2070:; opposite view claims that the Terç soldiers were sent away from Catalonia in the fall of 1938 in order to prevent possible tension, resulting form brutal treatment of Catalan population by other Nationalist units, see Vallverdú 2014, pp. 31-3. It is known that during its service in Alto Tajo county the Terç was not welcomed by the local population (Aróstegui 2013, p. 693); also during its Extremadura deployment the battalion performed policing operations (Aróstegui 2013, p. 696), though no information about war crimes either against enemy POWs or local population has been revealed. The Terç soldiers deny the charges and claim that "En el Tercio de Montserrat no se dio un tortazo a un enemigo", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 84. This opinion is repeated in Seidman 2011, pp. 76-7: "Catalans serving in the Republican army who had the good fortune to be captured by their countrymen in the Tercio de Montserrat were given chocolate, a treat they had not tasted for a long time "
1304:, pp. 127-154. Despite this pressure, in some Carlist units the command language was other than Spanish. In companies formed by volunteers from rural Gipuzkoan areas the command language was Basque since the requetés did not understand Spanish well enough. Because of their speaking Catalan, the Montserrat terç soldiers faced mistrust in some Castillan towns; girls from villages in Toledo province refused to dance with them as they did not speak "en cristiano", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 126
390:
516:. The following 7 months produced almost no combat engagement until in August 1937 the Republicans mounted an offensive towards Zaragoza. Following initial skirmishes on 23 August, the next day the unit stood its ground until it was almost entirely encircled. On 25 August remnants of the Terç broke through to own lines. Having lost around 150 KIA the battalion ceased to exist as operational unit and was withdrawn to Zaragoza.
481:, "los carlistas del Tercio de Montserrat brillan por su ausencia" in the new state party. During feasts the Terç soldiers greeted the Falangist centurias with cries of "¡Viva el Rey!" and "¡Muera el nacional-sindicalismo!"; confrontations between former Terç combatants and Falangists endured well into the late 1940s, not infrequently ending in riots. 26 of the Terç combatants became later Roman Catholic priests.
20:
744:
2016:"These memories were not meant to be mere recollections of past events, but uplifiting tales of the past for the present. Instead of detailing the tedium of time in the trenches, they chronicle stimulating examples of Carlist values in action, of Carlists doing what came "naturally" to them, and doing it well: taking up the arms to defend and propagate their ideals", Jeremy MacClancy,
79:
458:
789:
670:
781:; the mausoleum was finally opened in 1961. In 1965 a requeté monument was unveiled in front of it; the original site layout was blurred in the decades to come. Commemorating crosses were erected also in Codo and in Vilalba dels Arcs. Today the Mausoleum remains closed and visitors are admitted by individual appointment; it is owned by
962:, p. 184. However, some Navarrese Carlist tercios suffered KIA casualties comparable or exceeding those of the Montserrat Terç; Tercio de Lácar recorded 720 KIA and 1,500 WIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 828. In comparison, the Moroccan troops, usually used as shock units, recorded the KIA ratio of 15% (11,500 out of 78,500), Stephanie Wright,
2155:
1597:
approximately 200 Catalans with whom they maintained a solid and even affectionate relationship founded on reciprocity between soldiers and villagers. Peasants paid the requetés to harvest fields of wheat or fruit trees locates in no-man's-land. Soldiers also recovered herds od sheep wandering near "red" lines", Michael
Seidman,
490:
1812:, p. 53. Other authors maintain that the losses resulted from military errors, first suicidal frontal charge and then poor co-ordination with neighboring units, artillery and air force. According to some, Catalan requetes "were sent forward drunk, knowing that a successful assault was impossible", see
661:
on the Cuatro
Caminos crossroad and was engaged in heavy fighting also during the following days, until on 30 August it was moved to more quiet sectors. Total losses reached 700, including 150 KIA. While the recovering wounded were coming back to line and new recruits were arriving, the Terç remained
730:
on 31 July, taking part in local celebrations until it was stationed in the Jaime I barracks. The process of releasing most soldiers took until mid-September; the ones still in service were transferred to
Moncada barracks. The Terç was officially dissolved on 26 October 1939, its standard deposed at
425:
Around 83% of requetés were males between 18 and 30 years of age, most of them between 21 and 25 (35%). Further 13% were males between 30 and 40 years of age, with the remaining group formed by those younger than 18 (very few cases) and older than 40. There were two cases of father and son serving,
799:
History of the Terç played vital role in mobilisation of
Catalan Carlism during Francoism, helping to sustain its Traditionalist and Catalan identity. Commemorating the fallen and the living has always been vital point of annual Carlist Montserrat gatherings. Hermandad served also as semi-official
1363:
Vallverdú 2014, p. 33. In comparison with requete tercios from the Vasco-Navarrese area there were relatively few farmers and working class volunteers in the
Montserrat unit; in Alava some 85% of requete volunteers were proletarians, and some 73% of all volunteers were farmers, Germán Ruiz Llano,
1596:
one scholar claims that the first half of 1937 was sort of rural
Arcadia: "'Each requeté had a home where he could spend some time, get his clothes washed, and eat if he wished.' The town, which lacked drinking water and other necessities, not untypical in 1930s Spain, nevertheless welcomed the
1491:
Vallverdú 2014, p. 23; there are exceptions, though; a
British scholar questions Carlist character of the unit indicating that only one-third "appear to have come from a Carlist family or organization" and that "the remaining two-thirds came overwhelmingly from davout but politically non-active
656:
sector (Tarragona province) and for 10 days successfully fought a defensive battle. Then for a week it was shuttled by trucks and on foot between different sectors with no real combat until it returned to
Vilalba, this time with offensive assignment. During the attack of 19 August the Terç lost
1799:
some authors claim that
Nationalist units occupying neighboring positions failed to sustain the Villalba dels Arcs attack of the Terç, and speculate about possible intention to decimate the battalion as a nucleus of inconvenient Catalanism, see Vallverdú 2014, pp. 29-30; this opinion is fairly
364:
In numerical terms the Terç was equivalent to a regular army battalion, though in comparison it remained undertrained and underarmed. Most of its soldiers have not undergone regular army training, their military education reduced to few months (in some cases few weeks) of drills either in the
1828:
some authors claim that the
Francoist regime was bent on preventing the Terç from entering the Catalan territory; the motive would have been to make any Carlist political demonstrations impossible, Vallverdú 2014, pp. 31-32. The same opinion in Martorell Pérez 2009, p.
69:
ratio of 19%, with corresponding average Nationalist figure estimated at 6%. Its operational history consists mostly of long periods of inactivity or low-intensity skirmishes punctuated by two heavy combat engagements, culminating on 25 August 1937 and 19 August 1938.
397:
It is estimated that there were some 1,600 men fighting one time or another in the Terç. Due to data shortages no complete personal profiling is possible and all attempts to establish social base of the volunteers are founded on not necessarily correct statistical
426:
apart from 9 pairs of brothers and one case of 3 brothers. Around 85% were bachelors and 12% were married, the remaining percentage either widowers or unknown. The sample available was in 91% composed of the Catalans with the remaining ones coming mostly from the
1534:, p. 52. A police report claimed that in the 1940s the Barcelona bookstores were visited by individuals who demanded that owners remove books of Primo de Rivera and Franco, otherwise "the requeté police will come and burn you down", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 234
949:
the average KIA ratio for the nationalist army is estimated at 6%. Units described as "the most enthusiastic contributors" to anti-Republican cause, the Navarrese Carlist battalions, suffered on average the KIA ratio of 11,3%. Quoted after Stanley G. Payne,
478:
2391:
2127:
Felio Antonio Vilarrubias Solanes (born 1922) as a 14-year-old boy volunteered to requete units during the 1936 coup in Barcelona; taken prisoner, he was condemned to death. Commuted, he escaped from prison and joined the Terç once
348:
In late spring of 1937 the unit grew to around 200 men, divided into 2 companies; this structure endured until the Terç was decimated at Codo. During reconstruction the battalion was enhanced to 4 regular infantry companies and a
143:
was chosen instead. As refugees kept arriving, in November the unit was set up as a battalion-type Carlist "Tercio" (in Catalan "Terç"), many of them created across the Nationalist-held regions. In line with common practice,
824:
service, 77% of respondents consider the Terç soldiers traitors. Streets formerly named after the unit have dropped "Tercio" and are now referring to "Our Lady of Montserrat". The last combatant of the Terç died in 2019.
2066:. Most detailed charges found read that the Terç soldiers performed "repressió sanguinària a tota la província de Tarragona, deixant muntanyes d'innocents cadàvers enterrats en cunetes per allí on passaven", see
1993:
another place serving as unofficial Terç museum is located in Vilalba dels Arcs; a private enterprise in so-called Casa Coll, where combatants of the Montserrat unit used to meet annually, it admits guests by
804:
group centred around Sivatte accused its moving spirit, Nonell Brú, of appeasement versus the regime; the Sivattistas considered it outraging that memory of Terç was enveloped in the Francoist propaganda.
1313:
exact type might have differed. Some sources point to 7,65mm rifles, probably earlier Spanish versions of Mauser 98; the others suggest 7,92 mm types or 7,57mm types, though all of them might have been
1165:, pp. 224-229. It was a common practice in the Terç that Republican POWs were interrogated on the spot and Catalans were offered enlisting before having been reported as POWs, Manuel Martorell Pérez,
1377:
volunteers of the Montserrat unit seemed somewhat older than volunteers from Vasco-Navarrese tercios; among the Alava requete volunteers these between 30 and 40 formed 8.5%, Ruiz Llano 2016, p. 116
148:
of Carlist leaning were delegated to form its command layer. Its combatants were almost exclusively volunteers, though at later stages there might have been some "false volunteers", since Catalan
100:
as a paramilitary structure. Following a period of decay, in the early 1930s the organisation experienced enormous growth and in 1935 it was re-shaped along more sophisticated military lines by
637:. As little resistance was encountered, more requetés ended up in hospitals due to enormous heat rather than due to enemy resistance. In late July the Terç was loaded onto train and via
523:
near the Aragonese capital; plans to merge it with another Tercio, considered at that time, were eventually abandoned. Then it was deployed on the frontline at southern slopes of
1240:
Aróstegui 2013, p. 694. The number of NCOs is not known. In some other Carlist units like Tercio de Lacar the number of NCOs was comparable to the number of commissioned officers
1222:
the pre-war paramilitary structure was not reproduced and sub-components of the terç were named "companies", not "requetés"; it was also the case with lower-grade sub-units
1386:
Vallverdú 2014, p. 37. The homage webpage claims the opposite, namely that "los Voluntarios Catalanes eran muchachos, en su mayoría muy jóvenes (casi nińos)", compare
782:
1892:
e.g. in 1946 the Tarragona civil governor banned the Terç combatants to stage anniversary celebrations of the Villalba dels Arcs battle, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 320
687:
the battalion was loaded onto trains and in early January 1939 it was deployed back in southern Extremadura, this time engaged in defensive operations against the
361:
the Terç was brought back to its previous strength. In May 1939, shortly before its dissolution, the unit consisted of almost 900 men. The command was in Catalan.
2084:
97:
82:
454:(8%). All the above statistical approximations, however, might be heavily distorted in case the data sample available is for some reason not representative.
2059:
357:, formed in June 1938 and unheard of in other Carlist battalions. Support sub-units were reduced to medical services. Following losses suffered during the
2401:
1609:, pp. 52-53; an opposite opinion in Vallverdú 2014, p. 26; the author claims that the Terç served as a shock unit during its service at the Aragón front
101:
465:
There is no statistics available on political preferences of the soldiers. It is usually assumed that though some of them might have been related to
117:
108:. Prior to the Spanish Civil War the structure did not envision battalion-type units; its largest component was a requeté, roughly comparable to a
1350:
detailed personal information is available for 319 soldiers who died in combat and whose brief biographies were published in Salvador Nonell Brú,
50:
820:. The Montserrat monument and sites elsewhere are periodically vandalised by unknown perpetrators. According to the internet poll by Catalanist
892:"unidad nacional que registró mayor porcentaje de muertos de la Guerra, un 19 por ciento", Lucas Molina Franco, Pablo Sagarra, Óscar González,
149:
62:
1556:
470:
1135:
in total there were around 40 tercios created, though some of them either short-lived or partially organized, see Aróstegui 2013, pp. 688-9
916:. According to scholarly estimates, the number of KIA suffered by the Terç during the war ranges between 269 and 327, see Julio Aróstegui,
123:
Since August 1936 first Catalan requetés started to arrive in the Nationalist zone, either having crossed the frontline or travelling via
2116:
723:
225:
2322:
801:
116:
the strength of the organization was estimated as 3,000 first-line volunteers and some 15,000 in auxiliary units. Following the failed
2067:
330:
2141:
2275:
2260:
2242:
2214:
2189:
2025:
1911:
1809:
1754:
1606:
1552:
1501:
1301:
1071:
1059:
1018:
959:
937:
925:
901:
762:, the highest Spanish military honor, for their gallant performance at Codo; in 1943 the same honor was conferred individually upon
759:
128:
1277:
418:. Volunteers identified as "proprietors" formed 10%, though in most cases it is unclear what is meant by this category (probably
849:
809:
732:
1766:
1531:
1425:
1162:
1105:
2327:
1276:
in line with the emergent Francoist ideology the anti-Republican troops were subject to increased nationalist pressure, see
2221:
La batalla del Ebro. Asedio y defensa de Villaba de los Arcos en sus aspectos militar, económico, demográfico y urbanistíco
1980:
the original layout envisioned the requeté soldier, wounded or exhausted, looking towards the Montserrat basilica, compare
1802:
El diari de guerra de Lluís Randé i Inglés: Batalles del Segre i de l'Ebre i camps de concentració (abril 1938-juliol 1939)
406:, mostly farmers (25%), though also industry, workshop and service sector workers. The next most numerous group, 29%, were
905:
773:, published its history. The bid to construct a mausoleum located within the Montserrat complex was initially opposed by
868:
719:
634:
477:, the overwhelming majority of the volunteers were Carlists. It is also noted that during political amalgamation into
1006:
1969:
1953:
2396:
2371:
2357:
2343:
2005:
Diario de amor y de la paz. Historia de la Hermandad del Tercio de Requetés de Ntra. Sra. de Montserrat (1939-2000)
1984:. Once the new pavillon was constructed, the soldier appears to be crawling towards a restaurant or a souvenir shop
964:
Glorious Brothers, Unsuitable Lovers: Moroccan Veterans, Spanish Women, and the Mechanisms of Francoist Paternalism
333:. Then it was briefly assigned to few other different units (including a cavalry division, a reserve brigade and a
353:
company, together with around 800 men (including around 20 commissioned officers). Its peculiarity was a separate
528:
120:
they found themselves in total disarray, some killed, some captured, some in hiding and some fleeing the region.
1800:
popular, with some authors mentioning even "estratégia diabólica del General Franco", see Jaume Aguadé i Sordé,
763:
1282:
De gaitas y liras. Sobre discursos y prácticas de la pluralidad terrirorial en el fascismo español (1930-1950)
2046:"they are not heroes, they are assassins", read the banner placed at the entry to the Mausoleum in 2005, see
928:, pp. 830-1. The total number of men who fought in the Terç is estimated at 1,600, Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
894:
Grandes batallas de la Guerra Civil española 1936-1939: Los combates que marcaron el desarrollo del conflicto
800:
regional Carlist organisation, though it was involved in controversies within the Traditionalist realm. The
109:
1394:. This is not unlikely, since many youths could have provided false birth details in order to get enlisted
778:
520:
132:
105:
2054:. No details are provided; usually the Terç soldiers are approached generally as "Catalan fascists", see
770:
662:
in the Ebro bend on vigilance and patrolling duties. Massive casualties suffered, sometimes described as
1504:, p. 257. In Alava the Carlists formed some 70% of the requete volunteers, Ruiz Llano 2016, pp. 109, 165
817:
696:
688:
145:
2100:
872:
532:
443:
407:
140:
93:
411:
1174:
2328:
Terç during Vilalba dels Arcs fighting as viewed by their enemies - account from 31. Mixed Brigade
2268:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
1323:
compare estimates of ammunition fired during the Villalba dels Arcs battle, Aróstegui 2013, p. 697
930:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
342:
1928:
Los requetés catalanes del Terç de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat en la cruzada española: 1936-1939
692:
524:
466:
451:
2249:
La desfeta del Terç de Nostra Senyora de Montserrat. Aproximació sociològica als seus components
2177:
135:
coined the idea of grouping them in a separate combat unit. Initially it was to be named after
2271:
2256:
2238:
2210:
2185:
2129:
2021:
1805:
1762:
1750:
1602:
1548:
1527:
1497:
1421:
1297:
1158:
1101:
1067:
1055:
1014:
955:
933:
921:
897:
844:
708:
700:
673:
658:
653:
630:
505:
370:
322:
54:
2386:
774:
626:
427:
66:
31:
2311:
www.1936-1939.com service (link blocked by Knowledge (XXG), entering at own responsibility)
389:
755:
704:
663:
642:
447:
439:
435:
378:
152:
2314:
2051:
96:
as a Carlist sporting and outdoor grouping for teenagers; in 1913 it was re-organised by
547:
sector), taking part in light and occasional skirmishes and suffering minor casualties.
1770:
912:
aggregates the number of the fallen at 318, but provides names of 334 individuals, see
519:
Between October 1937 and January 1938 the Terç was being reconstructed in the rear, in
431:
373:, the primary individual weapon. It was supplemented by various types of machine-guns,
358:
1352:
Así eran nuestros muertos: del Laureado tercio de requetés de Ntra. Sra. de Montserrat
877:
Falangistes i carlins catalans a la «zona nacional» durant la Guerra civil (1936-1939)
2380:
2302:
540:
403:
399:
374:
365:
barracks or on the rear of the frontline. The firepower of the unit relied mostly on
1573:
Los primeros pasos: Formación del Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
1062:, p. 102; somewhat different figures in his earlier work, Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
19:
1981:
1170:
1093:
743:
513:
493:
354:
136:
1599:
The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War
1096:"todos hacia Navarra", Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesúmaga Ariznabarreta,
783:
Hermandad de Ex Combatientes del Tercio de Requeté de Nostra Señora de Montserrat
625:
In June 1938 the battalion was transferred by improvised means from Alto Tajo to
2297:
1658:
913:
839:
748:
430:, though apart from other provinces single individuals originated even from the
366:
350:
338:
2332:
1286:
Falange. Las culturas políticas del fascismo en la España de Franco (1936-1975)
512:; in early January 1937 the Terç took positions around the neighboring town of
2362:
2348:
2337:
1412:
all from Gerona; all four were killed in action, Francisco Javier de Lizarza,
1332:
though at times there were 20-40 trucks assigned, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 694, 697
816:. They also demand that requeté monuments are dismantled as incompatible with
813:
712:
646:
504:
Even before the unit was fully formed its sub-components were deployed on the
419:
89:
1687:
unclear, possibly either victim of an accident or killed in a guerilla ambush
1678:
unclear, possibly either victim of an accident or killed in a guerilla ambush
402:. According to the information available, some 55% of the unit came from the
1916:
Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español: 1939-1966
727:
684:
638:
544:
474:
415:
334:
113:
39:
1418:
Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el carlismo, 1833-1975
65:. It is also recognized as the Nationalist unit which recorded the highest
78:
2392:
Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
2287:
1742:
1578:
service (link blocked by Knowledge (XXG), entering at own responsibility)
1391:
812:
the Terç is criticised by democratic groupings, who charge the unit with
536:
509:
326:
58:
46:
2292:
457:
834:
381:(50mm and 81mm). The Terç had neither own artillery nor own transport.
43:
788:
669:
1817:
345:(Ejercito del Centro), and shared its fate until the end of the war.
124:
1930:, Barcelona 1956; it was many times reprinted, the last time in 1992
1757:, pp. 134-142; excerpts from other accounts (including Chris Henry,
1031:
La reestructuración y el adiestramento de la milicia tradicionalista
711:, advancing with virtually no resistance. The Terç ended the war in
2154:
2196:
El Tercio de Montserrat heroico, en Codo, y eificiente, en el Ebro
787:
754:
History of the Terç was acknowledged though not celebrated by the
742:
668:
633:), in July to be directed towards Extremadura and to take part in
488:
456:
388:
77:
1064:
El carlisme català durant la Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936
766:(1915-1989). No unit in the Francoist army referred to the Terç.
2235:
La desfeta del Terç de Requetès de Nostra Senyora de Montserrat
489:
2228:
El laureado Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
1294:
Imaginarios y representaciones de España durante el franquismo
990:
La tradición recuperada: el Requeté Carlista y la insurrección
2168:
El Tercio de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat: cifras definitivas
1414:
Los combatientes carlistas en la Guerra de España (1936-1939)
1048:
Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)
2182:
Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939
2134:
Ha mort Felio Vilarrubias Solanes, glòria catalana d’Espanya
918:
Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939
535:). The unit remained in the area until June 1938 (initially
1167:
La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
691:
of the war. During the counter-offensive the unit captured
2253:
El carlisme ahir i avui. I Simposi d'Història del Carlisme
2205:
Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesúmaga Ariznabarreta,
1524:
D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980)
1035:
El perfeccionamento de la estructura paramilitar carlista
758:. In 1943 the 1. and 2. company of the Terç were awarded
2333:
Terç during combat at Vilalba dels Arcs - artwork vision
1403:
there were 2 individuals above 50, Vallverdú 2014, p. 37
337:
division), until in June 1938, when transported towards
645:
and Zaragoza urgently transferred to Catalonia, to the
329:, itself within V. Cuerpo de Ejército and component of
2309:
El Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
1569:
El Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
1354:, Barcelona 1965; quoted after Vallverdú 2014, pp. 32
1292:, Stéphane Michonneau, Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (eds.),
695:
before early February it was transported by train to
446:(31%), with visibly less volunteers originating from
155:
were offered to enlist as a way out of prison camps.
1745:; a non-partisan account in Ruben Garcia Cebollero,
1669:
a detached mountain section, Compañía de Esquiadores
1522:
Martorell Pérez 2009, pp .233-4, 253, César Alcalá,
996:
11 (1994), pp. 30-31, also Aróstegui 2013, pp. 56-61
1169:, Valencia 2009, p. 84. There is no information on
1155:
Joaquín Bau Nolla y la restauración de la Monarquía
1288:, Zaragoza 2013, especially pp. 305-308, also his
36:Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
777:, who claimed that all the fallen should rest at
321:Until January 1938 the battalion formed part of
167:Terç de Requetés de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat
28:Terç de Requetès de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat
1366:El voluntariado alavés durante la Guerra Civil
785:, the organisation founded in the late 1950s.
438:. Two most represented Catalan provinces were
2323:Aplec de Montserrat poster (unspecified year)
871:Virgen de Montserrat, created in Burgos, see
652:On 29 July 1938 the Terç was deployed in the
8:
2130:Barcelona had been taken by the Nationalists
1290:La región y lo local en el primer franquismo
794:Calle Tercio de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat
2353:- Tercio according to Catalan media channel
1083:for details see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 293-343
1052:El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional
2288:Carlist website dedicated to requete units
2200:Aportes. Revista de historia contemporánea
2172:Aportes. Revista de historia contemporánea
1759:The Ebro 1938: Death Knell of the Republic
666:, are subject to controversy until today.
2003:for its history see Salvador Nonell Brú,
1492:Catholic backgrounds", Martin Blinkhorn,
131:and the former Catalan Requeté commander
2251:, Daniel Montaña, Josep Rafart (eds.),
2153:
549:
162:
18:
2316:they are not heroes, they are assassins
1747:Ebro 1938: La Batalla de la Tierra Alta
881:Recerques: Història, economia i cultura
860:
707:) and in late March moved by trucks to
1023:Varela y la reorganización del Requeté
718:In April the unit remained in Western
2293:Jaime Bofill-Gasset at homage website
2207:Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido
1494:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
1098:Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido
988:Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui,
726:in Madrid on 19 May 1939. It entered
7:
127:. The former Catalan Carlist leader
16:Battalion-type Carlist infantry unit
1636:Aróstegui 2013, p. 696 2013, p. 531
203:Alfonso Fenollera Gonzalez (prov.)
159:Strength, organisation and armament
14:
2402:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
2367:; contemporary Carlist propaganda
2351:Tremolors - Els catalans del terc
1918:, vols. 4-5, Seville 1979, p. 150
1482:source: Vallverdú 2014, pp. 32-35
1173:exercised after the Nationalist c
867:another unit was the Falangist I
304:José M. Molinet Calverol (prov.)
271:Manuel Martinez Millan de Priego
2339:Catalan requete roll of the dead
1741:for detailed homage account see
479:Falange Española Tradicionalista
968:Journal of Contemporary History
769:In 1955 the Terç ex-combatant,
1284:, M. Á. Ruiz Carnicer (ed.),
461:social composition of the Terç
1:
760:Cruz Laureada de San Fernando
699:. It was then transferred to
2219:Luis Maria Mezquida y Gené,
2202:22-23 (1993), pp. 82–97
2140:service 10.04.19, available
2111:out of 117 respondents. See
1781:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 130
1153:Joaquín Monserrat Cavaller,
635:closing of the Merida pocket
293:Norberto Baturone Fernandez
214:Francisco Roca Llopis (KIA)
57:. It is known as one of two
23:Terç de Montserrat mausoleum
2174:, 56 (2004), pp. 39–51
1790:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 697-701
1705:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 694-696
1645:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 693-694
1627:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 692-693
1618:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 691-692
1587:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 689-691
1513:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 65
1416:, Stanley G. Payne (ed.),
1368:, Madrid 2016, pp. 109, 165
1231:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 689-691
1186:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 684-704
1092:in line with the call from
341:, it was incorporated into
61:units fighting against the
2418:
2266:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
2247:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
1046:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
1021:, especially sub-chapters
764:Jaime Bofill-Gasset i Amil
584:Torres de Berrellen (1937)
552:
165:
146:commissioned army officers
2194:Rafael Casas de la Vega,
1912:Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta
1901:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 703-4
1865:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 702-3
1847:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 701-2
1723:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 696-7
1696:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 694-5
1204:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 693-4
1027:El desarrollo del Requeté
689:last Republican offensive
238:Antonio de Ibarra Montis
83:Joaquin Llorens Fernandez
2307:many entries related to
1555:, page unavailable (see
1464:Vallverdú 2014, pp. 38-9
1455:especially from Mallorca
1278:Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas
1117:Vallverdú 2014, pp. 25-6
1007:Eduardo González Calleja
979:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 55-6
904:, page unavailable, see
818:Ley de Memoria Histórica
683:In mid-December 1938 in
139:, but in September 1936
2318:- democratic propaganda
1939:Aróstegui 2013, pp. 704
1108:, 9788499700465, p. 131
850:Monastery of Montserrat
315:Antonio Miranda Guerra
92:was founded in 1907 by
2162:
2018:The Decline of Carlism
1883:Aróstegui 2013, p. 703
1874:Aróstegui 2013, p. 703
1856:Aróstegui 2013, p. 702
1838:Aróstegui 2013, p. 701
1732:Aróstegui 2013, p. 697
1714:Aróstegui 2013, p. 696
1267:Aróstegui 2013, p. 702
1258:Aróstegui 2013, p. 701
1249:Aróstegui 2013, p. 695
1213:Aróstegui 2013, p. 695
1195:Aróstegui 2013, p. 693
1144:Aróstegui 2013, p. 689
1126:Aróstegui 2013, p. 687
1011:Contrarrevolucionarios
994:Historia Contemporanea
796:
751:
722:until it took part in
680:
657:around 60 KIA and 170
501:
462:
394:
192:Enrique Monteys Carbo
86:
49:unit, forming part of
35:
24:
2365:Por Dios y por España
2226:Salvador Nonell Bru,
2157:
1910:Manuel de Santa Cruz
1545:La Llave de la Verdad
1473:Vallverdú 2014, p. 39
1446:Vallverdú 2014, p. 38
1341:Vallverdú 2014, p. 32
952:The Spanish Civil War
791:
746:
672:
492:
460:
392:
226:José M. Sentís Simeón
81:
22:
1968:02.05.65, available
1952:30.04.61, available
1814:Porta de la Historia
1437:Lizarza 2001, p. 148
1175:onquest of Catalonia
747:monument to Catalan
739:Reception and legacy
733:Montserrat Monastery
533:Guadalajara province
408:white-collar workers
323:5. División Organica
282:Jose Daunis (prov.)
141:Virgin of Montserrat
2255:, Aviá-Berga 2013,
2233:Estanislau Torres,
2158:Vilalba dels Arcs,
2099:service, available
2037:Alcalá 2001, p. 104
1050:, L. Duran (ed.),
779:Valle de los Caídos
771:Salvador Nonell Brú
521:Torres de Berrellén
485:Operational history
412:liberal professions
260:Jose Navas Sanjuan
249:Luis Quiroga Nieto
106:José Enrique Varela
102:José Luis Zamanillo
2270:, Barcelona 2014,
2263:, pp. 151–166
2237:, Barcelona 1993,
2163:
2115:service available
2083:service available
2064:cristianofeixistes
2058:service available
2050:service available
1657:service available
1526:, Barcelona 2001,
1496:, Cambridge 2008,
1390:service available
1066:, Barcelona 2008,
1033:(pp. 198-200) and
970:55/1 (2020), p. 53
932:, Barcelona 2014,
908:. The homage page
797:
752:
681:
608:Extremadura (1939)
592:Guadalajara (1938)
525:Montes Universales
502:
463:
395:
385:Social composition
331:Ejercito del Norte
133:Josep María Cunill
129:Maurici de Sivatte
87:
51:Nationalist troops
25:
2397:Spanish Civil War
2160:monument feixista
1576:www.1936-1939.com
954:,Cambridge 2012,
873:Joan Maria Thomàs
845:Spanish Civil War
709:Albarreal de Tajo
701:Chozas de Canales
674:Vilalba dels Arcs
654:Vilalba dels Arcs
623:
622:
508:in the sector of
319:
318:
118:coup of July 1936
55:Spanish Civil War
2409:
2368:
2354:
2340:
2230:, Barcelona 1992
2223:, Tarragona 2001
2144:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:, Barcelona 2000
2001:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:blog, available
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1739:
1733:
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1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1601:, Madison 2011,
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1489:
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1471:
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1395:
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1355:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1296:, Madrid, 2014,
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
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1202:
1196:
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1187:
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1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1054:, Solsona 2010,
1044:
1038:
1005:for details see
1003:
997:
986:
980:
977:
971:
947:
941:
890:
884:
865:
756:Francoist regime
627:Sierra de Gredos
616:Catalonia (1939)
550:
529:Alto Tajo region
428:Balearic Islands
416:salary employees
393:Carlist standard
163:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2349:
2338:
2284:
2209:, Madrid 2011,
2184:, Madrid 2013,
2178:Julio Aróstegui
2152:
2150:Further reading
2147:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1804:, Madrid 2004,
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1761:. London 1999,
1749:, Madrid 2010,
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
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1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1571:entry, section
1567:
1563:
1547:, Madrid 2014,
1542:
1538:
1521:
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1512:
1508:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1420:, Madrid 2001,
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
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1226:
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1199:
1194:
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1157:, Madrid 2001,
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1100:, Madrid 2011,
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1045:
1041:
1029:(pp. 189-192),
1025:(pp. 122-126),
1013:, Madrid 2011,
1004:
1000:
987:
983:
978:
974:
948:
944:
920:, Madrid 2013,
896:, Madrid 2016,
891:
887:
883:31 (1995), p. 9
866:
862:
858:
831:
741:
664:self-immolation
643:Aranda de Duero
487:
387:
168:
161:
98:Joaquín Llorens
94:Juan María Roma
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2020:, Reno 2000,
2019:
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576:Huesca (1937)
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404:working class
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391:
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375:hand grenades
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355:shock section
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175:starting date
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21:
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2017:
2012:
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1999:
1989:
1976:
1965:
1960:
1949:
1944:
1935:
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1824:
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1795:
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1655:requetes.com
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1614:
1598:
1592:
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1572:
1568:
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1544:
1543:Matías Mau,
1539:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1493:
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1388:requetes.com
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1285:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1171:conscription
1166:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1097:
1094:general Mola
1088:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1010:
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945:
929:
917:
910:requetes.com
909:
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682:
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624:
553:
518:
506:Aragon front
503:
497:
464:
424:
396:
363:
347:
343:74. División
320:
166:
137:Saint George
122:
88:
27:
26:
2113:Racó Català
2056:directa.cat
1994:appointment
822:Racó Català
693:Valsequillo
600:Ebro (1938)
568:Codo (1937)
473:or even to
371:7 mm rifles
367:bolt-action
351:machine-gun
339:Extremadura
63:Republicans
53:during the
2381:Categories
2303:KIA photos
2081:racocatala
1769:available
1767:1855327384
1532:8493109797
1426:8487863469
1163:8487863949
1106:8499700462
814:war crimes
810:transición
808:Following
713:Menasalbas
697:Navalmoral
450:(16%) and
442:(35%) and
420:landowners
312:comandante
309:1938-12-27
298:1938-11-04
290:comandante
287:1938-09-22
276:1938-08-29
265:1938-07-17
257:comandante
254:1938-06-30
243:1938-04-29
232:1937-11-17
222:comandante
219:1937-09-09
208:1937-08-21
197:1937-08-03
186:1936-12-15
169:commanders
150:Republican
2132:in 1939,
2097:indymedia
2048:indymedia
856:Footnotes
728:Barcelona
685:Fatarella
639:Salamanca
545:Mirabueno
500:perimeter
475:Alfonsism
452:Tarragona
444:Barcelona
410:, either
114:Catalonia
40:battalion
2298:KIA list
2079:compare
1428:, p. 148
869:Centuria
840:Requetés
829:See also
749:requetés
560:campaign
537:Mazarete
510:Belchite
467:La Lliga
335:Moroccan
327:Zaragoza
301:teniente
211:teniente
200:teniente
47:infantry
38:) was a
2387:Carlism
2372:YouTube
2358:YouTube
2344:YouTube
2028:, p. 17
940:, p. 32
835:Carlism
720:Castile
527:in the
436:Galicia
379:mortars
279:alferez
268:capitan
246:capitan
235:capitan
189:capitan
110:company
90:Requeté
74:Origins
59:Catalan
44:Carlist
32:Spanish
2274:
2259:
2241:
2213:
2188:
2024:
1808:
1765:
1753:
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1500:
1424:
1300:
1161:
1104:
1070:
1058:
1017:
958:
936:
924:
900:
802:RENACE
775:Franco
705:Toledo
649:bend.
448:Lleida
440:Girona
125:France
85:, 1909
42:-type
369:type
325:from
181:name
112:. In
2272:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2142:here
2117:here
2101:here
2095:see
2085:here
2068:here
2060:here
2052:here
2022:ISBN
1982:here
1970:here
1964:see
1954:here
1948:see
1818:here
1806:ISBN
1771:here
1763:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1743:here
1659:here
1603:ISBN
1557:here
1549:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1392:here
1314:used
1298:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1015:ISBN
956:ISBN
934:ISBN
922:ISBN
914:here
906:here
898:ISBN
731:the
647:Ebro
603:153
571:140
514:Codo
494:Codo
377:and
178:rank
153:POWs
104:and
2370:on
2356:on
2342:on
2198:,
2170:,
2136:,
2062:or
992:,
966:,
879:,
659:WIA
611:20
471:APC
434:or
422:).
414:or
67:KIA
2383::
2180:,
1914:,
1829:65
1280:,
1009:,
875:,
735:.
715:.
676:,
641:,
619:1
595:2
587:1
579:1
563:#
539:–
496:,
469:,
34::
1559:)
703:(
629:(
531:(
30:(
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