140:
resemblance to Old
English poetry. Using alliteration and rhythm, the proverbs show some of the earliest uses of words and phrases, such as "cwæþ se (þe)" which translates to "quoth he who", and is later seen in more Middle English sources. In addition to their importance of gaining knowledge of the Old English history, the proverbs include many words that are not seen anywhere else in Old English writings. Arngart suggests that the study of the proverbs "furnishes insights into contemporary folklore and social life".
87:'s own work. Several of the proverbs also appear in later works of the thirteenth-century. Considering the repetition of their use, during later times and in future works, stresses their importance from the eleventh-century society. For every one of the Durham Proverbs, there is a Latin version. The commonalities between the Latin version of the proverbs and the Old English version, in more than one manuscript, suggest that there was a common source from which the Durham Proverbs were created in Old English from Latin.
166:" as other works do. However, they have a distinctive flavour of their own, one outstanding characteristic of which is the humorous expression that they embody (as in number 11, for example) — a quality that is lacking in the gnomes. A yet more distinctive feature is how often the proverbs echo the verse of other works, such as the echo of
78:
discusses the essentials of the Durham
Proverbs, there is still more to be learned. The Durham Proverbs are held in a manuscript that is kept in the library of Durham Cathedral, which is why they are named the "Durham" Proverbs. The original home of the manuscript is thought most likely to have been
139:
The Durham
Proverbs are not as serious as some of the Old English maxims and can even be considered humorous in some areas. The proverbs are similar to fables or parables seen in Modern English. Each proverb has a lesson to teach, as do the fables and parables. It is important to note the proverbs'
356:
as "ǣrforht" and "ǣrfægen", explains "glad-too-soon" as meaning optimistic. The Latin version of the proverb is "nec ilico arrigens", which translates as "nor quick to rouse" rather than the "glad" or "happy" usually ascribed to the O.E. form. (For further exploration of the Latin by
Arngart see
109:
Olof
Arngart's notes on the Durham Proverbs say that some of the proverbs have a biblical reference. The book of Proverbs in the Bible resembles the Durham Proverbs by providing teachings on morals for a society of its time. The "Dicts of Cato" were also influenced by the Durham Proverbs, which in
264:
Marsden suggests there is a word that has been omitted here, and thus there is an unclear translation that could hold various meanings. When
Marsden attempted to compare this to the Latin version, it was quite different. Marsden says, "So far, we must accept defeat on this
106:. Several of the proverbs have parallels within other proverbs listed below, as well as the Old English Disticha Catonis and the Proverbs of Hendyng. Despite their use, the source of these proverbs is largely debated and still considered unknown.
95:
The Durham
Proverbs are considered to have been used to document everyday business of the people of Anglo-Saxon England. The proverbs were used in monastic schools to teach text along with other texts such as the
58:, with the former preceding the latter. Olof Arngart's opinion is that the Proverbs were originally in Old English and translated to Latin, but this has since been disputed in a conference paper by
158:
and other works of the surviving Anglo-Saxon corpus. The Old
English versions are sometimes (but not always) alliterative, or in verse form, and employ the same formulae with "
118:
The Durham
Proverbs comprise a mixture of true proverbs and maxims, and are clearer in this regard, according to linguist and Anglo-Saxon anthropologist Nigel Barley (
132:
a maxim is a short statement that (as
Laingui puts it) "sets out a general principle", that briefly expounds a liturgical, legal, moral, or political rule as a short
382:, namely that travel abroad, where one is treated as an adult, spurs young men to self-confidence, thinking themselves "greater than chiefs" upon their return home.
1283:. Fourth conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxons, Durham, 7–11 August 1989. Anglo-Saxon England. Vol. 19. Cambridge University Press.
1520:
1394:
22:
is a collection of 46 mediaeval proverbs from various sources. They were written down as a collection, in the eleventh century, on some pages (pages 43
1225:
951:
Robinson, Fred C. (1982). "Understanding an Old English Wisdom Verse: Maxims II, Lines 10ff". In Benson, Larry Dean; Wenzel, Siegfried (eds.).
1308:
1264:
1165:
1002:
979:
960:
941:
922:
903:
880:
861:
838:
819:
800:
744:
1255:(1994). "Miscomprehension and Re-Interpretation in Old and Early Middle English Proverb Collections". In Tristram, Hildegard L.C. (ed.).
1437:
735:
Abels, Richard (2006). ""Cowardice" and Duty in Anglo-Saxon England". In Clifford J. Rogers; Kelly DeVries; John France (eds.).
1886:
1755:
1387:
168:
994:
1787:
1347:
Barley, Nigel (1972). "A Structural Approach to the Proverb and Maxim with Special Reference to the Anglo-Saxon Corpus".
136:
device. The Durham Proverbs are called proverbs because the collection has what Marsden calls "transferability" to man.
352:("nē tō forht nē tō fægen", 150). The twain have been variously translated. T. A. Shippey, who writes the O.E. of the
335:
being translated as "eargra cempana"), although the more general meaning of the word in O.E. was "sloth" or "sluggard".
829:
Greenfield, Stanley B.; Calder, Daniel Gillmore; Lapidge, Michael (1996). "Ælfric, Wulfstan, and other Late prose".
1380:
124:
1891:
1776:
1580:
154:
238:"Nonetheless, I would not trust you though you walked well.", said he who saw a witch passing along on her head.
1738:
1616:
1602:
1012:
Treharne, Elaine M. (October 2003). "The Form and Function of the Twelfth-Century Old English Dicts of Cato".
791:
Fulk, Robert Dennis; Cain, Christopher M.; Anderson, Rachel S. (2003). "Wisdom Literature and Lyric Poetry".
1444:
1426:
1403:
110:
turn, influenced Christianity. The first of the Durham Proverbs can even be seen in the Dict of Cato 23.
1175:
Hill, Thomas (2001). ""When the Leader Is Brave..."; An Old English Proverb and Its Vernacular Context".
1769:
1527:
1219:
936:. Annotated bibliographies of Old and Middle English literature. Vol. 5. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
856:. Annotated bibliographies of Old and Middle English literature. Vol. 4. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1236:(1994). "Miscomprehension and Re-Interpretation in Old and Early Middle English Proverb Collections".
970:
Sánchez-Martí, Jordi (2008). "Age Matters in Old English Literature". In Shannon Lewis-Simpson (ed.).
1865:
1855:
1850:
1818:
1795:
1716:
1667:
1479:
55:
34:) of a manuscript that were originally left blank. The manuscript is currently in the collection of
331:
1824:
1762:
1696:
1513:
329:" means coward here and is glossed as such in contemporary works ("timidorum militum" in Aldhelm's
299:
103:
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857:
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1299:(2000). "'Grim Wordplay': Folly and Wisdom in Anglo-Saxon Humour". In Jonathan Wilcox (ed.).
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1660:
1648:
1593:
1468:
1327:
1284:
1207:
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1144:
1119:
1090:
1056:. Lunds Universitets årsskrift, N.F., Avd.1, Lunds Universitet. Vol. 52. Lund: Gleerup.
763:
98:
42:
form the first part of the manuscript. The second part, to which it is bound, is a copy of
35:
1721:
1679:
1673:
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1492:
234:
Ne swā þēah trēowde þēah þū teala ēode, cwæþ sē þe geseah hægtessan æfter hēafde geongan.
23:
953:
The Wisdom of poetry: essays in early English literature in honor of Morton W. Bloomfield
1749:
1744:
1654:
1504:
1486:
1362:
850:
378:
294:
51:
917:. Cambridge studies in Anglo-Saxon England. Vol. 17. Cambridge University Press.
1880:
1710:
1364:
Proverbs, sentences, and proverbial phrases: from English writings mainly before 1500
1198:
Papahagi, Adrian (March 2005). "Another Source for the Old English Dict of Cato 73".
783:
149:
59:
163:
159:
1418:
1296:
1276:
1252:
1233:
989:
Springer, Carl P. E. (1995). "Manuscripts containing fragments, hymns, et al.".
326:
102:(also known as the "Dicts of Cato") and a Middle English collection titled the
1288:
1094:
128:
are — the latter's status being comparatively unclear. According to the
80:
915:
The hymns of the Anglo-Saxon church: a study and edition of the Durham Hymnal
1540:
1211:
1054:
The Durham Proverbs: An Eleventh Century Collection of Anglo-Saxon Proverbs
1046:
84:
43:
1318:
Steiner, Arpad (1944). "The Vernacular Proverb in Mediaeval Latin Prose".
1190:
1148:
1123:
1860:
1703:
1629:
133:
31:
1025:
848:
Hollis, Stephanie; Wright, Michael (1992). "Durham and other Proverbs".
775:
1339:
1081:
Arngart, Olof Sigfrid (1977). "Further Notes on the Durham Proverbs".
1455:
27:
1372:
993:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 85.
767:
83:. The original manuscript of the Durham Proverbs contains copies of
1331:
289:
It does no good (for) all truth (to be) told nor all wrong imputed.
814:. Medieval and Renaissance authors and texts. Vol. 2. BRILL.
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
1281:
The Distichs of Cato and the Durham Proverbs — a Comparison
955:. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University.
293:
For subsequent variations on this same proverb, from Chaucer to
1376:
1068:
Arngart, Olof Sigfrid (1956). "A Note on the Durham Proverbs".
1640:
229:
Nū hit ys on swīnes dōme, cwæð se ceorl sæt on eoferes hricge.
639:
637:
450:
448:
1368:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
754:
Arngart, Olof Sigfrid (April 1981). "The Durham Proverbs".
38:, to which it was donated in the eighteenth century. The
624:
622:
344:
One should be neither too soon fearful nor too soon glad.
122:), than the collection of Old English poems entitled the
871:
Laingui, André (1997). "Maxim". In Andre Vauchez (ed.).
480:
478:
465:
463:
259:
Ne saga sagan, cwæð sē gesēah hwer fulne hēalena sēoþan.
1360:
Whiting, Bartlett Jere; Whiting, Helen Wescott (1968).
580:
399:
397:
50:(minus its glossary). Each proverb is written in both
795:. Blackwell histories of literature. Wiley-Blackwell.
678:
676:
208:"It is a good year when the hound gives to the raven."
1838:
1804:
1786:
1730:
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1454:
1417:
1410:
991:
The manuscripts of Sedulius: a provisional handlist
1361:
1259:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. pp. 293–311.
849:
199:Beforan his frēonde biddeþ, sē þe his wǣdel mǣneþ.
831:A New Critical History of Old English Literature
601:
152:, and show a relationship in some places to the
304:
275:Blind byþ bām ēagum, sē þe brēostum ne starat.
1388:
1040:Original manuscript and modern republications
718:
706:
8:
1521:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1303:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 41 et seq.
694:
439:
415:
376:This proverb echoes sentiments expressed in
270:Eaðe wīs man mæg witan spell and ēac secgan.
254:Man dēþ swā hē byþ þonne hē mōt swā hē wile.
204:Gōd gēr byþ þonne se hund þām hrefne gyfeð.
974:. The Northern World. Vol. 42. BRILL.
285:Ne dēah eall sōþ āsǣd ne eall sār ætwiten.
1414:
1395:
1381:
1373:
184:Frēond dēah feor ge nēah: byð near nyttra.
1014:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
340:Nē sceal man tō ǣr forht nē tō ǣr fægen.
1047:http://www.digipal.eu/digipal/page/1026/
898:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
737:The journal of medieval military history
643:
520:
508:
427:
175:Below are the first 25 Durham Proverbs:
74:While Richard Marsden's introduction in
812:Heroic identity in the world of Beowulf
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628:
613:
568:
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496:
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469:
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403:
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63:
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1045:Durham Cathedral ms B iii. 32 LUA 52;
372:A little boasts he who travels widely.
219:Hwīlum æfter medo menn mǣst geþyrsteð.
119:
852:Old English prose of secular learning
682:
667:
581:Greenfield, Calder & Lapidge 1996
532:
321:A coward can do only one thing: fear.
214:Oft on sōtigum bylige searowa licgað.
189:Æt þearfe mann sceal freonda cunnian.
7:
1777:Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim
317:Earh mæg þæt an þæt he him ondræde.
1438:On the Resting-Places of the Saints
972:Youth and age in the medieval north
793:A history of Old English literature
312:Gyf þū well sprece, wyrc æfter swā.
1224:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
1052:Olof Sigfrid Arngart, ed. (1956).
14:
1320:The American Journal of Philology
224:Æfter leofan menn langað swīðost.
148:The proverbs have their roots in
1301:Humour in Anglo-Saxon literature
896:The Cambridge Old English Reader
194:Nafað ǣnigmann frēonda tō feala.
76:The Cambridge Old English Reader
1131:Arngart, Olof Sigfrid (1983). "
1102:Arngart, Olof Sigfrid (1982). "
932:Poole, Russell Gilbert (1998).
873:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
280:Ðā ne sacað þe ætsamne ne bēoð.
130:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
995:American Philosophical Society
890:Marsden, Richard (2004). "The
739:. Vol. 4. Boydell Press.
602:Fulk, Cain & Anderson 2003
368:Hwon gelpeð se þe wide siþað.
1:
1561:The Prose Solomon and Saturn
1158:Maxims in Old English poetry
1913:
348:The proverb has echoes of
305:Whiting & Whiting 1968
1289:10.1017/S0263675100001551
1095:10.1080/00138387708597813
934:Old English wisdom poetry
913:Milfull, Inge B. (1996).
244:Eall on mūðe þæt on mōde.
1739:Handbook for a Confessor
1160:. Boydell & Brewer.
695:Hollis & Wright 1992
440:Hollis & Wright 1992
416:Hollis & Wright 1992
379:Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða
179:Geþyld byð middes ēades.
1427:Old English Martyrology
1106:23, and Other Notes on
249:Gemǣne sceal māga feoh.
144:The proverbs themselves
26:to 45 verso, between a
1887:Old English literature
91:Background and history
1770:Old English Hexateuch
1722:Old English Herbarium
1528:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1212:10.1093/notesj/gji104
1191:10.1515/ANGL.2001.232
1156:Cavill, Paul (1999).
810:Gwara, Scott (2008).
1819:Old English Lapidary
1796:Kentish Royal Legend
1731:Ecclesiastical texts
1514:History of the World
1480:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
30:and a collection of
1825:Wonders of the East
1763:Vindicta Salvatoris
1756:Gospel of Nicodemus
1717:Byrhtferth's Manual
1575:The Durham Proverbs
1149:10.1093/nq/30-4-291
1124:10.1093/nq/29-3-199
511:, pp. 470–471.
499:, pp. 289–290.
457:, pp. 302–303.
104:Proverbs of Hendyng
1813:Apollonius of Tyre
1568:Adrian and Ritheus
1464:Blickling Homilies
1257:Text und Zeittiefe
1249:also published as:
1062:Scholarly analyses
719:Sánchez-Martí 2008
707:Sánchez-Martí 2008
646:, pp. 4, 262.
1874:
1873:
1834:
1833:
1552:Wisdom literature
1534:Winchcombe Annals
1474:Vercelli Homilies
1404:Old English prose
1310:978-0-85991-576-2
1266:978-3-8233-4273-1
1200:Notes and Queries
1167:978-0-85991-541-0
1137:Notes and Queries
1135:17, 30, and 42".
1112:Notes and Queries
1004:978-0-87169-855-1
981:978-90-04-17073-5
962:978-0-918720-15-3
943:978-0-85991-530-4
924:978-0-521-46252-5
905:978-0-521-45612-8
882:978-1-57958-282-1
863:978-0-85991-343-0
840:978-0-8147-3088-1
821:978-90-04-17170-1
802:978-0-631-22397-9
746:978-1-84383-267-6
670:, pp. 34–35.
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1234:Shippey, T. A.
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1185:(2): 232–236.
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1128:
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1104:Durham Proverb
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1326:(1): 37–68.
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629:Marsden 2004
614:Arngart 1981
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485:Arngart 1981
470:Marsden 2004
455:Marsden 2004
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404:Milfull 1996
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359:Arngart 1983
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350:The Wanderer
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64:Shippey 1989
47:
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18:
17:
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1788:Genealogies
1641:Legal texts
1419:Hagiography
1206:(1): 8–10.
120:Barley 1972
56:Old English
1881:Categories
1856:Byrhtferth
1355:: 737–750.
1349:Proverbium
1244:: 293–311.
683:Gwara 2008
668:Abels 2006
533:Poole 1998
389:References
81:Canterbury
1697:Leechbook
1649:Law codes
1610:Hierdeboc
1603:Froforboc
1594:Ælfredian
1541:Hexameron
784:163063785
32:canticles
1897:Proverbs
1866:Wulfstan
1861:Werferth
1704:Lacnunga
1668:Charters
1655:Geþyncðo
1617:Blostman
1456:Homilies
1279:(1989).
1026:27712374
756:Speculum
354:Proverbs
300:Vulgaria
134:mnemonic
40:Proverbs
1839:Authors
1630:Dialogi
776:2846936
162:" and "
114:Purpose
48:Grammar
1851:Ælfric
1846:Ælfred
1623:Psalms
1494:Judith
1340:291140
1338:
1307:
1263:
1178:Anglia
1164:
1076:: 259.
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303:, see
295:Horman
125:Maxims
85:Ælfric
70:Origin
44:Ælfric
28:hymnal
1805:Other
1411:Texts
1336:JSTOR
1022:JSTOR
780:S2CID
772:JSTOR
265:one".
160:sceal
52:Latin
24:verso
1625:1–50
1305:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1226:link
1162:ISBN
999:ISBN
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957:ISBN
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327:earh
54:and
16:The
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