352:.) Ralf spends a year more at Auschwitz, becoming ruthless and cold to his subordinates, while haunted by visions of Bruno. Near the end of that year, on a theory, he returns to the place where Bruno's clothes were found, discovering the gap in the fence. He deduces how his son disappeared and collapses to the ground in grief. Months later, Allied troops liberate the camp and Ralf, wracked with guilt and self-loathing, allows himself to be taken without resistance.
518:, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel. Scott described how the experiences of the characters were supposed to be represented as separate from the setting of the Holocaust, and this creates a lack of the informative nature seen in other novels of Holocaust literature such as
602:
same birthday and are the same child." On the appropriateness of depicting the
Holocaust through opera, Max says: "the only way to convey its magnitude – and in such a way that people understood it was symbolic and not real – was through opera." The piece was positively received by critics. Barry Millington gave
342:, which Bruno assumes is simply a rain shelter. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologises to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is his best friend for life. It is not made clear if Shmuel answers before the doors close and the lights go out, although Bruno determines to never let go of Shmuel's hand.
601:
by Noah Max. He says of Boyne's book: "It's very hard to convince children to read a book about something as dark and serious as the
Holocaust and what I find amazing is that while not all adults get the profound symbolism of the story, kids get it. They pick up on the fact that the children have the
282:
in roughly two and a half days; the idea for the novel came to him on
Tuesday, April 27, and he then wrote non-stop until Friday at noon. Afterwards, he ended up writing ten different drafts before sending his book to the editor. As for the subject material and research that Boyne undertook to write
539:
survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation." Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death."
497:
of
Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that the depiction of Bruno and Shmuel's friendship was a classic childhood friendship with a naĂŻvety of their surroundings. He
458:
In response to Noah Max's operatic adaptation of the book, Professor Nathan Abrams wrote that "it is a very tricky task to translate the magnitude of the
Holocaust to a younger audience. Any device, however flawed, should be applauded for attempting to do so even if it does not fully succeed. It is
390:
Smith claims that Boyne lowers the culpability of Nazis like Bruno's father by not just humanizing them but also creating a sense of obligation in characters like Bruno's father, as Bruno's father was a
Commandant at a large concentration camp. Additionally, the depiction of the story told through
266:
John Boyne has described the conception of his novel as an idea popping into his head instantly of "two boys, the mirror of each other, sitting either side of a wire fence". While the conception of the book came about fast, his inspiration for writing has a more lengthy foundation. Boyne has stated
329:
boy, Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday (April 15) and age. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on his side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends although Bruno still does not understand very much
324:
Bruno is initially upset about having to move to
Auschwitz and is almost in tears at the prospect of leaving his "best friends for life", Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Auschwitz, Bruno sees the camp in which the prisoners' uniforms appear to him to be "striped pyjamas". One day Bruno
547:. He writes that "the rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but states that "Blech is factually incorrect." While there were no female children, records have shown that in 1944 "there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old."
345:
Bruno is never seen again, his clothes being discovered by a soldier days later. His mother, Elsa, spends months searching for him, even returning to their old home, before at last moving back to Berlin with Gretel, who isolates herself in her room. (Boyne develops Gretel's life in his 2022 novel
524:
by Elie Wiesel. Scott claims that "there is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "to mold the
Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."
386:
Sophie
Melissa Smith, a PhD candidate at the University of Southampton, argues that writing a factual story as a fable is damaging as it may produce misconceptions about the Holocaust. Examples include the ability of Shmuel to escape work and Bruno's ability to approach an electrified fence.
476:, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book." She takes issue with the laxness of Auschwitz and describes the novel as "something that borders on fable," arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses."
488:, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned." He asserts that it is a good depiction of a tragic event that strays away from graphic details, with the exception of the "killer punch" at the end of the novel.
534:
offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in
Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: there were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in
333:
Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father, who has gone missing. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp they are captured, added to a group of prisoners on a
50:
448:, while finding the book a powerful introduction to the subject, cautions teachers regarding its many inaccuracies. Additionally, they question where the empathy lies as many young readers will focus on the fact that Bruno died rather than the millions of Jews.
436:
students from London and Oxford is perilously narrow given the book's widespread popularity and none of his other findings are anywhere near that substantial. However, even in a sample so small, any 'universal' finding is worthy of close attention."
377:
Kenneth Kidd, professor of English at the University of Florida, argues that John Boyne's use of fable allows him to explore the darker elements of the Holocaust with more of a cautionary tale resulting.
303:. He lives with his parents, his twelve-year-old sister Gretel whom he has nicknamed "A Hopeless Case", and maids, one of whom is named Maria and another is a Jewish chef named Pavel. After a visit by
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conducted a survey in which 70% of respondents thought Boyne's novel was based on a true story. Many students also thought "the tragic death of Bruno brought about the end of concentration camps."
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370:. Boyne uses general knowledge about the Holocaust to create a self-described "fable", that relies more on a story of moral truth than historical accuracy. This type of literature, as shown in
922:
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tends to be told to children, from a child's perspective. By having one child share the "bitter herbs" of history with another, the novel instills moral obligation in children.
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about Shmuel or his life. Nearly every day, unless it is raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. Over time, Bruno notices that Shmuel is rapidly losing weight.
1484:
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s review described the score as "a relentless assault on the ears," but apart from the music, it stated that it has redeemable quality in the cast, despite being depressing.
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expressed their eagerness for studying the topic and frequently remarked that this was one of the most interesting periods of history' (my italics). His sample of 298
230:. Holocaust scholars, historians and memorial organizations have criticised the book for its historical inaccuracies, which have been deemed potentially damaging to
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wrote that the piece was "emotionally ambitious... vocally eloquent... there can be no doubt of the integrity with which the tight-knit company deliver it."
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451:
Following on from their research in 2016, that suggested that pupils reach mistaken and/or misleading conclusions about the Holocaust from the book, the
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and "Out-with" in place of Auschwitz. Generally, critics see the trivialization of the Nazi regime in this portrayal as damaging to Holocaust education.
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The book ends with the phrase "Of course, all of this happened a long time ago and nothing like that could ever happen again. Not in this day and age".
1012:
1594:
1183:
Seidel, Marc-David L.; Greve, Henrich R. (24 March 2017). "Emergence: How Novelty, Growth, and Formation Shape Organizations and Their Ecosystems".
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Centre for Holocaust Education's 2020 research found that 35% of teachers in England conducting lessons on the Holocaust use it, or the film.
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Boyne wrote the entire first draft in two and a half days, without sleeping much; but also said that he was quite a serious student of
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1341:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is now an opera – the case for adapting the book that the Auschwitz Museum said 'should be avoided'"
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Gonshak acknowledges that this presence of children does not take away from the thousands who were murdered in the gas chambers.
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stating the casting of children's parts as adults works against "the naivety of a child's viewpoint," which the novel captures.
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Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work." Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a
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commented in 2020 that the novel "should be avoided by anyone who studies or teaches about the Holocaust." The
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The book has received a divided response from critics, with positive reviews praising the story as an effective
1525:
Gray, Michael (3 June 2015). "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas: A Blessing or Curse for Holocaust Education?".
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Bruno creates a greater ignorance of the Nazi regime by using words such as "the Fury" in place of the
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In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best-selling book of the year in Spain, and it reached number one on
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1013:"A Child In Striped Pyjamas: Holocaust drama that's emotionally ambitious and diligently delivered"
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231:
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422:, described the book in 2014 as "a curse for Holocaust education." In an opinion column for the
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Topography of Terror: A Documentation, trans. by Pamela Selwyn, (Eberl Print: Immenstadt, 2008)
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Unlike the other novels written by him, Boyne has described how he wrote the first draft of
268:
170:
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1047:"All The Broken Places by John Boyne: A sister's lifetime in the shadow of the death camps"
49:
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1267:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas: A Blessing or Curse for Holocaust Education?, Michael Gray
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has stated that Boyne's reader should not rely on "the actual truth-value of his text".
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612:, describing the work as "intense, harrowing drama... invites universal grief". In
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Holocaust scholar Henry Gonshak rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book,
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691:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas: A Blessing or Curse for Holocaust Education?"
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223:-related literature for years before the idea for the novel even came to him.
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984:"A Child in Striped Pyjamas at the Cockpit review – intense, harrowing drama"
958:
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579:. Reviews of the ballet are generally negative with Zo and Euml Anderson of
536:
318:
220:
1187:. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Vol. 50. pp. 1–27.
506:", and sets out to create a moral story of human nature in a fable format.
313:
Bruno commonly mispronounces as "Fury", Bruno's father Ralf is promoted to
309:
1433:
1076:"My working day 'I began on Wednesday morning and continued for 60 hours'"
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In 2008, two years after being published, the novel was made into a movie
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the task of the reader to go and learn more to put the novel in context."
738:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas 'may fuel dangerous Holocaust fallacies'"
151:
493:
367:
1149:
Bayer, Gerd (2011). "World War II Fiction and the Ethics of Trauma".
1093:
Bayer, Gerd (2011). "World War II Fiction and the Ethics of Trauma".
433:
428:, Noah Max criticised Gray: "Gray's 2015 study... that 'respondents
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300:
923:"Hollywood giant relents over $ 1m demand to stage Holocaust opera"
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decides to explore the wire fence surrounding the camp. He meets a
871:
528:
227:
208:. The plot concerns a German boy named Bruno whose father is the
1485:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas review: Clumsy staging of novel"
1318:
How to study 'The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas' in the classroom
1299:"Avoid John Boyne's Holocaust novel, Auschwitz Museum advises"
840:
Holocaust Education: Contemporary Challenges and controversies
145:
216:
and Bruno's friendship with a Jewish detainee named Shmuel.
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The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in English secondary schools
420:
Teaching the Holocaust: Practical Approaches for Ages 11-18
777:"Review: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by David Fickling"
267:
that his style and writing process has been influenced by
171:
1504:"Composer to stage opera of Boy in the Striped Pyjamas"
945:"Noah Max: my fight to make A Child in Striped Pyjamas"
838:
Stuart J. Foster; Andy Pearce; Alice Pettigrew (2020).
668:"John Boyne talks About The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas"
1280:"'Why I stand by my opera version of Striped Pyjamas'"
275:, who suggested he write every day without rest days.
597:
In 2023 the novel was adapted into an opera entitled
571:
In 2017, the novel was adapted into a ballet by the
1556:"The Problem with 'The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas'"
818:"The Problem with 'The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas'"
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1232:: A Blessing or Curse for Holocaust Education?".
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248:in 2008, a ballet in 2017 and an opera entitled
1367:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, by John Boyne"
295:Bruno is a nine-year-old boy growing up during
1126:"A debate over the 'limits of representation'"
642:"Interview with Children's Author John Boyne"
8:
42:
636:
634:
416:Contemporary Debates in Holocaust Education
321:, which Bruno mispronounces as "Out-With".
48:
41:
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809:
899:"Review: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas"
283:the book, Professor Gerd Bayer from the
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1630:Works set in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
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201:is a 2006 historical fiction novel by
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1045:Devlin, Martina (22 September 2022).
982:Millington, Barry (13 January 2023).
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736:Sherwood, Harriet (27 January 2022).
440:Criticising the book's accuracy, the
410:Michael Gray, Director of Studies at
7:
1365:Tucker, Nicholas (13 January 2006).
1011:Kenyon, Nicholas (12 January 2023).
1432:Blech, Benjamin (23 October 2008).
775:Hughes, Kathryn (21 January 2006).
119:Print (hard cover & paper back)
1554:Hannah May Randall (31 May 2019).
1456:Gonshak, Henry (16 October 2015).
1297:McGreevy, Ronan (5 January 2020).
816:Hannah May Randall (31 May 2019).
25:
1410:Scott, A. O. (12 November 2006).
689:Gray, Michael (1 December 2014).
366:fits into the genre of Holocaust
1434:"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas"
1386:"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas"
1228:Gray, Michael (December 2014). "
1193:10.1108/S0733-558X20170000050020
1595:Irish novels adapted into films
442:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
372:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas,
43:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
1539:10.1080/17504902.2014.11435377
1502:Galton, Bridget (4 May 2022).
1483:Anderson, Zoë (12 June 2017).
1246:10.1080/17504902.2014.11435377
1230:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
707:10.1080/17504902.2014.11435377
561:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
500:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
364:The Boy in The Striped Pyjamas
280:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
244:. The book was adapted into a
198:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
33:The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
18:The Boy in the Striped Pajamas
1:
1384:Wright, Ed (3 January 2006).
498:concludes by observing that "
405:London Jewish Cultural Centre
1462:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1074:Boyne, John (1 April 2017).
921:North, Nic (21 April 2022).
794:Agnew, Trevor (9 May 2008).
1600:Novels adapted into ballets
1459:Hollywood and the Holocaust
575:. The score is produced by
545:Hollywood and the Holocaust
54:UK first edition book cover
1646:
1620:Novels about the Holocaust
1585:David Fickling Books books
1278:Max, Noah (4 April 2023).
604:A Child In Striped Pyjamas
599:A Child In Striped Pyjamas
446:Melbourne Holocaust Museum
250:A Child in Striped Pyjamas
29:
1151:DQR Studies in Literature
1095:DQR Studies in Literature
273:University of East Anglia
258:, was published in 2022.
47:
1412:"Something Is Happening"
399:Educational implications
27:2006 novel by John Boyne
1615:Novels set in the 1940s
1590:Irish historical novels
670:. www.whatsonlive.co.uk
609:London Evening Standard
796:"John Boyne Interview"
644:. 2006. Archived from
491:Ed Wright, writing in
285:University of Erlangen
1605:Novels set in Germany
842:. London: UCL Press.
349:All The Broken Places
255:All the Broken Places
187:All the Broken Places
1625:Novels by John Boyne
1610:Novels set in Poland
1284:The Jewish Chronicle
943:Coghlan, Alexandra.
927:The Jewish Chronicle
403:A 2009 study by the
92:David Fickling Books
1017:The Daily Telegraph
619:Sir Nicholas Kenyon
252:in 2023. A sequel,
232:Holocaust education
44:
1416:The New York Times
1307:. Dublin, Ireland.
606:four stars in the
588:The Yorkshire Post
515:The New York Times
430:almost universally
317:of the death camp
307:, whose title the
240:The New York Times
30:For the film, see
1580:2006 Irish novels
1527:Holocaust Studies
1345:Bangor University
1234:Holocaust Studies
1202:978-1-78635-915-5
1051:Irish Independent
849:978-1-78735-798-3
695:Holocaust Studies
338:, and led into a
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269:Malcolm Bradbury
242:Best Seller list
182:Followed by
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648:on 21 July 2011
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573:Northern Ballet
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480:Nicholas Tucker
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359:Genre and style
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1533:(3): 109–136.
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907:. 4 June 2017.
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701:(3): 109–136.
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532:Benjamin Blech
468:Kathryn Hughes
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103:6 January 2006
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262:Background
210:commandant
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165:823.914 22
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