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1974:, the design has gained widespread popularity as the de facto flag of the region. The tiger is a homage to the term "Fen Tiger", which was originally coined in the 17th century to describe locals who exhibited fierce resistance to the drainage schemes in the Fens. The yellow symbolises the agricultural prosperity of the Fens, while the blue represents both the natural and man-made waterways of the region.
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2785:. Some scholars, such as Keith Lindley, include the Isle of Axholme as part of the Fenland, as it has the same kind of environment and a similar environmental and social history. But it is not contiguous with the rest of the East Anglian Fenland, nor was its drainage ever jointly organised with that of any of the main Fenland drainage areas. It is generally designated as a separate area.
1918:
1036:. Generally, their road system avoided the Fens, except for minor roads designed for exporting the products of the region, especially salt, beef and leather. Sheep were probably raised on the higher ground of the Townlands and fen islands, then as in the early 19th century. There may have been some drainage efforts during the Roman period, including the
1079:, Swineshead and Boston. All the Townlands parishes were laid out as elongated strips, to provide access to the products of fen, marsh and sea. On the fen edge, parishes are similarly elongated to provide access to both upland and fen. The townships are therefore often nearer to each other than they are to the distant farms in their own parishes.
546:. In the 17th century, the Great Level was divided into the North, Middle and South Levels for the purposes of administration and maintenance. In the 20th century, these levels were given new boundaries; they included some fens that were never part of the jurisdiction of the Bedford Level Corporation.
1535:
As of 2008, there are estimated to be 4,000 farms in the Fens involved in agriculture and horticulture, including arable, livestock, poultry, dairy, orchards, vegetables and ornamental plants and flowers. They employ about 27,000 people in full-time and seasonal jobs. In turn, they support around 250
953:
Since the 19th century, all of the acid peat in the Fens has disappeared. Drying and wastage of peats has greatly reduced the depth of the alkaline peat soils and reduced the overall elevation of large areas of the peat fens. It is also recorded that peat was dug out of the East and West
Lincolnshire
1503:
The dead vegetation of the peat remained undecayed because it was deprived of air (the peat being anaerobic). When it was drained, the oxygen of the air reached it, since then the peat has been slowly oxidizing. This, together with the shrinkage on its initial drying and the removal of soil by the
1424:
However, their success was short-lived. Once drained of water, the peat shrank, and the fields lowered further. The more effectively they were drained, the worse the problem became, and soon the fields were lower than the surrounding rivers. By the end of the 17th century, the land was under water
1377:
as engineer. Contrary to popular belief, Vermuyden was not involved with the draining of the Great Fen in
Cambridgeshire and Norfolk in the 1630s, but only became involved with the second phase of construction in the 1650s. The scheme was imposed despite huge opposition from locals who were losing
835:
silt soils deposited near the coast. Though water levels rose once again in the early medieval period, by this time artificial banks protected the coastal settlements and the interior from further deposits of marine silts. Peats continued to develop in the freshwater wetlands of the interior fens.
834:
marshes. Fenland water levels peaked in the Iron Age; earlier Bronze and
Neolithic settlements were covered by peat deposits, and have only recently been found after periods of extensive droughts revealed them. During the Roman period, water levels fell once again. Settlements developed on the new
941:
In general, of the three principal soil types found in the
Fenland today, the mineral-based silt resulted from the energetic marine environment of the creeks, the clay was deposited in tidal mud-flats and salt-marsh, while the peat grew in the fen and bog. The peat produces black soils, which are
438:
in
Cambridgeshire, is around 2.75 metres (9 ft 0 in) below sea level. Within the Fens are a few hills, which have historically been called "islands", as they remained dry when the low-lying fens around them were flooded. The largest of the fen-islands was the 23-square-mile (60 km)
973:
p. 526). In 1750 John Moore records a severe shock attended by a rumbling noise in Bourn after midday. This was felt in
Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. Houses tottered, slates, tiles and some chimneys fell. As it was a Sunday, some people ran out of the churches "in great
484:
Since the advent of modern drainage in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Fens have been radically transformed. Today arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral. The economy of the Fens is heavily invested in the production of crops such as grains, vegetables, and some cash crops such as
446:
Without artificial drainage and flood protection, the Fens would be liable to periodic flooding, particularly in winter due to the heavy load of water flowing down from the uplands and overflowing the rivers. Some areas of the Fens were once permanently flooded, creating lakes or
889:
was applied to this acid peatland occurring on hills. These moors disappeared in the 19th century. Researchers did not think that the
Fenland had this kind of peat, until the discovery of archaeological and documentary evidence showing that it did until the early 19th
991:
on. The evidence suggests that
Mesolithic settlement in Cambridgeshire was particularly along the fen edges and on the low islands within the fens, to take advantage of the hunting and fishing opportunities of the wetlands. Internationally important sites include
1539:
Over 70% of the Fens is involved in environmental stewardship schemes, under which 270 miles (430 km) of hedgerow and 1,780 miles (2,860 km) of ditches are managed, providing large wildlife corridors and habitat for endangered animals such as the
332:, much of the Fenland originally consisted of fresh- or salt-water wetlands. These have been artificially drained and continue to be protected from floods by drainage banks and pumps. With the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major
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The major part of the draining of the Fens was effected in the late 18th and early 19th century, again involving fierce local rioting and sabotage of the works. The final success came in the 1820s when windpumps were replaced with powerful coal-powered
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and across the fens to the
Welland. It was deforested in the early 13th century. There is little agreement as to the exact dates of the establishment and demise of the forest, but it seems likely that the deforestation was connected with the
1211:, who were then living in the Fens. However, Bertram Colgrave, in the introduction to one edition, doubts this account, because of the lack of evidence of British survival in the region. British place names in the area are "very few".
1214:
Monastic life was disrupted by Danish (Anglo-Saxon) raids and centuries of settlement from the 6th century but was revived in the mid-10th-century monastic revival. In the 11th century, the whole area was incorporated into a united
871:: this developed where the peat grew above the reach of the land water which carried the nutrients to the fen. Its development was enabled where the fen was watered directly by rainfall. The slightly acidic rain washed the
1556:
Project was initiated to return parts of the Fens to their original pre-agricultural state. The periodic flooding by the North Sea, which renewed the character of the
Fenlands, was characterised conventionally by the 1911
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In the early Christian period of Anglo-Saxon England, a number of Christians sought the isolation that could be found in the wilderness of the Fens. Later classified as saints, often with close royal links, they include
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Though some signs of Roman hydraulics survive, and there were also some medieval drainage works, land drainage was begun in earnest during the 1630s by the various investors who had contracts with
87:
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or one of its early 13th-century restatements, though it may have been as late as 1240. The forest would have affected the economies of the townships around it and it appears that the present
481:, and the harvesting of reeds or sedge for thatch. In this way, the medieval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of England, which was primarily an arable agricultural region.
826:
These rising sea levels flooded the previously inland woodland of the Fenland basin; over the next few thousand years both saltwater and freshwater wetlands developed as a result. Silt and
434:. Although one writer in the 17th century described the Fenland as entirely above sea level (in contrast to the Netherlands), the area now includes the lowest land in the United Kingdom.
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A discourse concerning the drayning of fennes and surrounded grounds in the sixe counteys of Norfolk, Suffolke, Cambridge, with the Isle of Ely, Huntington, Northampton and Lincolne
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region supporting a rich ecology and numerous species. Most of the fens were drained centuries ago, resulting in a flat, dry, low-lying agricultural region supported by a system of
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fens in the 14th century and used to fire the salterns of Wrangle and Friskney. In later centuries it was used locally for winter fuel and its digging controlled by the
261:. There have been unintended consequences to this reclamation, as the land level has continued to sink and the dykes have been built higher to protect it from flooding.
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865:: this is a broad expanse of nutrient-rich shallow water in which dead plants do not fully decay, resulting in a flora of emergent plants growing in saturated peat.
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uplands that surround them – in most places no more than 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level. As a result of drainage and the subsequent shrinkage of the
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there is a project in place aiming at building an indoor stadium for ice sports. If successful, it will have the largest sheet of ice in the country with both a
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features a character called Ethelreda Benedict, who comes from a small island in the Fens in the 17th century, in the second book of her ‘House’ trilogy,
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The Fens today are protected by 60 miles (97 km) of embankments defending against the sea and 96 miles (154 km) of river embankments. Eleven
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Bedford Levels information from Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 First Series Sheets 142 (1974) and 143 (1974). Lincolnshire information from Wheeler, W. H.
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of the rivers, and general flood defences, stop the land from being inundated. Nonetheless, these works are now much more effective than they were.
899:, which reached from the sea into the marsh, the Townlands and in some places, the fen. They were named only if big enough to be regarded as havens
2093:, prolific writer of detective fiction, took her eccentric sleuth, the psychiatrist Mrs Lestrange Bradley, to the Fens in several books, notably
830:
soils were deposited by marine floods in the saltwater areas and along the beds of tidal rivers, while organic soils, or peats, developed in the
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1071:. It is clear that there was some prosperity there, particularly where rivers permitted access to the upland beyond the fen. Such places were
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465:, where the towns had their arable fields. Though these lands were lower than the peat fens before the peat shrinkage began, the more stable
1207:
who lived in the Fens during the early 8th century, Saint Guthlac was described as attacked on several occasions by people he believed were
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The so-called "Flag of the Fens", designed by resident vexillographer James Bowman in 2016. Although it has yet to be registered with the
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Margaret Albright Knittl, "The design for the initial drainage of the Great Level of the Fens: an historical whodunit in three parts",
2561:’ Jackman and Evans crime series, with Armitage to play the lead character in a television adaptation based on the novels and entitled
1928:
4963:
4035:
2630:, one of the oldest purpose-built museums in the UK. It has a wide collection of items associated with Fenland trades and settlements.
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as "ravaged by serious inundations of the sea". The modern approach is to allow a little farmland to be flooded again and turned into
1519:(IDB) groups maintain 286 pumping stations and 3,800 miles (6,100 km) of watercourses, with the combined capacity to pump 16,500
1429:
1409:), funded the construction and were rewarded with large grants of the resulting farmland. The work was directed by engineers from the
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1107:. Surrounded by water and marshes, the Fens provided a safe area that was easily defended and not particularly desirable to invading
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Many historic cities, towns and villages have grown up in the fens, sited chiefly on the few areas of raised ground. These include:
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along the western edge of the Fenland between Peterborough and Lincolnshire, but most canals were constructed for transportation.
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The Lindsey Level, also known as the Black Sluice District, was first drained in 1639 and extends from the Glen and Bourne Eau to
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that developed naturally during the Bronze and Iron Ages), on which the settlers built homes and grew vegetables for households
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were used to pump water away from affected areas. The Company of Adventurers were more formally incorporated in 1663 as the
1197:. Hermitages on the islands became centres of communities which later developed as monasteries with massive estates. In the
1378:
their livelihoods based on fishing and wildfowling. Fenmen known as the Fen Tigers tried to sabotage the drainage efforts.
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2932:"An Act for settling the Draining of the Great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level", 1663, reproduced in Samuel Wells,
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How far seaward the Roman settlement extended is unclear owing to the deposits laid down above them during later floods.
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The Middle Level lies between the Ouse Washes and the Nene, but historically was defined as between the Ouse Washes and
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The Great Level of the Fens is the largest region of fen in eastern England: including the lower drainage basins of the
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was limited to the higher areas of the surrounding uplands, the fen islands, and the so-called "Townlands", an arch of
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1817:
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When written records resume in Anglo-Saxon England, the names of a number of peoples of the Fens are recorded in the
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The Fens have been referred to as the "Holy Land of the English" because of the former monasteries, now churches and
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1177:(Peterborough and Crowland), South Gyrwe (Ely), the Spalda (Spalding), and Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire).
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p. 64, (1684) this took place in Lincolnshire. In 1117 one affected Holland, Lincs, "endangering and injuring
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1991:, drew inspiration for many of his supernatural fantasies from the Fens. His books with Fenland themes include:
1659: – one of the Fen Five monasteries – is known as the "Ship of the Fens"; administrative centre of the
1322:"A Map of the Great Levell, representing it as it lay drowned." from "The history of imbanking and drayning" by
823:. As the ice melted, the rising sea level drowned the lower lands, leading ultimately to the present coastline.
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agricultural region for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing around half of the
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4922:
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1987:
1262:. As major landowners, the monasteries played a significant part in the early efforts at drainage of the Fens.
820:
650:
622:
513:. The details of the organisation vary with the history of their development, but the areas generally include:
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1785:, the largest of the many settlements along the fen edge and sometimes called the "Gateway to the Fens"; its
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against any floods coming down from the peat areas or from the sea. The rest of the Fenland was dedicated to
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3856:. Victoria County History. Vol. 3. pp. 249–290: "The Middle Level of the Fens and its reclamation"
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1823:
1709:
1685:
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shows the changing face of the Fens and the story of their drainage. It is housed in an old pumping station.
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The Search for Holmes, Robson, Hind, Steele and Graham Families of Cumberland and Northumberland, England
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1508:. As the highest parts of the drained fen are now only a few metres above mean sea level, only sizeable
1303:
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1536:
businesses involved in food and drink manufacturing and distribution, employing around 17,500 people.
1460:
Many original records of the Bedford Level Corporation, including maps of the Levels, are now held by
1134:, meaning "foreigner". However, the villages are in close proximity to the old Roman sea wall, so the
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Map of the Fens within eastern England along with the major settlements, rivers and drains within it.
35:
3703:"Richard Armitage acquires film and TV rights to Ellis' Jackman and Evans series and will play lead"
3597:
2029:, soon to be turned into a television adaptation (see below). Her stand-alone psychological fiction
530:, it covers about 500 sq mi (1,300 km). It is also known as the Bedford Level, after
230:
England population density and low elevation coastal zones. The Fens are particularly vulnerable to
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1565:. By introducing fresh water, the organisers of the project hope to encourage species such as the
950:, the dried raised bed of a watercourse, is more suitable for building than the less stable peat.
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Though the three Bedford Levels together formed the biggest scheme, they were not the only ones.
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Richard Armitage’s White Boar Films and Sprout Pictures have acquired the film and TV rights to
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Collections for a Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive Account of the Hundred of Aveland
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1413:. Following this initial drainage, the Fens were still extremely susceptible to flooding, so
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During most of the 12th century and the early 13th century, the south Lincolnshire fens were
1087:
After the end of Roman Britain, there is a break in written records. It is thought that some
575:. It originally included only a small part of these lands, including the ancient parishes of
505:
and internal drainage of the land between the rivers. The internal drainage was organised by
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is a scheme to restore navigation to some of the drainage works. It is planned to bring the
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It is debated whether this area includes the fen areas of north Lincolnshire, such as the
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2479:
2424:
2380:
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1820:, and famed for its annual Flower Parade held from 1959 to 2013 which was revived in 2023.
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1335:
1323:
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1021:
816:
310:
284:
125:
42:
2498:, is based on Graham Swift's book with the same title. Many of its scenes were filmed at
453:, while others were flooded only during periods of high water. In the pre-modern period,
271:
or former marshland. It also designates the type of marsh typical of the area, which has
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30:
This article is about the region in England. For the park in Boston, Massachusetts, see
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1826:, one of the Fen Five monasteries; later model village and agricultural estates of the
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301:, and are an area of nearly 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km) in the south east of
231:
145:
101:
64:
2675:, a museum of fen drainage based around the longest-working beam engine and scoopwheel
2545:
has a bridge on the Brendam Branch called the Fenland Track that crosses over a marsh.
1373:
to do so. The leader of one of these syndicates was the Earl of Bedford, who employed
1334:"The Map of the Great Levell drained" from "The history of imbanking and drayning" by
974:
consternation". In 1792 another shock was also felt in Bourne and neighbouring towns.
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1851:, formerly in Norfolk, but part of which was merged with Wisbech in the 20th century.
1832:
1801:
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1524:
1410:
1292:
1243:
1239:
1170:
969:". In 1185 Lincoln was damaged. In 1448 a shock was recorded in south Lincolnshire (
961:
Written records of earthquakes in the Fen area appear as early as 1048. According to
896:
872:
850:
572:
129:
31:
3835:
2977:, Archeological Reports, vol. 1, Liverpool University Press, Historic England,
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1592:
and parts of the Car Dyke into use as part of a route between Boston and Cambridge.
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4582:
4445:
4223:
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3224:. University of Leicester Archaeological Services. 26 February 2007. Archived from
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Fulman, William; Gale, Thomas, eds. (1684–1691), "Ingulfi Croylandendis Historia",
2298:
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lie in the southern most parts of Lincolnshire, between the Rivers Welland and the
568:
403:
356:
302:
141:
2624:, a social history museum located on the ground floor of a 19th-century Town Hall.
811:
indicates that the rivers of the southern part of eastern England flowed into the
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3225:
2888:
4681:
4571:
4561:
4541:
4312:
4282:
4152:
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2934:
The History of the Drainage of the Great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level,
2712:, the navigable waterway system which crosses the fenland of Norfolk and Suffolk
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3077:
Miller, S. H. Saunders, W. H. Bernard (ed.). "21. Earthquakes in the Fenland".
1966:
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819:. From the Fens northward along the modern coast, the drainage flowed into the
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3820:(2nd ed.). Boston, London: J.M. Newcombe and Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
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The following fictions, or substantial portions of them, are set in the Fens:
1854:
1789:
is one of the Fen Five monasteries; administrative centre of the Peterborough
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was built: its highest point is 39 metres (128 ft) above mean sea level.
412:
294:, based on their landscape, biodiversity, geodiversity and economic activity.
78:
3999:
3986:
3825:
3799:
A history of the drainage of the Great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level
3731:
1672:-Edge Villages strung out along the Fens' southernmost border, just north of
1481:, which were themselves replaced with diesel-powered pumps, such as those at
905:, or shallow lakes, which were more or less static but aerated by wind action
859:: this is the higher part of a tidal wash, on which salt-adapted plants grew.
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Geographical etymology. A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations
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2014:
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1274:. The area was enclosed by a line from Spalding, along the River Welland to
1100:
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808:
800:
792:
594:
435:
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17:
3539:"MP calls for "Flag of the Fens" to be added to the official flag register"
1978:
Some authors have featured the Fens repeatedly in their work. For example:
2144:
title character is a fictional physician living in 14th-century Cambridge.
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4103:
4055:
3408:
2457:
includes a tale of unrest and resistance by Fenland labourers around 1800
1875:
1848:
1703:
1436:
had the Lindsey Level inhabited by farmers by 1638, but the onset of the
1414:
1307:
1194:
1119:
1037:
993:
877:
875:
out of the peat, making it more suitable for acid-loving plants, notably
868:
846:
714:
580:
486:
462:
454:
408:
348:
298:
250:
178:
3341:
1721:, bridging point over the Nene and home to a 17th-century Puritan chapel
4676:
4604:
4551:
4307:
4277:
4267:
4165:
3976:
3907:
3735:
3727:
2658:
2269:
2175:
2008:
1860:
1718:
1208:
1182:
1072:
804:
752:
478:
392:
318:
314:
280:
153:
149:
113:
2081:, a children's author, set many of her books in the Fens, for example
1154:
to mean "the district under particular jurisdiction by the wall", and
215:
4686:
4671:
4454:
4355:
4334:
4262:
4257:
4202:
4088:
2651:, who led the English resistance to the Norman Conquest from the fens
2180:
returns to his home in the Fens one last time in the opening chapter.
1706:, one of the Fen Five monasteries; also a medieval triangular bridge;
1279:
1219:. The Fens remained a place of refuge and intrigue. It was here that
1204:
1174:
1096:
947:
638:
509:
or districts, each of which includes the fen parts of one or several
490:
276:
199:
2618:, the changing face of the Fens, including restored drainage engines
931:: areas of higher land, which were never covered by the growing peat
853:, which are sometimes exposed and at other times covered with water.
3965:
2039:
sets a number of his science-fiction novels in the Fens, including
567:
The North Level now includes all of the fens in Cambridgeshire and
4756:
1965:
1927:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1807:
1733:, a large village approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Ely
1601:
1491:
1446:
1329:
1317:
1088:
1045:
922:
812:
625:
running between the two Fens and the area covers both the town of
588:
419:
402:
268:
254:
246:
225:
3464:
587:
and Lincolnshire, which were under their own local jurisdictions.
3850:
Page, William; Proby, Granville; Inskip Ladds, S., eds. (1936).
3756:
1775:
1505:
1190:
827:
681:. The above were all redrained at one time or another after the
466:
458:
427:
4017:
760:: East, West and Wildmore Fens and the Townland from Boston to
2996:
Aspects of Yellow Belly History, J. Dear & T. Taylor. 1988
2892:
2596:
is set in a fictional town called Saxton, located in the Fens.
1911:
1299:
seems to have joined in the general prosperity by about 1280.
908:
many rivers, both natural and (from Roman times on) artificial
882:
862:
709:
and to the north east it extends up as far as the edge of the
264:
3790:
History of Imbanking and Drayning of Divers Fens and. Marshes
1444:
that led to the formation of the Black Sluice Commissioners.
987:
There is evidence of human settlement near the Fens from the
1058:, showing the approximate coastline and the Fens at the time
4013:
3834:
3197:
Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac: Texts, Translation and Notes
272:
3971:
1381:
Two cuts were made in the Cambridgeshire Fens to join the
693:
These areas cover the northern most part of the Fens from
3676:"The Wake by Paul Kingsnorth review 'A literary triumph'"
1489:, the small electric stations that are still used today.
773:
Sixth District: Blacksluice – Helpringham Eau to Kyme Eau
309:(which also includes parts of the old historic county of
2876:
The Drayner Confirmed, and the Obstinate Fenman Confuted
2687:, one of the few remaining undrained fens, owned by the
2681:, a similar area of wetlands in the southwest of England
2605:
the Fens is an area that the game can randomly generate.
1020:
with what later became central England; it runs between
3487:"Flying the Local Flags for Cambridgeshire and Fenland"
1935:
1835:
a low lying village formerly in the hundred of Wisbech.
1346:
Southern Lincolnshire from a mid-17th-century atlas by
538:(investors) in the 17th-century drainage in this area;
439:
Kimmeridge Clay island, on which the cathedral city of
1440:
permitted the destruction of the works until the 1765
921:, a broad bank of silt (the remains of the huge creek
560:, a 15th-century canal that runs north of the town of
3160:, by James Rye: Dereham, Norfolk: Larks Press, 2000;
2975:
Fenland Survey. An essay in landscape and persistence
1753:, a market town and home to UK's largest food cannery
838:
The wetlands of the fens have historically included:
3512:"Fens flag campaign to capture "fighting qualities""
3324:"Historyof the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board"
2469:
Some films have large portions set in the Fenlands:
367:. Other significant settlements in the Fens include
4802:
4717:
4619:
4527:
4443:
4348:
4233:
4151:
4064:
3010:(in Latin), vol. 1, Oxford: Sheldonian Theatre
1016:, a road across the Fens to link what later became
779:These were drained in the 18th and 19th centuries.
279:water and relatively large quantities of dissolved
210:
189:
172:
164:
159:
135:
119:
107:
97:
55:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2732:
1464:Service at the County Record Office in Cambridge.
1067:The early post-Roman settlements were made on the
3845:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). pp. 256–259.
2949:2nd ed. (1896) facsimile ed. Paul Watkins (1990)
1759:, a market town and administrative centre of the
1531:Modern farming and food manufacturing in the Fens
1504:wind, has meant that much of the Fens lies below
553:and surrounds Ely, as it did in the 17th century.
2127:, one of the longest-running series of plays on
1798:, a market town; one of the Fen Five monasteries
1774:, the village was the last location of a mobile
1126:suggest the native British population, with the
2874:. London: 1629. Reprinted in 1647 under title:
2017:set her multiple detective series in the Fens:
1350:, showing unsettled areas within undrained fens
1095:, who were migrating across the North Sea from
1091:may have moved west into the Fens to avoid the
3934:The Fens: Discovering England's Ancient Depths
3801:. Vol. 2. Fleet Street, London: R.Pheney.
3145:(Cambridge University Press 1956), pp. 108–11.
2174:, the central character Barnabas Sackett from
1938:to make improvements to the overall structure.
1234:Fenland monastic houses include the so-called
418:The Fens are very low-lying compared with the
4029:
3401:"Members - Federation of International Bandy"
3153:
3151:
2057:set several of his ghost stories in the Fens.
1985:, writer of adolescent fiction and author of
673:. Also this area includes the market town of
549:The South Level lies to the southeast of the
469:soils were reclaimed by medieval farmers and
41:"Fenlands" redirects here. For the film, see
8:
2669:, a symphonic poem by Ralph Vaughan Williams
2582:The Bedford Level appears in the video game
2578:Video games also have been set in the Fens:
2027:DI Rowan Jackman & DS Marie Evans series
1173:and Christian histories. They include North
399:Background: historical flooding and drainage
324:Most of the Fens lie within a few metres of
267:is the local term for an individual area of
3972:Flag Fen Archaeology Trust official website
3817:A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire
3125:. Hodder and Stroughton, London, 1973. p30.
2947:A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire
1863:("Capital of the Fens"), a market town and
1857:, a market town; annual Straw Bear Festival
1150:is generally believed to mean "wall-town",
430:fens, many parts of the Fens now lie below
27:Natural region on the east coast of England
4036:
4022:
4014:
3889:From Punt to Plough: A history of the Fens
2573:Ralph Vaughan Williams, In the Fen Country
1816:, a market town, administrative centre of
1223:was brought to be murdered and here where
657:. Its waters is carried mostly though the
52:
3200:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2593:The Lost Crown: A Ghost-Hunting Adventure
1954:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies
501:Drainage in the Fenland consists of both
2735:Fenland riots and the English revolution
2368:(short story collection), Penguin, 2016.
1639:, port and administrative centre of the
1341:
1158:to mean simply "wall-pole" (Old English
3374:. NFU East Anglia. 2008. Archived from
3138:p.245 (Notes & Sources) references
2821:Wise, John; Noble, W. Mackreth (1882).
2722:
2639:, a sport for which the Fens are famous
2123:wrote a series of radio plays entitled
1355:Early modern attempts to drain the Fens
1114:It has been proposed that the names of
209:
171:
158:
96:
84:
70:
3977:The Great Fen Project official website
3366:
3364:
3362:
3158:A Popular Guide to Norfolk Place-names
1804:named after an early drainage project.
795:, ten thousand years ago, Britain and
4969:Land management in the United Kingdom
3853:A History of the County of Huntingdon
3372:"Why Farming Matters in the Fens (2)"
2117:has several chapters set in the Fens.
1393:, the latter being known also as the
689:Holland, Wildmore, West and East Fens
593:The former by-laws of Deeping Fen at
188:
168:1,500 sq mi (3,900 km)
163:
134:
118:
106:
7:
3943:Imperial Mud: The Fight for the Fens
2554:was set around Boston, Lincolnshire.
1747:, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Ely
1661:East Cambridgeshire District Council
1302:Though the forest was about half in
942:directly comparable to the American
532:Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford
3085:. Peterborough: Geo. C. Caster: 28.
3008:Rerum Anglicarum Scriptorum Veterum
2889:"UK's lowest spot is getting lower"
2850:. La Jolla, CA: Search. p. 7.
2761:"NCA Profile: 46. The Fens (NE424)"
2154:mentions some sections in the Fens.
1291:was constructed at the time of the
807:. The topography of the bed of the
245:in eastern England are a naturally
3902:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3054:. Lincoln: John Moore. p. 27.
2825:. Huntingdon: Ellis & Cooper.
1600:The Fens is the origin of English
1310:, it is known as Kesteven Forest.
1203:, a biography of the East Anglian
25:
2973:Hall, David; Coles, John (1994),
2645:, a drainage project in the 1630s
2293:Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister
1743:island within the fens since the
1577:. Endangered species such as the
1397:. Both cuts were named after the
1103:) and settling what would become
1083:Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages
1000:quarry Bronze Age settlement and
914:Major areas for settlement were:
845:: these are places such as tidal
799:were joined by the ridge between
542:became the first governor of the
3880:FENLAND: A Landscape made by Man
3431:"Littleporticestadiumprojectltd"
2936:(London, 1830), Vol.2, pp.383ff.
2706:, a long straight ditch and bank
2307:(made into a film, listed below)
1916:
1655:(meaning "Isle of Eels"), whose
1523:in a 24-hour period or to empty
1385:to the sea at King's Lynn – the
86:
72:
50:Natural region in United Kingdom
3814:Wheeler, William Henry (1896).
2823:Ramsey Abbey: Its Rise and Fall
2739:. Heinemann Educational Books.
2526:was set and filmed in the Fens.
1610:Great Britain Bandy Association
738:Second District: Blacksluice –
328:. As with similar areas in the
3649:Johnson, Daisy (8 June 2017).
3194:Bertram Colgrave, ed. (1985).
2139:Matthew Bartholomew chronicles
1896:, the site of a Norman castle.
1845:, five miles north of Wisbech.
1456:alongside the River Great Ouse
1138:element is more probably from
937:: uplands surrounding the fens
787:At the end of the most recent
697:right up as far north west as
253:channels and man-made rivers (
1:
3871:A pocket guide to The Fenland
3674:Thorpe, Adam (2 April 2014).
3537:Gemma Gadd (23 August 2024).
2846:Christian, Anne Hait (1984).
2201:Detective Matt Ballard series
2023:Detective Matt Ballard series
1712:, birthplace of the explorer
1278:, then along the Car Dyke to
1227:based his insurgency against
1008:Roman farming and engineering
893:Waters: these have included:
881:species. This is the same as
313:), and western most parts of
4984:Levels in the United Kingdom
3968:the changing face of Fenland
3833:Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
3342:"Frequently Asked Questions"
3123:The Cambridgeshire Landscape
2704:Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire
2628:Wisbech & Fenland Museum
2482:, was set and filmed in the
1908:In popular culture and media
1130:coming from the Old English
1063:Early post-Roman settlements
766:Fifth District: Kyme Eau to
721:The Witham Commission Fens:
4959:Landforms of Cambridgeshire
3301:Agricultural History Review
3177:Blackie, Christina (1887).
1521:Olympic-size swimming pools
1012:The Romans constructed the
677:and the ancient village of
534:, who headed the so-called
5010:
4979:Natural regions of England
3491:The Local View - Cambridge
3303:, 55:1 (2007), pp. 23–50.
3038:Fenland Notes and Queries,
2643:Gilbert Heathcote's tunnel
2588:as a possible battlefield.
2359:Death of an Expert Witness
1358:
791:, known in Britain as the
633:including the villages of
257:and drains) and automated
40:
29:
4964:Landforms of Lincolnshire
4868:
4051:
3797:Wells, Samuel A. (1830).
3098:"Archaeology of the Fens"
3079:Fenland Notes and Queries
2923:, Wheres The Path website
2602:Sir, You Are Being Hunted
2416:Elisabeth Sennitt Clough
2172:To The Far Blue Mountains
1884:, a Bronze Age settlement
1878:, a Bronze Age settlement
1419:Bedford Level Corporation
1365:Bedford Level Corporation
571:between the Nene and the
544:Bedford Level Corporation
338:grade 1 agricultural land
85:
71:
62:
3950:Merrison, Karen (2022).
3899:The Draining of the Fens
3826:10.1680/ahotfosl2e.50358
3249:Forest Map near Kesteven
3032:Roger of Hoveden (1201)
2502:on the edge of the Wash.
2328:1635: A Parcel of Rogues
2103:The Mudflats of the Dead
2033:is also set in the Fens.
1988:The Giant Under The Snow
821:northern North Sea basin
705:along the course of the
583:, but excluding most of
4888:Dogdyke Pumping Station
3932:Pryor, Francis (2019).
3842:Encyclopædia Britannica
2731:Lindley, Keith (1982).
2533:of the 1995 BBC series
2446:DC Smith Investigations
2099:Wraiths and Changelings
1890:, an Iron Age hill fort
1871:Ancient sites include:
1559:Encyclopædia Britannica
1517:internal drainage board
783:Formation and geography
713:to the seaside town of
609:Bourne and Deeping Fens
297:The Fens lie inland of
292:National Character Area
216:visitcambridgeshirefens
4903:Peterborough Cathedral
3878:Hewitt, Peter (2000).
3869:Bevis, Trevor (1990).
3543:Peterborough Telegraph
3036:, p. 359, as cited in
2411:Confessions of the Fox
2109:Robert Louis Stevenson
2019:DI Nikki Galena series
2001:The House On The Brink
1975:
1590:South Forty-Foot Drain
1500:
1457:
1399:Fourth Earl of Bedford
1351:
1339:
1327:
1304:Holland (Lincolnshire)
1059:
1052:Kingdom of East Anglia
659:South Forty-Foot Drain
601:
415:
235:
34:. For other uses, see
4702:Wiggenhall St Germans
4667:Terrington St Clement
3941:Boyce, James (2020).
2515:1945 documentary film
2419:At or Below Sea Level
2162:The House at Old Vine
2084:Tom's Midnight Garden
2003:, which was based on
1969:
1680:– from west to east:
1495:
1450:
1434:Sir William Killigrew
1403:gentlemen adventurers
1401:who, along with some
1345:
1333:
1321:
1200:Life of Saint Guthlac
1049:
815:, thence through the
592:
406:
229:
191: • Summer (
4514:Morton and Hanthorpe
4000:52.48838°N 0.23118°W
3891:. The History Press.
3568:British County Flags
3457:"Welcome to Wisbech"
3310:21 July 2011 at the
3183:. London: J. Murray.
3121:Christopher Taylor.
3050:Moore, John (1809).
2919:7 March 2012 at the
2543:Thomas & Friends
2539:was set in the Fens.
2494:(1992), directed by
2236:, set in and around
2234:The Case Has Altered
1608:. It is the base of
1361:Twenty, Lincolnshire
1240:Ely Cathedral Priory
983:Pre-Roman settlement
36:Fen (disambiguation)
4989:Wetlands of England
4913:Stretham Old Engine
4472:Deeping St Nicholas
3996: /
3936:. Head of Zeus Ltd.
3620:"Honour thy father"
3594:Radiolistings.co.uk
3411:on 14 December 2018
3228:on 18 December 2014
3102:Fens for the Future
2801:Fens for the Future
2585:Tom Clancy's EndWar
2548:The 2019 TV series
2455:The Tell-Tale Heart
2210:Sabine Baring-Gould
1936:editing the article
1586:Fens Waterways Link
1479:Stretham Old Engine
1452:Stretham Old Engine
1407:venture capitalists
1375:Cornelius Vermuyden
1217:Anglo-Saxon England
1028:. They also linked
653:and then across to
204:British Summer Time
183:Greenwich Mean Time
109:Constituent country
4918:Tattershall Castle
4774:Sutton-in-the-Isle
4065:West and East Fens
4005:52.48838; -0.23118
3966:Prickwillow Museum
3908:10.1353/book.51998
3896:Ash, Eric (2017).
3882:. Wisbech Society.
3570:. 21 November 2016
3518:. 10 November 2018
3461:Wisbech-town.co.uk
3276:"The drained fens"
2895:. 29 November 2002
2666:In the Fen Country
2616:Prickwillow Museum
2496:Stephen Gyllenhaal
2439:The Croquet Player
2404:Cromwell's Promise
1976:
1668:, one of the five
1622:speed skating oval
1501:
1497:Prickwillow Museum
1483:Prickwillow Museum
1458:
1395:Hundred Foot Drain
1352:
1340:
1328:
1256:Peterborough Abbey
1146:, meaning "wall".
1060:
1056:Anglo-Saxon period
956:Duchy of Lancaster
797:continental Europe
711:Lincolnshire Wolds
602:
416:
236:
165: • Total
4941:
4940:
4883:Cross Keys Bridge
4393:Holbeach St Johns
4388:Holbeach St Marks
3887:Sly, Rex (2003).
3803:archived online:
3330:on 28 April 2011.
3254:info.sjc.ox.ac.uk
3207:978-0-521-31386-5
2984:978-1-85074-477-1
2763:. Natural England
2746:978-0-435-32535-0
2649:Hereward the Wake
2622:Whittlesey Museum
2478:(1998), starring
2408:Jordy Rosenberg:
2376:Lord of Ravensley
2348:Honour Thy Father
2277:Dorothy L. Sayers
2260:Hereward the Wake
2197:Jackman and Evans
2193:D.I. Nikki Galena
2095:The Worsted Viper
2037:Peter F. Hamilton
1964:
1963:
1956:
1929:layout guidelines
1791:Unitary Authority
1641:Borough of Boston
1442:Act of Parliament
1391:New Bedford River
1387:Old Bedford River
1314:Draining the Fens
1225:Hereward the Wake
1054:during the early
963:Historia Ingulfi,
497:Areas of the Fens
224:
223:
16:(Redirected from
5001:
4994:Fenland District
4908:Pinchbeck Engine
4589:Sutton St Edmund
4467:Deeping St James
4371:Gedney Drove End
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3838:
3829:
3802:
3793:
3786:Dugdale, William
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3761:Elymuseum.org.uk
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3630:on 19 March 2018
3626:. Archived from
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3596:. Archived from
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:on 30 April 2008
3463:. Archived from
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3437:on 27 April 2018
3433:. Archived from
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3407:. Archived from
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3381:on 27 April 2011
3380:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3326:. Archived from
3320:
3314:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3222:"ULAS – Thorney"
3218:
3212:
3211:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2970:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2727:
2673:Pinchbeck Engine
2506:And television:
2444:Peter Grainger,
2372:Constance Heaven
2282:The Nine Tailors
2255:Charles Kingsley
2249:A Civil Contract
2152:Beric the Briton
2143:
2048:A Quantum Murder
1959:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1899:March Sconce, a
1828:Dukes of Bedford
1810:, a market town.
1761:Fenland District
1714:Matthew Flinders
1581:will be seeded.
1432:and his partner
1383:River Great Ouse
1221:Alfred Aetheling
475:pastoral farming
283:, but few other
259:pumping stations
220:
217:
196:
90:
76:
53:
21:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4954:Fens of England
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4864:
4798:
4713:
4615:
4611:Wisbech St Mary
4523:
4439:
4420:Sutton St James
4344:
4229:
4147:
4109:Gibraltar Point
4060:
4047:
4042:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3873:. Trevor Bevis.
3868:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3832:
3813:
3796:
3784:
3781:
3779:Further reading
3776:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3655:. Penguin.co.uk
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3624:Lesley Glaister
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3600:on 2 March 2019
3590:"On Mardle Fen"
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3346:Greatfen.org.uk
3340:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3312:Wayback Machine
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3280:Greatfen.org.uk
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2921:Wayback Machine
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2783:Isle of Axholme
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2679:Somerset Levels
2612:
2480:Patrick Stewart
2429:The Great Level
2425:Stella Tillyard
2381:Paul Kingsnorth
2364:Daisy Johnson:
2344:Lesley Glaister
2338:Northern Lights
2288:Gregory Maguire
2244:Georgette Heyer
2214:Cheap Jack Zita
2141:
2135:Susanna Gregory
2114:The Black Arrow
2091:Gladys Mitchell
2079:Philippa Pearce
2073:The Funeral Owl
2069:The Moon Tunnel
2065:The Water Clock
2042:Mindstar Rising
1960:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:Please help by
1933:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1768:, a market town
1739:, settled on a
1737:Little Thetford
1727:, a market town
1648:, a market town
1630:
1598:
1563:nature reserves
1550:
1533:
1506:high tide level
1485:and, following
1470:
1468:Modern drainage
1455:
1367:
1357:
1336:William Dugdale
1324:William Dugdale
1316:
1268:
1260:Spalding Priory
1085:
1065:
1010:
985:
980:
885:, but the word
817:English Channel
785:
758:Fourth District
747:: north of the
691:
647:
613:Bourne Fen and
611:
585:Wisbech Hundred
519:
499:
401:
311:Huntingdonshire
290:The Fens are a
285:plant nutrients
214:
190:
152:
128:
126:East of England
93:
81:
67:
58:
51:
46:
43:Fenlands (film)
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:Trinity Bridge
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Crowland Abbey
4875:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4635:Downham Market
4631:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4599:Whaplode Drove
4596:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Holbeach Drove
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4461:Market Deeping
4457:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4246:Billingborough
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4218:Washingborough
4215:
4213:Potterhanworth
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Mareham le Fen
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Burgh le Marsh
4076:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3960:External links
3958:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3916:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3847:
3830:
3811:
3794:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3748:
3719:
3707:The Bookseller
3694:
3666:
3641:
3611:
3581:
3555:
3529:
3503:
3478:
3448:
3422:
3405:Worldbandy.com
3392:
3358:
3333:
3315:
3292:
3267:
3239:
3213:
3206:
3186:
3169:
3147:
3127:
3114:
3096:Studio, Root.
3088:
3069:
3057:
3042:
3025:
3013:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2958:
2938:
2925:
2906:
2880:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2831:
2813:
2795:Studio, Root.
2787:
2774:
2752:
2745:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2689:National Trust
2682:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2531:Three Miles Up
2527:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2500:Holbeach Marsh
2487:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2389:
2378:
2369:
2362:
2351:
2341:
2333:Philip Pullman
2330:
2317:
2311:Robert Westall
2308:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2271:Sackett's Land
2263:
2252:
2241:
2240:, Lincolnshire
2227:
2224:Prince Valiant
2216:
2207:
2182:
2181:
2177:Sackett's Land
2165:
2155:
2145:
2132:
2121:Nick Warburton
2118:
2106:
2088:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2034:
2012:
2005:Peckover House
1972:Flag Institute
1962:
1961:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:Wisbech Castle
1891:
1885:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1769:
1766:Market Deeping
1763:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1678:Cambridgeshire
1663:
1649:
1643:
1629:
1626:
1597:
1594:
1549:
1546:
1532:
1529:
1469:
1466:
1371:King Charles I
1356:
1353:
1348:Jan Janssonius
1315:
1312:
1276:Market Deeping
1267:
1264:
1248:Croyland Abbey
1229:Norman England
1084:
1081:
1064:
1061:
1009:
1006:
984:
981:
979:
976:
967:Crowland Abbey
939:
938:
932:
926:
912:
911:
910:
909:
906:
900:
891:
873:hydroxide ions
866:
860:
854:
851:braided rivers
789:glacial period
784:
781:
777:
776:
775:
774:
771:
764:
755:
745:Third District
742:
736:
729:Washingborough
725:First District
699:Washingborough
690:
687:
646:
643:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
565:
554:
518:
515:
503:river drainage
498:
495:
461:ground around
455:arable farming
432:mean sea level
400:
397:
373:Downham Market
307:Cambridgeshire
232:sea level rise
222:
221:
212:
208:
207:
197:
187:
186:
176:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
146:Cambridgeshire
139:
133:
132:
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117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
102:United Kingdom
99:
95:
94:
91:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
65:Natural region
63:
60:
59:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5006:
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4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Thorney Abbey
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:Ely Cathedral
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
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4851:
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4709:
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4703:
4700:
4698:
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4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
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4678:
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4450:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Sutton Bridge
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Holbeach Hurn
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Fleet Hargate
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
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4316:
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4309:
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4299:
4296:
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4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
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4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:Lindsey Level
4232:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
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4070:
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4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
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4050:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3945:. Icon Books.
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3919:
3917:9781421422015
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3890:
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3876:
3872:
3867:
3855:
3854:
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3823:
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3800:
3795:
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3752:
3749:
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3723:
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3599:
3595:
3591:
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3556:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
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3513:
3507:
3504:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:0-948400-15-3
3163:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3142:Saint Guthlac
3137:
3134:Simon Young,
3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:1-871615-19-4
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2857:0-9613723-0-3
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2832:0-904701-10-7
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2797:"Agriculture"
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
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2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:Look and Read
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:Andrew Dennis
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Futuretrack 5
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:Louis L'Amour
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Martha Grimes
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2168:Louis L'Amour
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:On Mardle Fen
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Ride The Wind
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:This article
1923:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:South Holland
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:Tydd St Giles
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:South Holland
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:In 2003, the
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1525:Rutland Water
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:steam engines
1467:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Low Countries
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:deforestation
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:) as well as
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Thorney Abbey
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:Tribal Hidage
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
982:
977:
975:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
780:
772:
769:
765:
763:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
743:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
720:
719:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
685:(1642–1649).
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:Lindsey Level
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
600:
596:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:River Welland
570:
566:
563:
559:
558:Morton's Leam
555:
552:
548:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
410:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
233:
228:
219:
213:
205:
201:
198:
194:
184:
180:
177:
175:
167:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
138:
131:
130:East Midlands
127:
124:
122:
115:
112:
110:
103:
100:
89:
80:
75:
66:
61:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
32:Back Bay Fens
19:
4933:Ramsey Abbey
4873:Boston Stump
4766:
4734:
4706:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4633:
4626:
4620:Middle Level
4603:
4594:Parson Drove
4583:Peterborough
4581:
4577:Northborough
4534:
4506:
4459:
4430:Weston Hills
4397:
4375:
4349:Whaplode Fen
4317:
4250:
4224:Woodhall Spa
4222:
4193:Metheringham
4175:
4140:
4133:
4071:
4044:
3981:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3852:
3840:
3836:"Fens"
3816:
3798:
3789:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3687:15 September
3685:. Retrieved
3681:The Guardian
3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3651:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:the original
3623:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3567:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3542:
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:
3481:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:the original
3460:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3404:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3376:the original
3351:20 September
3349:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3328:the original
3318:
3300:
3295:
3285:20 September
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3253:
3248:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3226:the original
3216:
3196:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3157:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3107:20 September
3105:. Retrieved
3101:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3040:vol.1, p.28.
3037:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2974:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2883:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2822:
2816:
2806:20 September
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2790:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2755:
2734:
2725:
2696:, a British
2664:
2600:
2599:In the game
2591:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2550:
2535:
2530:
2529:The episode
2523:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2437:
2428:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2400:Four Wonders
2399:
2395:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2357:
2347:
2336:
2327:
2314:
2302:
2299:Graham Swift
2291:
2280:
2270:
2258:
2247:
2233:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2138:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2075:in the Fens.
2072:
2068:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1950:
1941:
1926:
1870:
1841:a parish in
1839:Tydd St Mary
1783:Peterborough
1772:Parson Drove
1741:boulder clay
1631:
1599:
1583:
1558:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1514:
1502:
1487:World War II
1471:
1459:
1430:Lord Lindsey
1427:
1425:once again.
1423:
1402:
1394:
1380:
1368:
1306:and half in
1301:
1269:
1266:Royal Forest
1252:Ramsey Abbey
1235:
1233:
1213:
1198:
1179:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1109:Anglo-Saxons
1086:
1066:
1042:
1026:Peterborough
1014:Fen Causeway
1011:
986:
970:
962:
960:
952:
940:
934:
928:
918:
913:
897:tidal creeks
886:
876:
837:
825:
786:
778:
749:River Witham
707:River Witham
692:
671:Black Sluice
648:
631:The Deepings
612:
569:Lincolnshire
506:
500:
483:
448:
445:
417:
357:Peterborough
342:
340:in England.
323:
303:Lincolnshire
296:
289:
263:
242:
238:
237:
142:Lincolnshire
47:
18:The Fenlands
4850:New Bedford
4845:Old Bedford
4840:Little Ouse
4718:South Level
4682:Ouse Washes
4647:King's Lynn
4572:Nene Washes
4562:Leverington
4542:Gedney Hill
4528:North Level
4444:Bourne and
4399:Long Sutton
4313:Sempringham
4283:Helpringham
4094:East Kirkby
4003: /
3954:. Amberley.
3952:Secret Fens
3860:30 December
3732:"Locations"
2914:Isle of Ely
2661:and Germany
2637:Fen skating
2524:Cloud Burst
2484:King's Lynn
2451:Jill Dawson
2434:H. G. Wells
2354:P. D. James
2158:Norah Lofts
2148:G. A. Henty
2129:BBC Radio 4
2055:M. R. James
1997:Fen Runners
1983:John Gordon
1888:Stonea Camp
1751:Long Sutton
1670:Silicon Fen
1628:Settlements
1618:bandy pitch
1606:Fen skating
1548:Restoration
1527:in 3 days.
1510:embankments
1285:Magna Carta
1116:West Walton
1105:East Anglia
1018:East Anglia
1002:Stonea Camp
929:fen islands
740:Holland Fen
679:Sempringham
669:though the
661:through to
629:as well as
615:Deeping Fen
551:Ouse Washes
536:adventurers
517:Great Level
477:, fishing,
377:King’s Lynn
330:Netherlands
4948:Categories
4810:Great Ouse
4789:Willingham
4779:Waterbeach
4768:Mildenhall
4762:Lakenheath
4747:Littleport
4708:Whittlesey
4492:Tongue End
4340:Swineshead
4208:South Kyme
4183:Heckington
4171:Billinghay
4099:Frithville
4084:Carrington
3988:52°29′18″N
3564:"The Fens"
3441:21 January
2767:7 December
2717:References
2710:The Broads
2698:post-metal
2685:Wicken Fen
2657:, between
2633:Ely Museum
2475:Dad Savage
2320:Eric Flint
2219:Hal Foster
2205:Guide Star
2031:Guide Star
1944:March 2022
1903:fieldwork.
1855:Whittlesey
1802:Ring's End
1745:Bronze Age
1731:Littleport
1698:Waterbeach
1682:Willingham
1614:Littleport
1579:fen violet
1542:water vole
1477:, such as
1359:See also:
1289:Bourne Eau
1272:afforested
1187:Etheldreda
989:Mesolithic
944:muck soils
857:Salt marsh
832:freshwater
768:Billinghay
733:Billinghay
651:Swineshead
623:River Glen
619:Bourne Eau
562:Whittlesey
528:Great Ouse
524:River Nene
413:Wicken Fen
381:Mildenhall
345:cathedrals
305:, most of
79:Wicken Fen
4794:Witchford
4742:Haddenham
4730:Cottenham
4628:Chatteris
4502:Pode Hole
4325:Sutterton
4303:Pinchbeck
4273:Gosberton
4252:Donington
4177:Coningsby
4142:Wainfleet
4124:Stickford
4119:Old Leake
3991:0°13′52″W
3792:. London.
3712:4 January
3574:28 August
3548:28 August
3522:28 August
3496:28 August
2655:High Fens
2563:The Fens.
2559:Joy Ellis
2551:Wild Bill
2518:The 1974
2491:Waterland
2465:1983 Play
2304:Waterland
2238:Algarkirk
2189:Joy Ellis
2061:Jim Kelly
2015:Joy Ellis
1901:Civil War
1882:Must Farm
1787:cathedral
1710:Donington
1694:Landbeach
1690:Cottenham
1674:Cambridge
1666:Cottenham
1657:cathedral
1646:Chatteris
1554:Great Fen
1438:Civil War
1415:windpumps
1101:Schleswig
1069:Townlands
1030:Cambridge
998:Must Farm
935:fen edges
919:Townlands
847:mud flats
809:North Sea
801:Friesland
793:Devensian
762:Wainfleet
683:Civil War
663:the Haven
621:with the
595:Pode Hole
436:Holme Fen
424:limestone
326:sea level
269:marshland
174:Time zone
4898:Flag Fen
4752:Stretham
4536:Crowland
4482:Langtoft
4477:Hop Pole
4435:Whaplode
4377:Holbeach
4330:Surfleet
4319:Spalding
4298:Quadring
4288:Horbling
4198:New York
4157:Wildmore
4135:Skegness
4129:Stickney
4104:Friskney
4056:The Wash
4045:The Fens
3923:15 March
3809:Volume 2
3805:Volume 1
3788:(1662).
3730:(2008).
3634:19 March
3516:BBC News
3415:19 March
3385:17 March
3308:Archived
3305:Abstract
3260:19 March
3232:17 March
3140:Life of
3034:Chronica
2917:Archived
2899:26 March
2610:See also
2512:Fenlands
2396:Fen-wolf
2386:The Wake
2199:series,
2195:series,
2150:'s book
1876:Flag Fen
1849:Walsoken
1814:Spalding
1781:City of
1725:Holbeach
1704:Crowland
1651:City of
1389:and the
1308:Kesteven
1297:the town
1236:Fen Five
1195:Wendreda
1152:Walsoken
1120:Walsoken
1099:(modern
1077:Spalding
1038:Car Dyke
994:Flag Fen
971:Ingulfi,
890:century.
878:Sphagnum
715:Skegness
675:Spalding
635:Langtoft
599:Spalding
581:Crowland
526:and the
511:parishes
487:rapeseed
471:embanked
463:the Wash
409:windpump
389:Spalding
349:Crowland
299:the Wash
281:minerals
277:alkaline
251:drainage
243:Fenlands
239:The Fens
137:Counties
57:The Fens
4974:Polders
4830:Welland
4725:Burwell
4697:Walpole
4677:Outwell
4605:Wisbech
4567:Thorney
4552:Guyhirn
4547:Glinton
4487:Thurlby
4446:Deeping
4410:Moulton
4308:Pointon
4278:Haconby
4268:Fosdyke
4166:Bardney
4153:Holland
3741:1 April
3736:Ubisoft
3728:Ubisoft
3256:(image)
3067:, p.27.
2659:Belgium
2568:Music:
2522:series
2392:S. Pitt
2009:Wisbech
1861:Wisbech
1824:Thorney
1719:Guyhirn
1686:Rampton
1612:and in
1575:bittern
1571:lapwing
1209:Britons
1183:Guthlac
1156:Walpole
1124:Walpole
1073:Wisbech
978:History
805:Norfolk
753:Bardney
727:: from
703:Lincoln
577:Thorney
540:his son
479:fowling
393:Wisbech
365:Thorney
319:Suffolk
315:Norfolk
273:neutral
211:Website
154:Suffolk
150:Norfolk
114:England
98:Country
4820:Witham
4803:Rivers
4784:Wicken
4692:Yaxley
4687:Welney
4672:Upwell
4661:Ramsey
4641:Denver
4508:Bourne
4497:Twenty
4455:Baston
4425:Weston
4405:Lutton
4366:Gedney
4356:Cowbit
4335:Swaton
4293:Kirton
4263:Dowsby
4258:Dunsby
4241:Bicker
4203:Nocton
4188:Martin
4089:Sibsey
4073:Boston
3914:
3766:31 May
3757:"Home"
3659:31 May
3604:31 May
3471:31 May
3204:
3164:
3023:p.129.
2981:
2953:
2870:H. C.
2854:
2829:
2743:
2729:After
2536:Ghosts
2453:novel
1796:Ramsey
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