50:
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1235:, the Convent of Santa Clara and the seminary. The Republicans' Radio Barcelona announced that Teruel had fallen, but Rey d'Harcourt and the remnants of the 4,000 man garrison still held out. The siege continued with the fighting being hand to hand and building to building. The Republicans would bombard a building with artillery and then move in with the
1193:, the Nationalist commander, finally decided on December 23 to aid the defenders at Teruel since he had decided that as a matter of policy, no provincial capital would be allowed fall to the Republicans. Such a loss would be a political failure, and Franco determined to make no concession. He had just started a major offensive at
1440:, a British poet and writer who, by his account, served in the International Brigade, summed up the Republican strategy of attacking Teruel: "The gift of Teruel at Christmas had become for the Republicans no more than a poisoned toy. It was meant to be the victory that would change the war; it was indeed the seal of defeat".
1336:
Both high commands were now in heated trains near the battlefield and directing their troops in the final part of the battle. Slowly but surely, the
Nationalists advanced, and the La Muela heights fell to them. The Republican forces launched fierce counterattacks on 25 January and the next two days,
1288:
Just over a year later, the
Republicans, in one of their last acts of the war, killed Rey d'Harcourt and the bishop, along with 41 other prisoners in February 1939. After Rey d'Harcourt's surrender, the civilian population of Teruel had been evacuated, and the Republicans became the besieged and the
1175:
The red line in the map shows the front at the beginning of the battle. The purple line shows the front on
December 20, with Teruel surrounded by the Republicans. The green line shows the front at the end of the battle. La Muela, Teruel's Tooth, is west of the town. Click on the map to get a larger
1280:
in 1938, the defenders of the convent were dead. The Civil
Governor's Building fell on January 3, but Rey d'Harcourt fought on. The attackers and the defenders were on different stories of the building and fired at each other through holes in the floors. The defenders now had no water, few medical
1268:
and the railway station, but they could not hold their gains in the town. Then, the weather actually turned for the worse, with the start of a four-day blizzard in which 120 cm of snow fell and temperatures of -18 °C occurred. The fighting ground to a halt as guns and machines froze, and
1247:
Franco cancelled the
Guadalajara offensive on December 23, but the relief force could not begin its attack until December 29. Franco could only send messages to Rey d'Harcourt to hold out at all costs. In the meantime, the Republicans pressed home their attack in atrocious weather. The Nationalist
1184:
bombardment while snow fell on
December 15, 1937. Lister and his fellow commander, Colonel Enrique Fernández Heredia, moved to surround the town. They immediately gained a position on the heights of La Muela, and by evening, they encircled the city. Rey d'Harcourt pulled his defences into the town
1448:
Casualties from the Battle of Teruel are difficult to estimate. The
Nationalist relief force lost about 14,000 dead, 16,000 wounded and 17,000 sick. In the original Teruel defensive force, including the garrison, casualties were about 9,500, nearly all of whom were dead or captured, which gives a
1297:
After Rey d'Harcourt's surrender, the
Nationalist buildup began to tell on the Republican forces. With the weather clearing, the Nationalists started a new advance on 17 January 1938. Two days later, the Republican leadership finally gave up its scruples about the Battle of Teruel being an
1467:
covering the war from the
Nationalist side. Evidently, he was already under Moscow's orders in Spain but wrote glowing reports about Franco. Near Teruel in December 1937, a shell hit an automobile in which Philby and three other journalists (Bradish Johnson, Eddie Neil and
1353:), broke the Republican defences and scattered them. Aranda and YagĂĽe swiftly advanced and the victory was complete. The Nationalists took thousands of prisoners and thousands of tons of supplies and munitions. The Republicans ran for their lives if they could.
1197:, and the relief of Teruel forced him to abandon that offensive, much to the disgust of his Italian and German allies. The Nationalist relief of Teruel also signified that Franco had given up the idea of a knockout blow to end the war and had accepted a long
1172:
1158:
was the
Nationalist commander at Teruel when the battle began. The Teruel salient had a Nationalist defending force of about 9,500 men, including civilians. After the attack began, Rey d'Harcourt eventually consolidated his remaining defenders into a
1298:
all-Spanish operation and ordered the International Brigades to join the struggle. Many of the units had been in the area but in reserve. Celebrities and politicians meanwhile entertained and visited the units. The US communist-sympathising singer
1425:
on March 7, 1938. The Republic had withdrawn its best troops to replenish them after the loss of Teruel on February 22, and the Republicans, still reeling from the heavy losses at Teruel, offered little resistance. The Nationalists rolled through
1365:
was surrounded but eventually broke out to escape. He always claimed that Lister and other communist commanders had left him to his fate in the hope that he would be killed or captured. The Nationalists finally recaptured Teruel on 22 February.
1105:. Because of its elevation in the mountains (3,050 ft; 930 m), it usually has the lowest annual winter temperature in Spain. The town was a walled and mountain-ringed natural fortress on a high knoll above the confluence of the
1356:
The final battle began on 18 February. Aranda and YagĂĽe cut off the town from the north and then surrounded it, as the Republicans had accomplished in December. On 20 February, Teruel was cut off from the former Republican capital in
1137:, who had reorganised the army almost from scratch. The Republicans had a total of 100,000 men in two armies. The Army of the Levante was to conduct the main part of the assault supported by the Army of the East. Saravia wanted the
1361:, and with the Nationalists entering the town, Hernández Saravia gave the order for withdrawal. Most of the army escaped before the route was cut off, but about 14,500 men were trapped. The colourful communist Republican commander
1281:
supplies and little food. Their defences were piles of ruins, but they continued to hold out. The Nationalist advances stalled because of the weather, and finally, on 8 January Rey d'Harcourt surrendered with Anselmo Polanco, the
1063:, the Republic's Minister of War, wanted a spectacular victory to reflect well on his tenure and to show how the army could function under his reorganization. A victory at Teruel would also aid the government of Prime Minister
1041:'s decision to move against Teruel was motivated by several strategic priorities. Republican military leaders thought that Teruel was not strongly held and sought to regain the initiative by its capture. By 1937, the Teruel
1501:
1506:
1381:
could not replace the airplanes and arms that it had lost at the Battle of Teruel. On the other hand, the Nationalists concentrated the bulk of their forces in the east and prepared to drive through Aragon into
985:
between December 1937 and February 1938, during the worst Spanish winter in 20 years. The battle was one of the bloodiest actions of the war, with the city changing hands several times by first falling to the
1414:...." Franco's retaking of Teruel was a bitter blow to the Republic after the high hopes that had been engendered by the city's capture. It also removed the last obstacle to Franco's breakthrough to the
1449:
total of 56,500 casualties for the Nationalists. The Republicans lost a large number of prisoners. Round figures would be Nationalists 57,000 and Republicans 60,000, for a total of about 110,000.
1113:
highway runs up a slight gradient to a pancake-flat plain around the village of Concud, about 3 mi (4.8 km) away. A key position was the ridge to the west of the town known as
1457:
Mathews, Hemingway, Robeson and the British politicians have been mentioned previously, and the battle certainly attracted many other such celebrities. One of them was the Soviet spy
1163:
to defend the town. Teruel's Nationalist garrison numbered between 2,000 and 6,000 according to various estimates. The garrison numbered probably about 4,000, half of them civilians.
333:
525:
1079:
sector on 18 December and so the Republicans wanted to divert the Nationalists away from the Madrid area. The Republic, therefore, started the battle on 15 December.
1402:. One anarchist observer reported, "Notwithstanding lavish expenditures of money on this need, our industrial organization was not able to finish a single kind of
1223:, accompanied the troops entering Teruel. Rey d'Harcourt, the Nationalist commander, pulled his remaining defenders back to an area in which he could make a
1276:
Franco continued to pour in men and machines, and the tide of the battle slowly started to turn. However, the Republicans pressed home their siege, and by
432:
326:
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and Alfambra rivers. It is surrounded by a geological potpourri of scragged gorges, tooth-shaped peaks and twisted ridge fingers. West of the town, the
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territory inserted into Republican Spain, and its capture would shorten the lines of communication between central Republican Spain and
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49:
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1273:. The Nationalists suffered the most, as they did not have warm clothing. Many amputations were performed to remove frostbitten limbs.
1053:
on the coast. Teruel was surrounded on three sides by Republican Spain. In addition, Teruel was a symbol of Nationalist power on the
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1026:
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Province and reached the sea. By April 19, 1938, they controlled 60 km of coastline and so divided the Republic into two.
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1264:, a supreme effort allowed the Nationalists to be on the La Muela Heights and actually to break into the town and to take the
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1097:, had a population of 20,000 and was the remote capital of a poor province. It had been fortified in 1170 to buffer the
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154:
1341:. That was a weak area since most Republican forces had been concentrated to the south around Teruel itself. A massive
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808:
721:
1101:. In 1937, it served essentially the same purpose by separating the Republicans in Valencia from the Nationalists in
1071:
from their workers. Lastly, Republican intelligence learned that Franco intended to start a major offensive against
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2190:
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616:
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1390:. Franco had the edge on resupply, as the Nationalists now controlled the efficiently run industrial might in the
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1134:
862:
762:
728:
635:
373:
143:
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947:
840:
820:
798:
767:
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1472:) were riding. Philby was the only survivor. Franco personally decorated Philby, who was greatly exhilarated.
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1038:
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1117:(Teruel's Tooth). Teruel's defensive position was much improved by previously prepared trenches and
1431:
1304:
1231:, the Nationalists still occupied a cluster of four key points: the Civil Governor's Building, the
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1967:
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221:
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665:
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269:
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1345:, one of the last in the history of warfare (there were one or two exceptions near the
1342:
1318:
1249:
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232:
1369:
The Nationalists found 10,000 Republican corpses in Teruel after the battle was over.
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2059:
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1257:
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Lister's Republican division attacked Teruel without any preliminary aerial or
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1437:
1399:
1248:
counterattack began on schedule on December 29, with the experienced Generals
1224:
1003:
2151:
2138:
1732:
Between the Bullet and the Lie, American Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
1463:
1383:
1270:
1181:
1143:
against Teruel to be an all-Spanish operation without the assistance of the
1110:
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995:
1013:
regained Teruel. This battle became the military turning point of the war.
1395:
1377:
The Battle of Teruel exhausted the resources of the Republican Army. The
1265:
1186:
1160:
1102:
1030:
715:
1147:. Among his commanders was the trustworthy and able communist commander
1502:
List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
1236:
1507:
List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
1427:
1411:
1094:
1088:
1072:
1054:
978:
79:
75:
311:
1337:
but gains were temporary. Finally, on 7 February, the Nationalists
1403:
1170:
1151:
and so Saravia chose Lister's division to lead the first assault.
1020:
260:
249:
238:
227:
216:
119:
2130:(1939) International Center of Photography. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
1009:
With his superiority in men and material, the Nationalist leader
1025:
Spain in 1937 just before the Battle of Teruel. Note the Teruel
1302:
sang for them on Christmas Eve with a repertoire that included
1185:
and, by December 17, had given up trying to keep a foothold on
1002:. In the two-month battle, both factions together took 110,000
994:. In the course of the fighting, Teruel was subjected to heavy
315:
1121:
because of its position protruding into Republican territory.
1490:), a 1937 novel by André Malraux which deals with the battle
1201:, to be won by the force of arms and by foreign assistance.
2045:
The Butchers Embrace, The Philby Conspirators in Washington
1942:
Prisoners of the Good Fight, The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39
1794:
1792:
1209:
By December 21, the Republican forces were in the town.
1033:. Blue is Nationalist Spain and Red is Republican Spain.
1645:
The Spanish Civil War, an Illustrated Chronicle 1936-39
1528:(part of the Documentary History Series) (1973), p. 95.
1394:. The Republican government, however, had to leave the
1824:
1822:
1773:
1771:
1285:, at his side. Teruel had fallen to the Republicans.
1570:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 399
1329:and future Labour government official and diplomat
2080:, (part of the Documentary History Series) (1973)
2071:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939.
1568:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939.
1955:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939
1920:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939
1696:
1694:
1692:
1630:
1628:
2016:Moment of War, A Memoir of the Spanish Civil War
1717:
1715:
1536:
1534:
34:
1045:was similar to the fingernail on a finger of
327:
8:
2091:Russell, Ramsey, W. "The Battle Of Teruel,"
2064:The battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War.
1931:Hugh Thomas, (1961), pp. 513-515, inclusive.
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1607:The battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War.
1594:The battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War.
1542:The battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War.
1067:in its quest to take over the industries of
2073:Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967
2005:Hugh Thomas (1986) pp. 798-803, inclusive.
1398:industry in Catalonia in the hands of the
334:
320:
312:
31:
2039:
2037:
1461:, who was nominally a correspondent for
1421:Franco wasted little time and began the
526:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza
291:Teruel garrison: 4,000-less than 10,000
1985:The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War
1517:
270:
1227:in the southern part of the town. By
977:was fought in and around the city of
66:December 15, 1937 – February 22, 1938
7:
1816:Peter Wyden, pp. 421-425, inclusive.
1099:warring Moorish and Christian states
990:and eventually being retaken by the
1837:Hugh Thomas, p. 505-507, inclusive.
1622:Penguin Books. London. 2001. p. 773
1609:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 322
1596:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 321
1583:Penguin Books. London. 2001. p. 770
1557:Penguin Books. London. 2001. p. 768
1544:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 316
1498:, a film based on the Malraux novel
54:Republican soldiers at Teruel, 1938
1269:the troops suffered terribly from
25:
1970:, as quoted in Stanley G. Payne,
1807:Hugh Thomas, (1986), pp. 789-790.
2186:Battles of the Spanish Civil War
1909:Hugh Thomas, (1961) pp. 511-514.
1900:Hugh Thomas, (1986) pp. 792-793.
259:
248:
237:
226:
215:
203:
192:
181:
170:
159:
148:
137:
118:
106:
48:
1213:and two journalists, one being
1:
1966:Hugh Purcell, p. 98, Colonel
1205:Republican advances and siege
2124:Battle of Teruel Photographs
2066:Penguin Books. London. 2006.
1765:Hugh Thomas, (1961), p. 505.
1379:Spanish Republican Air Force
1293:Nationalist counteroffensive
1289:Nationalists the besiegers.
1798:Hugh Thomas, (1986), p. 789
1756:Hugh Thomas (1961), p. 505.
1243:Nationalist relief attempts
27:1937 Spain civil war battle
2222:
2201:Military history of Aragon
2047:, (London, 1991), p. 51-2.
1086:
1828:Hugh Thomas, pp. 507-508.
1647:(New York, 1986), p. 149.
1133:was under the command of
353:
297:
278:
155:Enrique Fernández Heredia
130:
99:
58:
47:
39:
1891:Peter Wyden, pp. 433-434
1855:Hugh Thomas, p. 507-508.
1495:Espoir: Sierra de Teruel
1430:, entered Catalonia and
1339:attacked north of Teruel
1333:visited a British unit.
293:Reinforcements: 100,000
1260:covered the attack. By
1256:in command. The German
1131:Spanish Republican Army
2095:(1965) 3#4 pp 334-354.
1972:The Spanish Revolution
1620:The Spanish Civil War.
1581:The Spanish Civil War.
1555:The Spanish Civil War.
1316:British Prime Minister
1177:
1156:Domingo Rey d'Harcourt
1145:International Brigades
1135:Juan Hernández Saravia
1034:
912:Sant Vicenç de Calders
266:Domingo Rey d'Harcourt
144:Juan Hernández Saravia
131:Commanders and leaders
2103:The Spanish Civil War
2078:The Spanish Civil War
2029:The Spanish Civil War
1745:The Spanish Civil War
1684:The Spanish Civil War
1526:The Spanish Civil War
1174:
1087:Further information:
1024:
462:Convoy de la Victoria
404:Cuartel de la Montaña
298:Casualties and losses
1846:Hugh Purcell, p. 96.
1777:Peter Wyden, p. 425.
1634:Hugh Purcell, p. 95.
1093:Teruel, in southern
558:Ciudad Universitaria
2148: /
1996:Carl Geiser, p. 42.
1882:Hugh Thomas, (1986)
1873:Hugh Thomas, p. 508
1864:Hugh Thomas, p. 577
1786:Hugh Thomas, p. 507
1721:Peter Wyden, p. 421
1700:Hugh Thomas, p. 505
1254:José Enrique Varela
433:German intervention
244:José Enrique Varela
91:Nationalist victory
2093:Southern Quarterly
2069:Jackson, Gabriel.
1968:Vicente Rojo Lluch
1661:The Passionate War
1566:Jackson, Gabriel.
1470:Ernest Sheepshanks
1216:The New York Times
1178:
1115:La Muela de Teruel
1035:
1000:aerial bombardment
374:July 1936 uprising
210:Karol Ĺšwierczewski
177:Vicente Rojo Lluch
2196:Conflicts in 1938
2191:Conflicts in 1937
2043:Verne W. Newton,
2018:, (1991), p. 158.
1953:Gabriel Jackson,
1922:, (1965), p. 508.
1918:Gabriel Jackson,
1416:Mediterranean Sea
1331:Philip Noel-Baker
983:Spanish Civil War
968:
967:
419:Cuartel de Loyola
345:Spanish Civil War
310:
309:
125:Nationalist Spain
95:
94:
42:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
2213:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:40.350°N 1.100°W
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2105:(3rd ed. 1986),
2048:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:, (1965), p. 407
1951:
1945:
1944:, (1986), p. 42.
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
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1734:, (1969), p. 197
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1632:
1623:
1616:
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1605:Beevor, Antony.
1603:
1597:
1592:Beevor, Antony.
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1540:Beevor, Antony.
1538:
1529:
1522:
1423:Aragon Offensive
1321:, the left-wing
1305:L'Internationale
1283:Bishop of Teruel
1221:Herbert Matthews
1211:Ernest Hemingway
1199:war of attrition
1191:Francisco Franco
1061:Indalecio Prieto
1011:Francisco Franco
975:Battle of Teruel
654:War in the North
612:3rd Corunna Road
598:2nd Corunna Road
565:1st Corunna Road
492:Sierra Guadalupe
348:
346:
336:
329:
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113:Spanish Republic
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110:
60:
59:
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35:Battle of Teruel
32:
21:
18:Teruel Offensive
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2165:
2156:
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2150:
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2139:
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2135:
2134:
2120:
2076:Purcell, Hugh.
2056:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1917:
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1747:(1986), p. 788.
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1686:(1961), p. 504.
1678:
1667:
1663:(1983), p. 421.
1655:
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1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
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1587:
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1539:
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1523:
1519:
1515:
1478:
1455:
1446:
1375:
1327:Ellen Wilkinson
1308:and ended with
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1245:
1207:
1169:
1127:
1091:
1085:
1019:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:Final offensive
636:Cape Machichaco
366:List of battles
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344:
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340:
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257:
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235:
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224:
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2023:
2015:
2014:Laurie Lee,
2010:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1983:E. H. Carr,
1979:
1971:
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1300:Paul Robeson
1296:
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992:Nationalists
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821:2nd Belchite
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763:1st Belchite
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541:Cape Spartel
516:Monte Pelado
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467:Almendralejo
454:
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290:
284:
199:El Campesino
100:Belligerents
40:Part of the
2155: /
2113:(paperback)
2088:(hardcover)
1730:Cecil Eby,
1680:Hugh Thomas
1657:Peter Wyden
1453:Celebrities
1408:machine gun
1347:Caspian Sea
1325:politician
1195:Guadalajara
1119:barbed wire
1077:Guadalajara
1065:Juan NegrĂn
1047:Nationalist
988:Republicans
981:during the
933:Valsequillo
895:2nd Gandesa
841:1st Gandesa
723:Deutschland
642:Guadalajara
456:Extremadura
2170:Categories
2140:40°21′00″N
2054:References
1483:Man's Hope
1459:Kim Philby
1444:Casualties
1438:Laurie Lee
1400:anarchists
1225:last stand
1125:Combatants
1017:Background
1004:casualties
943:La Garriga
883:2nd MĂ©rida
873:Granollers
836:2nd LĂ©rida
809:Cape Palos
799:Valladolid
778:1st LĂ©rida
773:Sabiñánigo
744:AlbarracĂn
648:Pozoblanco
570:Villarreal
477:1st MĂ©rida
439:Guadarrama
378:Revolution
359:Background
255:Juan YagĂĽe
2143:1°06′00″W
1486:(French:
1464:The Times
1384:Catalonia
1373:Aftermath
1314:. Future
1271:frostbite
1182:artillery
1111:Calatayud
1069:Catalonia
1029:south of
996:artillery
953:Cartagena
927:Catalonia
901:Cantabria
701:El Mazuco
689:Santander
445:Andalusia
1974:, (1970)
1488:L'Espoir
1476:See also
1432:Valencia
1396:armament
1386:and the
1359:Valencia
1266:bullring
1187:La Muela
1161:garrison
1154:Colonel
1103:Zaragoza
1051:Valencia
1039:Republic
1031:Zaragoza
868:Alicante
858:Balaguer
804:Alfambra
757:Zaragoza
695:Asturias
677:Guernica
584:Aceituna
521:Talavera
503:Gipuzkoa
472:SigĂĽenza
279:Strength
71:Location
1388:Levante
1349:during
1237:bayonet
1083:Terrain
1075:in the
1057:front.
1043:salient
1027:salient
948:Minorca
852:Levante
750:Brunete
734:Segovia
729:AlmerĂa
672:Durango
497:CĂłrdoba
487:Majorca
482:Badajoz
450:Alcázar
392:Seville
386:Melilla
306:~57,000
303:~60,000
287:100,000
285:40,000
268: (
82:, Spain
2206:Teruel
2109:
2084:
1428:Aragon
1412:cannon
1323:Labour
1167:Battle
1095:Aragon
1089:Teruel
1073:Madrid
1055:Aragon
979:Teruel
938:XĂ tiva
878:Bielsa
815:Aragon
784:Teruel
739:Huesca
682:Bilbao
666:Biscay
630:Jarama
617:Málaga
591:Lopera
576:Ursula
552:Madrid
546:Seseña
531:Guinea
414:Oviedo
88:Result
80:Aragon
76:Teruel
1513:Notes
1404:rifle
1176:view.
1107:Turia
907:Cabra
846:Segre
831:Caspe
409:GijĂłn
2107:ISBN
2082:ISBN
1252:and
1129:The
1037:The
998:and
973:The
919:1939
889:Ebro
792:1938
710:Jaén
605:1937
509:IrĂşn
426:1936
63:Date
1410:or
1406:or
271:POW
2172::
2126:,
2101:.
2062:.
2036:^
1821:^
1791:^
1770:^
1714:^
1691:^
1682:,
1668:^
1659:,
1627:^
1533:^
1418:.
1239:.
1189:.
1006:.
376:/
78:,
335:e
328:t
321:v
274:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
