435:). With Pennsylvania adopting the German language while the Yankees remained English-speaking, the political enmity was exacerbated by increasing linguistic and cultural differences. At the same time, Pennsylvania also has marked cultural and political differences from the Prussian-dominated Germany in Europe. Pennsylvanians speak a different kind of German, and pride themselves on having much more free society and political institutions, a difference especially owing to many Pennsylvanians being descended from political refugees who fled Germany.
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In actual US history, a large part of
Pennsylvania's population in the 18th century were indeed speakers of a Germanic language (not to be confused with standard German), though the elites in the colony and later state were English-speaking. The numbers of Germanic speakers dwindled in later periods,
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between themselves and deny
Pennsylvania access to the sea; however, the Pennsylvanians proved the victors, trashing their opponents and securing the bulk of New Jersey. In this war, New York troops were decimated when trying to storm a Pennsylvanian machine gun position; however, this world did not
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states which, although thinly populated, were able to stand up to
European settlers, with the former Thirteen Colonies being disunited, acting at cross-purposes and often going to war with each other. Eventually, the idea of further westward expansion was abandoned, the European settlement of North
426:
In this situation, Yankee settlers—backed by the rest of New
England—held on to much of the Wyoming Valley, their conflict with Pennsylvania further escalating; rather than part of Connecticut, they created the new nation of The Wyoming (not connected to our history's State of Wyoming, much more to
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resistance and embark on settling it. Rival settlers from
Pennsylvania (Pennamites) and Connecticut (Yankees) came into violent conflict, both just before and just after the American War of Independence—though very few people were actually killed, so that the term "war" for this conflict is rather
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to the west, creating a ring of enemies all around
Pennsylvania. Should all of them attack simultaneously from all directions, Pennsylvania would be in a dire situation. The Pennsylvanians' best strategy would be to play for time and seek to create divisions among its enemies—who had often fought
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which was prominent in
Colonial Virginia; but the story does not tell what is the Lee Brothers' official and legal position in Virginian politics, or even how many brothers are there. The rest of North America is also balkanized into many nations and there are passing references to some of them,
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took a personal interest in the
Pennamite–Yankee War and in a fatally misguided step placed a unit of the Virginia militia, commanded by himself, as a neutral buffer between Pennamites and Yankees. This culminated with the Virginians being trapped and decimated in a crossfire, Washington himself
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The story's main conflict comes when a
Pennsylvanisch officer encounters a man who claims to be from the United States as we, the readers, know it. The officer first regards the man as either truly mad, or feigning madness to cover his mission of espionage for an enemy such as New York, but soon
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Flynn assumes that in a situation where
Pennsylvania became an independent nation-state, distinct from and often fighting with its neighbors, Pennsylvanisch had a chance to become the official and dominant language, which later immigrants learned upon arrival.
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exaggerated. Eventually, the conflict was settled peaceably: Pennsylvania's possession of the disputed area was confirmed, but the Yankees settled in it were accepted as full-fledged citizens of Pennsylvania, their main town of
511:. The story's Pennsylvanian protagonist had a major role in that war's decisive battle. (Though not explicitly mentioned, for Virginia to be in a position to try conquering parts of New Jersey, Virginia must have swallowed
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and no reference whether this Texas is Spanish- or English-speaking. The Kingdom of Carolina is mentioned as "the biggest state on the Eastern seaboard" and a producer of fine tobacco; probably, as well as
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the west). Eventually, two mutually hostile nation states emerged, possessing fully equipped regular armies—hereditary enemies which habitually and repeatedly go to war with each other. To Pennsylvanians,
590:) overlooking the no-man's-land of the Wyoming Valley, whose garrison is tensely expecting the storm to burst. It is into this tense situation that the visitor from another reality is suddenly flung.
340:, in whose plot the Nazi occupiers of that city summarily execute the members of a resistance cell made up of Catholic priests, monks and nuns. The traveler has also passed through a world where the
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communities still speak English as their native language, and they are therefore recruited by the Pennsylvanian Intelligence Service as spies to infiltrate the territories of neighboring nations.
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455:, since Victoria never became Queen, and in her absence Britain did much worse economically and incidentally lost its power in North America; this world has no United States and also no
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At the time of the story, the Virginians and the New York "Knicks", seeking revenge, had forged an alliance with Pennsylvania's hereditary Yankee enemies as well as with the
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This language has a rich literary tradition of which the Pennsylvanians are proud; and they feel suspicious of, and threatened by the hostile English-speaking nations of
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became a deeply hated enemy capital, created on stolen land which was rightfully Pennsylvania's (reminiscent of the historical conflict between France and Germany over
663:. Evidently, in the divergent history where the State of New York developed into a full-fledged nation state, the term was extended to include that entire nation.
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487:—long obsolete in our history—remains a highly effective military resource for all armies, and the story's plot takes place in such a fortress.
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The full political and military details are not provided, and only glimpses are given in passing. In this history's nation state of New York,
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either did not exist at all, or he never built his factory; automobiles are few, hand-made and very expensive, and a case when two of them
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is far smaller than in reality and of much less account; decision-making in New York is still to a considerable degree in the hands of
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eventually disintegrated, with the Thirteen Colonies going each its own way as full-fledged nation states—except that the Yankees of
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collided is remembered as a special occasion. Radio does not yet exist, and its feasibility is hotly debated, and the same for
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Dynasty still rules England (and North America) and where a kind of scientific magic is practiced. This might be the world of
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becoming one more Pennsylvanian town (eventually, city). By the early 19th century the whole issue receded into the past.
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In a brief part of the story, the time traveler's journal reveals that he has visited other worlds, including one with an
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which are too distant to take direct part in the conflict: The Kingdom of Carolina to the south, French-speaking
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America never reached much further than it was at the end of the 18th century. In Britain, there was no
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In our history, "Knickerbocker" (shortened to "Knicks") was used to refer to people or objects from
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each other, even in the recent past—and hope for the anti-Pennsylvanian alliance to fall apart.
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being among those killed. When the news of Washington's death reached Philadelphia, where the
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was never adopted and a Federal Government never created. The loose structure of the
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suffered a stroke and died, too. The convention broke up in consternation, and the
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far to the west, Columbia, Cumberland, Pontiak. There is a single reference to
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speak a language they call "Pennsylvanisch", which a character describes as "
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The whole story includes no reference to Blacks and leaves unclear whether
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About twenty years before, Pennsylvania was involved in a major war, the "
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timeline of the story hinges on the historical event known as the
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However, in the alternate history of Flynn's book, in the 1780s
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though the language still survives, especially among the
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The Year's Best Science Fiction: Fifth Annual Collection
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is remembered only as a painter, not an inventor; the
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The story is set in an alternative world wherein the
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507:yet see such scenes on the scale of our history's
237:(1998), as well as Flynn's short story collection
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579:was abolished and if so, how that was achieved.
438:In the 19th century, the British helped Chiefs
423:created their own more narrow confederation.
311:becomes enamored and full of longing for the
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234:Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
471:, who made only a few other inventions.
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225:. It was reprinted in the anthologies
683:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
636:GURPS Infinite Worlds § Gallatin
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534:, Dutch-descended landowners of the
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240:The Forest of Time and Other Stories
58:adding citations to reliable sources
18:The Forest of Time and Other Stories
259:, did not succeed in creating the
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467:was invented only much later, by
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266:In the novella, the citizens of
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630:The Disunited States of America
547:to the north, Spanish-speaking
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483:flight. In military affairs, a
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27:1996 novella by Michael Flynn
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274:dialect mainly derived from
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315:described by the captive.
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405:Constitutional Convention
708:German-American history
378:both laid claim to the
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370:. In actual history,
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358:Historical background
337:The Ultimate Solution
285:, which a speaker of
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69:"The Forest of Time"
54:improve this article
207:by American writer
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678:The Forest of Time
605:Pennsylvania Dutch
603:. It is known as "
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409:Benjamin Franklin
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231:(1988) and
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80:newspapers
661:Manhattan
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243:(1997).
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