Sator Square - Knowledge (XXG)

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letters are believed, if properly combined, to exert power over the processes of nature ...". Even by 2003, American academic Rose Mary Sheldon called it "one of the oldest unsolved word puzzles in the world". In 2018, American ancient classical historian Megan O'Donald still noted that "most interpretations of the ROTAS square have failed to gain consensus due to failings", and, in particular, reconciling the archeological evidence with the square's later adoption as a religious and magical object.

1616: 1601: 40: 1780: 112:), which was later adopted by Christians. This origin theory, however, fails to explain how a Roman word puzzle then became such a powerful religious and magical medieval symbol. It has instead been argued that the square was created in its ROTAS-form as a Jewish symbol, embedded with cryptic religious symbolism, which was later adopted in its SATOR-form by Christians. There are many other less-supported academic origin theories, such as a 4982: 889: 1386: 534: 1084: 4342: 1464: 1151:

Fishwick concludes that the translations of the words ROTAS OPERA TENET AREPO SATOR are irrelevant, except to the extent that they make some sense and thereby hide a Jewish cryptic charm, and to require them to mean more is "to expect the impossible". The motivation for the creation square might have been the Jewish

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Research in 2006 by French classical scholar Nicolas Vinel drew on recent discoveries on the mathematics of ancient magic squares to propose that the square was a "Jewish cryptogram using Pythagorean arithmetic". Vinel decoded several Jewish concepts in the square, including the reason for AREPO, and

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of A.D 19 or A.D 49, however, it fell into disuse only to be revived later by Christians facing their own persecution, and who appreciated its hidden Paternoster and Alpha and Omega symbolism, but who focused on the SATOR-form (which gave an emphasis on the "sower", which was associated with Christ).

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In addition, Fishwick believes a Jewish origin provides a satisfactory explanation for the Paternoster cross (or X) as the configuration is an archaic Jewish "tau" (+ or X). The Paternoster word is not unique to Christianity, and also has roots in Judaism where several prayers refer to "Our Father".

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Irrespective of the theory of its origin, the evidence that the Sator square, particularly in its SATOR-form, became adopted into Christian imagery is not disputed by academics. Academics note the repeated association of Christ with the "sower" (or SATOR), and the words of the Sator square have been

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A significant volume of academic research has been published on the square but after more than a century, there is no consensus on its origin and meaning. The discovery of the "Paternoster theory" in 1926 led to a brief consensus amongst academics that the square was created by early Christians, but

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A 1969 computer study by Charles Douglas Gunn started with a Roma-Amor square and found 2,264 better versions, of which he considered the Sator square to be the best. The square's origin as a word puzzle solved the problem of AREPO (a word that appears nowhere else in classical writing), as being a

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of the square. Such a reading when applied to the SATOR-form square, and repeating the central word TENET, gives SATOR OPERA TENET – TENET OPERA SATOR, which has been very loosely interpreted as: "as ye sow, so shall ye reap", while some believe the square should be read as just three words – SATOR

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It is much more likely that we are dealing with a Latin-speaking Jewish slogan here, and there is plenty of evidence for Jews in the Vesuvian towns (including a kosher version of garum, the Roman staple of rotten fish sauce). "Alpha" and "omega" are well known in Jewish literature, and "our father"

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The Sator square is arranged as a 5 × 5 grid consisting of five 5-letter words, thus totaling 25 characters. It uses 8 different Latin letters: 5 consonants (S, T, R, P, N) and 3 vowels (A, E, O). In some versions, the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid are also drawn, but in many

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Duncan Fishwick, amongst other academics, believed that AREPO was simply a residual word that was required to complete what is a complex and sophisticated palindrome (which Fishwick believed was embedded with hidden Jewish symbolism, per the "Jewish Symbol" origin theory below), and to expect more

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noted: "Long after the fall of Rome, and long after the general public had forgotten about classical word games, the square survived among people who might not even read Latin. They continued to use it as a charm against illness, evil and bad luck. By the end of the Middle Ages, the "prophylactic

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Fishwick notes that the failings of the Paternoster theory (above) are resolved when looked at from a Jewish perspective. Large numbers of Latin-speaking Jews had been settled in Pompeii, and their affinity for cryptic and mystical word symbols was well known. The Alpha and Omega concept appears

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s also lay in the four quadrants of this cross. At the time of this discovery, the earliest known Sator square was from the fourth century, further supporting the dating of the Christian symbolism inherent in the Paternoster theory. Academics considered the Christian origins of the square to be

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The earliest Sator square with explicit additional Christian imagery is a sixth-century bronze amulet from Asia Minor that has two fish turned toward one another on one side, and a Sator square in Greek characters in a checkerboard pattern on the other side. Written above the square is the word

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Fishwick still considered this interpretation as unproven and clarified that the apparent discovery of the Roma-Amor palindrome written beside the 1954 discovery of a square on a tile at Aquincum, was incorrectly translated (if anything it supported the square as a charm). Fishwick, and others,

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was able to explain the word SAUTRAN that appears beside the square that was discovered on the palestra column in Pompeii. Vinel addressed a criticism of the Jewish origin theory – why would the Jews have then abandoned the symbol? – by noting the Greek texts that they also abandoned (e.g. the

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The origin and meaning of the square has eluded a definitive academic consensus even after more than a century of study. In 1938, British classical historian Donald Atkinson said the square occupied the "mysterious region where religion, superstition, and magic meet, where words, numbers, and

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amended the strict anagrammatic approach by using abbreviations and thus deduced from the 25 letters of the Sator Square the 36 letters of the monastic rule: SAT ORARE POTEN (TER) ET OPERA(RE) R(ATI)O T(U)A S(IT), which he considered an ancient rule of the Benedictines; French historian Gaston

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The fourth or fifth century Coptic papyrus with a Sator square had no evidence of any Christian associations or Christian imagery, it would not be for another two centuries before the first Sator squares appeared that had additional Christian imagery that would definitively associate them as

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The earliest Roman-era versions of the square have the word ROTAS as the top line (called a ROTAS-form square, left above), but the inverted version with SATOR in the top line became more dominant from early medieval times (called a SATOR-form square, right above). Some academics call it a

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The square has long associations with magical powers throughout its history (and even up to the 19th century in North and South America), including a perceived ability to extinguish fires, particularly in Germany. The square appears in early and late medieval medical textbooks such as the

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origins as the Roman-era discoveries were in military locations with whom it was popular, while academic historian Walter O. Moeller attempted to derive a Mithraic relationship using perceived mathematical patterns in the square, but his arguments were not considered convincing by other

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Sator Square amulet: This early Christian magical tool called the Sator Square shows words that are readable backward or forwards. In his book on pow-wows, Johann George Hohman stated that the Sator Square possessed properties that could extinguish fires as readily as protect cows from

825:(c. A.D 200) knew of the square and had written of "Him who joined the beginning with the end, and is the Lord of both, and has shown forth the plough at the end". Some academics link Irenaeus with creating the association of the five words in the square to the five nails of the cross. 1360:

magic" of the square was firmly established in the superstition of Italy, Serbia, Germany, and Iceland, and eventually even crossed to North America". The square appears in versions of several popular magical manuscripts from the early and late middle ages magical text such as the

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and Stoic academic philosophy. Hommel believed that in the Stoic tradition, the Ephesian word AREPO would be discarded, and the square would be read in the boustrophedon style as SATOR OPERA TENET, TENET OPERA SATOR, translating as "The Creator preserves his works". German scholar

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The most direct sentence translation is: "The sower (or, farmer) Arepo holds the wheels with care (or, with care the wheels)". Similar translations include: "The farmer Arepo works his wheels", or "Arepo the sower (sator) guides (tenet) the wheel (rotas) with skill (opera)".

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claimed the Pompeii squares were added at a later date by looters. The lack of any disturbance to the volcanic deposits at the palestra, however, meant that this was unlikely, and the Paternoster theory as a proof of Christian origination lost much of its academic support.

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houses a sixth-century bronze amulet from Asia Minor that has two fish turned toward one another on one side, and a Sator square in Greek characters in a checkerboard pattern on the other side. Written above the square is the word "ICHTHUS", which directly translates as a

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consider the key failing of the Roman puzzle theory of origin is the lack of any explanation as to why the square would later become so strongly associated with Christianity, and with being a medieval charm. Some argue that this can be bridged if considered as a

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recovered from insanity after eating three crusts of bread inscribed with the square. After the meal, the person then recited five paternosters for the five wounds of Christ, linking to the Christian imagery believed encoded into the square.

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Scholars have found medieval Sator-based charms, remedies, and cures, for a diverse range of applications from childbirth, to toothaches, to love potions, to ways of warding off evil spells, and even to determine whether someone was a witch.

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in medieval Europe; in both cases, the remedy/cure is administered by eating bread inscribed with the words of the square. By the sixteenth century, the use of the square to cure insanity and fever was being documented in books such as

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says: "Write these words on in parchment with the blood of a Culver and bear it in thy left hand and ask what thou wilt and thou shalt have it. fiat." Other examples include Bosnia, where the square was used as a remedy for

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Regardless of its Christian origins, many academics considered the Paternoster discovery as being a random occurrence to be mathematically impossible. Several examined this mathematical probability including German historian

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reversed the boustrophedon rule on the ROTAS-form (i.e. starting on the right-hand side instead of the left) to get SAT ORARE POTEN, which loosely translates into the Jewish call to prayer, "are you able to pray enough?".

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The earliest Sator square post-Roman times was the 1899 discovery of a ROTAS-form square inscribed on a Coptic papyrus by German historians Adolph Erman and Fritz Krebs in the Egyptian papyrus collections of the

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Letonnelier made a similar approach in 1952 to get the Christian prayer: SAT ORARE POTEN(TIA) ET OPER(A) A ROTA S(ERVANT), which translates as: "Prayer is our strength and will save us from the wheel (of fate?)".

6873: 420:). The square at the house of Publius Paquius Proculus was dated between A.D 50 and A.D 79 (based on the decorative style of the interior), and the palestra square find was dated pre-A.D 62 (and therefore the 1586:, Hungary. There has been debate over whether a second partial inscription found beside the square is part of the Roma-Amor palindrome (thus affirming the Roman puzzle origin theory), but it seems unlikely. 1047:

Rebecca Benefiel, noted that by 2012, Pompeii had yielded over 13,000 separate inscriptions and that the house of Publius Paquius Proculus (where a square was found) had over 70 pieces of graffiti alone.

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for the sin of his denial of Christ, with the anagram PETRO ET REO PATET ROSA SARONA, which translates as "For Peter even guilty the rose of Sharon is open"; academics refuted his interpretation.

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that uncovered three Sator separate square inscriptions, all in ROTAS-form, on the interior walls of a Roman military office (and a fourth a year later) that were dated from circa A.D 200.

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listed some of the many diverse sentences that can be produced from anagrams of the square including her favorite: APATOR NERO EST, which would translate as saying that the Roman emperor

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book series, "Sator Square", in a deliberate reference to the symbol. Watt-Evans notes that the Discworld series is full of other incidental references to unusual symbols and concepts.

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There are examples from the nineteenth century in South America where the Sator square was used as a cure for dog bites and snake-bites in Brazil, and in enclaves of German settlers (or

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With the subsequent discovery of Sator squares at Pompeii, dating pre-79 A.D, the Paternoster theory began to lose support, even amongst notable supporters such as French historian

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Another Sator square was also found in October 1925, in ROTAS-form, etched onto the wall in a bathroom of the house of Publius Paquius Proculus (Reg I, Ins 7, 1), also at Pompeii (

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s of TENET may be explained not as Christian crosses, but as a Latin form of the Jewish "tau" salvation symbol (from Ezekiel), and its archaic form (+ or X) appears regularly on

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as a wheel (i.e. the ROTAS), and that the textual-visual interplay had parallels with other forms of graffito found in Pompeii, some of which later became adopted as charms.

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Duncan Fishwick showed that this translation into plough was based on a "faulty knowledge of Latin, if not of Greek", and Fishwick's view was reinforced by French historian

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Up until the 1930s, a Coptic papyrus with the square in the ROTAS-form dating from the fourth or fifth century A.D. was considered the earliest version. In 1889, British

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origin. A significant issue is that the square is in Latin, and Romans did not have the ciphered number system of the Greeks or the Semites. However, if the letters are

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The amount of academic research published on the Rotas-Sator square is regarded as being considerable (and even described by one source as "immense"); American academic

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explains AREPO as a personal name derived from the Egyptian name "Hr-Hp", and sources the square to an Alexandrine origin where a gnostic tradition employed acrostics.

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British academic Duncan Fishwick observes that the translation from the boustrophedon approach fails when applied to a ROTAS-form square, however, Belgian scholar

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is based on the Sator square. All its individual musical parts, melodies and instruments (and even at times the lyrics) play the same both forward and backwards.

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Rotas Sator (first century): Although the result is striking, the interpretation rests on the unlikely assumptions, and a non-Christian meaning is more probable.

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required all settlements to make Sator square disks to combat fires. By the fifteenth century the square was being used as a touchstone against fire at the

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for details on the Pompejan graffito), and at Ostia and Bolonia. Similarly, another ROTAS-form square scratched into a Roman-era wall in the basement of the

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would have written the square in Greek and not Latin, that (3) the Christian concepts of Alpha and Omega only appear after the first century, that (4) the

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to be of Roman origin, however, his assertion was discounted at the time by most academics who considered the square to be an "early medieval charm".

78:. The earliest squares were found at Roman-era sites, all in ROTAS-form (where the top line is "ROTAS", not "SATOR"), with the earliest discovery at 1817:

A Sator square in SATOR-form was found on a block set into the doorway facade of a fortified wall in the largely abandoned medieval fortress town of

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One of the earliest examples of a Sator square in a Christian church is the SATOR-form marble square on the facade of the circa. A.D 752 Benedictine

7019: 3593: 1306:), a demon, or even the square itself rotating on its TENET spokes, thus giving a peasant Italian pagan origin with the square as a wind indicator. 562:

OPERA TENET, which they loosely translate as: "The Creator (the author of all things) maintains his works"; both of which could imply Graeco-Roman

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It has featured in a diverse range of contemporary artworks including fiction books, paintings, musical scores, and films, and most notably in

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the subsequent discoveries at Pompeii led many academics to believe that the square was more likely created as a Roman word puzzle (as per the

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The Sator square has inspired many works in the arts, including some classical and contemporary composers such as works by Austrian composer

1912:, dated to the 14th century. It reads "sator arepo tenet" (untranscribed: "sator ¶ ar(æ)po ¶ tænæt). It also occurs in two inscriptions from 1933:(1888), includes the tale of a young girl who is enchanted by a poet using the spell of a Sator square written on a piece of paper in blood. 1023:

There is considerable contemporary academic support for the theory that the square originated as a Roman-era word puzzle. Italian historian

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Benefiel, Rebecca R. (2012). "Magic Squares, Alphabet Jumbles, Riddles and More: The Culture of Word-Games among the Graffiti of Pompeii".

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In Germany in the Middle Ages, the square was inscribed on disks that were then thrown into fires to extinguish them. An edict in 1743 by

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While there is little doubt amongst academics that Christians adopted the square, it was not clear that they had originated the symbol.

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One of the earliest examples of the square being applied to medical beliefs is from the twelfth-century Latin medical textbooks, the

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who used the square to prevent fire, stop fits, and prevent miscarriages. The Sator square features in eighteenth-century books on

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A Sator square was found in 1954, in ROTAS-form, etched onto a roof tile of the second-century Roman Imperial governor's house for

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Many medieval Italian towns and churches have squares. The twelfth-century church of San Giovanni Decolatto in Pieve Terzagni in

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s positioned at the extreme ends of the Paternoster cross, and a Jewish option with the letters laid out in an X-shape (i.e. tau).

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During 1924 to 1926, three people separately discovered, or rediscovered, that the square could be used to write the name of the

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works that also ascribe the wounds of Christ and the nails of the cross with names that resemble the five words from the square.

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settlements), and the Americas. Medieval examples of the square in SATOR-form abound, including the earliest French example in a

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on the Pompeii palestra square column associated with the Rotas-square, were linked to graffito that would have pre-dated the

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Some prominent academics, including British-Canadian ancient Roman scholar Duncan Fishwick, American ancient legal historian

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identified the 1868 discovery of a Sator square found in ROTAS-form scratched on a plaster wall in the Roman settlement of

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The existence of the square was long recognized from early medieval times, and various examples have been found in Europe,

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The square is also found in diverse locations all over later medieval France, including fifteenth-century examples at the

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The central cross created by the vertical and horizontal TENET words, has both Christian and Jewish symbolism (e.g. the "

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noted it was similar to the ROMA OLIM MILO AMOR two-dimensional acrostic word puzzle that was also found at Pompeii (see

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style (i.e. in alternating directions). The boustrophedon style, which in Greek means "as the Ox plows", emphasizes the

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has letters forming five concentric rings, each one divided into five sectors. One appears on the exterior wall of the

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to get: "net opera rotans", which translates as "She spins her works", interpreting it to be a feminine being (i.e.

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A Sator square was found in 1868, in ROTAS-form, scratched onto a plaster wall in the Roman Britain settlement of

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Most notable and impactful of the three was German priest, Felix Grosser who published in 1926; German historian

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A Sator square was found in 1966–71, in ROTAS-form, scratched into a Roman-era wall during excavations of the

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In 2018, Megan O'Donnell argued that the square is less of a pure word puzzle but more a piece of Latin Roman

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unknown word, perhaps a proper name, either invented to complete the palindrome or of a non-Latin origin (see

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word for a 'plough', however, this has been discounted by other academics. American ancient legal historian

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Four Sator squares were found in 1931–32, all in ROTAS-form, etched on the walls of military buildings, at

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A Sator square was found in 1978, in ROTAS-form, etched on a fragment of Roman pottery at a Roman site at

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The oldest Sator square was found in November 1936, in ROTAS-form, etched into column number LXI at the

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The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars: An Exhibition of Surprising Structures across Dimensions

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only appears from about A.D 130–131, and that (5) cryptic Christian symbols only appeared during the

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is perfectly compatible with a Jewish cultural background (and are found as that in Jewish prayers).

6749: 6734: 6475: 6435: 6090: 6075: 5877: 5772: 5767: 5743: 5685: 5095: 4951: 4941: 4896: 4752: 4605: 4584: 4129: 3262:(1978). "Le «Carre Magique» a Conimbriga (Portugal), The "Magic Square" in Conimbriga (Portugal)". 2865: 2043: 1849: 1741: 1666: 1606: 1502: 1343: 1329: 1292: 953: 936: 829: 359: 311: 167: 43:

A Sator Square (laid out in the SATOR-format), etched onto a wall in the medieval fortress town of

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Magical Manuscripts in Early Modern Europe: The Clandestine Trade in Illegal Book Collections

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proposed a novel interpretation as the square being a device for working out wind directions.

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The square appears as a remedy during labour in the twelfth-century Latin medical text, the

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Erwin Fahlbusch; Jan Lochman; John Mbiti; Jaroslav Pelikan; Lukas Vischer (February 2008).

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is the title of the film as well as the secret organization that works to save the world.

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to Greek, and then assigned ciphered numbers, the word TENET can be rendered as 666, the

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s in the Sator square formed the points of a cross – there are obscure references in the

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against the devil, and translated the square to read: "Satan Adama Tabat Amada Natas".

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attempted to catalog and review the most prominent works in a 2003 paper published in

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The first recognized serious academic study of the square was the 1881 publication of

6898: 6878: 6368: 6328: 6293: 6173: 5748: 5661: 5636: 5575: 5479: 5325: 5080: 4764: 4636: 4318: 4272: 4218: 3811: 3665: 3481: 3413: 3361: 2910: 2837: 2793: 2563: 2434: 2218: 2139: 1963: 1936:

The Sator square, with some letters changed, features in eighteenth-century books on

1799:

Twelfth-century French examples are found on the wall of the Eglise Saint Laurent at

1752: 1681: 1636: 1295: 1277: 1248: 752: 574: 554: 4378: 1385: 17: 6843: 6499: 6451: 6188: 6183: 6143: 5904: 5787: 5621: 5559: 5554: 5415: 5385: 5280: 5265: 5228: 5179: 5100: 5075: 4877: 2051: 2011: 1995: 1987: 1971: 1655: 840:

An illustration in an early Byzantine bible gives the baptismal names of the three

533: 370: 303: 268: 252: 161: 95: 5305: 1986:(1973) follows the structure of the square), and painters such as American artist 140:

numerology charm, or that it was simply a device for working out wind directions.

3356: 1227: 6419: 6363: 6348: 6303: 6203: 6168: 6153: 6095: 6008: 5934: 5857: 5595: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5499: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5360: 5350: 5160: 4911: 4747: 4197: 3320: 2587: 2413: 2078: 2032: 1677: 1670: 1178: 1140: 1104: 775: 749: 672: 603: 363: 201: 83: 68: 1182:. Amongst the more diverse but less supported theories Sheldon recorded were: 813:

discovered in Christian settings even in very early medieval times, including:

6787: 6591: 6250: 6193: 6178: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6003: 5983: 5834: 5782: 5712: 5646: 5600: 5549: 5534: 5454: 5420: 5315: 5250: 5238: 5218: 5186: 4820: 4310: 4256: 4210: 4033: 4011: 3861: 3825: 3465: 2902: 2785: 2630: 2547: 2426: 2091: 2082: 1979: 1926: 1894: 1883: 1848:

is a stone with the square in a ROTAS-form. Others include the church of the

1730: 1726: 1648: 1621: 1487: 1263: 1244: 1161: 1143:

and early Roman times. Fishwick highlights the central position of the letter

1083: 931:

s) could be placed in the four quadrants of the cross and would represent the

848: 651: 437:

The words are in Latin, and the following translations are known by scholars:

321:. Many medieval European churches and castles have Sator square inscriptions. 211:

The square comes in two forms: ROTAS (left, below), and SATOR (right, below):

197: 196:

cases, there are no such lines. The square is described as a two-dimensional

91: 75: 3473: 2638: 1320:

have proposed that it is a numerical number square, which would also imply a

6283: 6065: 6043: 5993: 5988: 5966: 5656: 5631: 5580: 5380: 5355: 5335: 5330: 5290: 5244: 4079: 3599: 2055: 1116: 1088: 1044: 1012: 958: 864: 639: 391:

discovered a Sator square, also in ROTAS-form, inscribed on a column in the

5839: 5504: 5275: 5193: 1818: 1714:(then the Koniglischen Museen); it has no other explicit Christian imagery. 1147:, as Jews attached significance to the utterance of the "Name" (or nomen). 44: 3810:

Otto, Bernd-Christian; Bellingradt, Daniel (December 2017). "Appendix A".

255:. Since medieval times, it has also been known as a Templar Magic Square. 6797: 6358: 6240: 6158: 5998: 5961: 5797: 5777: 5626: 5590: 5410: 5295: 5285: 5233: 5146: 4759: 1905: 1767: 1691:

in Rome (along with the Roma-Amor, and the Rome Summus Amor palindromes).

1583: 1579: 1491: 1284: 1191: 1061: 822: 728: 563: 538: 500:(ablative singular noun) service, pains, labor; care, effort, attention. 299: 205: 133: 117: 64: 5111: 3565: 3547: 3523: 3154: 2887:

Griffiths, J. Gwyn (March 1971). "'Arepo' in the Magic 'Sator' Square".

1463: 659: 656: 6343: 6273: 6163: 5924: 5899: 5677: 5514: 5447: 5430: 4771: 4626: 4429: 4264: 4234: 3689:

Magi, Filippo (1972). "Il calendario dipinto sotto S. Maria Maggiore".

3305: 2861:"How Tenet was inspired by palindromes, the memes of the ancient world" 2555: 2525: 2087: 2066: 1913: 1829: 1822: 1763: 1719: 1435: 1152: 1136: 834: 698: 145: 121: 79: 3944:

The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology

1786:. A twelfth-century mosaic with the words of the square in a circle, 863:

The Sator square appears in diverse Christian communities, such as in

6353: 6308: 6278: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6133: 6116: 6111: 6038: 5509: 5484: 5464: 5223: 5167: 5142: 4443: 3657: 2162: 1909: 1861: 1439: 1303: 1128: 369:

Haverfield was ultimately proved right by the 1931-32 excavations at

149: 129: 87: 1186:

Several German academics have written on the links of the square to

1036: 104:

called it "the most familiar lettered square in the Western world".

6874:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

6540:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

3866:"Power of the Palindrome: Writing, Reading, and Wordplay (Part II)" 2624: 1740:

The earliest example from France is a SATOR-form square found in a

6883: 6323: 6318: 6298: 6288: 6215: 6126: 6121: 6070: 5978: 5956: 5951: 5882: 5666: 5489: 5440: 5340: 5270: 5207: 5203: 4501: 3727:"Were there Christians at Pompeii? The sator word-square evidence" 2022:

The artist who created the forged Goya drawings was named 'Arepo'.

1958: 1841: 1791: 1778: 1755:, and a square was found written into the margin of a work titled 1744: 1734: 1699: 1659: 1462: 1120: 1082: 887: 676: 625: 615: 532: 374: 314: 307: 278: 272: 262: 248: 182: 171:

called it "one of the closest things the classical world had to a

72: 38: 3448:

Griffith, J. Gwyn (1971). "'Arepo' in the Magic 'Sator' Square".

1552:). Graffiti associated with the particular columns pre-dates the 6313: 6245: 6013: 5971: 5375: 5300: 3434: 2833:"The ancient palindrome that explains Christopher Nolan's Tenet" 2626:

The Muse at Play: Riddles and Wordplay in Greek and Latin Poetry

2015:, incorporates all the five of the names from the Sator square: 1901: 1676:

A Sator square was found in 1971, in ROTAS-form, etched onto an

1568: 1456: 1335:

In 1925, Zatzman interpreted the square as a Hebraic or Aramaic

841: 786: 689:

from the word was unreasonable from its likely Jewish creators.

172: 5681: 5115: 4850: 4846: 4402: 1704:

Examples of Coptic Sator square amulets, Papyrus Museum, Vienna

1751:. There are ninth to tenth-century examples in Codex 384 from 1124: 1092: 424:), making it the oldest known Sator square discovery to date. 247:

Rotas-Sator Square, and some of them refer to the object as a

1490:, and in Iceland, it was etched into the fingernails to cure 947:

s was further supported by the fact that the position of the

697:

Attempts have been made to discover "hidden meanings" by the

680: 629: 619: 4393:

Square found in 1936 in the Palestra Grande on column (II 7)

4039:

Ancient Legends Mystic Charms & Superstitions of Ireland

3548:"The ROTAS "Wheel": Form and Content in a Pompeian Graffito" 1931:

Ancient Legends Mystic Charms & Superstitions of Ireland

837:; it is the earliest known Christian annotated Sator Square. 701:

of rearranging the letters of which the square is composed.

187:

Sator square (in ROTAS-form) on the eight-century facade of

2150:; this was later confirmed by German classical philologist 267:

One of the four Sator squares (all in ROTAS-form) found at

4398: 3756:

The Mithraic Origin and Meanings of the Rotas-Sator Square

1916:(G 145 M and G 149 M), which contain the whole palindrome. 283:

The oldest known square. Found in 1936 on a column in the

1770:

that offers a Sator square chant for women in childbirth.

1759:, which is part of Codex 1.4 of the Capitolare di Modena. 895:

anagram from the 25 letters of the square, including the

709:

reformed the letters to discover an invocation to Satan:

152:, as well as for insanity, and relief during childbirth. 3061:"A Brief History of Magic Squares: Templar Magic Square" 1832:

has fragments of a floor mosaic that included a square.

1111:, consider the square as being likely of Jewish origin. 1280:

who linked the Greek form of AREPO to the name Orpheus.

671:

proposed the term AREPO as a Latinized abbreviation of

4103:"Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas (1982) by Gary Stephan" 4075:"Note astigiane in prima mondiale applaudite ad Atene" 3134:"The Sator-Formula And The Beginnings Of Christianity" 1889:

There is a Sator square in SATOR-form in the medieval

1455:. Jean du Choul describes a case where a person from 1031:

beside the Roma-Amor palindrome, and Italian classist

3501:(1983). "SATOR AREPO = ΓΕΩΡΓΟΣ ̔ΑΡΠΟΝ(ΚΝΟΥΦΙ) ΑΡΠΩΣ ( 1567:). The style of the house, which is associated with 4010:. Runforum Uppsala. 20 December 2010. Archived from 1283:

Italian academic Adolfo Omodeo linked the square to

907:

s. There is an alternative layout proposed with the

727:

catalogued examples that were known formulas for an

6836: 6815: 6780: 6764: 6722: 6671: 6640: 6609: 6600: 6557: 6550: 6387: 6264: 6104: 5917: 5850: 5726: 5719: 5609: 5568: 5153: 5058: 5037: 4989: 4884: 4813: 4792: 4785: 4738: 4680: 4650: 4614: 4593: 4500: 4479: 4472: 4436: 3642:"The Hidden Judaism of the Sator Square in Pompeii" 2165:

plastering of the specific palestra square columns.

1684:

in Portugal that was dated from the second century.

1438:, and was widely cited as a cure for dog bites and 1095:"+" symbol). It also parallels the Roman system of 3412: 2112:The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage 4395:, Parco Archeologico di Pompei, inv. 20565 (2023) 4135:The Turtle Moves!: Discworld's Story Unauthorized 2038:Sator owns a construction company called 'Rotas'. 1115:much earlier in Judaism (Ex. 3.14; Is. 41.4, and 679:-the-child"), god of the rising sun, also called 456:, 'to sow') sower, planter, founder, progenitor ( 294:(CIL 8623), it is now kept in the Pompeii Museum. 6950:Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom 1052:necessary component to complete the palindrome. 380:Five years later in 1936, Italian archaeologist 2050:named the main square in the fictional city of 1247:origins, such as Jean Doignon, Gustav Maresch, 734:RETRO SATANA, TOTO OPERE ASPER, and the prayers 6397:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 5184: 4718:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 3899:A History of Magic, Witchcraft, and the Occult 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 1860:, and the Church of San Lorenzo in Paggese in 6484:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 5693: 5445: 5165: 5127: 4862: 4414: 4289:"The Rotas-Sator Square: a New Investigation" 3983:(3rd ed.). Nelson Brothers. p. 42. 3789:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 590–. 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3100:"Il Quadrato del Sator dalla Palestra Grande" 2764:"The Rotas-Sator Square: a New Investigation" 1298:took the last half of the square starting at 8: 3301:"The Sator Square from the Palaestra Grande" 2115:, a medieval book that contains word squares 4379:The "Magic Square" in Conimbriga (Portugal) 4002: 4000: 3684: 3682: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 1414:Duke Ernest Auguste of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1099:, being central road crosses through towns. 654:, from the attested Egyptian name "Hr-Hp" ( 517: 511: 503: 493: 485: 477: 463: 451: 443: 6606: 6554: 5723: 5700: 5686: 5678: 5134: 5120: 5112: 4980: 4869: 4855: 4847: 4789: 4476: 4421: 4407: 4399: 4193:"The Sator Rebus: An unsolved cryptogram?" 3749: 3747: 3584: 3582: 3553:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3511:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2409:"The Sator Rebus: An unsolved cryptogram?" 1722:. It is also in the Berlin State Museums. 1718:"ICHTHUS", which directly translates as a 1309:Some academics such as Swiss archeologist 471: 7080:Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers 7040:Papyri in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin 4235:"On the Origin of the Rotas-Sator Square" 3419:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 30. 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2526:"On the Origin of the Rotas-Sator Square" 2217:published in 1924, and Swedish historian 553:, believe the square should be read in a 549:Some academics, such as French historian 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 650:contended that the term AREPO came, via 2233: 2124: 1593:Roman second-century ROTAS-form squares 1378:Medieval German Sator square fire disks 6940:Archaeological discoveries in Portugal 6803:List of people executed for witchcraft 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3325:The New Testament and Rabbinic Judaism 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2831:Wilkinson, Alissa (4 September 2020). 2702:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2689: 2687: 2685: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 1757:Versus de cavenda Venere et vino found 1027:found it written in the margin of the 859:are named: SATOR, AREPON, and TENETON. 770:believed he discovered the relief the 663:), which he took to mean "the face of 537:Sator form of the square on a door in 86:, Sator squares had been found across 7030:Objects believed to protect from evil 6772:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 4800:Naples National Archaeological Museum 4708:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum 3888: 3886: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3493: 3491: 3350: 3348: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2102:a fourth-century Byzantine palindrome 1243:Several academics link the square to 844:as being: ATOR, SATOR, and PERATORAS. 667:". In 1983, Serbian-American scholar 7: 3142:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2582: 2580: 2161:in 1948 based on an analysis of the 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 1232:writing the Sator square's entry in 6945:Archaeological discoveries in Syria 6935:Archaeological discoveries in Italy 4459:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 4372:University of St. Michael's College 3268:. Scripta Antiqua. Vol. XVII. 3196:"The Manchester Rotas-Sator Square" 2019:The main antagonist is named Sator. 1978:, writers such as Brazilian writer 1481:notes a medieval manuscript in the 614:rendition of the ancient Greek for 204:, which is a particular class of a 27:Word square with a Latin palindrome 6985:Knights Templar in popular culture 6869:Left-hand path and right-hand path 6444:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 3595:Encyclopedia of Early Christianity 2723:Entry: Word Square by Ulrich Ernst 1882:, as well as in the courthouse in 1272:Some academics link the square to 1236:found this theory persuasive, but 712:SATAN, ORO TE, PRO ARTE A TE SPERO 606:believed that AREPO represented a 460:); originator; literally 'seeder'. 25: 3786:Backgrounds of early Christianity 3754:Moeller, Walter (December 1973). 3646:Revue de l'histoire des religions 3355:Swire, Ellie (19 November 2019). 1747:from A.D 822 at the monastery of 987:persecutions of the third century 789:was the result of a virgin birth. 737:ORO TE PATER, ORO TE PATER, SANAS 646:) from early Judeo-Christianity. 317:from A.D 822 at the monastery of 6905:1930s archaeological discoveries 4540:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto 4340: 3019:"An Early Christian Cryptogram?" 2697:The Encyclodedia of Christianity 1929:'s anthology of Irish folklore, 1854:Collegiate church of Saint Ursus 1788:Collegiate church of Saint Ursus 1689:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore 1629: 1614: 1599: 1405:State and City Library, Augsburg 1398: 1384: 1351:Magical and medical associations 1234:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 1107:, and British ancient historian 1041:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore 855:(913–959), the shepherds of the 718:SATAN, TER ORO TE, REPARATO OPES 715:SATAN, TER ORO TE, OPERA PRAESTO 7020:Medieval Christian inscriptions 3383:Wilkes, Isobel (19 July 2021). 2098:Nipson anomemata me monan opsin 2031:The opening scene is set at an 1164:) in favor of Hebrew versions. 853:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 821:claimed that the third century 743:ORA, OPERARE, OSTENTA TE PASTOR 740:O PATER, ORES PRO AETATE NOSTRA 598:believed that it came from the 189:Abbey of St. Peter ad Oratorium 7025:Medieval inscriptions in Latin 6567:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 6428:Summis desiderantes affectibus 5185: 4937:Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona 4367:An Early Christian Cryptogram? 4083:(in Italian). 27 February 2020 3979:Rawlinson, John (March 1981). 3508:), arpo(cra), harpo(crates)". 2138:Work by Italian archaeologist 1727:Abbey of St Peter ad Oratorium 1651:that was dated circa. A.D 185. 1276:, including Serbian historian 759:In 1935, German art historian 1: 7070:Superstitions of the Americas 4555:House of the Prince of Naples 4464:Foreign influences on Pompeii 4287:Baines, William (July 1987). 4171:"Heilung's palindrome, Tenet" 3640:Vinel, Nicolas (April 2006). 2859:Leith, Sam (30 August 2020). 2762:Baines, William (July 1987). 2000:Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas 1447:(1555) by Jean du Choul, and 959:T being a symbol of the cross 6970:Early Christian inscriptions 6572:accusations against children 6468:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 3306:Parco Archeologico di Pompei 3104:Parco Archeologico di Pompei 2065:by the Nordic neo-folk band 1994:(1983), and American artist 1858:Cathedral of Ascoli Satriano 1207:Wolfgang Christian Schneider 1131:as symbols of totality. The 899:positioning of the residual 781:In 2003, American historian 5071:Robert du Mesnil du Buisson 5050:Siege of Dura-Europos (256) 4570:House of the Small Fountain 4565:House of the Silver Wedding 4535:House of Loreius Tiburtinus 4530:House of the Greek Epigrams 4525:The Garden of the Fugitives 4044:National Library of Ireland 3362:Magdalene College Libraries 1900:The phrase sappears on the 1029:Carme delle scolte modenesi 7101: 7045:Pennsylvania Dutch culture 6492:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 4730:Pompeii in popular culture 4303:Cambridge University Press 4249:Cambridge University Press 4240:Harvard Theological Review 4108:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4008:"amnordisk runtextdatabas" 3783:Ferguson, Everett (2003). 3699:Libreria Editrice Vaticana 3458:Cambridge University Press 3069:Princeton University Press 2778:Cambridge University Press 2540:Cambridge University Press 2531:Harvard Theological Review 2005:British-American director 1342:In 1958, French historian 870:Ethiopian Book of the Dead 705:In 1883, German historian 681: 630: 620: 338:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 29: 6524:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 5446: 5166: 4978: 4703:Portrait of Terentius Neo 4550:House of Octavius Quartio 4311:10.1017/S0028688500014405 4257:10.1017/S0017816000024858 4233:Fishwick, Duncan (1954). 4211:10.1080/0161-110391891919 3826:10.1007/978-3-319-59525-2 3466:10.1017/s0009840x00262999 3132:Atkinson, Donald (1938). 3017:Fishwick, Duncan (1959). 2903:10.1017/S0009840X00262999 2786:10.1017/S0028688500014405 2548:10.1017/S0017816000024858 2524:Fishwick, Duncan (1954). 2427:10.1080/0161-110391891919 2081:, a second-century Roman 1904:stone Nä Fv1979;234 from 1445:De Varia Quercus Historia 939:. The positioning of the 402:(the gymnasium) near the 6915:1st-century inscriptions 6854:Christian views on magic 6532:The Discovery of Witches 6404:Directorium Inquisitorum 4580:House of the Tragic Poet 4454:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake 3546:O'Donald, Megan (2018). 3415:The March of Archaeology 2639:10.1515/9783110270617.65 1927:Lady Jane Francesa Wilde 1554:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake 1240:refuted the translation. 1194:, including philologist 979:first century-Christians 935:that are established in 823:Bishop Irenaeus of Lyons 7065:Superstitions of Europe 7000:Latin words and phrases 6930:Culture of ancient Rome 6460:De praestigiis daemonum 6412:De maleficis mulieribus 5460:Pictish painted pebbles 4972:Palace of the Dux Ripae 4962:Temple of Zeus Megistos 3033:: 29–41. Archived from 2593:Encyclopedia Britannica 1844:. Inside the church of 1662:, dated circa. A.D 200. 1546:amphitheatre of Pompeii 975:Guillaume de Jerphanion 725:Guillaume de Jerphanion 516:, accusative plural of 472:§ Arepo interpretations 450:(nominative noun; from 404:Amphitheatre of Pompeii 101:Encyclopedia Britannica 71:containing a five-word 63:) is a two-dimensional 7050:Pompeii (ancient city) 6990:Language and mysticism 6975:Graffiti (archaeology) 6516:Compendium Maleficarum 6508:Magical Investigations 6399:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 5045:Cohors XX Palmyrenorum 4698:Plato's Academy mosaic 4510:House of the Centenary 4492:Villa of the Mysteries 3031:University of Manitoba 1967: 1795: 1749:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 1705: 1473: 1100: 1011:and British historian 916: 808:Adoption by Christians 542: 518: 512: 504: 494: 486: 478: 464: 452: 444: 319:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 295: 276: 192: 179:Description and naming 48: 6910:1st-century artifacts 6139:Cloak of invisibility 5895:Solitary practitioner 5808:Witch-cult hypothesis 5091:Carl Hermann Kraeling 4957:Temple of Zeus Kyrios 4805:Secret Museum, Naples 4739:Other sites destroyed 4387:University of Coimbra 4294:New Testament Studies 3411:Ceram, C. W. (1958). 3270:University of Coimbra 3057:Pickover, Clifford A. 2769:New Testament Studies 2106:Paser crossword stele 2090:, a mystical word in 1974:and Italian composer 1962: 1938:Pow-wow folk medicine 1850:Pieve of San Giovanni 1810:, and in the keep of 1801:Château de Rochemaure 1782: 1703: 1680:at the Roman city of 1507:Pow-wow folk medicine 1466: 1086: 891: 582:Arepo interpretations 536: 529:Sentence construction 335:historical survey in 282: 266: 186: 42: 6859:Magical organization 6374:Witches of Benevento 5066:James Henry Breasted 4967:Temple of Zeus Theos 4688:Achilles and Briseis 4575:House of the Surgeon 4520:House of Julia Felix 4130:Watt-Evans, Lawrence 4036:(1888). "Evil Eye". 3820:. pp. 134–135. 3725:(30 November 2012). 3450:The Classical Review 2890:The Classical Review 2704:. pp. 755–757. 2148:earthquake of A.D 62 2142:in 1938 showed that 1950:(see image earlier). 1947:The Long Lost Friend 1846:Acquaviva Collecroce 1712:Berlin State Museums 1516:The Long Lost Friend 1469:The Long Lost Friend 1119:), and the letters " 1071:that should be read 1033:Margherita Guarducci 586:The word AREPO is a 422:earthquake of A.D 62 259:Discovery and dating 61:Templar Magic Square 30:For other uses, see 18:Templar Magic Square 6476:Newes from Scotland 6436:Malleus Maleficarum 5813:Anglo-Saxon England 5096:Michael Rostovtzeff 4952:Temple of the Gadde 4942:Temple of Atargatis 4833:(CIL IV 8123, 8623) 4753:Villa of the Papyri 4606:Macellum of Pompeii 4585:House of the Vettii 3499:Marcovich, Miroslav 3155:10.7227/BJRL.22.2.6 2866:The Daily Telegraph 2048:Sir Terry Pratchett 2044:Lawrence Watt-Evans 1784:Samson and the Lion 1667:Corinium Dobunnorum 1503:Allegheny Mountains 1369:Clavicula Salomonis 1344:Paul-Louis Couchoud 1330:number of the beast 1097:Cardo and Decumanus 983:symbol of the cross 954:Epistle of Barnabas 937:Christian symbolism 830:Berlin State Museum 761:Kuno von Hardenberg 699:anagrammatic method 559:agricultural aspect 168:The Daily Telegraph 6995:Latin inscriptions 6828:Witches in fiction 6816:In popular culture 6390:historic treatises 5642:Magic and religion 5024:Statue of Hercules 4741:in the 79 eruption 4350:has a profile for 4189:Sheldon, Rose Mary 4046:. pp. 18–23. 3939:Cavendish, Richard 3894:Lipscomb, Suzannah 3870:University of Iowa 3864:(4 January 2016). 3818:Palgrave Macmillan 3691:Arte e Archeologia 3385:"The SATOR Square" 3272:. pp. 15–34. 3071:. pp. 23–25. 3037:on 14 January 2021 2633:. pp. 65–79. 2405:Sheldon, Rose Mary 2221:published in 1927. 1968: 1955:In popular culture 1942:Pennsylvania Dutch 1796: 1706: 1511:Pennsylvania Dutch 1474: 1449:De Rerum Varietate 1337:apotropaic formula 1253:Hildebrecht Hommel 1238:Miroslav Marcovich 1196:Hildebrecht Hommel 1127:" are used in the 1101: 970:largely resolved. 917: 884:Paternoster theory 794:Origin and meaning 669:Miroslav Marcovich 543: 382:Matteo Della Corte 356:Francis Haverfield 296: 277: 193: 57:Rotas-Sator Square 49: 7060:Roman archaeology 7055:Religious symbols 6955:Christian symbols 6925:Ancient Roman art 6892: 6891: 6849:Witch (archetype) 6811: 6810: 6760: 6759: 6086:Sympathetic magic 5913: 5912: 5675: 5674: 5109: 5108: 4922:Necropolis Temple 4844: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4723:Pompeian frescoes 4676: 4675: 4668:Temple of Jupiter 4545:House of Menander 4515:House of the Faun 4487:Villa of Diomedes 4370:Duncan Fishwick, 4356: 3947:(40th ed.). 3835:978-3-319-59524-5 3796:978-0-8028-2221-5 3769:978-90-04-03751-9 3590:Ferguson, Everett 3204:Faith and Thought 2648:978-3-11-027000-6 2007:Christopher Nolan 1873:Château de Jarnac 1869:Château de Chinon 1834:Valvisciolo Abbey 1812:Château de Loches 1576:Pannonia Inferior 1479:Richard Cavendish 1422:Château de Jarnac 1418:Château de Chinon 1363:Tabula Smaragdina 1357:Rose Mary Sheldon 1267:J. Gwyn Griffiths 1218:Etruscan religion 1174:Rose Mary Sheldon 1091:", or the Hebrew 1064:puzzle creation. 1019:Roman word puzzle 857:Nativity of Jesus 851:, in the time of 817:Jesuit historian 783:Rose Mary Sheldon 723:French historian 648:J. Gwyn Griffiths 353:ancient historian 326:Reinhold Köhler's 244: 243: 157:Christopher Nolan 128:or Italian pagan 16:(Redirected from 7092: 7075:Theophoric names 6823:Magic in fiction 6653:Northern Moravia 6607: 6587:Papua New Guinea 6555: 6339:Nine sorceresses 6091:Witches' Sabbath 5940:Ceremonial magic 5930:Apotropaic magic 5724: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5657:Religious fetish 5652:Numismatic charm 5617:Apotropaic magic 5610:Related articles 5451: 5450: 5406:Lapis alectorius 5190: 5189: 5171: 5170: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5113: 5086:Susan M. Hopkins 4984: 4932:Temple of Aphlad 4927:Temple of Adonis 4917:House of Priests 4871: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4790: 4777:Villa Boscoreale 4693:Alexander Mosaic 4658:Temple of Apollo 4560:House of Sallust 4477: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4354: 4344: 4343: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4175: 4174: 4173:. Sputnik Music. 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3760:Brill Publishers 3751: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3658:10.4000/rhr.5136 3637: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3602:. p. 1002. 3598:(2nd ed.). 3586: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3543: 3528: 3527: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3418: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3256: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3200: 3194:Hemer, Colin J. 3191: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3138: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3014: 2915: 2914: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2828: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2759: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2691: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2620: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2521: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2401: 2222: 2216: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2136: 2042:American author 1891:Rivington Church 1881: 1809: 1633: 1618: 1603: 1543: 1523:Notable examples 1453:Gerolamo Cardano 1430: 1402: 1388: 1319: 1261: 1231: 1215: 1204: 1010: 993:Jérôme Carcopino 875:Coptic Christian 803:Christian symbol 769: 748:In 1887, Polish 693:Further anagrams 684: 683: 633: 632: 623: 622: 596:Jerome Carcopino 521: 515: 507: 497: 489: 481: 467: 455: 447: 433:Individual words 401: 390: 346: 334: 293: 275:, circa A.D 200. 214: 213: 110:Roma-Amor puzzle 98:. In 2022, the 21: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7089: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6832: 6807: 6776: 6756: 6718: 6672:Northern Europe 6667: 6636: 6596: 6546: 6389: 6383: 6266: 6260: 6199:Magical weapons 6149:Flying ointment 6100: 5945:Magical formula 5909: 5846: 5793:Greece and Rome 5715: 5706: 5676: 5671: 5605: 5586:Seal of Solomon 5564: 5311:Good luck charm 5149: 5140: 5110: 5105: 5054: 5033: 4998:Feriale Duranum 4985: 4976: 4880: 4875: 4845: 4836: 4826:Pompeii Lakshmi 4809: 4781: 4740: 4734: 4713:Pompeian Styles 4672: 4646: 4610: 4589: 4496: 4468: 4432: 4427: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4323: 4321: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4187: 4184: 4182:Further reading 4179: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3981:About Rivington 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3951:. p. 130. 3937: 3936: 3932: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3896:(August 2020). 3892: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3860: 3859: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3639: 3638: 3627: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3545: 3544: 3531: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3427: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3390:Corinium Museum 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3357:"Sator Squares" 3354: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3331:. p. 403. 3319: 3318: 3314: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3260:Étienne, Robert 3258: 3257: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3016: 3015: 2918: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2829: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2761: 2760: 2729: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2700:. Vol. 5. 2693: 2692: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2622: 2621: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2523: 2522: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2403: 2402: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2210: 2208:Christian Frank 2205: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2169: 2154: 2152:Friedrich Focke 2137: 2126: 2122: 2075: 1957: 1923: 1875: 1819:Oppède-le-Vieux 1803: 1777: 1720:term for Christ 1698: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1537: 1535:Palestra Grande 1530: 1525: 1499:mountain whites 1424: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1353: 1313: 1311:Waldemar Deonna 1255: 1225: 1209: 1198: 1170: 1081: 1025:Arsenio Frugoni 1021: 1004: 1002:Friedrich Focke 961:– and that the 933:Alpha and Omega 897:Alpha and Omega 886: 835:term for Christ 810: 805: 796: 763: 695: 638:" concept (cf. 634:), giving the " 592:theophoric name 588:hapax legomenon 584: 551:Jules Quicherat 531: 435: 430: 395: 393:Palestra Grande 384: 340: 328: 287: 285:Palestra Grande 261: 238: 236: 234: 232: 225: 223: 221: 219: 206:double acrostic 181: 45:Oppède-le-Vieux 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7098: 7096: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6960:Coptic history 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6723:Western Europe 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6641:Eastern Europe 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6552: 6548: 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5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5059:Archaeologists 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5029:Homeric shield 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4787: 4786:Archaeological 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4663:Temple of Isis 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Suburban Baths 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4449:Mount Vesuvius 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4383:Robert Étienne 4375: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334:External links 4332: 4331: 4330: 4284: 4230: 4205:(3): 233–287. 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4162: 4149:978-1933771465 4148: 4142:. p. 44. 4140:BenBella Books 4121: 4094: 4066: 4052: 4025: 4014:on 25 May 2012 3996: 3990:978-0950061528 3989: 3971: 3958:978-0399500350 3957: 3949:TarcherPerigee 3930: 3913:978-1465494290 3912: 3882: 3862:Bond, Sarah E. 3848: 3834: 3802: 3795: 3775: 3768: 3743: 3714: 3707: 3678: 3625: 3609:978-0815333197 3608: 3578: 3529: 3487: 3440: 3425: 3403: 3375: 3344: 3338:978-1610975100 3337: 3329:Wipf and Stock 3312: 3292: 3278: 3222: 3167: 3149:(2): 419–434. 3117: 3091: 3078:978-0691115979 3077: 3048: 2916: 2893:. New Series. 2879: 2851: 2806: 2727: 2711:978-0802880055 2710: 2661: 2647: 2606: 2588:"Sator square" 2576: 2447: 2421:(3): 233–287. 2232: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2199: 2195:Robert Étienne 2186: 2167: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2074: 2071: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2020: 1976:Fabio Mengozzi 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1934: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1898: 1887: 1865: 1826: 1821:, in France's 1815: 1776: 1775:Later medieval 1773: 1772: 1771: 1760: 1738: 1723: 1715: 1697: 1696:Early medieval 1694: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1674: 1663: 1652: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1572: 1561: 1558:CIL IV 8622a-b 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1392:Oberhausmuseum 1390: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1326:transliterated 1307: 1289: 1281: 1270: 1241: 1188:Pythagoreanism 1169: 1168:Other theories 1166: 1080: 1077: 1020: 1017: 885: 882: 861: 860: 845: 838: 826: 809: 806: 804: 801: 795: 792: 791: 790: 779: 772:Rose of Sharon 757: 746: 745: 744: 741: 738: 735: 721: 720: 719: 716: 713: 707:Gustav Fritsch 694: 691: 682:Γεωργός `Aρπον 644:Revelation 1:8 583: 580: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 508: 501: 498: 491: 482: 475: 468: 461: 458:usually divine 448: 434: 431: 429: 426: 260: 257: 242: 241: 228: 180: 177: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7097: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010:Magic symbols 7008: 7006: 7005:Lord's Prayer 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879:Folk religion 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Three Witches 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329:Morgan le Fay 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174:Kitchen witch 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825:Latin America 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749:Witch smeller 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Superstitions 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637:Folk religion 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525:Tintinnabulum 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Rabbit's foot 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Jackal's horn 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5326:Hanging craft 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Clark Hopkins 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Temple of Bel 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4765:Villa Poppaea 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637:Stabian Baths 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353:Sator Square 4349: 4333: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4132:(July 2008). 4131: 4125: 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3391: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3281: 3279:9782356132987 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3059:(June 2002). 3058: 3052: 3049: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2880: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 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1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753:Monte Cassino 1750: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678:unfired brick 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1519:(see image). 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1401: 1393: 1387: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:Samson Eitrem 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278:Milan Budimir 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249:Adolfo Omodeo 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 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528: 520: 514: 509: 506: 502: 499: 496: 492: 488: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 466: 462: 459: 454: 449: 446: 442: 441: 440: 439: 438: 432: 427: 425: 423: 419: 417: 412: 410: 405: 399: 394: 388: 383: 378: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 354: 349: 347: 344: 339: 332: 327: 322: 320: 316: 313: 309: 305: 301: 291: 286: 281: 274: 270: 265: 258: 256: 254: 250: 240: 229: 227: 216: 215: 212: 209: 207: 203: 199: 190: 185: 178: 176: 174: 170: 169: 164: 163: 159:'s 2020 film 158: 153: 151: 147: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 105: 103: 102: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7085:Word puzzles 6965:Dura-Europos 6844:Witch (word) 6793:Witch's mark 6602:Early Modern 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6500:Daemonologie 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6452:Laienspiegel 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6334:Muma Pădurii 6265:Folklore and 6236:Sator Square 6235: 6189:Magic circle 6184:Magic carpet 6144:Crystal ball 6081:Spiritualism 5905:Witch doctor 5788:Cunning folk 5622:Curse tablet 5560:Yantra cloth 5555:Witch bottle 5520:Thunderstone 5495:Sator Square 5494: 5416:Medicine bag 5386:Kagome crest 5281:Dreamcatcher 5266:Dacian Draco 5243: 5229:Celtic cross 5180:Axe of Perun 5101:Herbert Gute 5076:Franz Cumont 5014:Sator Square 5013: 5004:Parchment 24 4996: 4878:Dura-Europos 4831:Sator Square 4830: 4642:Theatre Area 4622:Amphitheatre 4615:Recreational 4601:Aqua Augusta 4377: 4365: 4352: 4324:10 September 4322:. 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Retrieved 2418: 2412: 2202: 2189: 2110: 2096: 2062: 2060: 2052:Ankh-Morpork 2041: 2025: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1996:Gary Stephan 1991: 1988:Dick Higgins 1983: 1972:Anton Webern 1969: 1945: 1930: 1783: 1756: 1656:Dura-Europos 1564: 1557: 1549: 1514: 1496: 1475: 1467: 1448: 1444: 1433: 1431:in France. 1411: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1299: 1274:Orphic cults 1264:egyptogolist 1233: 1223:Ulrich Ernst 1205:, historian 1177: 1171: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1132: 1113: 1102: 1096: 1073:figuratively 1072: 1066: 1054: 1050: 1028: 1022: 998: 991: 972: 966: 962: 952: 948: 944: 940: 928: 924: 918: 912: 908: 904: 900: 879: 868: 862: 811: 797: 750:ethnographer 696: 687: 655: 585: 572: 558: 548: 544: 484:(verb; from 436: 414: 407: 379: 371:Dura-Europos 368: 350: 336: 323: 304:North Africa 297: 269:Dura-Europos 253:magic square 245: 230: 217: 210: 194: 166: 165:. 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