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computer power could increase by millions of times beyond the 1990 level. If these trends continue, Kurzweil argues, we will see a "translating telephone" by 2010, intelligent assistants by the mid-1990s, and a "completely driverless car" by "well into the first half" of the 21st century. He anticipates we will prove our identity by finger and voice prints and that artificial people will be present as holograms or robots.
473:. Kurzweil says robotics is where all AI technologies are used: "vision, pattern recognition, knowledge engineering, decision-making, natural-language understanding and others". He explains how robots are increasingly successful in structured environments like factories, and predicts that "effective robotic servants in the home will probably not appear until early next century".
27:
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to laser and particle beam weapons, and planes without human pilots. Medicine will entail computer diagnosticians, coordinated data banks of patient histories, realistic simulations for drug designers, and robotically assisted surgery. This leaves humans open to do research, organize knowledge and administer "comfort and caring".
403:, however, has proven much more difficult for computers to play well. He considers go to be a "level 3" problem, the type of problem where there is no single unifying formula which solves it. Then Kurzweil reveals that pattern recognition, which is crucial to artificial intelligence, is also a level 3 problem.
529:
and explains that "sometime between 2020 and 2070" the test will be passed to such a degree that "no reasonable person familiar with the field" will question the result. Even as artificial intelligence replaces whole industries, Kurzweil insists there will still be a net gain of jobs. He says fields
541:
As far as education
Kurzweil feels children will have portable computers on which to run "intelligent and entertaining courseware". Papers, exams, electronic mail and even "love notes" will be sent over wireless networks. All the advanced capability will alter the domain of warfare as well, leading
545:
Handicapped individuals will be greatly assisted by the advancing technology with reading machines, hearing machines, and robotic exoskeletons. Kurzweil believes the prejudice the handicapped now suffer will abate with their new abilities. Kurzweil concludes the book by explaining that all of these
612:
wrote that
Kurzweil is "clear, current and informative" when writing about areas he has worked directly in, but "sloppy and vague" when talking about philosophy, logic and psychology. Of the prediction for a "translating telephone" by the first decade of the 21st century, Garfield says Kurzweil
509:
Kurzweil explains that the "functionality per unit cost" in the computer industry has been increasing exponentially for decades. He says computer memory costs one one-hundred millionth of what it did in 1950, for example. Kurzweil admits exponential trends do not last forever, but is convinced
334:
The field of artificial intelligence presupposes that the human brain is a machine, and that an alternative implementation could be built, as a computer program, which would have the same faculties as the real thing. Kurzweil traces the philosophical underpinnings of this tenet, as well as the
330:
only "infinitesimally greater than zero". He penalizes evolution for the extremely long time it takes to create its designs. The human brain operates much more quickly, evidenced by the rate of progress in the last few thousand years, so the brain is more intelligent than its creator. Kurzweil
435:
Kurzweil estimates that the human vision system does the equivalent of 100 trillion multiplications per second where "a typical personal computer" of the day could only do 100,000 multiplications per second. The way out of this dilemma is parallel processing, having millions or billions of
314:
Kurzweil starts by trying to define artificial intelligence. He leans towards Marvin Minsky's "moving frontier" formulation: "the study of computer problems which have not yet been solved". Then he struggles with defining intelligence itself and concludes "there appears to be no
446:
Facts alone do not constitute knowledge. For information to become knowledge, it must incorporate the relationships between ideas. And for the knowledge to be useful, the links describing how concepts interact must be easily accessed, updated, and manipulated.
331:
concludes from this that there is no theoretical reason why the human brain cannot create something more intelligent than itself, and suggests "a sufficient number of decades or centuries into the future" humans will in fact be surpassed by their creations.
642:, calls the book "a rich assemblage of glittering parts, rather awkwardly joined". She points out that Kurzweil really cannot define artificial intelligence, the subject of the book, because he cannot define intelligence. Instead he relies on the
432:'s society of neurons are useful models. Kurzweil differentiates logical thinking from pattern recognition, and explains that AI has had much more trouble with pattern recognition, exemplified by efforts to create artificial vision.
530:
like "communication, teaching, learning, selling, strategic-decision making and innovation" will continue to be staffed by humans. At work he predicts people will use electronic documents that will be a "web of relationships" like
546:
advances will challenge us; as computers do ever more tasks that used to be our sole domain, as our intelligence is rivaled and then eclipsed by machines, he feels we will need to figure out what makes us human.
494:
and
Charles Bangert. He briefly mentions artificial life, shows a number of computer generated fractals, and writes that "the role of the computer is not to displace human creativity but rather to amplify it."
240:
Driven by the exponential improvements in computer power, Kurzweil believes artificial intelligence will be possible and then commonplace. He explains how it will impact all areas of people's lives, including
436:
simultaneous processes all computing at the same time, something
Kurzweil felt would happen in the future. Kurzweil also discusses speech recognition, which like vision requires complex pattern recognition.
646:
and on Marvin Minsky's notion of intelligence as a moving horizon of unsolved problems. Strauss feels
Kurzweil does not consider the cultural and societal implications of his futuristic visions.
1389:
633:
is "a tour de force history of artificial intelligence" yet laments that "although the book is orderly, it is not organized" and complains that "details are missing throughout".
598:. The book closes with a "chronology" listing events from the age of the dinosaurs to the year 2070, fifty pages of end notes and suggested readings, a glossary and an index.
465:
in medicine, insurance and one for garage mechanics. Knowledge is expressed by language and
Kurzweil discusses the state of language understanding including projects such as
269:, and Kurzweil Applied Intelligence. The companies developed and sold reading machines for the blind, music synthesizers, and speech recognition software respectively.
399:
Kurzweil discusses how computers play chess in detail, building to his prediction that "we will see a world champion by the year 2000". The
Chinese strategy game of
265:
Ray
Kurzweil is an inventor and serial entrepreneur. In 1990 when this book was published he had already started three companies: Kurzweil Computer Products,
486:
he discusses the relationship between artificial intelligence and the production of music and visual art by computers. He includes the freehand drawings of
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638:
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In addition to pattern recognition, representative knowledge is also an important aspect of intelligence. Kurzweil details several types of
418:, finally explaining that intelligence is a hierarchy of heterogeneous processes "communicating and influencing each other". He believes
163:
257:. As computers acquire human level faculties Kurzweil says people will be challenged to figure out what it really means to be human.
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101:
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Sprinkled throughout the book are 23 essays, 4 of them by
Kurzweil himself and 19 others by invited authors: Margaret Litvin,
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182:. The format is a combination of monograph and anthology with contributed essays by artificial intelligence experts such as
625:
476:
As a high school student
Kurzweil built a computer which could compose music and demonstrated it on the national TV show
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opposing view that properties such as consciousness and free will are unique to the human mind. Kurzweil starts with
1369:
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237:, are two key components of intelligence. Kurzweil details how quickly computers are advancing in each domain.
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are both featured centrally in the book as examples of pattern recognition problems. After the publication of
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calls it an "impressive volume" which is "handsomely illustrated" and "a feast for the mind and eye"., while
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definition of intelligence that is satisfactory to most observers". That leads to a discussion about whether
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359:. Kurzweil also presents the mathematical roots of artificial intelligence including contributions by
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suggests that humans should be able to build something more intelligent than themselves. He believes
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is introduced as a way to gauge whether the field of artificial intelligence has succeeded or not.
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Kurzweil believes evolution proves humans can create a technology more intelligent than themselves.
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overlooks "the mammoth difficulties that confront anyone who tries to accomplish such a task".
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roots of artificial intelligence, starting with the assumption that a sufficiently advanced
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Strauss, Linda. "Book Reviews: The Age of Intelligent Machines by Raymond Kurzweil".
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Kurzweil traces various ways of doing pattern recognition, from the rise and fall of
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Colin, Johnson (1998-12-28). "Era of Smart People is Dawning".
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Kurzweil concludes that evolution is intelligent, but with an
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281:he expanded on its ideas with two follow-on books:
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217:. Kurzweil argues the creation of humans through
323:, the process, could be considered intelligent.
1390:Non-fiction books about Artificial intelligence
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391:It is much harder to program computers to play
168:Most Outstanding Computer Science Book of 1990
8:
574:, Edward Feigenbaum, Jeff Pepper, K. Fuchi,
273:, which he used in the reading machine, and
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1232:"Trying to Make Computers More Like Humans"
517:Kurzweil believes computers will pass the
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1259:Science, Technology, & Human Values
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639:Science, Technology, & Human Values
943:"2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal"
16:1990 non-fiction book by Ray Kurzweil
7:
1230:Simson, Garfinkel (2 October 1990).
525:Kurzweil goes into detail about the
1175:Garfield, Jay (9 September 1990).
738:"Ray Kurzweil: Inventor, futurist"
582:, Charles Ames, Michael Lebowitz,
164:Association of American Publishers
162:. This was his first book and the
14:
1202:"The Age of Intelligent Machines"
505:Predictions made by Ray Kurzweil
20:The Age of Intelligent Machines
1300:The Age of Intelligent Machines
631:The Age of Intelligent Machines
538:instead of linear like a book.
484:The Age of Intelligent Machines
454:The Age of Intelligent Machines
279:The Age of Intelligent Machines
148:The Age of Intelligent Machines
1:
1236:The Christian Science Monitor
690:"A Biography of Ray Kurzweil"
626:The Christian Science Monitor
383:Chess and pattern recognition
284:The Age of Spiritual Machines
271:Optical character recognition
179:The Christian Science Monitor
137:The Age of Spiritual Machines
1304:, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1208:. 1991-03-01. Archived from
941:Grossman, Lev (2011-02-10).
664:Electronic Engineering Times
151:is a non-fiction book about
1266:(3, Summer 1992): 396–401.
636:Linda Strauss, writing for
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1272:10.1177/016224399201700310
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490:as well as plotter art by
213:could exhibit human-level
1177:"Machine See, Machine Do"
24:
231:knowledge representation
1334:The Ray Kurzweil Reader
692:. Kurzweil Technologies
586:and Christopher Owens,
339:and touches quickly on
290:The Singularity is Near
153:artificial intelligence
1355:1990 non-fiction books
1296:Kurzweil, Ray (1990),
522:
449:
396:
393:the Chinese game of go
311:
302:Definition and history
267:Kurzweil Music Systems
1380:Books about cognition
1350:Books by Ray Kurzweil
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390:
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287:and the best selling
225:, as demonstrated by
197:Kurzweil surveys the
170:. It was reviewed in
606:Jay Garfield in the
558:, Mitchell Waldrop,
1375:Transhumanist books
1165:, pp. 553–565.
1153:, pp. 541–552.
1141:, pp. 485–439.
1129:, pp. 464–483.
1009:, pp. 405–414.
895:, pp. 292–302.
847:, pp. 139–145.
835:, pp. 138–139.
811:, pp. 103–117.
727:, pp. 263–271.
712:, pp. 238–247.
223:pattern recognition
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1181:The New York Times
1117:, pp. VII–XI.
568:Douglas Hofstadter
562:, Blaine Mathieu,
523:
397:
312:
275:speech recognition
188:Douglas Hofstadter
173:The New York Times
799:, pp. 23–39.
479:I've Got a Secret
440:Knowledge and art
395:than it is chess.
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72:Publication place
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1370:Technology books
1365:Futurology books
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211:computer program
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132:Followed by
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63:Publication date
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564:Seymour Papert
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467:Terry Winograd
463:expert systems
452:Ray Kurzweil,
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416:decision trees
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