260:, however, an exception was made for those words which had become so integrated into Thai that their Sanskrit and Pali roots had been forgotten. For proper Thai words, the system is somewhat similar to the present RTGS, for instance with regards to the differentiation of consonants' initial and final sounds. Some of the major differences are:
352:
As the system was meant to provide an easy reference for the
European who was not familiar with the Thai language, the system aimed at only using a single symbol to represent each distinct sound. Similarly, tones were not marked, as it was felt that the "learned speaker" would be so familiar with the
134:
The ISO standard ISO 11940-2 defines a set of rules to transform the result of ISO 11940 into a simplified transcription. In the process, it rearranges the letters to correspond to Thai pronunciation, but it discards information about vowel length and syllable tone and the distinction between IPA /o/
152:
In 1842, Mission Press in
Bangkok published two pamphlets on transliteration: One for transcribing Greek and Hebrew names into Thai, and the other, "A plan for Romanising the Siamese Language". The principle underlying the transcription scheme was phonetic, i.e. it represented pronunciation, rather
99:
It is based on Thai orthography, and defines a reversible transliteration by means of adding a host of diacritics to the Latin letters. The result bears little resemblance to the pronunciation of the words and is hardly ever seen in public space.
138:
These are not reversible, as they do not indicate tone and underrepresent vowel quality and quantity. Graphemic distinctions between letters for Indic voiced, voiceless, and breathy-voiced consonants have also been neutralised.
248:, published in 1913. The same year, the society published a proposal for "transliterating Siamese words", which had been designed by several of its members working together. The system was dual, in that it separated
368:
word of
Sanskrit or Pali origin, arguing that these should be transliterated in their Indic forms, so as to preserve their etymology. While most of Vajiravudh's criticisms focused on the needs and abilities of
360:, however, was not pleased with the system, contending that when different consonants were used in the final position, it was because they represented different sounds, such that a final -ล would, by an
119:
The Royal Thai System of
Transcription, usually referred to as RTGS uses only unadorned Roman letters to reflect spoken Thai. It does not indicate tone and vowel length. Furthermore it merges
76:
In practice, often non-standard and inconsistent romanizations are used, especially for proper nouns and personal names. This is reflected, for example, in the name
837:
401:
51:
513:
111:, in the version published by his student Uraisi Varasarin. In this system, the same transliteration is proposed for Thai and Khmer whenever possible.
546:
69:
defines a simplified transcription reflecting the spoken language. It is almost identical to RTGS. Libraries in
English-speaking countries use the
832:
675:
480:
738:
583:
104:
620:
649:
430:
710:
244:. Numerous schemes were created by its individual members and published in its journal, including one tentative scheme by King
120:
447:
1022:
65:
is a transliteration system, preserving all aspects of written Thai adding diacritics to the Roman letters. Its extension
683:
657:
628:
608:
591:
55:
47:
84:
root. Language learning books often use their own proprietary systems, none of which are used in Thai public space.
966:
956:
951:
911:
869:
849:
731:
946:
941:
884:
854:
776:
257:
921:
896:
844:
807:
961:
879:
874:
827:
822:
812:
981:
931:
906:
864:
802:
996:
926:
901:
817:
766:
724:
364:
speaker, be pronounced differently from a final -น. He also opposed using a phonetic Thai spelling for
274:
the consonant, so that ข and ค would both be transliterated as k῾ (whereas RTGS transliterates them as
77:
676:"Notification of the Royal Institute concerning the Transcription of Thai Characters into the Roman"
58:. It is based on spoken Thai, but disregards tone, vowel length and a few minor sound distinctions.
1001:
936:
916:
761:
396:
201:
70:
282:
164:, where Thai script had two different vowel signs for the vowel sounds: อิ was transliterated as
108:
781:
426:
706:
609:"Romanization, Transliteration, and Transcription for the Globalization of the Thai Language"
547:"Notes on the proposed system for the Transliteration of Siamese words into Roman Characters"
859:
971:
43:
797:
976:
889:
353:
Thai script, as to not need a transliteration scheme to find the proper pronunciation.
266:
1016:
771:
35:
17:
747:
633:
241:
237:
181:
157:
39:
31:
377:
to indicate aspiration, as it would mean "absolutely nothing to the lay reader".
96:, was devised with transliteration in academic context as one of its main goals.
391:
161:
66:
991:
357:
288:
The vowels อึ and อื (/ɯ/ and /ɯː/) would be transliterated using an umlauted
205:
153:
than etymology, but also maintained some of the features of Thai orthography.
172:. The exception to this rule was the signs for /ɯ/: อึ was transliterated as
386:
93:
62:
318:
When ะ indicates a shortened vowel, it would be indicated with the letter
249:
81:
245:
131:. This system is widely used in Thailand, especially for road signs.
329:
The vowel ออ /ɔː/, would be distinguished from โอ with a superscript
337:. Its corresponding short form เอาะ /ɔ/, would be transliterated as
240:
was discussing a uniform way in which to transliterate Thai using
80:, which is spelled based on direct transliteration of the name's
253:
720:
716:
184:
was used to indicate other vowels: /ɔ/ was transliterated as
423:
Les éléments khmers dans la formation de la langue siamoise
180:. The various signs for /ɤ/, were transliterated as ë. The
514:"Proposed system for the transliteration of Siamese Words"
256:
loans, which were to be transliterated according to the
192:. ะ was transliterated with a hyphen, so that กะ became
790:
754:
27:
Representation of the Thai language in Latin script
650:"Further Documents on the Romanization of Siamese"
613:The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand, 31
220:/pʰ/. This included separating the affricates จ
661:. JSS Vol. 28.1d (digital). Siam Heritage Trust
687:. JSS Vol. 33.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust
285:to the corresponding sign for the short vowel.
54:(RTGS)—the official scheme promulgated by the
732:
8:
739:
725:
717:
402:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
52:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
50:. The most seen system in public space is
584:"Some Suggestions for Romanizing Siamese"
344:The vowel เออ would be transliterated as
322:, so that แอะ would be transliterated as
307:The vowel แอ would be transliterated as
595:. JSS Vol. 3.2b (digital). Siam Society
413:
281:Long vowels were indicated by adding a
232:Proposed system by the Siamese society
707:Automatic Thai Romanization generator
105:Cœdès system for Thai transliteration
7:
755:By publisher (for several languages)
311:, whereas RTGS transliterates it as
38:, i.e. representing the language in
481:"The Romanisation of Siamese Words"
156:Several diacritics were used: The
25:
176:, while อื was transliterated as
168:, while อี was transliterated as
425:. Paris: SELAF. pp. 60–62.
264:Aspiration would be marked with
204:were indicated by the use of an
148:American missionary romanization
621:"Method for Romanizing Siamese"
373:, he argued against the use of
121:International Phonetic Alphabet
30:There are many systems for the
1:
791:By language or writing system
709:(including RTGS, ALA-LC and
127:and IPA /tɕ/ and /tɕʰ/ into
684:Journal of the Siam Society
658:Journal of the Siam Society
632:. JSS Vol. 9.3b (digital).
629:Journal of the Siam Society
592:Journal of the Siam Society
554:Journal of the Siam Society
521:Journal of the Siam Society
488:Journal of the Siam Society
455:Journal of the Siam Society
448:"The Romanizing of Siamese"
92:An international standard,
61:The international standard
42:. These include systems of
1039:
648:Seidenfaden, Erik (1935).
512:Oscar Frankfurter (1913).
446:Oscar Frankfurter (1904).
421:Varasarin, Uraisi (1984).
619:Petithugueni, P. (1912).
607:Kanchanawan, N. (2006).
582:Frankfurter, O. (1906).
545:King Vajiravudh (1913).
123:(IPA) /o/ and /ɔ/ into
713:) at thai-language.com
300:(the macron is placed
103:Some scholars use the
160:was used to indicate
1023:Romanization of Thai
236:For many years, the
202:Aspirated consonants
78:Suvarnabhumi Airport
56:Royal Thai Institute
18:Thai transliteration
479:Vajiravudh (1913).
397:Romanization of Lao
188:, while /ɛ/ became
71:ALA-LC Romanization
674:Anonymous (1941).
129:⟨ch⟩
1010:
1009:
196:, and แกะ became
125:⟨o⟩
16:(Redirected from
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371:learned readers
292:, respectively
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88:Transliteration
44:transliteration
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615:(3), 832-841.
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115:Transcription
114:
112:
110:
109:Georges Cœdès
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101:
97:
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:transcription
45:
41:
37:
36:Thai language
33:
19:
986:
838:in Singapore
748:Romanization
689:. Retrieved
682:
663:. Retrieved
656:
639:September 7,
637:. Retrieved
634:Siam Society
627:
612:
599:September 7,
597:. Retrieved
590:
562:. Retrieved
557:
553:
540:
529:. Retrieved
524:
520:
507:
496:. Retrieved
491:
487:
474:
463:. Retrieved
458:
454:
441:
422:
416:
374:
370:
365:
361:
355:
351:
345:
338:
334:
330:
323:
319:
312:
308:
304:the umlaut).
301:
297:
293:
289:
275:
271:
265:
242:Latin script
238:Siam Society
235:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:grave accent
177:
173:
169:
165:
158:acute accent
155:
151:
137:
133:
118:
102:
98:
91:
75:
60:
40:Latin script
32:romanization
29:
392:ISO 11940-2
224:/tɕ/ and ช
162:long vowels
107:defined by
67:ISO 11940-2
1002:Vietnamese
870:Macedonian
850:Belarusian
564:2012-07-06
531:2012-07-06
498:2012-07-06
465:2012-07-06
408:References
358:Vajiravudh
216:/p/ and พ
206:apostrophe
947:Maldivian
942:Malayalam
917:Inuktitut
885:Ukrainian
855:Bulgarian
833:in Taiwan
387:ISO 11940
135:and /ɔ/.
94:ISO 11940
63:ISO 11940
1017:Category
967:Sanskrit
922:Japanese
897:Georgian
845:Cyrillic
808:Armenian
767:BGN/PCGN
381:See also
362:educated
250:Sanskrit
82:Sanskrit
977:Tibetan
962:Persian
952:Marathi
880:Serbian
875:Russian
828:Chinese
823:Burmese
813:Bengali
798:Amharic
270:placed
246:Rama VI
228:/tɕʰ/.
212:/b/, ป
143:History
34:of the
997:Uyghur
982:Telugu
972:Syriac
957:Nepali
932:Korean
907:Hebrew
865:Kyrgyz
860:Kazakh
818:Berber
803:Arabic
762:ALA-LC
429:
283:macron
46:, and
927:Khmer
912:Hindi
902:Greek
890:Uzbek
679:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
550:(PDF)
517:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
451:(PDF)
356:King
302:above
272:after
992:Urdu
987:Thai
782:Yale
772:GOST
693:2013
667:2013
641:2013
601:2013
427:ISBN
296:and
254:Pali
252:and
208:: บ
937:Lao
777:ISO
711:IPA
560:(4)
527:(4)
494:(4)
461:(1)
366:any
226:ch’
198:kè-
194:ka-
1019::
681:.
655:.
626:.
611:.
589:.
558:10
556:.
552:.
525:10
523:.
519:.
490:.
486:.
457:.
453:.
339:ǒḥ
333::
324:ëḥ
313:ae
278:).
276:kh
222:ch
218:p’
200:.
73:.
740:e
733:t
726:v
695:.
669:.
643:.
603:.
567:.
534:.
501:.
492:9
468:.
459:4
435:.
348:.
346:ö
341:.
335:ǒ
331:v
326:.
320:ḥ
315:.
309:ë
298:ǖ
294:ü
290:u
214:p
210:b
190:è
186:ò
178:ü
174:ŭ
170:í
166:i
20:)
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