796:, plundering, razing the villages and killing all men encountered. Flaminius, in charge of the nearest Roman army, set off in pursuit. Hannibal arranged an ambush on the north shore of Lake Trasimene and trapped the Romans. With the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly in poor visibility, there was no chance for the Romans to form even a rudimentary fighting line and they were defeated after three hours of hard fighting. The trap failed to enclose the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who escaped; later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered. Thus nearly all 25,000 Romans in Flaminius's army were killed or captured. This destruction of an entire army as a result of an ambush by another army is widely considered a unique occurrence. Several days later the Carthaginians wiped out the entire cavalry force of the second Roman army, who were not yet aware of the earlier disaster.
845:
1382:
these signals on their flank and to their rear, but could not see their enemy, which caused confusion. It would have taken several hours for the Romans to convert their formation into a battle array, even if they had known which direction to face. As it was, with the
Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly with poor visibility, there was no chance to form even a rudimentary fighting line. Some Romans fled while others clustered into groups of various sizes, ready to engage the enemy on all sides. The fugitives and many of the impromptu Roman groups were rapidly cut down or captured. Other groups of Romans put up a stiff fight, especially in the centre, where the attacking Gauls suffered heavy casualties before beating down the trapped Romans after three hours of heavy combat.
1357:
subsequent unreadiness for battle. As
Flaminius was expecting battle, the Romans probably marched in three parallel columns, which was their habit before a battle as this was relatively quicker to manoeuvre into a battle line compared with a single line of march. This swiftness was relative, as forming an army up in battle order was a complicated affair which would take several hours under any circumstances. The Romans would have had a screen of light infantry out to their front and, to a lesser extent, their flank, as skirmishing was usual before a battle with the armies' respective light troops shielding their close-order colleagues while they formed up. Flaminius did not send out cavalry scouts to make a more distant reconnaissance; Roman armies of the time rarely did so.
957:
1091:
1366:
59:
1157:
6618:
6484:
5643:
5576:
5445:
4828:
4430:
1411:
1335:
698:
1353:
The
Carthaginians avoided both of these and took up positions on the reverse slopes of the hills. The Carthaginian cavalry were positioned furthest to the west, the north-Italian Gallic infantry to their east and the experienced African and Iberian infantry furthest east, relatively close to their camp. Modern historians place the bulk of the many Carthaginian light infantry either around the defile and its mouth or as reinforcing the Gauls in the centre of the Carthaginian line.
3479:
1297:; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-order shock cavalry (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat. Both Iberia and Gaul provided experienced infantry: unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. Most of the African infantry would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a
1327:
3859:
1270:
1449:, to the Adriatic coast, continuing their devastation and plundering of the territory they crossed and the killing of any adult men captured; the Gauls were especially brutal in this respect. Contemporary reports claim that the Carthaginian soldiers accumulated so much booty that they had to cease looting because they could not carry any more. The army then marched south into
705:
1112:), plundering the countryside, looting the plentiful stocks of food, razing the villages and small towns, and killing out of hand all adult men encountered. Hannibal learned that one Roman army was at Arretium and was eager to bring it to battle, before it could be reinforced: Hannibal surmised the Romans would have another army on the east coast.
1313:
reinforced by local Gauls. In 216 BC, the
Carthaginians, not having been reinforced since crossing the Apennines, had 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. It is usually assumed that more than 50,000 fought at Lake Trasimene. In any event, the Carthaginian army was considerably larger than the Roman.
1440:
The Roman prisoners were badly treated by the
Carthaginians, but the captured Latin allies were treated well and many were freed and sent back to their cities in the hope that they would speak highly of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their own treatment. Hannibal hoped some of these allies could
1253:
and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies, but sometimes consisted of two Roman and two allied legions. Allied legions had a larger attached complement of
1119:
points out that as they passed through territory devastated by the
Carthaginians, there would have been a feeling of military failure and humiliation – the army existed to protect its homeland – and that the small farmers of the legions and their landowner officers would
1356:
On the morning of 21 June the Romans set off very early and marched eastward along the northern edge of the lake. Ancient accounts state that a thick morning mist near the lake limited visibility, but some modern historians have suggested this was either invented or exaggerated to excuse the Romans'
1352:
Once it was dark, Hannibal sent the components of his army on night marches behind the hills to the north of the lake to take up positions from which they could ambush the Roman army. Night marches are notoriously difficult and often result in units becoming lost in the dark or alerting their enemy.
1534:
notes that "It is the only instance in history of lying in ambush with the whole of a large army". Historian Robert O'Connell writes that it was "the only time an entire large army was effectively swallowed and destroyed by such a maneuver." The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Battle of
1401:
on the promise of being disarmed and freed; "with a garment apiece" according to Livy. Hannibal disapproved and only applied this to the allied captives, while selling the Romans into slavery. Many of the
Carthaginian infantry, especially the Libyans, equipped themselves with captured Roman armour.
1381:
The leading Romans made contact with the most easterly of the
Carthaginians, probably some of the African or Iberian close-order infantry and the signal was given for all of the Carthaginians to advance, possibly by the sounding of trumpets. According to some ancient accounts, the Romans could hear
1396:
The trap failed to close on the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who were possibly also those most prepared for battle, and they pushed their way out of the defile against little opposition. Realising that they could not affect the battle behind them, they marched on. Later in the day they
1427:
The second Roman army, originally positioned on the
Adriatic coast and commanded by Gnaeus Geminus, had been marching west, intending to join up with Flaminius. Unaware that the destruction of Flaminius's army had left the Carthaginians able to manoeuvre freely, Geminus's entire cavalry force of
1312:
The numbers fielded by the
Carthaginians are not known, but an approximation can be made. Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, and had fought at the Trebia in December 218 BC with 31,000 and 11,000 respectively. In the wake of this victory, he was further heavily
1086:
coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul. In spite of their losses, the Romans fielded twenty-two legions in 217 BC, ten more than in 218 BC. The Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul
1598:
If the Romans had been in a single column, it would have stretched for more than 8 kilometres (5 mi) along the lake shore, probably much more. This is not compatible with ancient accounts of the battle and it is difficult to see how the whole army could have been enveloped under these
1424:, 15,000 were killed and 10,000 scattered. The usually reliable Polybius has 15,000 killed and most of the rest captured. Polybius reports losses of 1,500 killed for the Carthaginians, most of them Gauls; Livy gives 2,500 killed on the day and "many" who subsequently died of their wounds.
1349:. To the north of the road were a range of low hills that came closer to the lake towards the east, steadily reducing the open ground between them and the lake. The Carthaginians made camp where the hills were closest to the lake, near the defile. This was clearly visible to the Romans.
1479:" of avoiding pitched conflict, relying instead on low-level harassment to wear the invader down while Rome rebuilt its military strength. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year, until the Romans ended the dictatorship and elected
1081:
in preparation for marching north later in the year. Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the
1428:
4,000 was scouting ahead when it was surprised by the Carthaginians a few days after Trasimene. Nearly 2,000 were killed in the first clash; the balance were surrounded and captured the next day. Geminus withdrew his infantry back to Ariminum (modern
1198:
providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard
1393:. The trapped portion of the Roman army collapsed. Men attempted to swim across the lake and drowned; others waded out until the water was up to their necks and the Carthaginian cavalrymen swam their horses out to chop at their exposed heads.
2853:
990: – the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia – in Cisalpine Gaul. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance.
944:(modern northern Italy), antagonised by the founding of several Roman settlements on traditionally Gallic territory, attacked the Romans, capturing several towns and repeatedly ambushing a Roman relief force. The
1120:
have taken this despoliation as an intense provocation. The Romans gained the impression, possibly fostered by Hannibal, that the Carthaginians were fleeing south before them; according to the ancient historian
1344:
The shoreline has changed since, but at the time of the battle, the road led along the north shore of the lake then turned south, still along the lakeshore, before climbing away from the lake through a
1389:, who otherwise paints a poor picture of Flaminius, recorded two centuries later that he was active and valiant in attempting to rally his army and organise a defence before being cut down by a Gaul,
1254:
cavalry than Roman ones. At Lake Trasimene, the Romans fielded four legions – two Roman and two made up of allies – for a total of approximately 25,000 men.
248:
1530:, Hannibal planned and executed "the greatest ambush in history". The ambush and destruction of one army by another is widely considered a unique occurrence. Military historian
5833:
1502:, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the
1217:; they carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield. The balance were equipped as
5838:
5151:
5099:
1420:
The ancient sources are unclear as to the fate of the approximately 25,000 Romans known to have been engaged. According to the contemporary annalist and senator
6671:
792:, but were surprised when a Carthaginian army more than 50,000 strong crossed the range by a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into
1053:
were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both from Rome and its
5843:
3904:
3337:
6386:
6366:
1018:
241:
105:
844:
6454:
6641:
5632:
3500:
1572:"Shock" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before or immediately upon contact.
994:
6042:
5536:
3540:
1480:
816:
1285:
Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many would be from North Africa – these were frequently referred to as
697:
6376:
5627:
5499:
5903:
3418:
3292:
3270:
3251:
3232:
3213:
3191:
3172:
3121:
3098:
3075:
3052:
3029:
3008:
2986:
2967:
2948:
2922:
2896:
2873:
2842:
234:
1535:
Lake Trasimene as one of the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war, the others being
1495:
describes this as "Rome's greatest military disaster". Subsequently, the Carthaginians campaigned in southern Italy for a further 13 years.
1115:
Once he learned that he had been bypassed, Flaminius, the commander of the Roman army at Arretium, set off in pursuit. The modern historian
870:. The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated. Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general
6324:
3423:
3438:
6666:
6371:
5514:
3844:
3649:
1385:
According to Polybius, Flaminius was completely surprised and provided no effective leadership. The openly pro-Roman ancient historian
638:
3569:
3505:
3363:
979:
770:
713:
287:
6381:
5771:
3510:
1468:
808:
1041:
When news of the defeat at the Trebia reached Rome, it caused great alarm. This calmed once Sempronius arrived to preside over the
6406:
6313:
5273:
5484:
6133:
4251:
3897:
3330:
1108:
unopposed, surprising the Romans by taking a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria (modern
1050:
739:
176:
68:
334:
6123:
5530:
3834:
3520:
1150:
1128:, but they closed to less than a day's march behind their opponents. The Carthaginians bypassed the Roman-garrisoned city of
5129:
878:(modern south-east Spain) which he greatly expanded and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by the
6467:
6449:
6097:
3681:
3644:
1506:
kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the
956:
424:
394:
6391:
5988:
5607:
3378:
849:
The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War
314:
5423:
831:
in 216 BC, resulting in a third and even worse disaster for Rome; it was followed by thirteen more years of war.
58:
6661:
6444:
6275:
5821:
5724:
5263:
5022:
4302:
3839:
3726:
3711:
3696:
3676:
883:
489:
464:
444:
419:
3223:Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) . "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
1087:
recognised the Carthaginians as the dominant force and sent plentiful supplies and many recruits to Hannibal's camp.
369:
6656:
6646:
6300:
5563:
5406:
5278:
5168:
5124:
3926:
3890:
3791:
3701:
3323:
670:
566:
454:
1124:, they anticipated an easy victory. The Romans were pursuing so rapidly that they were unable to carry out proper
648:
606:
6533:
6462:
6037:
5893:
5826:
5546:
5052:
4995:
3771:
3559:
3458:
3201:
1492:
623:
601:
404:
3453:
364:
6574:
5786:
5313:
5114:
4845:
4395:
4048:
3913:
3829:
3786:
3564:
1487:
as consuls in 216 BC. These more aggressive commanders offered battle to Hannibal, who accepted and won a
1458:
1090:
1046:
665:
643:
309:
282:
6079:
2958:
Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
556:
494:
384:
74:
429:
6523:
6396:
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6000:
5703:
5494:
5401:
5288:
4923:
4274:
3781:
3706:
3656:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3599:
1250:
660:
449:
399:
389:
359:
339:
329:
3448:
3019:
6561:
6429:
6074:
5883:
5878:
5698:
5541:
5413:
5146:
4576:
4527:
4470:
4415:
4269:
3751:
3731:
3668:
3614:
3525:
3403:
2936:
2861:
1531:
571:
514:
354:
4347:
551:
6552:
6434:
6108:
6084:
5939:
5418:
5376:
5303:
5201:
5186:
5176:
4768:
4647:
4601:
4532:
4497:
3691:
3634:
3463:
1484:
1421:
1365:
1290:
948:
reinforced their army in Cisalpine Gaul while also preparing armies to invade Carthaginian territories.
820:
633:
628:
459:
439:
5749:
4928:
504:
484:
479:
409:
3163:
Lomas, Kathryn (2015) . "Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
561:
379:
6528:
6401:
6341:
6194:
6128:
5971:
5959:
5803:
5612:
5371:
5366:
5268:
5228:
5109:
5032:
4918:
4911:
4465:
3824:
3589:
3584:
3373:
1536:
1263:
1026:
782:
576:
541:
374:
319:
304:
2977:
Fronda, Michael P. (2015) . "Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
1330:
Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.
986:
of the native tribes. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of
6590:
6518:
6346:
6336:
6307:
6175:
6008:
5949:
5519:
5428:
5328:
5318:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5218:
5213:
4990:
4868:
4813:
4738:
4162:
4126:
3863:
3746:
3554:
3309:
1164:
1161:
1042:
918:
875:
727:
618:
509:
5976:
1025:
lured Sempronius and his army out of their camp and onto ground of Hannibal's choosing, where the
921:
in Iberia. A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of
6287:
5944:
5744:
5729:
5524:
5479:
5474:
5323:
4485:
3801:
3721:
3716:
3660:
3604:
3468:
3428:
3398:
3135:
3043:
Koon, Sam (2015) . "Phalanx and Legion: the "Face" of Punic War Battle". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
2996:
1527:
1346:
1116:
1105:
930:
902:
789:
761:
and Carthage early in 218 BC. Hannibal, ruler of the Carthaginian territories in south-east
524:
474:
469:
344:
3478:
1033:
by the Carthaginians, but 10,000 under Sempronius fought their way to the safety of Placentia.
6207:
5868:
5816:
5798:
5739:
5361:
5298:
5293:
5223:
5119:
5079:
5074:
5057:
5027:
4863:
4693:
4637:
4631:
4480:
4457:
4279:
4167:
3776:
3766:
3741:
3736:
3579:
3549:
3515:
3433:
3388:
3368:
3288:
3266:
3247:
3228:
3209:
3187:
3168:
3147:
3117:
3094:
3071:
3048:
3025:
3004:
2982:
2963:
2944:
2918:
2892:
2869:
2838:
1187:
1006:
983:
926:
858:
was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western
596:
581:
519:
499:
299:
277:
6200:
3064:
6513:
6069:
5964:
5708:
5617:
5509:
5338:
5333:
5084:
5067:
5037:
4968:
4743:
4522:
4400:
4327:
4147:
4023:
3870:
3609:
3535:
3443:
3280:
3155:
3127:
3081:
3035:
2928:
2879:
1540:
1499:
1488:
1306:
1302:
1278:
1274:
1156:
1022:
1010:
967:
828:
743:
349:
258:
180:
154:
50:
17:
6651:
5929:
5283:
5243:
5181:
4284:
4219:
4073:
3816:
3796:
3761:
3756:
3686:
3624:
3574:
3495:
3393:
3383:
3355:
1476:
1326:
1226:
1061:
and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at
1030:
975:
855:
812:
675:
591:
586:
546:
536:
434:
3140:
2911:
807:
city-states there. News of the defeat caused a panic in Rome and led to the election of
6439:
6235:
6181:
6169:
5954:
5924:
5683:
5622:
5558:
5551:
5356:
5351:
5062:
5015:
4933:
4878:
4606:
4512:
4475:
4322:
4184:
4018:
3806:
3413:
3408:
1507:
1472:
1410:
1218:
1133:
1125:
1002:
941:
871:
862:
in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of
804:
774:
758:
747:
680:
159:
98:
31:
1334:
6635:
6583:
6424:
6294:
6268:
6228:
6221:
6214:
5873:
5808:
5688:
5010:
5005:
4978:
4906:
4803:
4337:
4259:
4172:
4008:
3988:
3951:
3487:
3110:
2906:
2857:
2830:
1286:
1246:
1014:
859:
800:
414:
3283:(2015) . "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
6329:
6019:
6013:
5919:
5914:
5853:
5734:
5089:
4963:
4938:
4890:
4883:
4808:
4723:
4359:
4294:
4152:
4090:
4013:
3971:
1515:
987:
945:
867:
824:
6254:
6606:
6568:
6151:
6090:
5909:
5863:
5848:
5776:
5504:
4983:
4788:
4683:
4490:
4226:
4157:
4063:
3981:
3966:
1514:
BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence, Carthage agreed to a
1066:
910:
1293:
infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting
1269:
6103:
5934:
5793:
5781:
5693:
5191:
4943:
4611:
4586:
4565:
4507:
4369:
4342:
4058:
3938:
3347:
3261:
Rawlings, Louis (2015) . "The War in Italy, 218–203". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
1563:
This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.
1461:
1222:
1208:
914:
777:(northern Italy) later that year. The Romans rushed reinforcements north from
735:
3184:
Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia
3151:
1581:
The Spanish used a heavy throwing spear that the Romans later adopted as the
1467:
The populace of Rome fell into a panic when word of the defeat was received.
1009:. He was soundly beaten and personally wounded. The Romans retreated to near
120:
107:
6113:
6026:
5042:
5000:
4973:
4783:
4728:
4712:
4570:
4410:
4364:
4289:
4264:
4241:
4231:
4085:
4028:
4003:
3315:
1454:
1442:
1238:
1200:
1397:
were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered to a force under
894:
and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.
6261:
6248:
5981:
5134:
4763:
4758:
4708:
4626:
4581:
4502:
4390:
4385:
4354:
4111:
4068:
4033:
3998:
3946:
3244:
The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic
2868:. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80.
1491:, where some 70,000 Romans were killed or captured; the modern historian
1398:
1390:
1191:
1121:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1058:
922:
906:
891:
887:
731:
171:
64:
993:
The Romans went on the attack and the local Roman commander, the consul
788:
The following spring, the Romans positioned an army on each side of the
6546:
5993:
5489:
5381:
5141:
4873:
4778:
4748:
4733:
4703:
4688:
4673:
4668:
4621:
4591:
4314:
4121:
4116:
4053:
3993:
3956:
1503:
1298:
1289: – which provided several types of fighters, including:
1234:
1230:
1204:
1195:
1129:
1109:
1078:
1062:
998:
978:, in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Carthaginian army
925:, well south of the Ebro. In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal
898:
879:
793:
751:
6597:
6242:
6063:
5858:
5602:
5047:
4953:
4798:
4753:
4698:
4663:
4658:
4642:
4616:
4560:
4405:
4332:
4236:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4142:
4043:
3976:
2835:
The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean
1450:
1446:
1429:
1242:
982:
in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the
863:
778:
762:
3882:
2866:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C
226:
5463:
4958:
4948:
4793:
4773:
4718:
4678:
4652:
4596:
4095:
1584:
1409:
1364:
1333:
1294:
1268:
1155:
1089:
1054:
955:
937:
843:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2125:
2123:
4555:
4544:
4214:
4199:
4179:
4080:
3961:
1445:. The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then
1386:
971:
766:
6499:
5658:
5591:
5460:
4843:
4445:
3924:
3886:
3319:
1136:. Hannibal decided this was a suitable spot to turn and fight.
966:
Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern
901:
until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law,
230:
4189:
2569:
2567:
2530:
2528:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2006:
2004:
1021:
was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force.
815:
of avoiding major battles, the next year the Romans elected
827:. These more aggressive commanders engaged Hannibal at the
3112:
Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War
1065:
and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60
1017:
and awaited reinforcement. The Roman army in Sicily under
3265:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 299–319.
3227:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 376–392.
3167:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 339–356.
2455:
2453:
2045:
2043:
1772:
1770:
1104:
BC, probably in early May, the Carthaginians crossed the
803:
in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and
2110:
2108:
2106:
1835:
1833:
3047:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 77–94.
2962:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76.
2889:
Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage
2373:
2371:
1518:
which stripped it of most of its territory and power.
2274:
2272:
1190:
were liable for military service and would serve as
6415:
6357:
6160:
6144:
5892:
5762:
5717:
5676:
5669:
5394:
5200:
5167:
5160:
5098:
4899:
4856:
4543:
4456:
4378:
4313:
4250:
4135:
4104:
3937:
3815:
3534:
3486:
3354:
3093:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3001:
The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–14 BC
1233:. They were divided into three ranks, of which the
886:gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth,
3139:
3109:
3063:
2910:
1453:, in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic
1301:, usually forming two or three lines. Specialist
754:, and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans.
1339:The north shore of Lake Trasimene, from the lake
1132:and on 20 June marched along the north shore of
704:
43:
2891:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword.
1415:A Carthaginian cavalryman, as depicted in 1891
1029:took place. Most of the Romans were killed or
746:. The battle took place on the north shore of
3898:
3331:
3287:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298.
2981:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 242–259.
2813:
2801:
917:as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian
242:
8:
3021:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War
2777:
2085:
2765:
2597:
2573:
2558:
2534:
2519:
2507:
2483:
2471:
2396:
2350:
2326:
2263:
2220:
2196:
2184:
2160:
2141:
2129:
2073:
1995:
1959:
1935:
1875:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1701:
1689:
1617:
1582:
1526:According to the modern military historian
1212:
1167:, which was used by Roman infantry between
6496:
6440:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
6387:International Congress of Maritime Museums
6367:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
5673:
5666:
5655:
5588:
5457:
5164:
4853:
4840:
4453:
4442:
3934:
3921:
3905:
3891:
3883:
3338:
3324:
3316:
2010:
1863:
1761:
1370:An Iberian warrior from a bas-relief made
717:Site of the battle within modern day Italy
249:
235:
227:
40:
6455:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
3186:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
974:in May 218 BC, leaving his brother,
3070:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
2657:
1325:
1281:(famous for the skill of their slingers)
1262:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1149:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1005:against the Carthaginian cavalry at the
6425:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
3091:The First Punic War: A Military History
2729:
2681:
2585:
2459:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2362:
2338:
2302:
2290:
2232:
2208:
2172:
2061:
2049:
2034:
2022:
1983:
1923:
1911:
1887:
1839:
1824:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1713:
1641:
1629:
1610:
1556:
1475:by the Roman Assembly and adopted the "
799:The Carthaginians then marched towards
6377:European Association of Archaeologists
2669:
2645:
2633:
2114:
2097:
1812:
927:besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum
5633:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2913:Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide
2789:
2753:
2741:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2621:
2609:
2546:
2377:
2314:
2244:
1971:
1899:
1851:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1237:also carried two javelins, while the
961:Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy
27:217 BC battle of the Second Punic War
7:
6672:Battles involving the Roman Republic
2495:
2278:
1947:
1069:; and, established supply depots at
6372:Archaeological Institute of America
3116:. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
3066:The Art of War in the Western World
3024:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2943:. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press.
1095:1704 French bust depicting Hannibal
997:, personally led a strong force of
742:on 21 June 217 BC, during the
866:and its surrounding waters and in
25:
6382:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
5772:Coastal defence and fortification
5147:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
4447:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1469:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
809:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
30:For the World War II battle, see
6616:
6482:
6407:Society for American Archaeology
5641:
5574:
5443:
4826:
4428:
3858:
3857:
3477:
811:as dictator. Impatient with his
703:
696:
57:
6642:Battles of the Second Punic War
5839:Phoenician discovery of America
3506:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
3142:Strategy: The Indirect Approach
1181:. The cheek guards are missing.
781:but were badly defeated at the
71:at the Battle of Lake Trasimene
5531:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1151:Roman army of the mid-Republic
890:, military facilities such as
1:
6450:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
5125:Phoenician maritime expansion
3310:Polybius' and Livy's accounts
3285:A Companion to the Punic Wars
3263:A Companion to the Punic Wars
3242:O'Connell, Robert L. (2010).
3225:A Companion to the Punic Wars
3165:A Companion to the Punic Wars
3045:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2979:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2960:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1371:
1175:
1168:
6392:Nautical Archaeology Society
1547:Notes, citations and sources
18:The Battle of Lake Trasimene
6445:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
5822:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
5628:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
5485:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
2917:. Oxford University Press.
1273:Modern interpretation of a
757:War had broken out between
6688:
6667:Battles involving Carthage
6301:Phoenician Ship Expedition
5142:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
5135:Circumnavigation of Africa
3246:. New York: Random House.
3206:Carthage Must be Destroyed
2887:Carey, Brian Todd (2007).
1261:
1165:A Montefortino-type helmet
1148:
765:, marched an army through
29:
6614:
6506:
6495:
6480:
5827:Samothrace temple complex
5665:
5654:
5639:
5598:
5587:
5572:
5470:
5456:
5441:
5347:
4852:
4839:
4824:
4452:
4441:
4426:
3933:
3920:
3853:
3475:
3108:Lazenby, John F. (1998).
970:) and marched north into
909:in 221 BC. In 226 BC the
335:Crossing of the Apennines
268:
221:25,000 killed or captured
203:
190:
165:
148:
80:
56:
48:
5115:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
3312:side by side in English.
1668:, pp. 219–220, 225.
1500:Publius Cornelius Scipio
1406:Casualties and follow up
1305:were recruited from the
1249:instead. Both legionary
724:Battle of Lake Trasimene
44:Battle of Lake Trasimene
6397:RPM Nautical Foundation
6134:Surviving ancient ships
6053:Marsala Punic shipwreck
3792:Great Plains (Bagradas)
6430:Giza Solar boat museum
5884:Underwater exploration
5879:Underwater archaeology
5844:Pre-Columbian theories
5699:John Sinclair Morrison
5660:Research and education
5110:Austronesian Expansion
3182:Mahaney, W.C. (2008).
3089:Lazenby, John (1996).
3062:Jones, Archer (1987).
3018:Hoyos, Dexter (2015).
2860:; Frederiksen, M. W.;
2854:"The Second Punic War"
2852:Briscoe, John (2006).
1583:
1417:
1378:
1341:
1331:
1282:
1231:short thrusting swords
1213:
1183:
1097:
963:
952:Carthage invades Italy
851:
166:Commanders and leaders
6501:Legend and literature
6459:Viking ship museums:
6435:Grand Egyptian Museum
6195:Austronesian replicas
6170:Heyerdahl expeditions
6080:Caligula's Giant Ship
5940:Dover Bronze Age Boat
4602:Berenice Troglodytica
1413:
1368:
1337:
1329:
1272:
1159:
1093:
1045:in the usual manner.
959:
936:Meanwhile, the major
847:
212:1,500 or 2,500 killed
204:Casualties and losses
121:43.19750°N 12.08500°E
75:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
6402:Sea Research Society
5804:Maritime archaeology
5613:Ameinias the Phocian
5608:Mediterranean piracy
3570:Crossing of the Alps
2447:, pp. 180, 182.
1854:, pp. 100, 107.
1680:, pp. 222, 225.
1264:Military of Carthage
1027:Battle of the Trebia
929:, which led Rome to
783:Battle of the Trebia
714:class=notpageimage|
288:Crossing of the Alps
140:Carthaginian victory
5495:Maritime Jade Route
4648:Kaveri Poompattinam
3208:. London: Penguin.
3146:. London: Penguin.
3136:Liddell Hart, Basil
3003:. London: Phoenix.
2997:Goldsworthy, Adrian
2856:. In Astin, A. E.;
2837:. London: Pimlico.
2648:, pp. 247–248.
2561:, pp. 21, 189.
2486:, pp. 187–188.
2474:, pp. 57, 187.
2423:, pp. 180–182.
2411:, pp. 180–181.
2329:, pp. 177–178.
2163:, pp. 186–187.
2144:, pp. 185–186.
2132:, pp. 184–185.
1962:, pp. 179–180.
1866:, pp. 283–284.
1728:, pp. 144–145.
1692:, pp. 143–144.
1464:of southern Italy.
1432:) on the Adriatic.
1196:better-off minority
919:sphere of influence
876:Carthaginian Iberia
613:Sicily and Sardinia
117: /
97:The north shore of
88:21 June 217 BC
6662:Ambushes in Europe
6043:Bajo de la Campana
5745:Peter Throckmorton
5730:Jean-Yves Empereur
5704:William L. Rodgers
5525:Maritime Silk Road
3661:Claw of Archimedes
3469:Treaty of Lutatius
3304:External resources
2937:Dodge, Theodore A.
2814:Ñaco del Hoyo 2015
1528:Basil Liddell Hart
1418:
1379:
1375: 200 BC
1361:Springing the trap
1342:
1332:
1322:Setting the ambush
1283:
1184:
1179: AD 100
1172: 300 BC
1117:Adrian Goldsworthy
1098:
1043:consular elections
1013:, fortified their
964:
897:Hamilcar ruled as
852:
790:Apennine Mountains
750:, to the south of
726:was fought when a
126:43.19750; 12.08500
6657:210s BC conflicts
6647:History of Umbria
6629:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6491:
6490:
6478:
6477:
6098:Madrague de Giens
5817:Temple of Isthmia
5813:Maritime temples
5799:Marine navigation
5758:
5757:
5750:Shelley Wachsmann
5740:J. Richard Steffy
5650:
5649:
5583:
5582:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5438:
5390:
5389:
5120:Ocean exploration
4835:
4834:
4822:
4821:
4481:Rutter (nautical)
4437:
4436:
4424:
4423:
4280:Mortise and tenon
3914:Ancient seafaring
3880:
3879:
3294:978-1-405-17600-2
3281:Zimmermann, Klaus
3272:978-1-1190-2550-4
3253:978-1-4000-6702-2
3234:978-1-1190-2550-4
3215:978-0-14-101809-6
3193:978-1-59333-951-7
3174:978-1-1190-2550-4
3123:978-0-85668-080-9
3100:978-0-8047-2673-3
3077:978-0-252-01380-5
3054:978-1-1190-2550-4
3031:978-0-19-986010-4
3010:978-0-304-36642-2
2988:978-1-405-17600-2
2969:978-1-1190-2550-4
2950:978-0-306-81362-7
2924:978-0-19-285300-4
2898:978-1-84415-635-1
2875:978-0-521-23448-1
2844:978-0-7126-6608-4
2778:Liddell Hart 1967
2522:, pp. 21–22.
2211:, pp. 22–25.
2086:Liddell Hart 1967
2025:, pp. 61–62.
1950:, pp. 86–87.
1827:, pp. 43–44.
1489:victory at Cannae
1019:Sempronius Longus
1007:Battle of Ticinus
984:guerrilla tactics
689:
688:
365:Nuceria Alfaterna
225:
224:
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
6679:
6620:
6619:
6514:Ark of bulrushes
6497:
6486:
6485:
6124:Oldest surviving
5834:Nusantao network
5709:Chester G. Starr
5674:
5667:
5656:
5645:
5644:
5618:Cilician pirates
5589:
5578:
5577:
5515:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
5510:Iron Age Britain
5458:
5447:
5446:
5165:
4854:
4841:
4830:
4829:
4744:Ptolemais Theron
4454:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4024:Single-outrigger
3935:
3922:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3871:Military history
3861:
3860:
3835:Port of Carthage
3671:
3664:
3663:
3543:
3536:Second Punic War
3481:
3419:Bagradas (Tunis)
3340:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3298:
3276:
3257:
3238:
3219:
3197:
3178:
3159:
3156:Internet Archive
3154:– via the
3145:
3131:
3128:Internet Archive
3126:– via the
3115:
3104:
3085:
3082:Internet Archive
3080:– via the
3069:
3058:
3039:
3036:Internet Archive
3034:– via the
3014:
2992:
2973:
2954:
2932:
2929:Internet Archive
2927:– via the
2916:
2902:
2883:
2880:Internet Archive
2878:– via the
2848:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2766:Goldsworthy 2006
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2598:Goldsworthy 2006
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:Goldsworthy 2006
2571:
2562:
2559:Goldsworthy 2006
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2535:Goldsworthy 2006
2532:
2523:
2520:Goldsworthy 2006
2517:
2511:
2508:Goldsworthy 2006
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2484:Goldsworthy 2006
2481:
2475:
2472:Goldsworthy 2006
2469:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2397:Goldsworthy 2006
2394:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2351:Goldsworthy 2006
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2327:Goldsworthy 2006
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2264:Goldsworthy 2006
2261:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2221:Goldsworthy 2006
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2197:Goldsworthy 2006
2194:
2188:
2185:Goldsworthy 2006
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2161:Goldsworthy 2006
2158:
2145:
2142:Goldsworthy 2006
2139:
2133:
2130:Goldsworthy 2006
2127:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2074:Goldsworthy 2006
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1996:Goldsworthy 2006
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1960:Goldsworthy 2006
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:Goldsworthy 2006
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1876:Goldsworthy 2006
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1750:Goldsworthy 2006
1747:
1741:
1738:Goldsworthy 2006
1735:
1729:
1726:Goldsworthy 2006
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1702:Goldsworthy 2006
1699:
1693:
1690:Goldsworthy 2006
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1618:Goldsworthy 2006
1615:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1513:
1441:be persuaded to
1376:
1373:
1307:Balearic Islands
1279:Balearic Islands
1216:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1103:
1023:Numidian cavalry
980:crossed the Alps
913:established the
829:Battle of Cannae
771:crossed the Alps
744:Second Punic War
707:
706:
700:
607:2nd New Carthage
572:1st New Carthage
263:
261:
260:Second Punic War
251:
244:
237:
228:
196:More than 50,000
185:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
82:
81:
61:
51:Second Punic War
41:
21:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6502:
6487:
6483:
6474:
6417:
6411:
6359:
6358:Institutes and
6353:
6308:Viking replicas
6249:Balangay Voyage
6162:
6156:
6140:
5895:
5888:
5764:
5754:
5713:
5661:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5594:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5466:
5448:
5444:
5435:
5386:
5343:
5196:
5156:
5101:
5094:
4895:
4848:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4694:Mueang Phra Rot
4548:
4539:
4448:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4374:
4348:Triangular sail
4309:
4246:
4220:Sail components
4131:
4100:
4074:Tessarakonteres
3929:
3916:
3911:
3881:
3876:
3849:
3817:Third Punic War
3811:
3772:Carteia (naval)
3667:
3655:
3654:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3482:
3473:
3444:Drepana (siege)
3356:First Punic War
3350:
3346:Battles of the
3344:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3279:
3273:
3260:
3254:
3241:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3200:
3194:
3181:
3175:
3162:
3134:
3124:
3107:
3101:
3088:
3078:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3032:
3017:
3011:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2935:
2925:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2876:
2851:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2384:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2011:Zimmermann 2015
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1864:Zimmermann 2015
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1762:Zimmermann 2015
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1524:
1511:
1477:Fabian strategy
1438:
1416:
1408:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1340:
1324:
1319:
1267:
1260:
1247:thrusting spear
1182:
1178:
1171:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1140:Opposing forces
1101:
1096:
1051:Gaius Flaminius
1039:
976:Hasdrubal Barca
962:
954:
905:, then his son
856:First Punic War
850:
842:
837:
813:Fabian strategy
773:and arrived in
740:Gaius Flaminius
720:
719:
718:
716:
710:
709:
708:
692:
691:
690:
685:
264:
259:
257:
255:
218:
181:
177:Gaius Flaminius
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
102:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6685:
6683:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6291:
6283:Mediterranean
6281:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6246:
6239:
6236:Alingano Maisu
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6179:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6085:De Meern ships
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5955:Cape Gelidonya
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5718:Archaeologists
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5684:David Blackman
5680:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:Jewish pirates
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Lake Trasimene
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:Mediterranean:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4513:Maritime pilot
4510:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4476:Portolan chart
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Oared warships
4046:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Carteia (land)
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:2nd Beneventum
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3647:
3645:1st Beneventum
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Lake Trasimene
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Lipari Islands
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3202:Miles, Richard
3198:
3192:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3132:
3122:
3105:
3099:
3086:
3076:
3059:
3053:
3040:
3030:
3015:
3009:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2923:
2907:Collins, Roger
2903:
2897:
2884:
2874:
2862:Ogilvie, R. M.
2858:Walbank, F. W.
2849:
2843:
2831:Bagnall, Nigel
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2816:, p. 377.
2806:
2804:, p. 119.
2802:O'Connell 2010
2794:
2792:, p. 299.
2782:
2770:
2768:, p. 222.
2758:
2756:, p. 315.
2746:
2744:, p. 310.
2734:
2722:
2720:, p. 279.
2710:
2698:
2696:, p. 277.
2686:
2674:
2672:, p. 247.
2662:
2660:, p. 309.
2650:
2638:
2636:, p. 246.
2626:
2624:, p. 343.
2614:
2612:, p. 270.
2602:
2600:, p. 191.
2590:
2588:, p. 183.
2578:
2576:, p. 190.
2563:
2551:
2549:, p. 271.
2539:
2537:, p. 189.
2524:
2512:
2510:, p. 188.
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2462:, p. 182.
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2399:, p. 187.
2382:
2367:
2365:, p. 180.
2355:
2353:, p. 185.
2343:
2341:, p. 192.
2331:
2319:
2317:, p. 107.
2307:
2295:
2283:
2268:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2187:, p. 287.
2177:
2165:
2146:
2134:
2119:
2117:, p. 244.
2102:
2100:, p. 248.
2090:
2078:
2076:, p. 184.
2066:
2054:
2052:, p. 176.
2039:
2027:
2015:
2013:, p. 285.
2000:
1998:, p. 181.
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 173.
1928:
1926:, p. 173.
1916:
1914:, p. 172.
1904:
1902:, p. 108.
1892:
1880:
1878:, p. 170.
1868:
1856:
1844:
1829:
1817:
1815:, p. 252.
1805:
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 221.
1766:
1764:, p. 283.
1754:
1752:, p. 151.
1742:
1740:, p. 145.
1730:
1718:
1706:
1704:, p. 144.
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1656:, p. 220.
1646:
1634:
1632:, p. 157.
1622:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1599:circumstances.
1591:
1574:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1532:Theodore Dodge
1523:
1520:
1510:in October 202
1508:Battle of Zama
1437:
1434:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1338:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1259:
1256:
1219:heavy infantry
1188:Roman citizens
1163:
1160:The bowl of a
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:Lake Trasimene
1126:reconnaissance
1094:
1047:Gnaeus Geminus
1038:
1035:
1003:light infantry
995:Publius Scipio
960:
953:
950:
942:Cisalpine Gaul
884:This expansion
872:Hamilcar Barca
848:
841:
838:
836:
833:
817:Lucius Paullus
801:southern Italy
775:Cisalpine Gaul
748:Lake Trasimene
732:Hannibal Barca
712:
711:
702:
701:
695:
694:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
656:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:2nd Beneventum
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:1st Beneventum
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Lake Trasimene
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
269:
266:
265:
256:
254:
253:
246:
239:
231:
223:
222:
219:
217:
216:
213:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
174:
168:
167:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
99:Lake Trasimene
96:
94:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:Trasimene Line
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6684:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6584:Metamorphoses
6581:
6579:
6577:
6576:The Histories
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6554:The Histories
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6498:
6494:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6356:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6269:Marumaru Atua
6266:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6229:Samudra Raksa
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6215:Te Au o Tonga
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Blackfriars I
6073:
6071:
6070:Arles Rhône 3
6068:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Thalassocracy
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:Shell middens
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5809:Naval warfare
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Lionel Casson
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5653:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5590:
5586:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Incense trade
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5455:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:South America
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Sailing ships
5370:
5368:
5367:Oared vessels
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Cape Hermaeum
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5100:Migration and
5097:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4907:Ancient Egypt
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:Civilizations
4898:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4440:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Clinker built
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Boat building
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Navis lusoria
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Ager Falernus
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3488:Mercenary War
3485:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Cape Hermaeum
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2780:, p. 26.
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2732:, p. 50.
2731:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2708:, p. 68.
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:, p. 86.
2683:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Rawlings 2015
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2498:, p. 87.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:, p. 63.
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:, p. 58.
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 80.
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:, p. 32.
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:, p. 61.
2234:
2229:
2226:
2223:, p. 50.
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2199:, p. 48.
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:, p. 23.
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2088:, p. 45.
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:, p. 60.
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:, p. 72.
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:, p. 58.
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:, p. 57.
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1890:, p. 98.
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:, p. 71.
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:, p. 41.
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:, p. 47.
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:, p. 13.
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:, p. 97.
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:, p. 82.
1619:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:Richard Miles
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:Fabius Pictor
1412:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1100:In spring 217
1092:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:; reinforced
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
988:war elephants
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
933:on Carthage.
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:Mediterranean
857:
846:
839:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:commanded by
737:
733:
729:
725:
715:
699:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Campi Veteres
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:2nd Casilinum
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:1st Casilinum
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Ager Falernus
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
262:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
232:
229:
220:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
198:
195:
194:
189:
186:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
164:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
147:
139:
136:
135:
130:
100:
95:
92:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
72:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6605:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6562:On the Ocean
6560:
6553:
6545:
6542:Literature:
6330:
6312:
6293:
6286:
6276:Aotearoa One
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6161:Experimental
6129:Museum ships
6096:
6089:
6062:
6034:Phoenician:
6025:
6020:Leontophoros
6018:
5982:Butuan boats
5977:Pontian boat
5915:Dufuna canoe
5854:Shipbuilding
5765:and theories
5735:Boris Rankov
5529:
5462:Economy and
5362:Incendiaries
5308:
5209:
4996:Indus Valley
4964:Tarumanagara
4891:Ubaid period
4809:Wadi al-Jarf
4724:Ostia Antica
4328:Fore-and-aft
4295:Shipbuilding
4270:Carvel built
4252:Construction
4210:Steering oar
4091:Sailing ship
4014:Obelisk ship
3972:Dugout canoe
3869:
3862:
3840:2nd Nepheris
3830:1st Nepheris
3732:New Carthage
3727:2nd Tarentum
3712:2nd Herdonia
3702:Upper Baetis
3697:1st Herdonia
3677:1st Tarentum
3615:Silva Litana
3594:
3526:Leptis Parva
3459:2nd Mt. Eryx
3454:1st Mt. Eryx
3404:Cape Ecnomus
3284:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3183:
3164:
3141:
3111:
3090:
3065:
3044:
3020:
3000:
2978:
2959:
2940:
2912:
2888:
2865:
2834:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2730:Briscoe 2006
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2682:Lazenby 1998
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2586:Bagnall 1999
2581:
2554:
2542:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2460:Bagnall 1999
2445:Bagnall 1999
2440:
2433:Lazenby 1998
2428:
2421:Bagnall 1999
2416:
2409:Bagnall 1999
2404:
2363:Bagnall 1999
2358:
2346:
2339:Bagnall 1999
2334:
2322:
2310:
2305:, p. 8.
2303:Bagnall 1999
2298:
2293:, p. 9.
2291:Bagnall 1999
2286:
2247:, p. 1.
2240:
2233:Lazenby 1998
2228:
2216:
2209:Bagnall 1999
2204:
2192:
2180:
2173:Bagnall 1999
2168:
2137:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2062:Lazenby 1996
2057:
2050:Bagnall 1999
2035:Erdkamp 2015
2030:
2023:Lazenby 1998
2018:
1991:
1984:Lazenby 1996
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1924:Bagnall 1999
1919:
1912:Bagnall 1999
1907:
1895:
1888:Lazenby 1998
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1840:Erdkamp 2015
1825:Lazenby 1998
1820:
1808:
1801:Lazenby 1998
1796:
1789:Briscoe 2006
1784:
1777:Mahaney 2008
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1714:Collins 1998
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1642:Bagnall 1999
1637:
1630:Lazenby 1996
1625:
1613:
1594:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1525:
1516:peace treaty
1497:
1471:was elected
1466:
1439:
1426:
1419:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1311:
1284:
1258:Carthaginian
1245:ranks had a
1203:, served as
1185:
1114:
1099:
1067:quinqueremes
1055:Latin allies
1040:
992:
965:
946:Roman Senate
935:
896:
868:North Africa
853:
798:
787:
756:
730:force under
728:Carthaginian
723:
721:
671:Great Plains
655:North Africa
567:Upper Baetis
490:2nd Tarentum
465:2nd Herdonia
445:1st Herdonia
420:1st Tarentum
355:Silva Litana
330:Umbrian Lake
324:
215:Many wounded
182:
149:Belligerents
63:
49:Part of the
36:
6569:Argonautica
6556:(Herodotus)
6519:Flood myths
6416:Museums and
6360:conferences
6325:Vital Alsar
6163:archaeology
5972:Austronesia
5965:Hjortspring
5960:Rochelongue
5910:Pesse canoe
5864:Ship burial
5849:Sea Peoples
5782:Lighthouses
5777:Grave goods
5725:George Bass
5505:Spice trade
5102:exploration
4924:Philippines
4919:Austronesia
4912:Old Kingdom
4789:Trincomalee
4739:Prosphorion
4684:Myos Hormos
4528:Micronesian
4519:By region:
4491:Lighthouses
4299:By region:
4064:Quinquereme
3989:Kunlun ship
3982:Penteconter
3967:Dragon boat
3635:Decimomannu
3449:Mount Ercte
2670:Fronda 2015
2646:Fronda 2015
2634:Fronda 2015
2115:Fronda 2015
2098:Fronda 2015
1813:Fronda 2015
1462:city states
1291:close-order
1223:body armour
1211:, known as
1209:skirmishers
931:declare war
911:Ebro Treaty
821:Gaius Varro
734:ambushed a
629:Decimomannu
602:2nd Carteia
597:1st Carteia
500:2nd Petelia
460:Sapriportis
380:1st Petelia
124: /
6636:Categories
6578:(Polybius)
6222:Hawaiʻiloa
6104:Nemi ships
5989:Black Sea
5935:Khufu ship
5896:and relics
5794:Marine art
5787:Alexandria
5694:Fik Meijer
5677:Historians
5564:Indo-Roman
5377:Greek navy
5279:Salamis II
5269:Hellespont
5229:Artemisium
5219:Nile Delta
5182:Achaemenid
5075:Achaemenid
4944:Langkasuka
4939:Micronesia
4857:Prehistory
4784:Sounagoura
4612:Chittagong
4587:Barbarikon
4566:Alexandria
4508:Pilot boat
4458:Navigation
4290:Sewn-plank
4285:Lashed-lug
4163:Figurehead
4136:Components
4105:Propulsion
4059:Quadrireme
4040:Polyremes
4019:Outriggers
3825:Lake Tunis
3590:Ebro River
3374:Agrigentum
3348:Punic Wars
2790:Dodge 2004
2754:Miles 2011
2742:Miles 2011
2718:Miles 2011
2706:Carey 2007
2694:Miles 2011
2622:Lomas 2015
2610:Miles 2011
2547:Miles 2011
2378:Carey 2007
2315:Hoyos 2015
2245:Jones 1987
1972:Carey 2007
1900:Hoyos 2015
1852:Hoyos 2015
1678:Miles 2011
1666:Miles 2011
1654:Miles 2011
1537:the Trebia
1522:Evaluation
1498:In 204 BC
1235:front rank
1225:, a large
1186:Most male
940:tribes in
915:Ebro River
874:landed in
835:Background
736:Roman army
649:Agrigentum
552:Illiturgis
542:Ebro River
320:Victumulae
112:12°05′06″E
109:43°11′51″N
73:(1882) by
6591:Geography
6529:Gilgamesh
6418:memorials
6342:Viracocha
6255:Faʻafaite
6208:Sarimanok
6114:Yassi Ada
6027:Syracusia
5950:Canaanite
5925:Moor Sand
5395:By region
5357:Grappling
5329:Naulochus
5319:Myonessus
5274:Echinades
5259:Arginusae
5254:Cynossema
5239:Naupactus
5234:Eurymedon
5068:Classical
5043:Phoenicia
5038:Mycenaean
5001:Tamilakam
4984:Polynesia
4974:Srivijaya
4769:Satingpra
4729:Palembang
4713:Cattigara
4655:(Kadaram)
4638:Jambukola
4632:Guangzhou
4573:(Podouke)
4571:Arikamedu
4533:Polynesia
4466:Celestial
4379:Armaments
4365:Spritsail
4323:Crab claw
4265:Careening
4232:Sternpost
4086:Reed boat
4029:Catamaran
4004:Multihull
3787:2nd Utica
3782:1st Utica
3747:Grumentum
3707:2nd Capua
3687:1st Capua
3555:Lilybaeum
3541:(Battles)
3439:Lilybaeum
3152:470715409
2939:(2004) .
2496:Koon 2015
2279:Koon 2015
1948:Koon 2015
1606:Citations
1436:Aftermath
1277:from the
1251:sub-units
1201:legionary
1194:, with a
1106:Apennines
1011:Placentia
968:Cartagena
903:Hasdrubal
892:shipyards
666:2nd Utica
661:1st Utica
619:Lilybaeum
510:Grumentum
450:2nd Capua
435:1st Capua
315:Placentia
69:Flaminius
6607:Tākitimu
6510:Legend:
6468:Roskilde
6347:Tangaroa
6288:Olympias
6262:Gaualofa
6201:Hōkūleʻa
6176:Kon-Tiki
6009:Ashkelon
5945:Uluburun
5904:Earliest
5670:Scholars
5552:shipping
5352:Boarding
5264:Mytilene
5249:Syracuse
5214:Alashiya
5177:Egyptian
5161:Military
5152:Timeline
5130:Sardinia
5053:Carthage
4969:Kalingga
4929:Sa Huỳnh
4864:Timeline
4814:Zanzibar
4764:Sarapion
4759:Rhacotis
4689:Martaban
4634:(Canton)
4627:Godavaya
4622:Giao Chỉ
4592:Barygaza
4582:Avalites
4503:Piloting
4391:Catapult
4386:Ballista
4360:Mast-aft
4173:Planking
4112:Paddling
4069:Hexareme
4034:Trimaran
3999:Longship
3947:Balangay
3864:Category
3845:Carthage
3802:Insubria
3752:Metaurus
3722:Canusium
3717:Numistro
3657:Heat ray
3650:Syracuse
3640:3rd Nola
3630:2nd Nola
3620:1st Nola
3605:Geronium
3550:Saguntum
3511:Carthage
3501:Bagradas
3429:Panormus
3399:Tyndaris
3364:Treaties
3204:(2011).
3138:(1967).
2999:(2006).
2941:Hannibal
2909:(1998).
2864:(eds.).
2833:(1999).
1504:Numidian
1473:dictator
1399:Maharbal
1391:Ducarius
1303:slingers
1192:infantry
1122:Polybius
1084:Adriatic
1075:Arretium
1071:Ariminum
1063:Tarentum
1059:Sardinia
1031:captured
923:Saguntum
907:Hannibal
888:manpower
639:Syracuse
634:Leontini
525:Insubria
515:Metaurus
485:Caulonia
480:Manduria
475:Canusium
470:Numistro
400:3rd Nola
390:2nd Nola
360:1st Nola
345:Geronium
278:Saguntum
191:Strength
172:Hannibal
155:Carthage
93:Location
67:Beheads
65:Ducarius
6547:Odyssey
6524:Genesis
6321:Others
6120:Lists:
6109:Marausa
6059:Roman:
6049:Punic:
6014:Kyrenia
6005:Greek:
6001:Marsala
5994:Sinop D
5869:Tacking
5603:History
5490:Meluhha
5480:Fishing
5475:Whaling
5382:Ramming
5304:Aegates
5299:Drepana
5294:Ecnomus
5224:Salamis
5212:
5202:Battles
5080:Nabatea
5063:Archaic
5033:Nuragic
5023:Somalia
4874:Oceania
4869:Britain
4846:History
4779:Socotra
4749:Qandala
4734:Piraeus
4704:Muziris
4674:Madurai
4669:Manthai
4607:Canopus
4577:Arsinoe
4549:harbors
4498:History
4486:Coastal
4416:Sambuca
4401:Dolphin
4315:Rigging
4127:Poling
4117:Sailing
4054:Trireme
3994:Liburna
3957:Coracle
3927:Vessels
3777:Crotona
3742:Petelia
3737:Baecula
3692:Silarus
3669:Sambuca
3580:Ticinus
3516:The Saw
3464:Aegates
3434:Drepana
3389:Thermae
3369:Messana
2823:Sources
1481:Paullus
1299:phalanx
1287:Libyans
1275:slinger
1221:, with
1214:velites
1207:-armed
1205:javelin
1130:Cortona
1110:Tuscany
1079:Etruria
1037:Prelude
999:cavalry
899:viceroy
880:Barcids
840:Pre-war
825:consuls
794:Etruria
752:Cortona
582:Baecula
520:Crotona
505:Venusia
440:Silarus
410:Lucania
300:Ticinus
272:Prelude
183:†
101:, Italy
6652:217 BC
6598:Aeneid
6314:Viking
6295:Regina
6064:Alkedo
5920:Abydos
5894:Wrecks
5763:Topics
5593:Piracy
5547:Greece
5407:Odisha
5339:Actium
5334:Mycale
5169:Navies
5058:Greece
5048:Olmecs
5016:Pandya
4991:Minoan
4954:Champa
4934:Lapita
4879:Remote
4799:Tyndis
4754:Quilon
4699:Muscat
4664:Lothal
4659:Korkai
4643:Jeddah
4617:Essina
4561:Adulis
4471:Charts
4406:Harpax
4396:Corvus
4370:Square
4338:Settee
4333:Lateen
4242:Tiller
4237:Strake
4205:Rudder
4195:Paddle
4143:Anchor
4122:Towing
4044:Bireme
3977:Galley
3952:Bangka
3610:Cannae
3585:Trebia
3291:
3269:
3250:
3231:
3212:
3190:
3171:
3150:
3120:
3097:
3074:
3051:
3028:
3007:
2985:
2966:
2947:
2921:
2895:
2872:
2841:
1541:Cannae
1512:
1459:Italic
1451:Apulia
1447:Umbria
1443:defect
1430:Rimini
1347:defile
1317:Battle
1295:spears
1239:second
1227:shield
1102:
938:Gallic
864:Sicily
805:Italic
779:Sicily
763:Iberia
644:Himera
562:Orongi
531:Iberia
350:Cannae
310:Mutina
305:Trebia
199:25,000
179:
137:Result
6534:Greek
6337:Abora
6331:Ivlia
6243:Saina
6187:Ra II
6145:Sites
5930:Dokos
5542:Egypt
5464:trade
5429:Rafts
5414:Japan
5402:India
5314:Chios
5284:Mylae
5244:Olpae
5192:Roman
5187:Greek
5085:Aksum
5011:Chera
5006:Chola
4979:Sunda
4959:Kutai
4949:Kedah
4794:Tulum
4774:Sidon
4719:Opone
4709:Óc Eo
4679:Malao
4653:Kedah
4597:Basra
4545:Ports
4523:Inuit
4343:Tanja
4303:Egypt
4153:Cabin
4096:Tomol
3939:Types
3797:Cirta
3762:Sucro
3757:Ilipa
3625:Ibera
3575:Cissa
3565:Rhone
3560:Malta
3521:Tunis
3496:Utica
3409:Aspis
3394:Sulci
3384:Mylae
1585:pilum
1552:Notes
1485:Varro
1455:Greek
1243:third
1145:Roman
676:Cirta
624:Malta
592:Sucro
587:Ilipa
577:Baria
557:Munda
547:Ibera
537:Cissa
495:Locri
385:Cumae
375:Hamae
294:Italy
283:Rhone
6463:Oslo
6185:and
6091:Isis
6038:Gozo
5559:Rome
5537:Maya
5419:Rome
5324:Nile
5090:Rome
5028:Maya
4884:Near
4804:Tyre
4556:Aden
4355:Junk
4227:Stem
4215:Sail
4200:Rope
4185:Mast
4180:Keel
4168:Hull
4158:Deck
4081:Raft
3962:Dhow
3807:Zama
3659:and
3414:Adys
3289:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3148:OCLC
3118:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2839:ISBN
1539:and
1483:and
1457:and
1387:Livy
1241:and
1229:and
1174:and
1073:and
1049:and
1015:camp
1001:and
972:Gaul
854:The
819:and
767:Gaul
759:Rome
722:The
681:Zama
455:Rome
415:Arpi
160:Rome
85:Date
5500:Tin
4547:and
4411:Ram
4190:Oar
4148:Bow
1077:in
823:as
6638::
6183:Ra
6152:H3
5906::
2566:^
2527:^
2452:^
2385:^
2370:^
2271:^
2252:^
2149:^
2122:^
2105:^
2042:^
2003:^
1832:^
1769:^
1543:.
1372:c.
1309:.
1176:c.
1169:c.
882:.
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769:,
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3899:t
3892:v
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3332:t
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3256:.
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1266:.
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250:e
243:t
236:v
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