2519:(CPOs) and other procurement executives. The report included the main procurement performance and operational benchmarks that procurement leaders use to gauge the success of their organizations. This report found that the average procurement department manages 60.6% of total enterprise spend. This measure, commonly called "spend under management" or "managed spend", refers to the percentage of total enterprise spend (which includes all direct and indirect spend) that a procurement organization manages or influences. Alternatively, the term may refer to the percentage of addressable spend which is influenced by procurement, "addressable spend" being the expenditure which could potentially be influenced. The average procurement department also achieved an annual saving of 6.7% in the last reporting cycle, sourced 52.6% of its addressable spend, and has a contract compliance rate of 62.6%. A more restrictive definition of "spend under management" includes only expenditure which makes use of preferred supplier contracts and negotiated payment rates and terms.
2480:(CIPS) promotes a model of "five rights", which it suggests are "a traditional formula expressing the basic objectives of procurement and the general criteria by which procurement performance is measured", namely that goods and services purchased should be of the 'right quality', in the 'right quantity', delivered to the 'right place' at the 'right time' and obtained at the 'right price'. CIPS has in the past also offered an alternative listing of the five rights as "buy goods or services of the right quality, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right time and at the right price. 'Right source' is added as a sixth right in CIPS' 2018 publication,
2225:. The public sector picks the most capable nonprofit or for-profit organizations available to issue the desired good or service to the taxpayers. This produces competition within the private sector to gain these contracts that then reward the organizations that can supply more cost-effective and quality goods and services. Some contracts also have specific clauses to promote working with minority-led, women-owned businesses and/or
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2316:, but also with the intention to maximizing net benefits for themselves and the wider world. In doing so they must incorporate extrinsic cost considerations into decisions alongside the conventional procurement criteria of price and quality, although in practice the sustainable impacts of a potential supplier's approach are often assessed as a form of quality consideration.
1280:. The Romans developed a system of supply depots that were located throughout their empire. These depots were stocked with food, weapons, and other supplies that could be quickly distributed to troops in the field. This system helped to ensure that the Roman army was always well-supplied, even when it was fighting far from home.
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of performance where they are "a reflection of the 's ... expectations of the purchasing and supply management function". CIPS distinguishes between "savings", which can reduce budgets, and "cost avoidance", which "attempts to thwart price increases and to keep within budget". Examples of savings as a beneficial outcome include:
1349:(CIPS) recommends involvement of procurement staff and skills from an early stage in the cycle, noting that such "early procurement involvement" can have a beneficial impact on the nature and timing of any approach to market, the specification and the sourcing strategy and supplier selection approach adopted.
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research found that there were 526,200 purchasing manager, buyer and purchasing agent positions in the United States in 2019. Various writers have noted that businesses may reduce the numbers of purchasing staff during a recession along with staff in other business areas, despite a tendency to become
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or green procurement is a process whereby organizations meet their needs for goods, services, works and utilities in a way that achieves value for money on a life-cycle basis while addressing equity principles for sustainable development, therefore benefiting societies and the environment across time
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The preferred provider model also uses a transaction-based economic model, but a key difference between the preferred provider and the other transaction-based models is that the buyer has chosen to move to a supplier relationship where there is an opportunity for the supplier to add incremental value
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Procurement decisions fall along a continuum from simple buying transactions to more complex buyer-supplier collaborations, and the buying behaviour of staff involved in purchasing decision-making has been widely studied. Some purchasing decisions are especially complex. Some writers treat purchasing
1341:
Many writers also refer to procurement as a cyclical process, which commences with a definition of business needs and develops a specification, identifies suppliers and adopted appropriate methods for consulting with them, inviting and evaluating proposals, secures on contract and takes delivery of a
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is a subset of procurement that specifically deals with the ordering and payment of goods and services. Organizational procurement is also referred to as "organizational buying" or "institutional buying", for example in studies of the buying behaviour of staff involved in purchasing decision-making.
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Delivery on savings goals is an important part of the procurement function, but this objective is generally seen as value generation rather than cost reduction. CIPS also notes that securing savings is "one measure of purchasing performance", but argues that savings should only be used as a measure
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process. The process is used to ensure the buyer receives goods, services or works for the best possible price, when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared. Procurement is considered sustainable when organizations broadens this framework by meeting their needs for goods,
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Various commentators have made projections regarding the future of procurement. Charlotte Payne, general manager of CIPS in
Australia and New Zealand, suggests that "procurement's role in sustainability is going to be massive", while a CIPS general overview anticipates that "there is little chance
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reported in 2019 that, based on a survey of over 300 CPOs in Europe, US, and Asia working across 14 industries, 38% of the staff in the procurement organizations surveyed were women: 60% of CPOs stated that there were more women in their organization than three years previously, while 6% said that
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procurement performers have ROSMA scores two to three times higher than those in the middle two quartiles". A.T. Kearney's report suggests a close match between the self-reported performance of CPOs in the best performing departments and the view of procurement held by the CFO and the organisation
1304:
Procurement is one component of the broader concept of sourcing and acquisition. Typically procurement is viewed as more tactical in nature (the process of physically buying a product or service) and sourcing and acquisition are viewed as more strategic and encompassing. Multiple sourcing business
2232:
Competition is a key component of public procurement which affects the outcomes of the whole process. There is a great amount of competition over public procurements because of the massive amount of money that flows through these systems; It is estimated that approximately eleven trillion
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Joint procurement takes place when two or more organisations share purchasing activities, and therefore has a more specifically buyer-side focus than many examples of collaborative buyer-seller relationships. Companies may decide to work together for the following reasons:
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A basic provider model is transaction-based; it usually has a set price for individual products and services for which there are a wide range of standard market options. Typically these products or services are readily available, with little differentiation in what is
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new asset or accepts performance of a service, manages the ownership of the asset or the delivery of the service and reaches an end-of-life point where the asset becomes due for replacement or the service contract terminates. At this point the cycle would recommence.
1312:(ISM) defines strategic sourcing as the process of identifying sources that could provide needed products or services for the acquiring organization. The term procurement is used to reflect the entire purchasing process or cycle, and not just the tactical components.
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A vested sourcing business model is a hybrid relationship that combines an outcome-based economic model with a relational contracting model. Companies enter into highly collaborative arrangements designed to create and share value for buyers and suppliers above and
2216:
Public procurement is based on the idea that governments should direct their society while giving the private sector the freedom to decide the best practices to produce the desired goods and services. One benefit of public procurement is its ability to cultivate
1502:(or managed services model) is generally a formal, longer-term supplier agreement that combines a relational contracting model with an output-based economic model. It seeks to drive supplier accountability for output-based service-level agreements (SLAs) and/or
2338:(EDI) was a forerunner to electronic procurement, this consisted of standardized transmission of data such as inventories and good required electronically. Schoenherr argues that EDI developed from standardized manifests for deliveries to Berlin during the
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agreement between
Nearfield Ltd., Lincoln Nominees Ltd., and other partners, in relation to the utilisation of a bank loan, gave rise to a dispute between the parties regarding the meaning of the word "procure", which was resolved in 2006 by the judge,
2781:, confirming that the "normal meaning of the word" is clear and well understood:"I do not see that procure means anything other than as Nearfield puts it 'see to it'". In this case, the obligation to "procure the payment" of the loan amounted to a
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represents a system of organising the roles of staff within a procurement team "in such a way as to focus ... on the supply markets of an organisation", rather than being organised according to the organisation's internal departmental structure.
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have developed a model for assessing the performance of a procurement organisation or the procurement function within a wider organisation, known as ROSMA (Return on Supply
Management Assets). According to the 2016 ROSMA Performance Check Report,
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and make the assumption that decision-makers have access to the information they need for their decision. Feldman and
Cordozo questioned this approach in a 1969 article, suggesting that industrial buyer decision-making had similarities with
1147:
concerns non-production-related acquisition: a wide variety of goods and services, from standardized items like office supplies and safety equipment to complex and costly products and services like heavy equipment, consulting services, and
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A shared services model is typically an internal organization based on an arms-length outsourcing arrangement. Using this approach, processes are often centralized into an SSO that charges business units or users for the services they
2514:
Ardent
Partners published a report in 2011 which presented a comprehensive, industry-wide view into what was happening in the world of procurement at that time by drawing on the experience, performance, and perspective of nearly 250
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the procurement profession has a top-tier group of standout performers, a middle-tier that is delivering value, but performing well below the top tier, and a large group of bottom-quartile performers that add limited value to their
1134:
Procurement activities are also often divided into two distinct categories, direct and indirect spend. Direct spend refers to the production-related procurement that encompasses all items that are part of finished products, such as
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obligation to procure refers to an absolute obligation to ensure that the action is done or the condition is met, for example a contract with a principal supplier may include a clause requiring the company to "procure" that its
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An equity partnership creates a legally binding entity; it can take different legal forms, from buying a supplier (an acquisition), to creating a subsidiary, to equity-sharing joint ventures or entering into cooperative (co-op)
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could "attract, develop and retain" staff in public purchasing roles, focus on performance and "make the most out of the available tools and techniques". Research undertaken in 2020 highlighted the importance of social or
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more dependent on bought-in goods and services as operations contract. For example, US business executive Steve
Collins observed that in one major company the purchasing staffbase "was downsized some 30% during the
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Commission
Recommendation (EU) 2017/1805 of 3 October 2017 on the professionalisation of public procurement — Building an architecture for the professionalisation of public procurement (Text with EEA relevance)
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the number of women had decreased. The effect of this growing involvement of women in procurement was recognised in the form of "more creativity and innovation", acknowledged by 76% of the CPO's surveyed.
2700:, 'but the expectations for the remaining employees remained unchanged ... The additional workload placed on the remaining employees following the downsizing created a much more challenging environment
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Betiol, Luciana Stocco; Uehara, Thiago Hector
Kanashiro; Laloe, Florence Karine; Appugliese, Gabriela Alem; Adeodato, Sergio; Ramos, Ligia; Neto, Mario Prestes Monzoni (15 December 2015).
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sector, where procurement practice was not well developed and college organisations were relatively small, oversight of procurement by the
Director of Finance was a typical arrangement.
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services, works, and utilities in a way that achieves value for money and promotes positive outcomes not only for the organization itself but for the economy, environment, and society.
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An approved provider model uses a transaction-based approach where goods and services are purchased from prequalified suppliers that meet certain performance or other selection criteria.
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all stages of the process of acquiring property or services, beginning with the process for determining a need for property or services and ending with contract completion and closeout.
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more widely, and also notes that weaker performers or "inconsequentials" share a distinct profile marked by lack of "identifiable leadership accountable for procurement's performance.
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Spend under management also contributes to an additional measure of procurement performance or procurement efficiency: procurement operating expense as a percentage of managed spend.
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process is intended to ensure that the buyer receives goods, services, or works at the best possible price when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared.
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Personnel who undertake procurement on behalf of an organization may be referred to as procurement officers, professionals or specialists, buyers or supply managers. The US
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into account. On the other hand, the introduction of external regulations concerning accounting practices can affect ongoing buyer-supplier relations in unforeseen manners.
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announced "a programme of mutual support for the local manufacturing of vaccines and medicines" in July 2023 for which a "pooled procurement mechanism" would be required.
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Some writers have observed that there is limited opportunity for women to enter procurement because of stereotypes viewing some roles as not appropriate for women.
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What is the legal effect of a contractual obligation to 'procure' that something happens? How is this affected by adding the qualification 'reasonable endeavours'?
2422:. There are central purchasing bodies in many countries which coordinate joint purchasing activities for public sector organisations. A report commissioned by the
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estimated that public procurement made up about 15% of global GDP. Therefore, government procurement accounts for a substantial part of the global economy.
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In many larger organizations the procurement and supply function is led by a board-level or other senior position such as a
Director of Supply Chain or a
2016:
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using the ROSMA Performance Check, arguing that it enables a procurement department to "measure and explain procurement and supply's value in terms your
2704:". In 2021 the Australasian Procurement and Construction Council (APCC) put forward an appeal asking everyone working in the procurement profession in
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Independent or third party personnel who undertake procurement or negotiate purchases on behalf of an organization may be called purchasing agents or
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2665:(CFO) or Director of Finance, or the growing need for liaison between the CFO and the procurement function has been recognised. A 2006 report by the
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and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing risks such as exposure to
1393:
Wilson found that there was some correlation between personality traits and decision-making styles among the Canadian buyers in his research study.
4421:
2938:, vol. 1, issue 1/2, 97-116, accessed 27 January 2021. Salam refers to CSR in a purchasing context as "purchasing social responsibility" (PSR).
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1124:
A company's procurement function, specifically its spending on suppliers, typically accounts for more than half of the company's total budget.
2604:. Staff in managerial positions may be referred to as Purchasing Managers or Procurement Managers. The ISM refers to "the supply profession".
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Lewis, M.A. and Roehrich, J.K. (2009), Contracts, relationships and integration: Towards a model of the procurement of complex performance.
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Some aspects of a procurement process may need to be initiated ahead of the majority of the project, for example where there are extensive
2255:, the laws of most countries regulate government procurement to some extent. Laws usually require the procuring authority to issue public
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and travel buyers. Part of the work of a corporate travel buyer is the formulation and implementation of a corporate travel policy.
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2312:. Organizations practicing sustainable procurement meet their needs for goods, services, utilities and works not only on a private
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2011:
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3570:"Productivity in Public Procurement - A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement"
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3722:"Impact of the time limits for the receipt of tenders on the number of bidders: evidence from public procurement in Greece"
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1291:"The intelligence and fidelity exercised in the purchase, care and use of railway supplies influences directly the cost of
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process. The term may also refer to a contractual obligation to "procure", i.e. to "ensure" that something is done. When a
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2434:"should consider creating Central Purchasing Bodies (CPBs)" in order to secure "coherent and coordinated procurement".
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2001:
1996:
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The first record of what would be recognized now as the purchasing department of an industrial operation relates to the
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in the United States was originally called the National Association of Purchasing Agents from its formation in 1915. A
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European Union: Beware The Promise "To Procure": The Risk Of Giving An Inadvertent Guarantee In English Law Contracts
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sourcing, or developing a supply of, a lower quality item at a reduced cost, where the item is still fit for purpose
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There are a number of models along the sourcing continuum: basic provider, approved provider, preferred provider,
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and other associated businesses undertake the same commitments as those contractually imposed on the principal.
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issued a recommendation in October 2017 directed towards the "professionalisation of public procurement" so that
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development, value analysis, supplier market research, negotiation, buying activities, contract administration,
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Public Law 111–350: An Act to enact certain laws relating to public contracts as title 41, United States Code,
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if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold. Government procurement is also the subject of the
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Find the latest supply chain and procurement vacancies in buying, category management, planning and logistics
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Supply Chain News: Annual Research from AT Kearney as Usual Finds Outsized Benefits for Procurement Leaders
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is the purchasing of goods by businesses through the internet or other networked computer connection.
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approach, where the total transaction costs of the actors involved are lower when they work together
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Sustainable procurement: The power of public and private consumption for an inclusive green economy
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Supply Chain News: In times of Reduce Staff in Procurement, New Tool to Help Prioritize the Work
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for themselves or the taxpayers. In 2019, public procurement accounted for approximately 12% of
4402:", American Productivity & Quality Center, published 2 April 2020, accessed 6 January 2022.
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determining and monitoring quantity and timing of deliveries (more commonly in small companies)
1273:. The scribes recorded how much material and how many workers were needed for different tasks.
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3850:
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3617:"Connecting demand and supply: The role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation"
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2400:' case, arguing that certain functions become separate, specialised units in order to obtain
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perspective are also likely to require their purchasing activity to take wider societal and
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1048:, or other works from an external source, often with the use of a tendering or competitive
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will understand, using a common financial standard". Findings in 2020 suggested that "top
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Improving Public Procurement Outcomes Review of Tools and the State of the Evidence Base
3363:"Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment"
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reviewing technical specifications for raw materials, components, equipment or buildings
1116:, traffic, receiving and stores. Federal US legislation defines procurement as including
4631:
4553:
3976:, briefing requested by the IMCO committee, published April 2020, accessed 1 March 2023
3246:
Feldman, W. and Cardozo, R., "The Industrial Revolution and Models of Buyer Behavior",
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Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with
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4306:", HC 1632, Session 2005-2006, published 25 October 2006, accessed 20 January 2024.
4112:, Una Group Purchasing Organisation, published 27 April 2021, accessed 15 June 2023
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The politics of bureaucracy: an introduction to comparative public administration
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Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice
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should be considered in understanding buyers' decision processes. Three distinct
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and operating and affect the reputations of officers and the profits of owners."
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3270:, volume 8, number 4 (November 1971), pp. 433-436, accessed on 8 September 2024
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1143:, directly affects the production process of manufacturing firms. In contrast,
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Almost all purchasing decisions include factors such as delivery and handling,
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2507:
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1936:
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1088:, and fluctuations in the prices of goods. Organisations which have adopted a
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2680:, although the term "purchasing agent" has a longer and broader history: the
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4092:"Ardent Partners Research - CPO 2011: Innovative Ideas for the Decade Ahead"
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2709:
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1969:
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Disability:INclusive Workplaces – Accessible Technology Procurement Toolkit
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The first record of procurement activities dates back to 3,000 BC when the
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3237:, Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply, accessed 31 August 2023
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behaviour. Wilson suggested in a 1971 article that an individual buyer's
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that procurement and supply will enter a period of calm any time soon".
17:
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3919:
The Evolution of Electronic Procurement: Transforming Business as Usual
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The Evolution of Electronic Procurement: Transforming Business as Usual
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2467: – Procurement method where concurrent orders are grouped together
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1108:(ISM) defines procurement as an organizational function that includes
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Georghiou, Luke; Edler, Jakob; Uyarra, Elvira; Yeow, Jillian (2014).
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Rwanda looks to work with Caribbean countries for vaccine production
2607:
A Purchasing or Procurement Manager's responsibilities may include:
2492:
agreeing a reduction in price, obtaining the same item for less cost
4541:
4495:
EWHC 2421 (Ch), delivered 9 October 2006, accessed 26 February 2023
3130:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XI: The Roman Empire, 284-337
1056:
buys goods or services through this practice, it is referred to as
4444:
Women in Procurement: Gender Parity is a Key to Better Performance
2568:"Buyer" and "Purchasing agent" redirect here. For other uses, see
2244:
2240:
1139:, components and parts. Direct procurement, which is the focus in
1074:
1041:
911:
73:
3658:"Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side"
3145:
The Handling of Railway Supplies: Their Purchase and Disposition
3104:"Supply chain timeline: Procurement - ancient & modern tech"
3034:
A General Model for Understanding Organizational Buying Behavior
2206:
4562:
2418:
Joint or collaborative procurement is a common practice within
1386:
a trait reflecting a high degree of generalised self-confidence
4332:
Commercial Agents Directive - Termination of Commercial Agency
4304:
Improving procurement in further education colleges in England
4181:
Procurement Operating Expense as a Percentage of Managed Spend
2549:
2268:
1652:
1400:
1276:
Formalized acquisition of goods and services has its roots in
517:
2948:
Gu, Tiantian; Sanders, Nada R.; Venkateswaran, Anand (2017).
1322:
software) manages purchasing processes electronically or via
4247:
CIPS Knowledge Works: Category Management, July 2007, page 2
3283:, archived on 18 December 2007, accessed on 8 September 2024
1562:
3955:
Kamann D. J. F., van der Vaart T., and de Vries, J. (2004)
3921:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–46,
3878:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 47–63,
4400:
Closing the Skills Gap in Procurement Part 2: The Solution
2618:
or suppliers to provide quality goods at reasonable prices
1338:. Such cases may be referred to as "advance procurement".
4350:, published 21 September 2020, accessed 28 December 2020.
4039:, Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply, p. 114
2992:, section 111, 4 January 2011, accessed 28 September 2023
2932:
Social responsibility in purchasing: the case of Thailand
2732:
within the skill sets of professional procurement staff.
4528:, published on 26 October 2023, accessed on 22 June 2024
4321:, January/February 2015, page 19, accessed 14 June 2023.
3872:"The Advent of the Internet and Online Reverse Auctions"
2428:
Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection
4459:", updated 10 November 2022, accessed 26 February 2023.
4414:"Lack of opportunities' for women to enter procurement"
4274:"Interview with Chris Holmes, Director of Supply Chain"
3818:
3062:
Caldwell, N.D., Roehrich, J.K. and Davies, A.C. (2009)
2688:
may both purchase and sell on behalf of a third party.
2410:- the argument that actors work together because it is
1379:
have been described in the literature on this subject:
3078:"Walk through the history of the procurement industry"
2661:(CPO). In other cases, procurement is overseen by the
2394:, which they would be unable to exercise independently
2293:
and geographies. Procurement is often conducted via a
4526:
What does the future hold for procurement and supply?
4348:: "Purchasing Managers, Buyers and Purchasing Agents"
4334:", Orpen Franks Solicitors, accessed 2 December 2020.
3913:
Schoenherr, Tobias (2019), Schoenherr, Tobias (ed.),
3870:
Schoenherr, Tobias (2019), Schoenherr, Tobias (ed.),
3192:
RFP released for Coast Guard's heavy polar icebreaker
2461: – Procurement method that looks at many factors
2237:
is spent on public procurement worldwide every year.
1495:
to the buyer's business to meet strategic objectives.
1037:
is the process of locating and agreeing to terms and
4512:, published 11 June 2009, accessed 26 February 2023.
4363:", published 16 May 2010, accessed 29 December 2020.
2852:
A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation
4372:Australasian Procurement and Construction Council,
4170:, published 10 February 2020, accessed 10 July 2021
3194:, published 5 March 2018, accessed 24 November 2022
4446:", published February 2019, accessed 3 April 2023.
3656:Edler, Jakob; Georghiou, Luke (1 September 2007).
3005:. Harvard Business Review Press. 2022. p. 3.
2849:
2639:supervision of other procurement staff and agents.
4081:, published 24 May 2016, accessed 16 January 2018
3849:. Public Administration and Citizenship Program.
3216:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply,
2354:were both forerunners to electronic procurement.
3797:Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank
3793:"Public Procurement for Sustainable Development"
2950:"CEO Incentives and Customer-Supplier Relations"
4493:Nearfield Ltd v Lincoln Nominees Ltd & Anor
4263:, published 19 July 2021, accessed 11 June 2024
4125:, summary published 2016, accessed 10 July 2021
4050:The Next Frontier in Procurement Transformation
3720:Pliatsidis, Andreas Christos (1 January 2022).
3051:International Journal of Procurement Management
2936:International Journal of Procurement Management
2533:
2478:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply
2267:international treaty under the auspices of the
1347:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply
1289:
1118:
3993:, published 6 July 2023, accessed 12 July 2023
1362:made in the context of a business aim such as
4574:
3819:"NIGP - The Institute for Public Procurement"
2575:"Buyers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2197:purchases goods, works, and services from an
2171:
1015:
8:
4002:CIPS in partnership with Profex Publishing,
3615:Edler, Jakob; Yeow, Jillian (1 March 2016).
3505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3461:Mihály, Fazekas; Rene, Blum, Jurgen (2021).
2848:Laffont, Jean-Jacques; Tirole, Jean (1993).
1383:a trait displaying a high need for certainty
3367:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
2910:(5th ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.
2308:, although it is equally applicable to the
1435:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4581:
4567:
4559:
4149:
4147:
3963:Conference, 4–7 April 2004, Catania, Italy
3696:"The Office of Federal Procurement Policy"
3554:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3132:. Cambridge University Press. p. 222.
2178:
2164:
1540:
1022:
1008:
38:
4520:
4518:
4255:
4253:
3915:"The Evolution of Electronic Procurement"
3632:
3482:
3386:
3264:Industrial Buyers' Decision-Making Styles
3258:
3256:
1455:Learn how and when to remove this message
4133:
4131:
4110:How to Bring More Spend Under Management
1154:
4098:from the original on 24 September 2011.
3463:"Improving Public Procurement Outcomes"
2840:
2386:, where the group of actors is able to
1554:
41:
4079:How do you optimize addressable spend?
4060:
4058:
3597:
3586:
3547:
3498:
3150:
4229:from the original on 13 December 2016
3974:The EU's Public Procurement Framework
3957:Joint purchasing: theory and practice
2650:Specialist procurement roles include
1305:models and acquisition models exist.
7:
4261:The role of a corporate travel buyer
3024:
3022:
2954:Production and Operations Management
2502:for the same cost, e.g. negotiating
1433:adding citations to reliable sources
1265:managed materials and labor for the
4374:Promoting procurement in the census
3102:Ashcroft, Sean (8 September 2022).
2772:The use of the word "procure" in a
2261:Agreement on Government Procurement
3469:. Policy Research Working Papers.
3436:"How large is public procurement?"
2712:when completing their August 2021
1247:Safety Equipment, spare parts, IT
1172:Maintenance, repair, and operating
1168:Raw material and production goods
25:
4223:"ISM - Supply Management Defined"
4004:Procurement and Supply Operations
3318:Khan, Naushad (11 January 2018).
3143:Kirkman, Marshall Monroe (1887).
1831:International Chamber of Commerce
996:Business and economics portal
27:Acquisition of goods and services
4385:Publications Office of the EU, "
3076:Collins, Georgia (11 May 2022).
3040:, Volume 36, Issue 2, April 1972
2669:in the UK commented that in the
2281:This section is an excerpt from
2276:Sustainable or green procurement
2193:or public procurement is when a
1533:This section is an excerpt from
1483:model and equity partnerships.
1405:
1250:Warehouses, Vehicles, Oil Wells
989:
4542:Federal Procurement Data System
4280:. 26 April 2019. Archived from
3767:Mihály, Fazekas; Blum, Jurgen.
3321:Public Procurement Fundamentals
2682:Institute for Supply Management
2430:(IMCO) has recommended that EU
1310:Institute for Supply Management
1106:Institute for Supply Management
1090:corporate social responsibility
4524:CIPS Knowledge & Insight,
4504:Coulter, C. and Swinson, M., "
4066:Positions on Practice: Savings
3379:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.018
3324:. Emerald Publishing Limited.
3250:, 5 (November 1969), pp. 77-88
3205:What is the Procurement Cycle?
2598:Federal Acquisition Regulation
2348:Material requirements planning
1:
4412:Phillips, W. (9 March 2022).
4346:Occupational Outlook Handbook
4006:, 2012, revised 2016, pp. 1-2
3726:Journal of Public Procurement
3268:Journal of Marketing Research
3231:Early Procurement Involvement
2824:Performance Based Contracting
2814:Group purchasing organization
2708:to include the term in their
2540:CIPS promotes organisational
2346:in the 1960s and argues that
1469:performance-based contracting
651:management information system
302:Chief human resources officer
4489:England and Wales High Court
4479:, accessed 26 February 2023.
4343:Bureau of Labor Statistics,
3674:10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.003
3634:10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.010
3526:(7 ed.). New York, NY.
3218:Procurement and Supply Cycle
2906:Weele, Arjan J. van (2010).
2352:Enterprise resource planning
1907:Intellectual property rights
645:Enterprise resource planning
473:Financial statement analysis
32:Procurement (disambiguation)
4510:Morrison & Foerster LLP
3927:10.1007/978-3-319-93985-8_3
3884:10.1007/978-3-319-93985-8_4
3294:"Public procurement - OECD"
3178:, accessed 24 November 2022
2882:"Public procurement - OECD"
2437:On a trans-national scale,
2336:Electronic data interchange
1889:Economic and monetary union
1811:International Monetary Fund
1748:Voluntary export restraints
1180:Capital goods and services
4679:
4389:", accessed 28 April 2021.
4212:, accessed 1 December 2020
4199:, accessed 1 December 2020
4183:, accessed 2 February 2021
4052:, accessed 7 December 2022
3220:, accessed 21 January 2021
3207:, accessed 21 January 2021
2693:Bureau of Labor Statistics
2581:
2574:
2567:
2517:chief procurement officers
2374:transaction cost economics
2361:
2324:
2280:
1884:Customs and monetary union
1826:World Customs Organization
1816:International Trade Centre
1532:
29:
4597:
4068:, accessed 21 August 2020
3738:10.1108/JOPP-05-2022-0025
3281:Established Buying Theory
3188:United States Coast Guard
2659:chief procurement officer
2420:public sector procurement
1849:Preferential trading area
1358:decisions as examples of
1162:
1157:
307:Chief information officer
139:Limited liability company
4548:Green public procurement
4318:Inside Supply Management
4302:National Audit Office, "
4026:, accessed 14 March 2017
4017:Procurement Glossary - F
2130:Balassa–Samuelson effect
2125:Ricardian trade theories
2012:Largest consumer markets
1821:World Trade Organization
1389:a need to achieve trait.
1300:Sourcing and acquisition
320:Chief technology officer
254:Mergers and acquisitions
224:Constitutional documents
49:Management of a business
4663:Supply chain management
4627:Request for association
4602:Request for information
4376:, accessed 29 July 2021
4157:, accessed 10 July 2021
4141:, accessed 10 July 2021
4139:ROSMA Performance Check
4037:Contract Administration
3520:Peters, B. Guy (2018).
2819:Procurement outsourcing
2663:chief financial officer
2577:Buyers (disambiguation)
2482:Contract Administration
2414:thing to do these days.
2398:neo-classical economics
2290:Sustainable procurement
2283:Sustainable procurement
2227:state-owned enterprises
2209:countries. In 2021 the
2145:Lerner symmetry theorem
1397:Sourcing business model
1141:supply chain management
1062:or public procurement.
380:Environmental economics
360:International economics
311:Chief marketing officer
297:Chief financial officer
292:Chief operating officer
288:Chief executive officer
249:International trade law
43:Business administration
4359:Supply Chain Digest, "
3596:Cite journal requires
3475:10.1596/1813-9450-9690
3108:supplychaindigital.com
3003:Profit from the Source
2743:Management consultant
2736:Participation of women
2570:Buyer (disambiguation)
2538:
2465:Syndicated procurement
2459:Best value procurement
2342:which were applied by
2332:Electronic procurement
2321:Electronic procurement
2191:Government procurement
2120:Gravity model of trade
2017:Leading trade partners
1922:Government procurement
1723:Exchange rate controls
1567:
1535:Government procurement
1528:Government procurement
1297:
1122:
1094:ethical considerations
1059:government procurement
949:International business
934:Business judgment rule
279:Chief business officer
179:Annual general meeting
159:State-owned enterprise
149:Privately held company
4607:Request for quotation
4550:(European Commission)
4491:(Chancery Division),
4471:Obligation to Procure
4166:Supply Chain Digest,
4022:14 April 2017 at the
3972:European Parliament,
3415:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
3330:10.1108/9781787546059
3248:Journal of Purchasing
3128:Bowman, Alan (2000).
2930:Salam, M. A. (2007),
2856:. MIT Press. p.
2667:National Audit Office
2472:Measuring performance
2314:cost–benefit analysis
2100:Heckscher–Ohlin model
2095:Competitive advantage
2090:Comparative advantage
1977:Trade and development
1738:Countervailing duties
1566:
1330:Acquisition processes
1287:of the 19th century:
1244:Steel, Resin, Rubber
1163:Indirect procurement
625:Customer relationship
561:Business intelligence
523:Financial institution
498:International finance
448:Cash conversion cycle
355:Development economics
316:Chief product officer
64:Management accounting
4622:Request for solution
4612:Request for proposal
4155:What Good Looks Like
4153:A T Kearney (2016),
4123:What good looks like
3235:Procurement Glossary
3038:Journal of Marketing
2624:prices and contracts
2602:Contracting Officers
2529:What Good Looks Like
2408:neo-institutionalism
2115:Intra-industry trade
1843:Economic integration
1793:Economic integration
1788:Economic nationalism
1429:improve this section
1316:Procurement software
1145:indirect procurement
566:Business development
410:Economic development
172:Corporate governance
69:Financial accounting
30:For other uses, see
3440:blogs.worldbank.org
3174:Advance procurement
3028:Webster, F. E. and
2721:European Commission
2652:construction buyers
2644:Category management
2564:Personnel and roles
2504:extended warranties
2424:European Parliament
2384:resource based view
2380:resource dependence
1743:Anti-dumping duties
1683:Non-tariff barriers
1628:Import substitution
1364:profit maximisation
1160:Direct procurement
976:Business statistics
959:International trade
944:Business operations
640:Electronic business
545:Types of management
433:Financial statement
415:Economic statistics
283:Chief brand officer
239:Corporate liability
154:Sole proprietorship
134:Joint-stock company
4617:Request for tender
4284:on 21 October 2021
4035:Mason, L. (2018),
3799:. 19 November 2020
3082:procurementmag.com
2966:10.1111/poms.12715
2829:Strategic sourcing
2804:Bidder conferences
2710:occupational title
2588:Construction buyer
2382:approach, and the
2110:Economic geography
1917:Competition policy
1713:Technical barriers
1693:Tariff-rate quotas
1638:Trade facilitation
1623:Export orientation
1568:
1377:personality traits
1360:rational behaviour
1318:(often labeled as
1278:military logistics
1202:Industry-specific
1065:Procurement as an
939:Consumer behaviour
741:Product life-cycle
528:Capital management
493:Managerial finance
184:Board of directors
4640:
4639:
4424:on 4 October 2022
4418:Supply Management
3991:Supply Management
3936:978-3-319-93985-8
3893:978-3-319-93985-8
3533:978-0-415-74339-6
3442:. 5 February 2020
3339:978-1-78754-608-0
3203:Delta eSourcing,
3012:978-1-64782-139-5
2917:978-1-4080-1896-5
2767:holding companies
2671:further education
2614:seeking reliable
2358:Joint procurement
2188:
2187:
2135:Linder hypothesis
1947:Emissions trading
1500:performance-based
1465:
1464:
1457:
1285:railway companies
1254:
1253:
1114:inventory control
1054:government agency
1032:
1031:
919:Business analysis
488:Corporate finance
458:Capital budgeting
395:Knowledge economy
189:Supervisory board
16:(Redirected from
4670:
4583:
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4569:
4560:
4529:
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4486:
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4420:. Archived from
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4377:
4370:
4364:
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4341:
4335:
4330:O'Donovan, D., "
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2989:Public Contracts
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2977:
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2789:Future scenarios
2703:
2686:commercial agent
2611:approving orders
2211:World Bank Group
2180:
2173:
2166:
2140:Leontief paradox
2105:New trade theory
1708:Export subsidies
1593:Balance of trade
1541:
1479:business model,
1473:managed services
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1453:
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1236:Capital Project
1155:
1086:marginal benefit
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1017:
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971:Business process
513:Financial market
350:Labour economics
345:Public economics
104:Corporation sole
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4672:
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3662:Research Policy
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3621:Research Policy
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3053:, 2(2):125–142.
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2925:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2809:Global sourcing
2800:
2791:
2754:
2738:
2701:
2636:upcoming demand
2594:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2542:self-assessment
2474:
2455:
2366:
2360:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2297:or competitive
2286:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2223:economic growth
2184:
2155:
2154:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2032:
2022:
2021:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1952:Trade sanctions
1902:
1894:
1893:
1854:Free-trade area
1844:
1836:
1835:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1698:Import licenses
1668:
1658:
1657:
1618:Trade diversion
1578:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1481:shared services
1461:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1426:
1410:
1399:
1369:consumer buying
1355:
1353:Decision-making
1332:
1324:cloud computing
1302:
1259:
1102:
1028:
988:
981:
980:
924:Business ethics
914:
904:
903:
844:
836:
835:
546:
538:
537:
533:Venture capital
463:Commercial bank
453:Insider dealing
428:
420:
419:
370:Planned economy
335:
325:
324:
269:
267:Corporate title
259:
258:
234:Corporate crime
214:
204:
203:
199:Audit committee
174:
164:
163:
119:Holding company
99:Corporate group
94:
87:Business entity
79:
78:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4676:
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4666:
4665:
4660:
4658:Business terms
4655:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4632:Sources sought
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4537:
4536:External links
4534:
4531:
4530:
4514:
4497:
4481:
4473:Sample Clauses
4461:
4448:
4435:
4404:
4391:
4378:
4365:
4352:
4336:
4323:
4308:
4295:
4265:
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4179:OpsDog, Inc.,
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3835:
3810:
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3759:
3732:(4): 314–335.
3712:
3687:
3668:(7): 949–963.
3648:
3627:(2): 414–426.
3607:
3598:|journal=
3561:
3532:
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3402:
3353:
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2787:
2785:of that loan.
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2734:
2641:
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2637:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2565:
2562:
2536:organizations.
2512:
2511:
2496:
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2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2416:
2415:
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2377:
2359:
2356:
2340:Berlin Airlift
2325:Main article:
2322:
2319:
2310:private sector
2287:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2195:governing body
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
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2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:Terms of trade
2147:
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2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
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2079:
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2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Trading nation
2039:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Economic union
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Currency union
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
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1800:
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1703:Customs duties
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Trade barriers
1669:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:Domestic trade
1645:
1640:
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1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:Trade creation
1610:
1605:
1600:
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1570:
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1526:
1524:
1523:Specific types
1521:
1520:
1519:
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1507:
1504:cost reduction
1496:
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1067:organizational
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1000:
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954:Business model
951:
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710:
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671:
663:Human resource
660:
655:
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653:
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637:
632:
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617:
612:
607:
605:Communications
602:
601:
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543:
540:
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536:
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520:
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510:
505:
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490:
485:
483:Public finance
480:
478:Financial risk
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:Macroeconomics
402:
400:Microeconomics
397:
392:
390:Market economy
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
331:
330:
327:
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313:
304:
299:
294:
285:
276:
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264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
244:Insolvency law
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Commercial law
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
194:Advisory board
191:
186:
181:
175:
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4455:LexisNexis, "
4452:
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4401:
4398:Harper, M., "
4395:
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4356:
4353:
4349:
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4315:Arnseth, L.,
4312:
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4137:CIPS (2016),
4134:
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4121:A T Kearney,
4118:
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4097:
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3171:Law Insider,
3168:
3165:
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2795:
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2775:
2774:joint venture
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2752:Legal aspects
2751:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2730:"soft" skills
2726:
2725:Member States
2722:
2717:
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2679:
2678:buying agents
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2584:Fashion buyer
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2432:Member States
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2364:Joint venture
2357:
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2328:
2327:E-procurement
2320:
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2307:
2306:public policy
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2266:
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2258:
2254:
2253:protectionism
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2246:
2242:
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2228:
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2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:United States
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Trade mission
2035:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Trade justice
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Globalization
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Single market
1867:
1865:
1864:Customs union
1862:
1860:
1857:
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1808:
1805:Organizations
1802:
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1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Laissez-faire
1776:
1774:
1773:Protectionism
1771:
1769:
1766:
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1762:
1757:
1756:
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1689:
1688:Import quotas
1686:
1684:
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1679:
1676:
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1662:
1661:
1654:
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1634:
1633:Trade finance
1631:
1629:
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1616:
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1518:arrangements.
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3577:. Retrieved
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2763:subsidiaries
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2745:Oliver Wyman
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2524:A.T. Kearney
2522:Consultants
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2392:market power
2390:a resource,
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2265:plurilateral
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2199:organization
2189:
1960:Currency war
1879:Fiscal union
1768:Mercantilism
1666:Restrictions
1544:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1427:Please help
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1233:Unscheduled
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843:Organization
809:Supply chain
635:Earned value
508:Stock market
385:Open economy
375:Econometrics
114:Conglomerate
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4653:Procurement
4590:Procurement
4477:Law Insider
4108:Britt, H.,
3985:Allen, A.,
3942:4 September
3899:4 September
3828:16 November
3484:10986/35727
2779:Peter Smith
2758:contractual
2634:forecasting
2622:negotiating
2508:spare parts
2500:added value
2453:Other types
2251:, or local
2239:To prevent
1965:Trade costs
1927:Outsourcing
1643:Trade route
1556:World trade
1373:personality
1176:outsourcing
1150:outsourcing
1035:Procurement
964:Trade route
879:Engineering
874:Development
726:Performance
669:development
630:Distributed
503:Liquidation
144:Partnership
129:Corporation
124:Cooperative
4647:Categories
4288:3 December
3779:1289178042
3542:1002302064
3388:2086/14702
3279:Bell, S.,
3176:definition
3147:. Chicago.
2835:References
2600:refers to
2582:See also:
2498:obtaining
2362:See also:
2249:corruption
2219:innovation
2030:By country
1937:Fair trade
1783:Free trade
1733:Safeguards
1608:Trade bloc
1603:Trade pact
1445:April 2023
1336:lead times
1230:Scheduled
1222:Strategic
1174:supplies,
1152:services.
1128:Purchasing
1039:purchasing
831:Technology
713:Operations
593:Commercial
586:innovation
576:Capability
468:Derivative
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4428:4 October
4077:Jaggaer,
3754:253312170
3746:2150-6930
3682:0048-7333
3643:0048-7333
3579:7 October
3550:cite book
3493:236331814
3446:8 October
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3348:115362081
3153:cite book
2974:1937-5956
2783:guarantee
2706:Australia
2698:recession
2295:tendering
2263:(GPA), a
2052:Argentina
1970:Trade war
1912:Smuggling
1598:Trade law
1416:does not
1263:Egyptians
1241:Examples
1219:Tactical
1185:Quantity
1079:collusion
899:Structure
884:Hierarchy
804:Strategic
691:Materials
681:Knowledge
658:Financial
598:Marketing
443:Factoring
438:Insurance
340:Commodity
333:Economics
4592:requests
4227:Archived
4096:Archived
4020:Archived
3803:15 March
3705:13 April
3420:10 March
3373:: 1–12.
3303:22 April
3113:3 August
3087:3 August
3030:Wind, Y.
2891:22 April
2798:See also
2716:return.
2554:quartile
2443:Barbados
2057:Pakistan
1547:a series
1545:Part of
1506:targets.
1488:offered.
1267:pyramids
1227:Process
1100:Overview
1046:services
889:Patterns
869:Conflict
854:Behavior
794:Security
771:Resource
756:Property
719:services
676:Incident
615:Conflict
571:Capacity
274:Chairman
229:Contract
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2616:vendors
2404:effects
2299:bidding
2257:tenders
2067:Vietnam
2062:Romania
2007:Tariffs
2002:Exports
1997:Imports
1761:History
1728:Embargo
1718:Bribery
1678:Tariffs
1510:beyond.
1475:model,
1437:removed
1422:sources
1271:scribes
1257:History
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814:Systems
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766:Records
761:Quality
751:Project
746:Product
736:Process
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1901:Issues
1588:Export
1583:Import
1576:Policy
1477:vested
1269:using
1199:Value
1188:Large
826:Talent
782:crisis
708:Office
581:Change
4208:FAR,
4048:GEP,
3750:S2CID
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3489:S2CID
3344:S2CID
2402:scale
2245:waste
2241:fraud
2072:India
1990:Lists
1208:High
1075:fraud
1042:goods
912:Trade
894:Space
789:Sales
731:Power
686:Legal
556:Brand
551:Asset
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4430:2022
4290:2020
4235:2023
4193:CIPS
3944:2021
3931:ISBN
3901:2021
3888:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3830:2016
3805:2021
3775:OCLC
3742:ISSN
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3678:ISSN
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3602:help
3581:2022
3556:link
3538:OCLC
3528:ISBN
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