256:... is an expression in dance and music of the ancient notion that the human organism is made up of four different humors, or temperaments. Each one of us possesses these four humors, but in different degrees, and it is from the dominance of one of them that the four physical and psychological types—melancholic, sanguinic, phlegmatic, and choleric—were derived ... Although the score is based on this idea of the four temperaments, neither the music nor the ballet itself makes specific or literal interpretation of the idea. An understanding of the Greek and medieval notion of the temperaments was merely the point of departure for both composer and choreographer.
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277:. is an "abstract" plotless ballet, and as biographer Bernard Taper described, "unlike anything that had ever been seen in ballet before." The choreography stems from the music, with emphasis on "pulse drive", "change of weight" and "foot and leg work", which would become part of Balanchine's vocabulary in making modernist works. The ballet features a theme and four variations that are based on the theory of
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would cost five hundred dollars, but
Hindemith was unavailable at the time. A year later, he became available, and the first part of the music was sent to Balanchine a week later. The piece, "Theme with Four Variations (According to the Four Temperaments), for string orchestra and piano", had its first hearing at Balanchine's apartment in
243:, and were deemed impractical. Le Clercq called them "hideous" and "gave you a feeling of claustrophobia I can't describe." She noted the costumes include a wig with "a large white horn in the middle like a unicorn's," which she called "very irritating." It also included wings with "fingers enclosed." Starting with a 1951
497:, also choreographed by Balanchine, was also performed the same night. Due to the company's subscription-only policy, the press was not invited, but reviewers nevertheless were able to attend the performance by either purchasing a subscription themselves, or as Bernard Taper wrote, "sneaking into the auditorium."
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articulate, plastic and considered, but he is so earth-bound, and so abject. He searches for escape, but is imprisoned by his fascination with his own condition." Then, he joined by two female soloists, before four other women also enters the stage. At the end of this section, the man bend his back backwards.
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Balanchine first commissioned the score from
Hindemith for his own amusement, as a way to spend his income from working on Broadway and Hollywood, hoping he could enjoy listening to and play it on the piano. At the time, Balanchine approached Hindemith's agent about a commissioned and learned that it
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of four women. The third variation, "Phlematic," also starts with a male solo, which
Jennings and Bull called "considerable articulacy, but his elaborate designs come to nothing in consequence of his intense inward focus." He is later joined by another four women. Croce wrote that this section "is
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described, "The mood is pensive; several physical motifs are carefully developed, and by the third pas de deux the music’s speed is gathering." The first variation, "Melancholic," starts with a male principal dancer. On the choreography of this role, Jennings and Bull wrote, "His movements are
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At the premiere of the ballet, it was not well-received by critics for being "cold and depressing," but it was later regarded, as
Jennings and Bull described, a "masterpiece." In 1975, Croce wrote that it "is a messianic work, which conveys to this day the sense of a brilliant and bold new
339:, edited by Marion Kant, it was described that by shifting to practice clothes, "Balanchine shifted the focus from spectacle to the dance itself and especially to the unadorned body and its natural line, its flexibility, agility, strength and submission to the force above all explored in
154:." Although Hindemith had composed a significant portion of the score according to Massine's scenario by 1940, he lost confidence in the choreographer after he devised an entirely new scenario for the work. On April 26, 1940, Hindemith wrote to his publisher, Willy Strecker of
158:, that he had "broken off" his partnership with Massine, but that work on the score was continuing on schedule. Although definitive proof has not been established, it is generally believed that Hindemith's music from his aborted project ultimately became
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indolent, tropical, given to detached contemplation, to pretentious vices." The fourth and final variation, "Choleric," begin with a female solo, which Croce called an "angry goddess," then joined by the entire cast. The ballet ends with a series of
491:) during Ballet Society's first performance. The stage was merely a raised surface, while the fifty members of the orchestra performed right in front of the audience due to the lack of an orchestra pit. Ravel's opera
118:, New York, during the Ballet Society's first performance. Though at the premiere, critics did not receive the ballet well, it was later acknowledged as a "masterpiece," and was revived by ballet companies worldwide.
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The second variation, "Sanguinic," starts with a duet. Jennings and Bull commented, "Their steps and lifts are lit with morning brightness, hungry and speedy."
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revival, the costumes were replaced with practice clothes, which include black leotards for women, white T-shirts and black tights for men.
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This article is about the score by
Hindemith and ballet choreographed by Balanchine. For the "four humours" in Greco-Roman medicine, see
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1284:"School of American Ballet – Workshop Performance: Danses Concertantes, Les Gentilhommes, The Four Temperaments – New York"
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1016:"New Ballet Group Enters Field Here; Balanchine Is Artistic Director of Ballet Society, Which Will Open Season on Nov.20"
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889:"City Ballet Gives Balanchine Work; 'Four Temperaments,' to Music by Hindemith, is Revived-- 'Practice Clothes Used"
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Ouvertüre zum "Fliegenden Holländer", wie sie eine schlechte
Kurkapelle morgens um 7 am Brunnen vom Blatt spielt
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1035:"City Ballet Gives 2 Special Works; Balanchine '4 Temperaments' and Eglevsky in 'Symphony in C' Top the Program"
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236:, was seventeen when she created a lead role in this ballet, which was also her first professional solo role.
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during one of their earliest performances. Other ballet companies that had performed the ballet include
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noted the female role "is an allegro technician; but is also in character." They are then joined by a
162:. On November 4, 1940, Hindemith wrote that the music was "quite good and worthy of a better cause."
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was brought in to design, but the project was abandoned due to its cost and
Hindemith's objection.
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understanding." The ballet is now regarded as one of
Balanchine's "black and white" ballets. In
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premiered on
November 20, 1946, at the auditorium of Central High School of Needle Trades (now
102:
on March 10, 1943. However, Balanchine created the choreography a few years later. The ballet,
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343:." It influenced other ballets with similar style choreographed by Balanchine, including
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Hindemith's score was borne from the success of his previous collaboration with
Massine,
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622:"Paul Hindemith, Theme and Variations, 'Die vier Temperamente' (The Four Temperaments)"
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1149:"Viennese Dance 2 by Balanchine; American's Works Best of Troupe's Paris Repertory"
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Balanchine first considered using Hindemith's score for a ballet in 1941, when the
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556:. At New York City Ballet's "Balanchine: The City Center Years" program in 2018,
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1092:"San Francisco Ballet – Caprice, The Four Temperaments, Swimmer – San Francisco"
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In 1977, Balanchine, who had long been interested in filming ballets, placed
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716:"Paul Hindemith's Philosophy of Music and the Role of The Four Temperaments"
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1227:"City Center's Balanchine Festival Lacked a Balanchine Quality: Boldness"
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1304:
The Arts on Television, 1976–1990: Fifteen Years of Cultural Programming
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146:. Initially, they both conceived of a ballet based on the paintings of
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Writing in the Dark, Dancing in The New Yorker: An Arlene Croce Reader
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150:, a score which the composer was projecting to being akin to a "
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New York City Ballet, the successor of Ballet Society, revived
1246:"Review: 'Balanchine and Beyond,' and Going Beyond Isn't Easy"
1111:"National Ballet of Canada: A pairing of Balanchine and Ekman"
1054:"Bringing Balanchine's 'Four Temperaments' to a Fevered Pitch"
581:
564:, the affiliate-school of New York City Ballet, had included
281:, including Melancholic, Sanguinic, Phlegmatic and Choleric.
908:"Review: City Ballet's Balanchine Dances Open Spring Season"
664:"Werkverzeichnis Paul Hindemith: Theme with four Variations"
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broadcast. Dancers who appeared in this broadcast include
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Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber
1073:"The Four Temperaments / Untouchable / Song of the Earth"
239:
The costumes of the original production were designed by
79:, the score was ultimately completed as a commission for
1205:"Houston Ballet's 'Four Temperaments' a pleasant event"
75:. Although it was originally conceived as a ballet for
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The ballet starts with the Theme, with three separate
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967:Jennings, Luke; Bull, Deborah (September 4, 2014).
224:. The Ballet Society, co-founded by Balanchine and
928:Balanchine's Complete Stories of the Great Ballets
263:Balanchine's Complete Stories of the Great Ballets
197:was going tour in Latin America, sponsored by the
2254:Konzertmusik für Streichorchester und Blechbläser
646:Theme and Four Variations (The Four Temperaments)
232:. One of the lead dancers in the original cast,
596:, Daniel Duell, Adam LĂĽders and Colleen Neary.
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94:The music was premiered in Switzerland by the
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652:. New York City: Associated Music Publishers.
114:, and premiered on November 20, 1946, at the
8:
27:Orchestral work and ballet by Paul Hindemith
925:Balanchine, George; Mason, Francis (1977).
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106:was the first work Balanchine made for the
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1301:Krafft, Rebecca; O'Doherty, Brian (1991).
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1344:, Balanchine's Seminal Non-Narrative Work
874:"The Four Temperaments. Some reflections"
560:was performed by The Joffrey Ballet. The
212:Hindemith's piece was ultimately used in
83:, who subsequently choreographed it as a
2403:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
1186:"Boston Ballet hits 'Four Temperaments'"
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36:. For the symphony by Carl Nielsen, see
1541:Divertimento from "Le Baiser De La FĂ©e"
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568:in their annual workshop performances.
2009:Variations Pour une Porte et un Soupir
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690:"Liner notes for Chandos CD CHAN 9124"
906:Macaulay, Alastair (April 30, 2015).
872:Potter, Michelle (January 13, 2021).
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2487:Hindemith Prize of the City of Hanau
2055:List of ballets by George Balanchine
1244:Macaulay, Alastair (June 10, 2016).
133:'s Angelina Sansone and Liang Fu in
116:Central High School of Needle Trades
71:is an orchestral work and ballet by
1263:Anderson, Jack (January 17, 1980).
1225:Seibert, Brian (November 6, 2018).
1147:Percival, John (November 5, 1968).
1265:"Dance: Harlem's '4 Temperaments'"
1109:Schubas, Martha (March 10, 2016).
887:Martin, John (November 23, 1951).
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1958:Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2
1699:Movements for Piano and Orchestra
1346:on New York City Ballet's website
1336:on New York City Ballet's website
1128:Mackrell, Judith (May 18, 2001).
1033:Martin, John (October 26, 1948).
843:The Cambridge Companion to Ballet
489:High School of Fashion Industries
358:Movements for Piano and Orchestra
337:The Cambridge Companion to Ballet
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1203:Glentzer, Molly (May 23, 2014).
999:The George Balanchine Foundation
970:The Faber Pocket Guide to Ballet
800:Croce, Arlene (April 30, 2003).
292:The Faber Pocket Guide to Ballet
2537:New York City Ballet repertory
2248:Die Harmonie der Welt Symphony
1282:Harss, Marina (June 8, 2016).
1090:Tsao, Aimee (April 29, 2015).
1052:Sulcas, Roslyn (May 8, 2008).
18:The Four Temperaments (ballet)
1:
995:"George Balanchine Catalogue"
840:Kant, Marion (June 7, 2007).
624:. American Symphony Orchestra
418:First variation: Melancholic
2527:Ballets by George Balanchine
1184:Singer, Thea (May 8, 2010).
444:Third variation: Phlematic
432:Second variation: Sanguinic
201:. The piece would be titled
2428:The Flight Across the Ocean
2281:Symphony in B-flat for Band
2128:Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen
1916:Symphony in Three Movements
1685:Metastaseis and Pithoprakta
714:Johnson, Sandra L. (2011).
454:Fourth variation: Choleric
275:A Dance Ballet without Plot
65:Theme and Four Variations (
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2298:Klaviermusik mit Orchester
1885:Stravinsky Violin Concerto
1580:L'enfant et les sortilèges
1167:"Pacific Northwest Ballet"
494:L'enfant et les sortilèges
364:Stravinsky Violin Concerto
152:Flemish peasant Persephone
31:
2532:Ballets by Paul Hindemith
2495:
2191:The Long Christmas Dinner
2101:
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1878:The Steadfast Tin Soldier
1836:Slaughter on Tenth Avenue
1473:Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet
1402:A Midsummer Night's Dream
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1130:"Dutch National Ballet 2"
562:School of American Ballet
518:National Ballet of Canada
251:Choreography and analysis
148:Pieter Brueghel the Elder
122:Background and production
96:Stadtorchester Winterthur
2003:Variations for Orchestra
1965:Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3
1951:Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux
1461:Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme
668:Paul Hindemith Aktuelles
643:Hindemith, Paul (1948).
580:as his first choice for
534:Pacific Northwest Ballet
110:, the forerunner of the
38:Symphony No. 2 (Nielsen)
2476:Ghosts Before Breakfast
1692:Monumentum pro Gesualdo
767:Balanchine: A Biography
764:Taper, Bernard (1987).
720:College Music Symposium
554:Dance Theatre of Harlem
98:under the direction of
87:based on the theory of
1944:Le Tombeau de Couperin
1536:Divertimento Brillante
1209:The Houston Chronicles
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268:
220:choreographed for the
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2522:1946 ballet premieres
2223:The Four Temperaments
2177:Die Harmonie der Welt
2022:Walpurgisnacht Ballet
1903:Symphonie Concertante
1829:The Seven Deadly Sins
1743:Pas de Trois (Minkus)
1738:Pas de Trois (Glinka)
1606:The Four Temperaments
1494:Le chant du rossignol
1342:The Four Temperaments
1333:The Four Temperaments
1077:British Theatre Guide
973:. Faber & Faber.
688:Hewett, Ivan (1992).
578:The Four Temperaments
566:The Four Temperaments
558:The Four Temperaments
530:The Australian Ballet
522:Dutch National Ballet
502:The Four Temperaments
485:The Four Temperaments
479:The Four Temperaments
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341:The Four Temperaments
271:The Four Temperaments
214:The Four Temperaments
160:The Four Temperaments
135:The Four Temperaments
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104:The Four Temperaments
89:the four temperaments
67:The Four Temperaments
60:The Four Temperaments
52:The Four Temperaments
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2464:Adolescence (ballet)
2351:String Quartet No. 4
2106:List of compositions
1937:Theme and Variations
1634:Hungarian Gypsy Airs
1560:Donizetti Variations
514:San Francisco Ballet
245:New York City Ballet
230:New York City Ballet
112:New York City Ballet
2341:Violin Sonata No. 2
2216:Nobilissima Visione
2209:Triadisches Ballett
1788:Raymonda Variations
1668:Liebeslieder Walzer
1622:Haieff Divertimento
1547:Divertimento No. 15
1430:Le baiser de la fée
1173:. October 21, 1996.
1171:The Washington Post
1022:. October 21, 1946.
846:. p. 231-232.
620:Corleonis, Adrian.
550:Pennsylvania Ballet
526:Vienna State Ballet
408:Gisella Caccialanza
261:George Balanchine,
216:, the first ballet
143:Nobilissima Visione
85:neoclassical ballet
2438:Other compositions
2379:Piano Sonata No. 2
2374:Piano Sonata No. 1
2346:Viola Sonata No. 1
2312:Der Schwanendreher
1898:Sylvia Pas de Deux
1810:Scherzo Ă la Russe
1803:Davidsbündlertänze
1801:Robert Schumann's
1713:Noah and the Flood
1447:Ballo della Regina
1115:The Globe and Mail
506:Paris Opera Ballet
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475:Kansas City Ballet
458:Tanaquil Le Clercq
234:Tanaquil Le Clercq
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131:Kansas City Ballet
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48:Kansas City Ballet
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2325:Clarinet Concerto
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1871:Stars and Stripes
1795:Requiem Canticles
1661:Kammermusik No. 2
1467:Bourrée fantasque
1416:Allegro Brillante
1385:George Balanchine
1340:The Story Behind
695:. Chandos Records
463:
462:
436:Mary Ellen Moylan
412:Francisco Moncion
395:Beatrice Tompkins
370:Kammermusik No. 2
302:principal dancer
279:four temperaments
218:George Balanchine
207:Pavel Tchelitchew
203:The Cave of Sleep
156:B. Schott's Söhne
100:Hermann Scherchen
81:George Balanchine
54:(2015 production)
34:Four temperaments
16:(Redirected from
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2470:Gebrauchsmusik
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2163:Neues vom Tage
2159:
2156:Hin und zurĂĽck
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2142:Sancta Susanna
2138:
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2121:
2117:
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2111:List of operas
2108:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:Paul Hindemith
2093:
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2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2059:
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2053:
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2039:
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2025:
2018:
2015:Vienna Waltzes
2011:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
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1933:
1926:
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1720:The Nutcracker
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1566:Duo Concertant
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1326:External links
1324:
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1269:New York Times
1255:
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1231:New York Times
1214:
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1176:
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1139:
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290:. In the book
258:
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241:Kurt Seligmann
222:Ballet Society
180:Samuel Dushkin
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108:Ballet Society
73:Paul Hindemith
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1909:Symphony in C
1906:
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1679:Metamorphoses
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1647:Jeu de cartes
1644:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
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1618:
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1612:Garland Dance
1610:
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1307:. p. 4.
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931:. Doubleday.
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1989:
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1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
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1914:
1907:
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1864:Square Dance
1862:
1855:
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1754:Prodigal Son
1752:
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1697:
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1638:
1633:
1628:Harlequinade
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:The Firebird
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
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1501:Circus Polka
1499:
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1134:The Guardian
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697:. Retrieved
683:
671:. Retrieved
667:
658:
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638:
626:. Retrieved
585:
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492:
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466:Performances
427:Rita Karlin
400:Elise Reiman
368:
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318:Arlene Croce
311:
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304:Deborah Bull
300:Royal Ballet
291:
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273:, subtitled
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172:Fifth Avenue
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29:
2395:Vocal music
2367:Piano music
2319:Trauermusik
2305:Kammermusik
2290:Concertante
1554:Don Quixote
699:February 1,
673:February 1,
628:February 1,
572:Videography
477:dancers in
298:and former
287:pas de deux
184:LĂ©on Barzin
50:dancers in
2516:Categories
2259:Symphony:
2036:Who Cares?
1996:Variations
1977:Union Jack
1930:Tarantella
1761:Pulcinella
1733:Pas de Dix
1706:Mozartiana
1674:Meditation
1512:Concertino
600:References
328:grand jeté
2230:HĂ©rodiade
2184:LehrstĂĽck
2149:Cardillac
1892:Swan Lake
1857:La source
1507:Clarinade
1288:DanceTabs
1096:DanceTabs
590:Bart Cook
168:52 Street
2503:Category
1984:La Valse
1850:Sonatine
1822:Serenade
1778:Ragtime
1768:Ragtime
1640:Ivesiana
1587:Episodes
1525:Coppélia
1487:Chaconne
732:26513067
387:Dancers
384:Section
346:Ivesiana
259:—
2201:Ballets
2043:Zenobia
1971:Tzigane
1727:Orpheus
1441:Ballade
1381:Ballets
331:lifts.
316:critic
2120:Operas
1748:Pavane
1654:Jewels
1573:Élégie
1480:Bugaku
1436:Le Bal
1423:Apollo
1311:
977:
935:
850:
810:
774:
730:
392:Theme
265:(1977)
205:, and
1923:Tango
1454:Bayou
728:JSTOR
693:(PDF)
650:(PDF)
1409:Agon
1309:ISBN
975:ISBN
933:ISBN
848:ISBN
808:ISBN
772:ISBN
701:2021
675:2021
630:2021
552:and
367:and
352:Agon
186:and
1383:by
582:PBS
63:or
2518::
1780:II
1286:.
1267:.
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1188:.
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69:)
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
