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345:. Bulgakov set upon working on it in July and finished the first draft in September. That month, he recited it for the audience of the theatre's actors and officials, which included Stanislavski. Its first version closely followed the novel's plotline and featured the characters Malyshev and Nai-Turs, and Alexey Turbin was still an army doctor.
751:. But that was something much more than that.... The directors received the orders to stage the episode in such a way so as to make it look derogatory, and the rendition insulting for Old Russia's hymn. For some reason they failed to do so and that proved to be the reason that the production was finally canceled."
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Bulgakov's play's secret admirer, however, proved to be Stalin, who admittedly watched the play in MAT at least 15 times and invariably spoke of it in rapturous terms, according to Valery
Shanayev, who also mentioned that there were several Bulgakov's books in the Soviet leader's Kremlin library. It
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was revived, and the play re-entered the Moscow Art
Theatre's major repertoire. For Bulgakov, that came as a surprise. "For reasons unknown to me, which I am not in a position to speculate upon, the Soviet government issued an extraordinary order for the MAT to re-start the production of The Days of
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of the White movement" and asked rhetorically, "The sufferings of the landowner
Ranevskaya, who is about to have her cherry orchard ruthlessly axed, what bearings do they have for the Soviet theatre-goers? And should we care for the nostalgia suffered by immigrants, either external or internal, for
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dated 2 February 1929, he argued, "The play does more good than harm. Mind you, the general impression which the viewer leaves the theatre with, is that of the
Bolsheviks' victory. That the likes of the Turbins decide to lay down the arms and succumb to the will of the people, conceding the defeat,
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and had been personally invited to the theatre by
Bulgakov, remembered, "That was astounding. All these things were still very much alive in the people's memories. There were fits of hysteria, people fainted, seven people were driven away by ambulance, for there were lots of people in the audience
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for Stalin, the critic
Marianna Shaternikova argued, for "there was nothing in the play which might have been interpreted even as a hint at Bolshevism's invincibility. What there was instead is the all-pervading sense of total betrayal... as the White Army generals, the Hetman, the Germans and all
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It was obvious for both that the "extraordinary" order could not have been issued by any one other than Stalin himself. Later, it was revealed that the Soviet leader had seen the play at least 15 times in the course of three years and often visited the theatre incognito. Apparently, Stalin came to
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Bulgakov's maternal grandmother, Anfisa
Ivanovna, married name Pokrovskaya, was born Turbina, which caused the name of the fictional family. The character of Alexey Turbin could be seen as a self-portrait. Nikolka Turbin bears strong resemblance to the author's real brother, Nikolai Bulgakov. The
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Stanislavski found the original plotline overdrawn and laden with too many characters, some of which were indistinguishable from the others. The second draft has no Nai-Turs, whose lines were given to
Colonel Malyshev. By the January 1926 final casting, Malyshev was also gone, and Alexey Turbin
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ran for 108 performances, the most that year for Moscow theatres. Despite numerous attempts at obstruction, it became a huge a hit, especially with the non-party public. The Soviet press panned it, however, but as the time went by, the severity of the criticism increased. In April 1929 the MAT
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The character of
Myshlayevsky apparently had no immediate real-life prototype, but some sources point to Nikolai Syngayevsky, the author's friend during his years of childhood, but by way of bizarre coincidence, it "found" itself one, in retrospect. During the 1926-1927 season the MAT offices
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The title "The White Guard".also caused problems. Stanislavski, trying to appease the
Repertoire Committee (Glavrepertkom) suggested that it should be called "Before the End" (Перед концом), but Bulgakov vehemently protested. In August 1926, they finally agreed on
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received a letter addressed to Bulgakov, signed "Viktor Viktorovich Myshalyevsky." In its introduction, its author implied that Bulgakov had known him personally and "expressed interest" in his life story. The letter told the story of a former
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The Turbins are a family caught in the turmoil by suffering their own tragedies, watching their whole world crash by the mindless violence, and feeling abandoned and betrayed. Colonel Alexey Turbin and his brother Nikolai remain loyal to the
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the Turbins. For the author of that play this means only one thing: the huge bulk of his life has been risen from the dead, simple as that," Bulgakov wrote to his friend, the literary and philosophy historian Pavel Popov (1892-1964).
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real person behind Elena Talberg-Turbina was Bulgakov's sister Varvara Afanasyevna. The prototype for the cynical careerist Colonel Talberg was Varvara's husband, Leonid Sergeyevich Karum (1888–1968), who first served under Hetman
394:, directed by Stanislavsky, premiered on 5 October 1926. The first Soviet play to portray the White Army officers realistically, not as caricature villains but as likeable people, caused furore. In its first season, in 1926-1927,
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That resulted in Bulgakov finally joining the MAT staff and spending the last years of his life in a kind of "internal exile." Increasingly frustrated and now unable to go abroad to visit his brother Nikolai, who lived in
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In April 1929, the production was canceled. On 16 February 1932, the direct interference of Stalin had it was revived, and it continued to run until June 1941. The play had 987 runs in the course of those ten years.
434:, which, by the will of history itself had been thrown into the White Guard camp. Such is natural for a writer who himself comes from the intelligentsia." His letter remained unanswered, but on 18 April, soon after
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Like the novel before it, the play had a strong autobiographical aspect to it. The description of the house of the Turbins corresponds to that of the house of the Bulgakov family in Kiev, which is now the
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shows how deeply moved the Soviet leader had been by the play. "You perform Alexey so good! Your Turbin's small mustachios even visit me in my dreams, I cannot forget them," he told the MAT actor
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and are determined to give their lives for it. Elena's husband, Colonel Talberg, flees the city with the German troops. Despite horrors and uncertainty, the family gathers to celebrate
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in the finale. Also, several new lines were given to Myshlayevsky to indicate that he was bitterly disillusioned, with the White movement and was now ready to join the Red Army.
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on 8 October 1926, insisted that the play amounted to the apology of the White movement. Later, in 1933 he called it "the drama of a restricted, sly even, capitulation".
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approached Bulgakov in 1925 and suggested that he should write a play for it to stage, the author had been toying with that idea for some time. In 1920, while in
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resulted in it being restarted, and it continued until June 1941, to considerable public acclaim. It ran for 987 performances in the course of those ten years.
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should be integrated into the new Soviet society, and it was quite popular with the party-controlled media), and he impulsively decided that the "good one,"
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438:'s suicide, Bulgakov received a telephone call from Stalin, who promised support and asked the author not to think of leaving the Soviet Union.
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was Stalin's personal orders that caused the play to be reinstalled, and it soon became part of what was known as the MAT's major repertoire.
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as Von Shratt, Robert Schilling as Von Dust, Vladimir Ershov as Getman, Nikolai Titushin as the deserter, Alexander Anders as Bolbotun and
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and been translated by Y. Lyons and F. Bloch, respectively. In 1927, its second version had been translated into German by K. Rosenberg.
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such a decision spontaneously upon having returned from the Moscow Art Theatre and being disgusted with what he called "a bad play,"
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Throughout its first three years in the MAT, the play was severely criticised in the Soviet press, with numerous celebrities like
380:. On 25 September 1926, the play received permission to be produced on stage for the MAT exclusively if the revolutionary hymn "
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remembered an episode in which the White Army officers on stage after having drunk some vodka, were supposed sing the anthem "
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Bulgakov sent Stalin some more letters. They remained unanswered, but on 16 February 1932, unexpectedly, the production of the
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was published for the first time in Russian in 1955, in Moscow under Elena Bulgakova's personal supervision. In 1934, in
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military school. Such an interpretation of his character caused a family row and a rift between Bulgakov and the Karums.
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officer who had joined the Red Army, initially even with some enthusiasm, only to become totally disillusioned with the
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On 3 April 1925, the Moscow Art Theatre's Second Studio co-director, who was later a respected Soviet reader in drama,
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Modern critics consider the play the peak of Bulgakov's development as a playwright and a 20th-century drama classic.
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What seemed to enrage the critics most was the fact that the White Army officers in the play were portrayed almost as
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and mentioned 298 clips of the negative reviews that he had collected. He insisted that his aim was "to portray the
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781:("Modern Viewer"), on 2 February 1927, described it as the "cynical attempt to idealize the White Army".
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There are three versions of the play's text. The first was written in July to September 1925. The title
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could mean only one thing: that the Bolsheviks are invincible." Such a line of argument served as a
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those whom they considered friends or allies, abandoning ." A small detail found in the diaries of
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The play enjoyed an enormous success. Bulgakov's secretary, I.S. Raaben, who had typed the novel
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violence there, apparently, resonated too strongly with many people's reminiscences of the
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The only review that could be said to be positive was that of N. Rukavishnikov in
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who had come through the Petlyura horrors, and all those Civil War hardships."
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Kiev of the late 1918 to early 1919 is a city in chaos. Firstly, Hetman
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as Alexey Turbin, Ivan Kudryavtsev as Nikolka, Vera Sokolova as Elena,
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leadership succumbed to the pressure, and the production was canceled.
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984:. Анатолий Шварц. «Думая о Булгакове». Журнал «Слово\Word» 2008, № 57.
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premiered on 5 October 1926 in Moscow Art Theatre and as directed by
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to protest the treatment to which the play had been subjected in the
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as Shervinsky (his song has been performed for several years by the
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became the artillery colonel, as well a kind of proponent for the
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tradition, one single family of intelligentsia, belonging to the
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opera singer Pyotr Selivanov), Evgeny Kaluzhsky as Studzinsky,
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and codirected by Ilya Sudakov (1890-1969). The cast included
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Stalin himself tried to downplay his own infatuation with the
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The title page of the 'pirate' 1927 Riga-published version of
810:-spawned hairy priests and fat capitalists in bowler hats."
364:'s headquarters had to be removed because the atmosphere of
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The next change was prompted by censors. The scene at the (
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It was written in 1925 and premiered on 5 October 1926 in
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in late 1918 and early 1919. Then, at the height of the
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in 1934. The third version of the text was published in
767:, joining the chorus of detractors. Education Ministre
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This article is about the play. For the 1976 film, see
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Talberg's prototype Leonid Karum with his wife Varvara
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comes in. Finally, he is ousted from the city by the
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The real-life figure behind him was Pyotr Bolbochan.
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187:. On 16 February 1932, the direct interference of
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412:On 28 March 1930 Bulgakov sent a letter to the
835:. Biography at the Moscow Art Theatre site. -
275:, the city succumbed to anarchy and violence.
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912:Why Did Stalin Loved The Days of the Turbuns.
793:the White movement, so timelessly deceased?"
198:was also used for the novel itself since its
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202:(1927, 1929, Concorde) edition was called
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886:at the Bulgakov On-line Encyclopedia
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546:Viktor Viktorovich Myshlayevsky
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871:at the Russian Bulgakov site.
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166:that is based upon his novel
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486:Vladimir Bill-Belotserkovski
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110:Russian 1918-1920 Civil War
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443:Days of the Turbins
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541:
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519:
512:
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501:
497:
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487:
483:
478:
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472:
468:
464:
455:
454:Joseph Stalin
451:
447:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
428:
427:War and Peace
423:
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415:
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389:
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384:" was played
383:
379:
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367:
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332:
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293:Anton Denikin
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189:Joseph Stalin
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159:Dni Turbinykh
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55:
51:
50:scenic design
48:(1926), with
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1187:
1153:
1147:Adam and Eve
1145:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1030:Bibliography
976:
968:
963:
951:
942:
924:Сталин И. В.
923:
919:
891:
836:
828:
816:
812:
797:
795:
783:
778:
772:
762:
753:
738:
732:
730:
706:Mark Prudkin
693:
692:
670:
669:
652:
629:
618:
612:
606:
602:
598:
588:
582:, hetman of
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533:
527:
521:
481:
479:
474:
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459:
442:
440:
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418:Soviet press
411:
395:
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377:
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355:
353:'s ideology
347:
342:
336:
328:
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285:
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203:
195:
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185:Soviet press
174:
167:
148:Дни Турбиных
138:
137:
136:
45:
1192:(2011 play)
1099:(1925–1926)
1056:(1928–1940)
926:Сочинения.
779:Novy Zritel
613:Von Schratt
491:red herring
432:dvoryanstvo
248:Vladikavkaz
1212:1926 plays
1206:Categories
821:References
728:as Maxim.
648:Bolsheviks
305:White Army
230:Background
131:Kiev, 1919
79:1926-10-05
62:Written by
619:Von Doust
386:crescendo
315:reality.
309:Bolshevik
242:When the
153:romanized
119:Realistic
931:Archived
808:agitprop
774:Izvestia
642:. Next,
589:Bolbotun
572:Zhytomyr
568:Lariosik
556:poruchik
366:anarchic
360:leader)
297:Red Army
1166:Related
786:Chekhov
683:English
626:Summary
607:Kirpaty
599:Galanba
584:Ukraine
319:History
208:Russian
155::
144:Russian
128:Setting
107:Subject
101:Russian
77: (
1158:(1936)
1150:(1931)
1142:(1929)
1134:(1927)
1131:Flight
1126:(1926)
1118:(1925)
1091:(1925)
1083:(1925)
1064:(1936)
1048:(1926)
1037:Novels
896:Paris.
675:Boston
636:regime
603:Uragan
313:Soviet
220:Moscow
216:Munich
212:German
1107:Plays
333:novel
200:Paris
122:drama
115:Genre
677:and
574:, 21
467:Fear
269:Kiev
634:'s
465:'s
52:by
44:'s
1208::
901:^
876:^
843:^
662:.
650:.
605:,
601:,
591:,
554:,
502:.
283:.
226:.
172:.
150:,
146::
1013:e
1006:t
999:v
142:(
81:)
56:.
23:.
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