154:
strategic approach to advocating for civil rights. He accomplished this by holding a more authoritative tone, avoiding using emotion. He also utilized the patriotism deeply rooted in the black community to win over the whites. However the newspaper was hostile to
European immigrants to California, out of economic resentment.
153:
was published on April 7, 1865. The
Elevator's goal was to work towards black suffrage and citizenship as well as improve educational opportunities for black youth in the bay area. Due to the fact that the majority of Californians were opposed to racial integration at the time Bell had to take a
126:
William Lloyd
Garrison's abolitionist paper. In 1860, Bell moved to San Francisco to report on newfound opportunities for blacks there. It was there in 1862 that Bell worked as an editor with Peter Anderson on the
122:
Born in New York City in 1808, Philip
Alexander Bell was a journalist and abolitionist politician who was African American. He first began working in newspapers in 1831 as the New York City agent for
1897:
1801:
110:
celebrations that were non-segregated as that was occasionally set aside on
Independence day. The newspaper was first published under the slogan "Equality Before the Law" by
1892:
381:
1093:
1443:
1912:
1907:
1806:
1796:
1690:
1471:
1902:
1423:
1192:
1178:
354:
89:
1276:
1185:
374:
133:
before moving on to start his own paper after the pair disagreed on a direction to take the newspaper. After the disagreement over the
1479:
291:
1822:
1129:
301:
1437:
1856:
493:
1514:
1024:
367:
350:
1634:
1087:
1627:
1248:
854:
468:
1507:
563:
396:
218:
1374:
1002:
942:
577:
316:
Eric
Gardner, Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 1, 2007, p. 7
1863:
935:
647:
612:
1613:
1542:
1066:
584:
461:
1353:
1318:
1241:
1157:
1143:
956:
759:
689:
654:
528:
475:
447:
166:
106:
from 1865 to 1898 to express the perspective of the black community. A major focus of the articles were the
1849:
1791:
1718:
1570:
1535:
1500:
963:
868:
847:
776:
598:
433:
1171:
833:
805:
682:
633:
111:
45:
1767:
1725:
1360:
1283:
1255:
1045:
1038:
1031:
921:
798:
791:
738:
661:
542:
1760:
1732:
1465:
1367:
1339:
1290:
1220:
1073:
914:
819:
710:
668:
570:
507:
20:
332:
1746:
1662:
1577:
1528:
1451:
1332:
1122:
1080:
882:
840:
745:
591:
500:
1549:
241:
1655:
1493:
1325:
1311:
1262:
1199:
1059:
900:
812:
731:
703:
605:
426:
297:
1870:
1648:
1606:
1458:
1416:
1381:
1115:
928:
752:
724:
640:
626:
619:
549:
514:
440:
419:
1753:
1739:
1704:
1486:
1395:
1388:
1297:
1227:
1213:
1101:
907:
875:
717:
675:
556:
535:
1774:
1697:
1620:
1521:
1430:
1402:
1304:
1206:
970:
696:
454:
129:
107:
1886:
1556:
1269:
949:
826:
784:
521:
158:
103:
55:
186:
1843:
1711:
1563:
1346:
1164:
1150:
1108:
1052:
984:
169:, California, covering racism, women's rights, education, travel and other issues.
270:
1584:
1409:
1136:
977:
1827:
1641:
861:
331:
1669:
359:
1683:
1676:
165:
under the pseudonyms Anna Trask and Semper
Fidelis from her home in
363:
293:
Something in the Soil: Legacies and
Reckonings in the New West
339:. Springfield, Massachusetts: Willey & Co. p. 98.
353:
from June 30, 1865 – June 11, 1898 (314 issues) through
1802:
81:
San
Francisco, San Francisco County, California, U.S.
1836:
1815:
1784:
1598:
1016:
994:
892:
769:
485:
411:
404:
395:
85:
77:
69:
61:
51:
41:
33:
1898:Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area
296:. W. W. Norton & Company. 2001. p. 265.
187:"The Elevator · African American Fourth of July"
16:Historic newspaper in San Francisco, California
375:
8:
28:
408:
401:
382:
368:
360:
27:
1893:African-American newspapers of California
1807:National Newspaper Publishers Association
1797:National Association of Black Journalists
1193:The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
1179:The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
355:California Digital Newspaper Collection
334:The Afro-American Press and Its Editors
178:
90:California Digital Newspaper Collection
273:. Media Museum of Northern California
7:
1186:The Colored American (New York City)
265:
263:
261:
236:
234:
212:
210:
208:
206:
1913:Publications disestablished in 1874
219:"Philip Alexander Bell (1808-1889)"
14:
1908:1869 establishments in California
1823:Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
1130:Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
1857:Genius of Universal Emancipation
494:African-American News and Issues
157:Popular journalist and essayist
1515:Southwestern Christian Advocate
351:Free archives of "The Elevator"
1903:Newspapers established in 1869
1:
1635:The Colored American Magazine
330:Penn, Irvine Garland (1891).
102:was a newspaper published in
1445:The Philadelphia Independent
855:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
469:The Washington Afro-American
191:africanamerican4th.omeka.net
564:The Burning Spear Newspaper
217:Bragg, Susan (2007-01-30).
1929:
1375:The Mississippi Enterprise
37:African American newspaper
18:
1844:Abolitionist publications
648:The Jacksonville Advocate
613:Florida Sentinel Bulletin
242:"P.A. Bell: Abolitionist"
1614:Black Issues Book Review
1543:The Winter Park Advocate
585:The Charleston Chronicle
462:The Philadelphia Tribune
19:Not to be confused with
1354:Metro Herald (Virginia)
1144:The Chicago Conservator
957:The Sacramento Observer
760:Winston-Salem Chronicle
690:The New Orleans Tribune
655:Jacksonville Free Press
529:Baltimore Afro-American
476:The Washington Informer
448:New York Amsterdam News
271:"Philip Alexander Bell"
149:The first issue of the
1850:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
1792:Associated Negro Press
1719:Our Women and Children
1571:Afro-American Sentinel
1501:The Seattle Republican
964:San Francisco Bay View
869:The St. Louis American
848:The Michigan FrontPage
599:The Christian Recorder
434:New Pittsburgh Courier
390:African American press
1172:The Cleveland Gazette
834:Indianapolis Recorder
806:The Cincinnati Herald
683:New Journal and Guide
634:Houston Forward Times
246:www.lincolnshrine.org
118:Philip Alexander Bell
112:Philip Alexander Bell
46:Philip Alexander Bell
1768:Visions Metro Weekly
1361:The Michigan Citizen
1284:Indianapolis Freeman
1046:Arkansas State Press
1039:The Aliened American
1032:The Alaska Spotlight
922:Los Angeles Sentinel
799:The Chicago Defender
792:The Chicago Crusader
739:The Triangle Tribune
662:The Louisiana Weekly
543:The Baptist Vanguard
86:Free online archives
1761:Transition Magazine
1466:The Progressive Era
1368:Mirror of the Times
1340:Memphis Free Speech
1291:Indianapolis Leader
1221:Detroit Plaindealer
1074:Atlanta Independent
820:Fort Wayne Ink Spot
711:Richmond Free Press
669:Louisville Defender
571:Carolina Peacemaker
508:Atlanta Daily World
30:
21:The Kansas Elevator
1529:The Washington Sun
1522:The Washington Bee
1452:Pittsburgh Courier
1438:The People's Voice
1333:The McDowell Times
1123:The Carolina Times
1081:The Black Dispatch
883:St. Louis Sentinel
841:Michigan Chronicle
746:Tri-State Defender
592:The Charlotte Post
501:Atlanta Black Star
1880:
1879:
1594:
1593:
1494:The Rights of All
1326:Louisville Leader
1312:Jackson Eagle Eye
1263:Frost Illustrated
1256:Freedom's Journal
1200:Daily Negro Times
1088:The Black Panther
1060:Athens Republique
1012:
1011:
943:Portland Observer
901:Arizona Informant
813:The Columbus Post
732:Tennessee Tribune
704:The Orlando Times
606:The Dallas Weekly
427:Buffalo Criterion
137:Bell founded the
95:
94:
1920:
1871:The National Era
1607:Black Enterprise
1508:The Shining Star
1459:Portland New Age
1417:New National Era
1116:California Eagle
929:Los Angeles Wave
753:The Village Beat
725:Savannah Tribune
641:Jackson Advocate
627:Houston Defender
620:The Florida Star
550:Birmingham Times
515:Atlanta Inquirer
441:The New York Age
420:Bay State Banner
409:
402:
384:
377:
370:
361:
340:
338:
317:
314:
308:
307:
288:
282:
281:
279:
278:
267:
256:
255:
253:
252:
238:
229:
228:
226:
225:
214:
201:
200:
198:
197:
183:
31:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1832:
1811:
1780:
1740:Sister 2 Sister
1590:
1550:The Woman's Era
1487:Richmond Planet
1473:Ravenswood Post
1396:Nashville Globe
1389:Muhammad Speaks
1228:Detroit Tribune
1214:The Denver Star
1102:Boston Guardian
1008:
990:
908:Black Lens News
888:
876:St. Louis Argus
765:
718:Roanoke Tribune
676:The Miami Times
557:Black Chronicle
536:Baltimore Times
481:
391:
388:
347:
329:
326:
324:Further reading
321:
320:
315:
311:
304:
290:
289:
285:
276:
274:
269:
268:
259:
250:
248:
240:
239:
232:
223:
221:
216:
215:
204:
195:
193:
185:
184:
180:
175:
147:
135:Pacific Appeal,
120:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:The Enterprise
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1431:Pacific Appeal
1427:
1424:The North Star
1420:
1413:
1406:
1403:The Negro Star
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1305:Iowa Bystander
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1207:Dallas Express
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1003:The Final Call
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
981:
974:
971:Seattle Medium
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
896:
894:
890:
889:
887:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
773:
771:
767:
766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
697:Oklahoma Eagle
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
578:The Carolinian
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
489:
487:
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
465:
458:
455:Our Time Press
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
415:
413:
406:
399:
393:
392:
389:
387:
386:
379:
372:
364:
358:
357:
346:
345:External links
343:
342:
341:
325:
322:
319:
318:
309:
302:
283:
257:
230:
202:
177:
176:
174:
171:
161:wrote for the
146:
143:
130:Pacific Appeal
124:The Liberator,
119:
116:
108:Fourth of July
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:The Liberator
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:Organizations
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:Omaha Monitor
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:The Reflector
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:Gary American
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
951:
950:Richmond Post
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:
926:
924:
923:
919:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
898:
897:
895:
891:
885:
884:
880:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
856:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
827:Gary Crusader
824:
822:
821:
817:
815:
814:
810:
808:
807:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
785:Call and Post
782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
772:
768:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:
708:
706:
705:
701:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
631:
629:
628:
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
568:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:
533:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:
522:Atlanta Voice
519:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
505:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
491:
490:
488:
484:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
438:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
417:
416:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
398:
394:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
365:
362:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
337:
335:
328:
327:
323:
313:
310:
305:
303:9780393321029
299:
295:
294:
287:
284:
272:
266:
264:
262:
258:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
220:
213:
211:
209:
207:
203:
192:
188:
182:
179:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:Jennie Carter
155:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:San Francisco
101:
100:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:April 7, 1865
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:Jennie Carter
54:
52:Staff writers
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1816:Corporations
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1712:Negro Digest
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1564:Western Post
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1347:Memphis Post
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1235:The Elevator
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1165:The City Sun
1163:
1156:
1151:Chicago Whip
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1109:The Broad Ax
1107:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1067:Athens Voice
1065:
1058:
1053:Athens Blade
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1025:The Advocate
1023:
1001:
985:Sun-Reporter
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
936:Oakland Post
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
777:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
333:
312:
292:
286:
275:. Retrieved
249:. Retrieved
245:
222:. Retrieved
194:. Retrieved
190:
181:
162:
156:
150:
148:
138:
134:
128:
123:
121:
99:The Elevator
98:
97:
96:
78:Headquarters
29:The Elevator
25:
1691:The Horizon
1585:Omaha Guide
1410:Negro World
1319:Louisianian
1242:The Equator
1158:The Circuit
1137:Chicago Bee
1095:Black Times
978:The Skanner
167:Nevada City
1887:Categories
1828:Real Times
1642:The Crisis
1536:The Appeal
862:Omaha Star
397:Newspapers
277:2021-04-08
251:2021-04-08
224:2021-04-08
196:2021-04-01
173:References
1726:Right On!
1670:The Fader
1599:Magazines
915:The Facts
412:Northeast
141:in 1865.
1733:The Root
1277:Harambee
995:National
778:The Call
163:Elevator
151:Elevator
139:Elevator
1837:Related
1684:theGrio
1663:Essence
1249:Freedom
1017:Defunct
770:Midwest
145:History
70:Founded
62:Closure
1677:Fire!!
1656:Emerge
1628:Clutch
405:Active
336:
300:
42:Editor
1649:Ebony
486:South
1754:Tint
1747:Soul
1705:King
1382:Mojo
893:West
298:ISBN
65:1874
34:Type
1775:YSB
1698:Jet
1621:BLK
1298:Ink
1889::
260:^
244:.
233:^
205:^
189:.
114:.
383:e
376:t
369:v
306:.
280:.
254:.
227:.
199:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.