529:(2006) broadens the term even further, arguing against Berlin that there was no single 'movement' called 'The Counter-Enlightenment'. Rather, there have been many Counter-Enlightenments, from the middle of the 18th century to the 20th century among critical theorists, postmodernists and feminists. The Enlightenment has opponents on all points of its ideological compass, from the far left to the far right, and all points in between. Each of the Enlightenment's challengers depicted it as they saw it or wanted others to see it, resulting in a vast range of portraits, many of which are not only different but incompatible.
470:
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741:, nevertheless contend that this view of the Enlightenment as an age hostile to religion is common ground between these Romantic writers and many of their conservative Counter-Revolutionary predecessors. However, not many have commented on the Enlightenment, except for Chateaubriand, Novalis, and Coleridge, since the term itself did not exist at the time and most of their contemporaries ignored it.
386:), Counter-Enlightenment thought did not take hold until the Germans 'rebelled against the dead hand of France in the realms of culture, art and philosophy, and avenged themselves by launching the great counter-attack against the Enlightenment.' This German reaction to the imperialistic universalism of the French Enlightenment and Revolution, which had been forced on them first by the francophile
140:
43:
275:
542:', leading Schmidt to speculate on whether the Enlightenment might not actually be a creation of its opponents, but the other way round. The fact that the term 'Enlightenment' was first used in 1894 in English to refer to a historical period supports the argument that it was a late construction projected back onto the 18th century.
537:
The idea of
Counter-Enlightenment has evolved in the following years. The historian James Schmidt questioned the idea of 'Enlightenment' and therefore of the existence of a movement opposing it. As the conception of 'Enlightenment' has become more complex and difficult to maintain, so has the idea of
454:
and fought to prevent the dissemination of
Enlightenment ideas in the second half of the century. Many people from earlier times attacked the Enlightenment for undermining religion and the social and political order. It later became a major theme of conservative criticism of the Enlightenment. After
261:
thinkers stemming largely from Hamann and subsequent German
Romantics. While Berlin is largely credited with having refined and promoted the concept, the first known use of the term in English occurred in 1949 and there were several earlier uses of it across other European languages, including by
1495:
Everdell, William R. “Complots, Côteries, Conspirations: L’origine de la ‘thèse
Barruel’ dans le roman apologétique” (7/6/89) in L’Image de la Révolution française: Communications présentées lors du Congrès Mondial..., vol III, Paris, 1989. Actes du Congrès mondial, “L’Image de la Révolution
720:
in
Germany for devaluing beauty, spirit and history in favour of a view of man as a soulless machine and a view of the universe as a meaningless, disenchanted void lacking richness and beauty. One particular concern to early Romantic writers was the allegedly anti-religious nature of the
1610:
Jung, Theo, "Multiple
Counter-Enlightenments: The Genealogy of a Polemics from the Eighteenth Century to the Present", in: Martin L. Davies (ed.), Thinking about the Enlightenment: Modernity and Its Ramifications, Milton Park / New York 2016, 209-226
789:
By the middle of the 19th century, the memory of the French
Revolution was fading and so was the influence of Romanticism. In this optimistic age of science and industry, there were few critics of the Enlightenment, and few explicit defenders.
328:
and his fellow philosophers believe that a more organic conception of social and political life, a more vitalistic view of nature, and an appreciation for beauty and the spiritual life of man have been neglected by the eighteenth century.
290:
Despite criticism of the
Enlightenment being a widely discussed topic in twentieth- and twenty-first century thought, the term 'Counter-Enlightenment' was slow to enter general usage. It was first mentioned briefly in English in
771:
argues that
Romanticism has its roots in the Enlightenment. It was not anti-rational, but rather balanced rationality against the competing claims of intuition and the sense of justice. This view is expressed in Goya's
669:
interprets the
Revolution as divine punishment for the sins of the Enlightenment. According to him, "the revolutionary storm is an overwhelming force of nature unleashed on Europe by God that mocked human pretensions."
592:, anti-clericalism, and emancipation central themes to their movement. It led to an unavoidable backlash to the Enlightenment as there were people opposed to the revolution. Many counter-revolutionary writers, such as
610:. As the Revolution became increasingly bloody, the idea of 'Enlightenment' was discredited, too. Hence, the French Revolution and its aftermath have contributed to the development of Counter-Enlightenment thought.
519:(albeit an erratic one) who shared the basic beliefs of his Enlightenment contemporaries. But similar to McMahon, Garrard traces the beginning of Counter-Enlightenment thought back to France and prior to the German
806:, the Enlightenment re-emerged as a key organizing concept in social and political thought and the history of ideas. The Counter-Enlightenment literature blaming the 18th-century trust in reason for 20th-century
5340:
1266:
To my knowledge, the first explicit identification of Rousseau as "founder of the "Counter-Enlightenment" appears in William Everdell's study of Christian apologetics in eighteenth-century France.
794:
is a notable and highly influential exception. After an initial defence of the Enlightenment in his so-called "middle period" (late 1870s to early 1880s), Nietzsche turned vehemently against it.
163:
in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of
4108:
782:
a piece of drawing chalk. Even the rational critic is inspired by irrational dream-content under the gaze of the sharp-eyed lynx. Marshall Brown makes much the same argument as Barzun in
1475:
828:(1947), which traces the degeneration of the general concept of enlightenment from ancient Greece (epitomized by the cunning "bourgeois" hero Odysseus) to 20th-century fascism.
356:
that are commonly associated with the Enlightenment. Berlin's essay "The Counter-Enlightenment" was first published in 1973, and later reprinted in a collection of his works,
2427:
2417:
1696:
835:. However, there were philosophers rejecting Adorno and Horkheimer's claim that Sade's moral skepticism is actually coherent, or that it reflects Enlightenment thought.
167:. Its thinkers did not necessarily agree to a set of counter-doctrines but instead each challenged specific elements of Enlightenment thinking, such as the belief in
4720:
4458:
648:
4831:
538:
the 'Counter-Enlightenment'. Advances in Enlightenment scholarship in the last quarter-century have challenged the stereotypical view of the 18th century as an '
604:, asserted an intrinsic link between the Enlightenment and the Revolution. They blamed the Enlightenment for undermining traditional beliefs that sustained the
306:
however, his comment on Enlightenment criticism was very limited. In Germany, the expression "Gegen-Aufklärung" has a longer history. It was probably coined by
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The authors take "enlightenment" as their target including its 18th-century form – which we now call "The Enlightenment". They claim it is epitomized by the
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during the French Revolution fueled a major reaction against the Enlightenment. Many leaders of the French Revolution and their supporters made
505:(Vol. 90, No. 2), Arthur M. Melzer corroborates Everdell's view in placing the origin of the Counter-Enlightenment in the religious writings of
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320:(1969), a book about Counter-Enlightenment in Germany. Beck claims that there is a counter-movement arising in Germany in reaction to
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1686:(Princeton University Press) 2004, sets out to trace "the uncanny affinities between the Counter-Enlightenment and postmodernism."
79:
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was the first to situate Rousseau as the "founder of the Counter-Enlightenment" in his 1971 dissertation and in his 1987 book,
1420:
Young, B. W. (2018). "The Counter-Enlightenments of Thomas Carlyle". In Kerry, Paul E.; Pionke, Albert D.; Dent, Megan (eds.)
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The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment: From Ecstasy to Fundamentalism in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam in the 18th Century
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86:
64:
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Aspects noted by Darrin M. McMahon, "The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France"
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509:, further showing Rousseau as the man who fired the first shot in the war between the Enlightenment and its opponents.
93:
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follows Melzer in his "Rousseau's Counter-Enlightenment" (2003). This contradicts Berlin's depiction of Rousseau as a
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499:. In his 1996 article, "the Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity", in the
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344:. He used it to refer to a movement that arose primarily in late 18th- and early 19th-century Germany against the
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was one of the more prominent altar-and-throne counter-revolutionaries who vehemently opposed Enlightenment ideas.
241:
In the late 20th century, the concept of the Counter-Enlightenment was popularised by pro-Enlightenment historian
75:
5043:
4750:
4671:
4362:
4043:
3762:
3713:
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2013:
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Melzer, Arthur M. (1996). "The Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity".
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1942:
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636:'s Counter-Enlightenment ideas were well developed before the revolution. He worked as an editor for the anti-
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626:(1790) identifies the Enlightenment as the principal cause of the French revolution. In Burke's opinion, the
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as well as his somewhat critical analysis of the French Revolution links him with the Counter-Enlightenment.
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Darrin M. McMahon, "The counter-Enlightenment and the low-life of literature in pre-Revolutionary France,"
1652:
details the reaction to Voltaire and the Enlightenment in European intellectual history from 1750 to 1830.
160:
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Scholars differ on who is to be included among the major figures of the Counter-Enlightenment. In Italy,
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2442:
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1954:
1821:
581:
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394:, was crucial to the shift of consciousness that occurred in Europe at this time, leading eventually to
223:
144:
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2485:
2407:
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1572:
998:
438:'. McMahon focuses on the early opponents to the Enlightenment in France, unearthing a long-forgotten '
402:. The opponents to the Enlightenment played a more crucial role than its proponents, some of whom were
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2006:
1978:
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903:
791:
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325:
321:
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provided the revolutionary leaders with the theories on which their political schemes were based.
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The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism
450:
1674:
Inventing the Enlightenment: Anti-Jacobins, British Hegelians and the Oxford English Dictionary
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extends the Counter-Enlightenment back to pre-Revolutionary France and down to the level of '
378:
Berlin argues that, while there were opponents of the Enlightenment outside of Germany (e.g.
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958:
948:
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908:
865:
633:
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341:
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1373:. Enlightenment an Interpretation. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
27:
Various intellectual stances against mainstream attitudes of the 18th-century Enlightenment
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1923:
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1649:
Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity
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1048:
1033:
1023:
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953:
850:
832:
807:
684:" movement started in Germany. It questioned some key assumptions and implications of the
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413:
297:
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3733:
2671:
2066:
1589:(sur Melech August Hultazob, médecin-charlatan des Lumières Allemandes assassiné en 1743)
978:
17:
448:. He delves into the obscure world of the 'low Counter-Enlightenment' that attacked the
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2500:
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2187:
1916:
1643:
1437:
1028:
1013:
918:
886:
819:
815:
768:
761:
510:
488:
477:
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431:
215:
180:
1597:
Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670-1752
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1424:. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9781683930662.
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1828:
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973:
938:
803:
613:
593:
555:
371:
349:
218:
both criticised Enlightenment ideas for leading to the violence and tyranny of the
211:
195:
191:
3621:
1515:
Rousseau's Counter-Enlightenment: A Republican Critique of the Philosophes (2003)
716:
1368:
1343:
The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
1341:
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963:
860:
691:
439:
435:
395:
345:
199:
172:
164:
139:
42:
1407:
Geoffrey Roche, "Much Sense the Starkest Madness: de Sade’s Moral Scepticism".
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353:
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2315:
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Christian Apologetics in France, 1730–1790: The Roots of Romantic Religion.
159:
refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the
497:
Christian Apologetics in France, 1730–1790: The Roots of Romantic Religion
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4561:
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1008:
589:
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473:
391:
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168:
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1140:
Counter-enlightenments : from the eighteenth century to the present
4436:
3865:
2616:
2207:
1299:
993:
699:
408:
403:
1083:
It is difficult to label Carlyle's thought, but his famous concept of
4637:
2310:
1638:
Les ennemis des philosophes:. l’antiphilosophie au temps des Lumières
1716:
1291:
455:
the French Revolution, it appeared to vindicate the warnings of the
442:' literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries aimed at the
406:, whose political, intellectual and ideological offspring have been
274:
230:
were also significant to the rise of the Counter-Enlightenment with
4523:
1528:
Counter-Enlightenments: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present
776:, in which the nightmarish owl offers the dozing social critic of
743:
730:
652:(1797) that the Revolution was the consequence of a conspiracy of
549:
468:
362:
138:
2266:
1676:, Journal of the History of Ideas, 64/3 (2003), pp. 421–43.
616:
was among the first of the Revolution's opponents to relate the
4697:
4478:
4440:
2002:
1720:
1565:
Garrard, Graeme, "Tilting at Counter-Enlightenment Windmills",
1321:
Church, Jeffrey (2010). "The Anti-Anti-Enlightenment Thinker".
1259:
Rousseau's Counter-Enlightenment: A Republican Critique of the
398:. The consequence of this revolt against the Enlightenment was
1998:
1183:
listed by Henry Hardy in the second edition of Isaiah Berlin,
786:, questioning the stark opposition between these two periods.
36:
760:, 21.5 cm × 15 cm. One of the most famous prints of Spaniard
1540:
Garrard, Graeme, "Isaiah Berlin's Counter-Enlightenment" in
1496:
francaise!, 6-12 juillet, 1989, Pergamon press, p. 1881-1885
1109:
390:, then by the armies of Revolutionary France and finally by
302:
He used the term again in his 1958 book on existentialism,
706:
inherited the Counter-Revolutionary antipathy towards the
198:
which he saw as castrating the arts and humanities of the
1476:
Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder
694:" was first coined. Many early Romantic writers such as
1558:
Garrard, Graeme, "The War Against the Enlightenment",
360:, in 1981. The term has been more widely used since.
1346:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 58.
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1933:
1901:
1894:
1859:
1813:
1754:
1460:
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
1187:(Princeton University Press, 2013), p. xxv, note 1.
1185:
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas
324:'s secular authoritarian state. On the other hand,
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1542:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1669:, Political Theory, 28/6 (2000), pp. 734–57.
295:'s 1949 article "Art, Aristocracy and Reason" in
620:to the instability in France in the 1790s. His
480:as the originator of the Counter-Enlightenment.
1370:The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism
649:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
4452:
2014:
1732:
1411:Volume 15, Issue 1 April 2010, pages 45 – 59.
8:
4581:
4552:
4538:
4647:
1483:, editor). Princeton University Press, 2003
4705:
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4445:
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3224:
2357:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1898:
1739:
1725:
1717:
1800:An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon
1697:Isaiah Berlin,"The Counter-Enlightenment"
1658:"The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment,"
1201:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 478.
370:traces the Counter-Enlightenment back to
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1422:Thomas Carlyle and the Idea of Influence
273:
1174:No. 159 (May 1998:77–112) p. 79 note 7.
1100:
1076:
623:Reflections on the Revolution in France
565:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1329:. Cambridge University Press: 731–733.
1264:, State University of New York Press,
1242:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1235:
525:movement of the 1770s. Garrard's book
310:in "Nachgelassene Fragmente" in 1877.
4368:Romanticism and the French Revolution
1280:The American Political Science Review
750:The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
340:established this term's place in the
7:
1631:Women, Enlightenment and Catholicism
1560:European Journal of Political Theory
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1492:Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987.
1114:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1701:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
25:
1599:, Oxford University Press, 2006.
1458:, "The Counter-Enlightenment" in
929:Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan
810:also resurged along with it. The
502:American Political Science Review
5655:
5654:
4421:
4420:
710:. All three directly blamed the
41:
1660:Journal of the History of Ideas
1444:. University of Chicago Press.
1340:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017).
1199:Werke: Kristische Gesamtausgabe
1110:"Giambattista Vico (1668—1744)"
52:needs additional citations for
461:in the decades prior to 1789.
279:Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre
1:
4391:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
1442:Classic, Romantic, and Modern
1197:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1877).
784:Romanticism and Enlightenment
754:
382:) and before the 1770s (e.g.
4584:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1640:, Paris: Albin Michel, 2000.
1503:. New York: Springer, 2021.
427:Enemies of the Enlightenment
4553:
1667:What Enlightenment Project?
1581:. Paris: L'Harmattan 2010,
737:. Some historians, such as
5738:
5687:19th century in philosophy
4308:Coleridge's theory of life
1868:Baronne Almaury de Maistre
1622:The Catholic Enlightenment
1567:Eighteenth-Century Studies
893:Dialectic of Enlightenment
883:(Neo-reactionary movement)
825:Dialectic of Enlightenment
29:
5641:
4704:
4693:
4598:Methodological skepticism
4489:
4485:
4474:
4400:
4363:Romanticism and economics
2378:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
899:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
190:criticised the spread of
18:The Counter-Enlightenment
5722:Criticism of rationalism
2143:German historical school
1943:The Hedgehog and the Fox
1764:Considerations on France
1257:Garrard, Graeme (2003),
1142:. Abingdon : Routledge.
1138:Garrard, Graeme (2006).
721:Enlightenment since the
700:Friedrich von Hardenberg
662:Considerations on France
646:. Barruel argues in his
30:Not to be confused with
5717:Counter-revolutionaries
2790:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
1788:St Petersburg Dialogues
1578:Récréations de Hultazob
704:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
388:Frederick II of Prussia
318:Early German Philosophy
76:"Counter-Enlightenment"
4648:
4582:
4548:Enlightened absolutism
4539:
4373:Romanticism in science
4328:Middle Ages in history
4323:List of Romantic poets
3035:Josiah Gilbert Holland
1544:, ed. Joseph Mali and
1323:The Review of Politics
764:
572:By the mid-1790s, the
569:
527:Counter-Enlightenments
491:claims that historian
481:
375:
316:used this term in his
282:
161:European Enlightenment
152:
143:Divine Justice smites
5697:Scientific Revolution
5682:Counter-Enlightenment
4514:Counter-Enlightenment
4343:Romantic epistemology
4333:Opium and Romanticism
2902:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
2128:Counter-Enlightenment
1955:The Headless Republic
1836:Counter-Enlightenment
1499:Everdell, William R.
1108:Bertland, Alexander.
747:
553:
546:The French Revolution
507:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
472:
366:
277:
224:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
179:, and the increasing
157:Counter-Enlightenment
145:Jean-Baptiste Pigalle
142:
5702:Anti-intellectualism
5692:Age of Enlightenment
4468:Age of Enlightenment
4407:Age of Enlightenment
2049:England (literature)
1979:The Reactionary Mind
1662:, 68 (2007): 635–58.
1569:, 49/ (2015): 77–82.
1562:, 10 (2011): 277–86.
1487:Everdell, William R.
1054:Reactionary politics
856:Anti-intellectualism
588:'s ideas of reason,
586:Marquis de Condorcet
61:improve this article
5712:Right-wing politics
5474:Feijóo y Montenegro
5425:Vorontsova-Dashkova
4358:Romantic psychology
2153:Hudson River School
2097:Sweden (literature)
2082:Russia (literature)
1910:Carolina Armenteros
1876:Rodolphe de Maistre
1822:Clerical philosophy
1711:Past & Present,
1573:Humbertclaude, Éric
1396:The Sleep of Reason
1367:Gay, Peter (1995).
934:Johann Georg Hamann
924:Friedrich Nietzsche
904:Panagiotis Kondylis
792:Friedrich Nietzsche
678:In the 1770s, the "
493:William R. Everdell
358:Against the Current
326:Johann Georg Hamann
308:Friedrich Nietzsche
264:Friedrich Nietzsche
262:German philosopher
228:Johann Georg Hamann
4613:Natural philosophy
2343:White Mountain art
2284:Historical fiction
2092:Spain (literature)
1850:Neo-ultramontanism
1644:McMahon, Darrin M.
999:Juan Donoso Cortés
984:Natural philosophy
881:Dark Enlightenment
846:Alasdair MacIntyre
765:
714:in France and the
643:L'Année Littéraire
640:literary journal,
570:
554:Political thinker
485:Cardiff University
482:
430:(2001), historian
376:
283:
245:as a tradition of
236:German Romanticism
153:
32:Dark Enlightenment
5669:
5668:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4662:Scientific method
4519:Critical thinking
4434:
4433:
4348:Romantic medicine
4318:List of romantics
3757:
3756:
3408:Felix Mendelssohn
3403:Fanny Mendelssohn
3214:
3213:
2928:Rosalía de Castro
2866:Soares dos Passos
2214:Transcendentalism
2178:Nazarene movement
2138:Düsseldorf School
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1884:Xavier de Maistre
1748:Joseph de Maistre
1656:Norton, Robert E.
1636:Masseau, Didier,
1628:Lehner, Ulrich L.
1619:Lehner, Ulrich L.
1605:978-0-19-954152-2
1587:978-2-296-12546-9
1526:Garrard, Graeme,
1513:Garrard, Graeme,
1509:978-3-030-69761-7
1353:978-0-226-40336-6
1064:Lebensphilosophie
1044:Pierre Klossowski
1004:Søren Kierkegaard
944:Joseph de Maistre
735:revealed religion
667:Joseph de Maistre
598:Joseph de Maistre
560:French Revolution
476:is identified by
384:Giambattista Vico
380:Joseph de Maistre
220:French Revolution
204:Joseph de Maistre
202:. Decades later,
188:Giambattista Vico
177:liberal democracy
151:. Anonymous, 1773
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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4383:Evolution theory
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2219:Ukrainian school
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1665:Schmidt, James,
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1218:. Archived from
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1188:
1181:
1175:
1172:Past and Present
1168:
1162:
1161:
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1088:
1081:
1039:Georges Bataille
959:Lewis White Beck
949:Martin Heidegger
914:Giacomo Leopardi
909:Monaldo Leopardi
866:Augustin Barruel
814:of this view is
759:
756:
656:and freemasons.
634:Augustin Barruel
602:Augustin Barruel
458:anti-philosophes
342:history of ideas
314:Lewis White Beck
251:anti-rationalist
196:Cartesian method
132:
125:
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5341:Carvalho e Melo
5329:
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5210:
5162:
5126:
5093:
5012:
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4815:
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4681:
4667:Spanish America
4541:Encyclopédistes
4504:Civil liberties
4481:
4470:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4410:
4396:
4353:Romantic poetry
4338:Romantic ballet
4313:German idealism
4296:
4262:Lacoue-Labarthe
4188:
3935:
3753:
3702:
3671:
3652:Rimsky-Korsakov
3595:
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2952:
2911:
2870:
2824:
2766:
2707:Maria Edgeworth
2643:
2636:
2515:
2437:
2347:
2326:Romantic genius
2256:Gesamtkunstwerk
2233:
2194:Sturm und Drang
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2027:
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1988:
1982:
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1924:Larry Siedentop
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1034:Giorgio Agamben
1024:Jacques Derrida
969:Louis de Bonald
954:Walter Benjamin
851:Aleksandr Dugin
841:
833:Marquis de Sade
812:locus classicus
808:totalitarianism
800:
798:Totalitarianism
774:Sleep of Reason
757:
729:were generally
681:Sturm und Drang
676:
574:Reign of Terror
548:
535:
522:Sturm und Drang
467:
451:encyclopédistes
422:
414:totalitarianism
335:
304:Irrational Man;
298:Partisan Review
293:William Barrett
288:
272:
222:. The ideas of
175:of all humans,
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4301:Related topics
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3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Castelo Branco
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Brothers Grimm
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2262:Gothic fiction
2259:
2252:
2250:British Marine
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Gothic revival
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1917:Richard Lebrun
1913:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1692:
1691:External links
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:Wolin, Richard
1677:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1590:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1524:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1471:
1456:Berlin, Isaiah
1453:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1386:
1379:
1359:
1352:
1332:
1313:
1286:(2): 344–360.
1270:
1249:
1204:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1148:
1119:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:Gilles Deleuze
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:Thomas Carlyle
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Graeme Garrard
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
889:
887:Darrin McMahon
884:
878:
873:
871:Charles Taylor
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
837:
820:Theodor Adorno
816:Max Horkheimer
799:
796:
769:Jacques Barzun
767:The historian
762:Francisco Goya
702:(Novalis) and
690:and the term "
675:
672:
547:
544:
534:
531:
511:Graeme Garrard
489:Graeme Garrard
478:Graeme Garrard
466:
465:Graeme Garrard
463:
432:Darrin McMahon
421:
420:Darrin McMahon
418:
334:
331:
287:
284:
271:
268:
238:respectively.
181:secularisation
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5734:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5597:United States
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Budai-Deleanu
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Ashley-Cooper
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Progressivism
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Individualism
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Nikolai Gogol
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:P. B. Shelley
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Mary Robinson
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
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1554:0-87169-935-4
1551:
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1546:Robert Wokler
1543:
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1225:on 2013-09-03
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733:, opposed to
732:
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583:
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540:Age of Reason
533:James Schmidt
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333:Isaiah Berlin
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117:February 2022
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5707:Conservatism
5645:
5390:Catherine II
4842:Beaumarchais
4672:Universality
4643:Reductionism
4590:
4567:Human rights
4513:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4389:
4109:Porto-Alegre
3763:Philosophers
3647:Rachmaninoff
3096:Chavchavadze
3086:Baratashvili
2846:João de Deus
2815:Wincenty Pol
2607:Küchelbecker
2335:
2301:Noble savage
2288:
2254:
2229:Wallenrodism
2206:
2192:
2127:
2123:Coppet group
2057:(literature)
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1835:
1829:Conservatism
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1710:
1700:
1683:
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1666:
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1647:
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1252:
1227:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1207:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1139:
1113:
1103:
1085:Hero-Worship
1079:
1019:Julius Evola
979:Ernst Jünger
974:Carl Schmitt
939:John N. Gray
891:
830:
823:
811:
804:World War II
801:
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621:
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614:Edmund Burke
612:
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594:Edmund Burke
571:
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558:opposed the
556:Edmund Burke
536:
526:
520:
514:
500:
496:
483:
456:
449:
443:
425:
424:In his book
423:
407:
377:
372:J. G. Hamann
357:
350:universalism
336:
322:Frederick II
317:
312:
303:
296:
289:
240:
212:Edmund Burke
192:reductionism
185:
183:of society.
156:
154:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5647:Romanticism
5469:Charles III
5310:Poniatowski
5247:Leeuwenhoek
5227:de la Court
5215:Netherlands
5059:Mendelssohn
5054:Lichtenberg
4932:Montesquieu
4650:Sapere aude
4633:Rationalism
4628:Rationality
4618:Objectivity
4099:Michałowski
3931:Wackenroder
3896:F. Schlegel
3891:A. Schlegel
3667:Tchaikovsky
3556:Bortkiewicz
3428:R. Schumann
3423:C. Schumann
3388:Kalkbrenner
3357:Saint-Saëns
2662:Anne Brontë
2547:Eichendorff
2532:B. v. Arnim
2527:A. v. Arnim
2337:Weltschmerz
2296:Medievalism
2245:Blue flower
2173:Nationalist
2118:Bohemianism
2030:Romanticism
1481:Henry Hardy
1261:Philosophes
964:Leo Strauss
861:Antiscience
758: 1797
723:philosophes
712:philosophes
708:philosophes
692:Romanticism
674:Romanticism
654:philosophes
638:philosophes
628:philosophes
618:philosophes
445:philosophes
440:Grub Street
436:Grub Street
396:Romanticism
346:rationalism
286:Early usage
200:Renaissance
173:rationality
165:Romanticism
5676:Categories
5489:Villarroel
5484:Jovellanos
5420:Radishchev
5367:Micu-Klein
5305:Niemcewicz
5272:Swammerdam
5262:Nieuwentyt
5252:Mandeville
5107:Farmakidis
4993:Burlamaqui
4902:La Mettrie
4877:Fontenelle
4832:d'Argenson
4827:d'Alembert
4751:Harrington
4677:Utopianism
4577:Liberalism
4534:Empiricism
4509:Classicism
4499:Capitalism
3974:Chassériau
3949:Aivazovsky
3657:Rubinstein
3642:Mussorgsky
3591:Wieniawski
3576:Paderewski
3418:Moszkowski
3201:Vörösmarty
3191:Shevchenko
3045:Longfellow
2969:Batyushkov
2964:Baratynsky
2933:Espronceda
2800:Mickiewicz
2795:Malczewski
2762:Wordsworth
2747:M. Shelley
2702:de Quincey
2567:Günderrode
2451:Baudelaire
2331:Wanderlust
2168:Lake Poets
1380:0393313026
1229:2013-08-03
1149:0203645669
1095:References
687:Aufklärung
516:philosophe
487:professor
354:empiricism
270:Term usage
247:relativist
87:newspapers
5610:Jefferson
5552:Hutcheson
5441:Obradović
5410:Lomonosov
5405:Kheraskov
5315:Śniadecki
5079:Weishaupt
5074:Thomasius
5064:Pufendorf
4907:Lavoisier
4892:d'Holbach
4887:Helvétius
4867:Descartes
4862:Condorcet
4857:Condillac
4791:Priestley
4608:Modernity
4529:Democracy
4414:Modernism
4074:Kiprensky
4034:Géricault
4019:Friedrich
4009:Delacroix
3984:Constable
3964:Bonington
3954:Bierstadt
3906:Senancour
3881:Schelling
3836:Lamennais
3831:Khomyakov
3796:Coleridge
3791:Chaadayev
3698:Stanković
3693:Mokranjac
3612:Balakirev
3571:Moniuszko
3520:Donizetti
3515:Cherubini
3413:Meyerbeer
3398:Marschner
3373:Beethoven
3286:Moscheles
3220:Musicians
3206:Wergeland
3171:Orbeliani
3126:Grundtvig
3030:Hawthorne
2999:Zhukovsky
2994:Vyazemsky
2979:Lermontov
2938:Gutiérrez
2897:Radičević
2861:Herculano
2785:Krasiński
2727:Radcliffe
2697:Coleridge
2672:E. Brontë
2667:C. Brontë
2597:Jean Paul
2592:Hölderlin
2481:Lamartine
2418:Magalhães
2408:Guimarães
2316:Pantheism
2306:Nostalgia
2158:Indianism
2106:Movements
2037:Countries
1886:(brother)
1308:146774142
727:Aufklärer
717:Aufklärer
400:pluralism
5660:Category
5605:Franklin
5572:Playfair
5542:Ferguson
5499:Scotland
5446:Mrazović
5400:Kantemir
5395:Fonvizin
5334:Portugal
5300:Krasicki
5295:Konarski
5290:Kołłątaj
5242:Koerbagh
5191:Genovesi
5176:Beccaria
5138:Berkeley
5069:Schiller
5034:Humboldt
5008:Saussure
5003:Rousseau
4967:Voltaire
4922:Maréchal
4897:Jaucourt
4852:Châtelet
4847:Chamfort
4796:Reynolds
4699:Thinkers
4603:Midlands
4592:Lumières
4562:Humanism
4555:Haskalah
4426:Category
4242:Dahlhaus
4227:Blanning
4194:Scholars
4164:Tropinin
4159:Tidemand
4149:Stattler
4144:Scheffer
4044:Głowacki
4014:Edelfelt
3969:Bryullov
3911:Snellman
3886:Schiller
3876:Rousseau
3856:Michelet
3801:Constant
3771:Belinsky
3744:Sibelius
3688:Konjović
3662:Scriabin
3632:Lyapunov
3566:Lipiński
3535:Spontini
3525:Paganini
3469:Goldmark
3260:Thalberg
3255:Schubert
3235:Bruckner
3196:Topelius
3186:Runeberg
3176:Prešeren
3146:Leopardi
3111:Frashëri
3101:Eminescu
3081:Andersen
2989:Tyutchev
2974:Karamzin
2948:Zorrilla
2943:Saavedra
2841:Castilho
2829:Portugal
2820:Słowacki
2722:Polidori
2652:Barbauld
2587:Hoffmann
2542:Brentano
2456:Bertrand
2277:Romantic
2113:Ancients
2087:Scotland
1902:Scholars
1895:Analysis
1776:The Pope
1713:May 1998
1548:(2003),
1440:. 1961.
1409:Angelaki
1238:cite web
1158:62895765
1009:Voltaire
839:See also
665:(1797),
590:progress
582:Rousseau
578:Voltaire
474:Rousseau
392:Napoleon
374:(shown).
255:vitalist
208:Sardinia
194:and the
169:progress
149:Voltaire
5615:Madison
5587:Stewart
5527:Burnett
5522:Boswell
5507:Beattie
5479:Moratín
5464:Cadalso
5415:Novikov
5350:Romania
5325:Wybicki
5320:Staszic
5267:Spinoza
5237:Huygens
5232:Grotius
5186:Galvani
5181:Galiani
5131:Ireland
5112:Feraios
5084:Wieland
5049:Lessing
5044:Leibniz
5017:Germany
4998:Prévost
4983:Abauzit
4947:Quesnay
4937:Morelly
4927:Meslier
4912:Leclerc
4872:Diderot
4761:Johnson
4736:Collins
4731:Bentham
4716:Addison
4709:England
4657:Science
4494:Atheism
4267:Lovejoy
4202:Abraham
4124:Richard
4114:Préault
4039:Girodet
3921:Thoreau
3866:Novalis
3851:Mazzini
3846:Maistre
3821:Hazlitt
3806:Emerson
3786:Carlyle
3776:Berchet
3719:Berwald
3714:Bennett
3683:Hristić
3637:Medtner
3617:Borodin
3607:Arensky
3530:Rossini
3505:Bellini
3484:Joachim
3457:Hungary
3438:Strauss
3366:Germany
3332:Berlioz
3301:Voříšek
3296:Smetana
3274:Czechia
3228:Austria
3161:Maturin
3156:Manzoni
3131:Heliade
3106:Foscolo
3076:Alfieri
3071:Abovian
3025:Emerson
2984:Pushkin
2923:Bécquer
2856:Garrett
2810:Potocki
2757:Southey
2717:Maturin
2687:Carlyle
2644:Britain
2617:Novalis
2572:Gutzkow
2520:Germany
2486:Mérimée
2471:Gautier
2398:Barreto
2393:Azevedo
2373:Alencar
2353:Writers
2272:Byronic
2208:Purismo
2062:Germany
2044:Denmark
1870:(niece)
1814:Schools
1530:(2006)
1300:2082889
994:Novalis
562:in his
409:terreur
404:monists
259:organic
216:Britain
101:scholar
5567:Newton
5557:Hutton
5537:Cullen
5434:Serbia
5382:Russia
5372:Șincai
5282:Poland
5222:Bekker
5196:Pagano
5158:Toland
5122:Korais
5117:Kairis
5099:Greece
5029:Herder
5024:Goethe
4988:Bonnet
4976:Geneva
4962:Turgot
4952:Raynal
4942:Pascal
4882:Gouges
4820:France
4806:Tindal
4801:Sidney
4776:Newton
4771:Milton
4746:Godwin
4741:Gibbon
4638:Reason
4480:Topics
4292:Wellek
4272:de Man
4257:Janion
4247:Ferber
4222:Berlin
4217:Beiser
4212:Barzun
4207:Abrams
4184:Wiertz
4169:Turner
4119:Révoil
4104:Palmer
4094:Martin
4089:Leutze
4064:Janmot
4024:Fuseli
3979:Church
3871:Quinet
3861:Müller
3816:Goethe
3811:Fichte
3734:Franck
3676:Serbia
3627:Glinka
3600:Russia
3586:Tausig
3581:Stolpe
3561:Chopin
3549:Poland
3510:Busoni
3474:Heller
3443:Wagner
3378:Brahms
3352:Onslow
3342:Halévy
3310:France
3291:Reicha
3281:Dvořák
3250:Mahler
3245:Hummel
3240:Czerny
3136:Isaacs
3116:Geijer
3050:Lowell
3040:Irving
3020:Cooper
3015:Bryant
2957:Russia
2892:Njegoš
2887:Kostić
2882:Jakšić
2875:Serbia
2805:Norwid
2780:Fredro
2772:Poland
2742:Seward
2632:Uhland
2622:Schwab
2612:Mörike
2602:Kleist
2557:Goethe
2552:Fouqué
2501:Nodier
2496:Nerval
2491:Musset
2443:France
2433:Varela
2428:Taunay
2413:Macedo
2361:Brazil
2311:Ossian
2238:Themes
2077:Poland
2072:Norway
2054:France
1983:(2011)
1971:(2005)
1959:(2005)
1947:(1953)
1860:Family
1804:(1836)
1792:(1821)
1780:(1819)
1768:(1796)
1703:(1973)
1633:(2017)
1624:(2016)
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802:After
739:Hamann
731:deists
257:, and
232:French
171:, the
103:
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89:
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74:
5625:Paine
5620:Mason
5582:Smith
5532:Burns
5517:Blair
5512:Black
5456:Spain
5362:Maior
5257:Meyer
5201:Verri
5168:Italy
5153:Swift
5148:Burke
5143:Boyle
5089:Wolff
4917:Mably
4837:Bayle
4786:Price
4766:Locke
4756:Hooke
4726:Bacon
4524:Deism
4378:Bacon
4287:Rosen
4282:Ricks
4277:Nancy
4237:Blume
4232:Bloom
4154:Stroy
4139:Saleh
4134:Runge
4084:Lampi
4069:Jones
4059:Hayez
3994:Corot
3959:Blake
3926:Tieck
3916:Staël
3841:Larra
3826:Hegel
3781:Burke
3739:Grieg
3729:Field
3724:Elgar
3707:Other
3540:Verdi
3498:Italy
3489:Liszt
3479:Hubay
3464:Erkel
3448:Weber
3433:Spohr
3393:Loewe
3383:Bruch
3347:Méhul
3337:Fauré
3327:Auber
3322:Alkan
3181:Raffi
3151:Mácha
3141:Lenau
3091:Botev
3064:Other
2916:Spain
2851:Dinis
2737:Scott
2712:Keats
2692:Clare
2682:Byron
2677:Burns
2657:Blake
2642:Great
2627:Tieck
2582:Heine
2577:Hauff
2511:Vigny
2506:Staël
2466:Dumas
2388:Assis
2383:Alves
2368:Abreu
2321:Rhine
2224:Ultra
2067:Japan
1934:Works
1878:(son)
1755:Works
1709:from
1699:, in
1304:S2CID
1296:JSTOR
1223:(PDF)
1216:(PDF)
1071:Notes
108:JSTOR
94:books
5577:Reid
5562:Mill
5547:Hume
5206:Vico
5039:Kant
4957:Sade
4781:Pope
4252:Frye
4179:Ward
4174:Veit
4129:Rude
4079:Koch
4054:Gude
4049:Goya
3999:Dahl
3989:Cole
3317:Adam
3265:Wolf
3008:U.S.
2907:Zmaj
2537:Beer
2476:Hugo
2423:Reis
2403:Dias
2267:Hero
2202:Post
2163:Jena
2133:Dark
1601:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1327:72:4
1244:link
1154:OCLC
1144:ISBN
818:and
725:and
600:and
580:and
412:and
352:and
234:and
226:and
210:and
155:The
80:news
3749:Sor
3622:Cui
3055:Poe
2188:Pre
2183:Neo
1682:,
1613:PDF
1479:. (
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