156:SVT2
1123:UKTV
1005:and
976:APTN
945:and
885:and
804:and
798:WDTV
728:WRGB
724:WNBC
625:KDKA
584:ESPN
572:and
560:and
485:and
382:UKTV
295:and
280:and
201:and
80:news
2942:WAN
2912:NGN
2902:LAN
2183:Fax
2124:DCT
1956:,"
1879:,"
1841:",
1809:doi
1661:TV5
1657:TV5
1649:IBC
1621:Dos
1542:TV3
1518:Sky
1504:TV2
1450:VHF
1379:SBS
1351:SBS
1317:SBT
1284:2×2
1280:REN
1272:TVS
1244:NTV
1228:2×2
1222:'s
1143:TV4
1119:Sky
1111:S4C
1091:UHF
1080:BBC
1003:CTV
972:TVA
925:or
879:UPN
787:ABC
698:to
668:CBS
656:NBC
627:in
598:or
541:).
515:PBS
471:NBC
467:CBS
427:.
362:BBC
195:NBC
191:PTV
187:PBS
183:CBC
179:BBC
145:or
63:by
23:or
4033::
2025:.
2007:.
1989:.
1805:21
1803:.
1799:.
1774:.
1772:99
1741:.
1737:.
1663:,
1568:.
1560:,
1552:.
1550:C4
1479:.
1416:,
1412:,
1408:,
1401:.
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1381:,
1369:,
1365:/
1331:.
1323:,
1319:,
1315:,
1311:,
1174:,
1145:,
1141:,
1125:.
1086:.
1022:E!
276:,
272:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
161:,
141:A
3152:e
3145:t
3138:v
3069:)
3065:(
2060:e
2053:t
2046:v
1993:.
1952:"
1943:.
1921:.
1868:"
1837:"
1827:.
1811::
1784:.
1753:.
434:)
430:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
27:.
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