474:
30:
207:
195:
3084:
3245:
121:, French Jews were mobilized into the French military like all their compatriots, and as in 1914, a significant number of foreign Jews enlisted in regiments of foreign volunteers. Jewish refugees from Germany were interned as enemy aliens together with other German citizens. In general, the Jewish population of France was confident in the ability of France to defend them against the occupiers, but some, particularly from
186:
1338:
643:, in power during WW II, actually represented the French State. Macron on the other hand, made it clear that the Government during the War was indeed the French State. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."
219:
1360:
Il est difficile de les évoquer, aussi, parce que ces heures noires souillent à jamais notre histoire, et sont une injure à notre passé et à nos traditions. Oui, la folie criminelle de l'occupant a été secondée par des Français, par l'Etat français. ... La France, patrie des LumiÚres et des Droits de
590:
The subject of the "Final
Solution" was therefore ignored for decades. The narrative, promoted by de Gaulle starting in 1944, that almost the entire French nation had been united in resisting the occupation with the exception of a few dishonorable traitors made it difficult to acknowledge the role of
317:
were given at most two hours warning on the night of 22â23 October 1940, before being rounded up. The nine trains carrying the deported Jews crossed over into France "without any warning to the French authorities", who were not happy with receiving them. The deportees had not been allowed to take any
429:
had created a homeland for Jews somewhere in
Eastern Europe, to which all of the Jews of Europe would be "resettled", and was portrayed as a utopia. In the spring of 1942, the claim that "resettlment in the East" meant going to the mysterious Jewish homeland in Eastern Europe was widely believed in
421:
on 16â17 July 1942, in which 13,000 Jews were arrested by the French police. In the occupied zone, the French police were effectively controlled by the German authorities. They carried out the measures ordered by the
Germans against Jews, and in 1942, delivered non-French Jews from internment camps
189:
The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi
Germany annexed Alsace Lorraine, and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining two-fifths
109:
had a population of over 300,000 Jews, around 200,000 of whom lived in Paris. France also hosted a large population of foreign Jews who had fled persecutions in
Germany. By 1939, the Jewish population had increased to 330,000 due in part to the refusal of the United States and the United Kingdom to
147:
Articles 16 and 19 warned that the French government had to proceed to repatriate refugees from the occupied territory and that "The French government is required to deliver on demand all German nationals designated by the Reich and who are in France, in French possessions, colonies, protectorates
638:
denounced his country's role in the
Holocaust and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for 1942 roundup and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this ", he said, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German took
461:
in Poland before escaping back to France. The soldier told Rayski that he learned during his time in Poland that there was a camp located in
Silesia named Auschwitz where all of the Jews been sent for "resettlement in the East" were being exterminated. After much doubt and debate with the other
630:
on 22 July 2012. The president recognized that this event was a crime committed "in France, by France," and emphasized that the deportations in which French police participated were offenses committed against French values, principles, and ideals. He continued his speech by remarking on French
614:
stated that it was time that France faced up to its past and he acknowledged the role that the state had played in the persecution of Jews and other victims of the German occupation. Those responsible for the roundup, according to Chirac, were "4,500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the
1346:
574:
during the war and that the
Republic had been re-established when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it did not exist and which had been carried out by an illegitimate state which it did not recognise. Former President
250:
to define who was a Jew, and to issue a list of occupations prohibited to Jews. Article 9 of the law stated that it applied to France's possessions of French
Algeria, the colonies, the Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco, and mandates territories. The October 1940 law was prepared by
172:, the Levant, etc. Nazi Germany and the Vichy regime saw the French empire as an integral part of non-occupied Vichy France, and its anti-Jewish decrees were immediately implemented there, because of the Vichy vision of the empire as a territorial continuation of metropolitan France
549:
and 73,500 of them were murdered, but 75% of the approximately 330,000 Jews in metropolitan France in 1939 escaped deportation and survived the
Holocaust, which is one of the highest survival rates in Europe. France has the third highest number of citizens who were awarded the
255:. A 2010 document makes it clear that PĂ©tain personally made the law even more aggressively antisemitic than it initially was, as can be seen by annotations made on the draft in his own hand. The law "embraced the definition of a Jew established in the
353:
was not made compulsory in the unoccupied zone, these records would provide the basis for the future round-ups and deportations. In the occupied zone, a German order enforced the wearing of the yellow star for all Jews aged over 6 on 29 May 1942.
104:
In the summer of 1940, around 700,000 Jews lived in French-ruled territory, of which 400,000 lived in French Algeria, then an integral part of France, and in the two French protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. On the eve of World War II,
95:
organized and implemented the roundups of Jews. Although the vast majority of the deported Jews were killed, the overall survival rate of the Jewish population in France was up to 75%, which is one of the highest survival rates in Europe.
457:, came into contact with a former soldier in the Spanish Republican Army who had fled to France in 1939. The soldier had in turn been deported from the Gurs internment camp to work as a slave laborer on a project run by the
504:, a French paramilitary force inspired by Nazi ideology, was heavily involved in rounding up Jews for deportation during this period. The frequency of German convoys increased. The last, from the camp at Drancy, left the
86:
was prevalent throughout Europe at the time. As in other German-occupied and aligned states, the Nazis in France relied to a considerable extent on the co-operation of local authorities to carry out what they called the
345:, created by the Vichy State in March 1941, supervised the seizure of Jewish assets and organized anti-Jewish propaganda. At the same time, the Germans began compiling registers of Jews in the occupied zone. The Second
190:
of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe PĂ©tain.
1253:
4273:
3034:
49:
80:. The deportation started in 1942 and lasted until July 1944. Of the 340,000 Jews living in metropolitan/continental France in 1940, more than 75,000 were deported to death camps, where about 72,500 were murdered.
5541:
140:, did not contain any overtly anti-Jewish clauses, but it did indicate that the Germans intended the racial order existent in Germany since 1935 to spread to Metropolitan France and its overseas territories:
144:
Article 3 warned that in the regions of France occupied directly by the Germans, the French administration must "by all means facilitate the regulations" relating to the exercise of the rights of the Reich;
5568:
1522:
646:
Macron did make a subtle reference to Chirac's 1995 apology when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."
722:
619:: "hose black hours soiled our history forever. ... he criminal madness of the occupier was assisted by the French people, by the French State. ... France, that day, committed the irreparable."
5203:
912:
114:. After the German occupation of Belgium and the Netherlands in 1940, Metropolitan France received a new wave of Jewish immigrants and its Jewish population peaked at 340,000 individuals.
259:", deprived the Jews of their civil rights, and fired them from many jobs. The law also forbade Jews from working in certain professions (teachers, journalists, lawyers, etc.) while the
374:(UGIF) in which all Jewish charitable works were subsumed. The Germans were thus able to learn where the local Jews lived. Many of the leaders of the UGIF was also deported, such as
2278:
500:
The German authorities took increasingly direct charge of the persecution of Jews, while public opinion forced the Vichy authorities towards a more sensitive approach. However, the
268:
65:
5593:
5238:
4025:
430:
France, even by most Jews, and though most French people did not believe the supposed homeland was really the paradise that the Nazis had promised, few could imagine the truth.
2964:
473:
260:
29:
5369:
4245:
2505:
2039:
2958:
4351:
1489:
370:
4954:
1040:
Source : Claude Singer, Historien, enseigne Ă l'universitĂ© de Paris I (DUEJ). Revue "Les Chemins de la MĂ©moire n° 119 â Juillet-AoĂ»t 2002 pour Mindef/SGA/DMPA
4004:
3072:
5573:
3943:
3356:
1900:
1035:
744:
562:
For decades, the French government declined to apologize for the role of the French police in the roundup or for other state complicity. Its argument was that
4356:
4268:
2977:
5272:
5096:
3142:
2268:
900:
3) A law of October 3, 1940, on the status of Jews excluded them from most public and private professions and defined Jews on the basis of racial criteria.
5233:
4160:
1990:
437:, and elsewhere, were again arrested and deported to the occupied zone, from where they were sent to extermination camps in Germany and occupied Poland.
422:
to the Germans. They also contributed to the sending of tens of thousands from those camps to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland, via Drancy.
4456:
1341:[Speech by Mr. Jacques CHIRAC President of the Republic during the ceremonies commemorating the large roundup of July 16 and 17, 1942 (Paris)].
1339:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)"
1309:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)"
365:. The Vichy government even protected them after attacks as a way to deny persecution. In Alsace-Lorraine, many synagogues were destroyed or converted.
1286:
206:
5731:
554:, an award given to "non-Jews who acted according to the most noble principles of humanity by risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust".
3201:
322:
treated the ensuing complaints by the Vichy government over the expulsions in a "most dilatory fashion". As a result, the Jews expelled in Operation
5307:
4756:
3050:
5655:
5176:
4904:
4299:
4250:
4068:
3346:
2996:
2209:
2109:
1932:
342:
1461:
920:
2774:
1155:
5726:
4480:
3336:
2483:
2235:
2205:
1109:
665:
194:
1877:"French Railway Workers and the Question of Rescue During the Holocaust (Les cheminots français et la question du sauvetage pendant la Shoah)"
156:, the government of Marshal PĂ©tain nominally ruled Vichy France, the name of France of Vichy Under the Occupation (la France de Vichy), a new
3969:
695:
1789:
Carroll, David (1998). "What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation".
1071:, « Au bureau des affaires juives. L'administration française et l'application de la législation antisémite », La Découverte, 2006
77:
4860:
4278:
4118:
3421:
2558:
2495:
1644:
406:(3,747 men). The second round-up, between 20 July and 1 August 1941, led to the arrest of 4,232 French and foreign Jews who were taken to
2721:
168:, and the French empire (France d'outre-mer), France's overseas territories such as the two French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia,
5665:
5498:
5143:
4606:
4346:
1623:
490:
579:, for example, maintained this position. The claim was much more recently reiterated during the 2017 presidential election campaign by
4694:
3923:
3065:
2069:
1865:
1723:
887:
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944: Documentation of the Deportation of the Victims of the Final Solution in France
5736:
4475:
4220:
3351:
2185:
1742:
399:
4490:
4426:
5721:
5261:
4718:
4495:
4436:
4411:
4200:
4128:
3303:
2528:
2084:
591:
French civil servants, policemen and gendarmes in the "Final Solution". The first book to mention the subject at any length was
5741:
4339:
4334:
3177:
3104:
2829:
2417:
2381:
3869:
3775:
1225:
5156:
4969:
4431:
3222:
3217:
3212:
2099:
1983:
1846:
1827:
1765:
1694:
1675:
1119:
855:
433:
In the unoccupied zone, from August 1942, foreign Jews who had been deported to refugee camps in south-west France, in Gurs,
5131:
2949:
2152:
1499:
5628:
5468:
4631:
4538:
4485:
4466:
4446:
4416:
4309:
3956:
3928:
3469:
3191:
3172:
3058:
3039:
3029:
2681:
2568:
2443:
2273:
243:
2984:
1308:
5493:
5126:
5056:
4684:
4553:
4528:
4406:
4020:
4015:
2157:
1374:
616:
486:
358:
2934:
1396:
5675:
5660:
5561:
5407:
5331:
4543:
4500:
4461:
4361:
4195:
4061:
3874:
3765:
3185:
3119:
3114:
2844:
2523:
2463:
2079:
551:
4653:
3405:
1043:
751:
394:) took place on 14 May 1941. The Jews arrested, all men and foreigners, were interned in the first transit camps at
5533:
5412:
5382:
5301:
5218:
5051:
4689:
4587:
4548:
4505:
4441:
4314:
4190:
3576:
3308:
3109:
2924:
2215:
2177:
2074:
395:
2220:
599:, through the focus in his book was Vichy France in general. The first book dedicated entirely to the subject was
434:
390:
The arrests of Jews in France began in 1940 for individuals, and general round ups began in 1941. The first raid (
5171:
4986:
4533:
4510:
4421:
4283:
4135:
4123:
4110:
3341:
3234:
2729:
2591:
2518:
2034:
1976:
247:
133:
92:
969:
5650:
5605:
5151:
4470:
4451:
4398:
4382:
4329:
4324:
4235:
4225:
4215:
4167:
4150:
4140:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4035:
3810:
3207:
2114:
2054:
2044:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
542:
318:
of their possessions with them, these being confiscated by the German authorities. The German Foreign Minister
69:
5076:
4931:
2162:
2137:
627:
418:
152:
Under the terms of the armistice, only part of Metropolitan France was occupied by Germany. From the city of
5643:
5633:
5359:
4913:
4710:
4641:
4319:
4304:
4230:
4210:
4205:
4185:
4155:
3918:
3698:
3591:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3137:
2970:
2904:
2869:
2636:
2543:
2489:
2124:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2064:
584:
494:
310:
4865:
3612:
1159:
997:
5354:
5121:
4600:
4178:
4172:
4054:
4010:
3974:
3820:
3744:
3723:
3718:
3581:
3571:
3525:
3331:
3196:
3152:
3014:
2739:
2190:
2167:
2059:
576:
407:
319:
294:
3949:
3787:
2666:
2346:
1881:
5588:
5213:
5166:
4830:
4581:
3933:
3728:
3678:
3099:
2864:
2405:
1583:(in French). Vol. V. Paris: Service d'information des crimes de guerre â Office français d'Ă©dition.
349:
of 2 June 1941 systematized this registration across the country and in Vichy-North Africa. Because the
263:
provided authority for the incarceration of foreign Jews in internment camps in southern France such as
3607:
3493:
2929:
1958:
615:
authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis." Chirac commented in his speech about the
3673:
634:
In July 2017, also in commemoration of the victims of the roundup at the VĂ©lodrome d'Hiver, President
5551:
5488:
5417:
5071:
4855:
4746:
4724:
4619:
4614:
4595:
3913:
3884:
3664:
3643:
3638:
3450:
3366:
3288:
3088:
2884:
2711:
2656:
2606:
2411:
2195:
2132:
1904:
623:
327:
264:
199:
4774:
2804:
368:
In order to more closely control the Jewish community, on 29 November 1941, the Germans created the
5638:
5546:
5392:
4979:
4764:
3938:
3908:
3782:
3708:
3703:
3688:
3683:
3633:
3586:
3551:
3244:
2919:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2686:
2230:
1667:
1068:
509:
111:
106:
57:
2784:
2306:
1639:. Translated by Richard Barry; Marian Jackson; Dorothy Long. Munich: Institut fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte.
375:
5018:
5013:
4520:
3991:
3561:
3546:
3541:
3509:
3278:
2991:
2899:
2834:
2386:
2356:
2321:
2240:
1806:
1494:
1230:
331:
246:
slightly after the German authorities in the autumn of 1940. On 3 October 1940, Vichy passed the
3986:
3713:
2909:
2814:
2473:
2453:
563:
252:
137:
17:
1432:
5623:
5483:
5314:
5228:
5195:
5109:
4926:
4892:
3980:
3754:
3749:
3693:
3488:
3445:
3293:
3273:
3263:
3229:
3147:
2744:
2701:
2676:
2631:
2586:
2513:
2341:
2326:
2245:
2147:
1861:
1842:
1823:
1761:
1738:
1719:
1690:
1671:
1650:
1640:
1619:
1593:
1115:
891:
851:
701:
691:
685:
655:
524:
458:
34:
1578:
5600:
5578:
5397:
5387:
5116:
5104:
5086:
5023:
4769:
4731:
3863:
3839:
3805:
3759:
3653:
3648:
3313:
3298:
3024:
2824:
2734:
2671:
2616:
2448:
1928:
1886:
1798:
1443:
290:
470:
stating that about 11,000 French Jews had been exterminated at Auschwitz since March 1942.
5670:
5510:
5503:
5320:
5223:
5081:
5061:
4974:
4810:
3617:
3556:
3440:
3386:
2809:
2706:
2621:
2611:
2301:
2200:
635:
567:
335:
302:
272:
2894:
2478:
2331:
2288:
1948:
1105:
1361:
l'Homme, terre d'accueil et d'asile, la France, ce jour-là , accomplissait l'irréparable.
164:), but only governed the southern part of metropolitan France, the three departments of
5583:
5478:
5377:
5348:
5040:
5004:
4964:
4959:
4784:
4669:
4576:
3831:
3566:
3480:
3461:
3432:
3397:
3378:
3019:
2754:
2749:
2651:
2458:
2361:
1754:
1425:
776:
660:
611:
604:
516:
505:
256:
165:
88:
1194:
5715:
5473:
5402:
5293:
5161:
4991:
4948:
4794:
4779:
4077:
3815:
2914:
2889:
2874:
2854:
2691:
2661:
2646:
2626:
2601:
2576:
2553:
2538:
2351:
2336:
2225:
2010:
1908:
1708:(in Yiddish). New York: Shulsinger Pubs. and Dubnov Fund & Entsiklopedye Komitet.
596:
580:
361:. Still, the vast majority of synagogues remained opened during the whole war in the
235:
5685:
4835:
4820:
4815:
4789:
4742:
4674:
4636:
4386:
3845:
3770:
3283:
2859:
2819:
2764:
2581:
2548:
2468:
2435:
2371:
2366:
2311:
1466:
1401:
640:
571:
520:
350:
239:
211:
157:
118:
83:
73:
61:
53:
2696:
1938:
379:
1901:"La SNCF attaquée par des descendants de victimes de l'Holocauste aux Etats-Unis"
1876:
1634:
1548:
1427:
Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989
885:
5691:
5208:
4825:
4679:
4030:
3963:
3268:
3083:
2759:
2596:
2316:
2250:
546:
450:
5680:
5515:
5288:
5066:
2939:
2879:
2376:
2296:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1922:
1654:
1199:
804:
639:
part," he added. Neither Chirac nor Hollande had specifically stated that the
482:
362:
231:
1597:
1254:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust"
895:
870:« De la Haine Dans l'air », par JérÎme Gautheret et Thomas Wieder,
705:
5520:
5326:
2641:
2533:
1781:
Adler, Jacques. "The Jews and Vichy: reflections on French historiography."
1462:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity"
414:
169:
5181:
2260:
326:
were interned in harsh conditions by the Vichy authorities at the camps in
185:
1968:
1891:
413:
Deportations began on 27 March 1942, when the first convoy left Paris for
5046:
4846:
1287:"Jacques Chirac's courage: Acknowledging France's role in the Holocaust"
3879:
3659:
1810:
529:
126:
5556:
2424:
1490:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'"
1042:. Chemins de mémoire, site du MinistÚre de la Défense. Archived from
501:
403:
122:
1802:
998:"Que sont devenues les synagogues françaises pendant l'Occupation?"
4921:
2142:
848:
French Colonialism Unmasked: The Vichy Years in French West Africa
745:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival"
603:(1981), which was co-written by Paxton and the Canadian historian
472:
223:
217:
205:
184:
153:
28:
1549:"Netanyahu in Paris to commemorate Vel d'Hiv deportation of Jews"
913:"Pétain a durci le texte sur Les Juifs, Selon un document inédit"
417:. Women and children were also targeted, for instance during the
129:
regions, fled westwards into the unoccupied zone from July 1940.
4046:
1523:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism"
297:
oversaw the expulsion of Jews into unoccupied France from their
45:
5438:
5259:
4890:
4380:
4050:
3054:
1972:
218:
136:, signed between the Third Reich and the government of Marshal
1704:
Poliakov, LĂ©on (1966). "France. The Fate of the French Jews".
723:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]"
3243:
1633:
Krausnick, Helmut; Broszat, Martin; Buchheim, Hans (1968) .
466:, Rasyki wrote a cover story on 10 October 1942 edition of
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
1841:(Repr. ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1397:"François Hollande sorry for wartime deportation of Jews"
1925:
at the European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI)
1822:. Studies in Antisemitism. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.
1111:
Histoire de France, 1750-1995: Monarchies et républiques
313:
were not expelled. The 6,500 Jews affected by Operation
622:
To mark the 70th anniversary of the roundup, President
1716:
Les Juifs en France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
485:, apart from a small sector occupied by Italy. In the
44:
was the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of
1756:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932â1945
1577:
Berg, Roger (1947). "Les Crimes ennemis en France".
489:, Jews were generally spared persecution, until the
483:
the whole of France came under direct German control
453:, the editor of the Communist underground newspaper
5616:
5532:
5461:
5368:
5340:
5281:
5194:
5142:
5095:
5032:
5002:
4940:
4912:
4903:
4844:
4803:
4755:
4741:
4703:
4662:
4562:
4519:
4397:
4292:
4261:
4088:
3899:
3856:
3829:
3796:
3737:
3626:
3600:
3534:
3518:
3502:
3478:
3459:
3430:
3414:
3395:
3376:
3365:
3322:
3254:
3128:
2948:
2843:
2773:
2720:
2567:
2504:
2434:
2395:
2287:
2259:
2176:
2123:
690:. Stanford University Press. pp. xv, 243â245.
684:Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1995) .
338:while awaiting a chance to return them to Germany.
305:that had been annexed in the summer of 1941 to the
64:. The persecution began in 1940, and culminated in
2965:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France
1753:
1424:
799:
797:
493:led to the establishment of the German-controlled
271:, including 6,500 Jews who had been deported from
1114:. Presses Universitaires du Mirail. p. 215.
533:) French citizenship to Jews on 20 October 1943.
1448:plaque velodrome d'hiver boulevard de Grenelle.
593:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944
477:French Jews being deported from Marseilles, 1943
234:, the German ambassador in Paris, organized the
214:in June 1942, a few weeks before the mass arrest
5214:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1959:Children's homes in France during the Holocaust
1737:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1226:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews"
717:
715:
269:convoys of Jews deported from regions of France
1219:
1217:
110:accept any more Jewish refugees following the
5574:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
4062:
3066:
1984:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
8:
781:the-jews-of-algeria-morocco-and-tunisia.html
5273:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2959:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la DĂ©portation
2269:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
1080:
1056:
972:Mission d'Ă©tude sur la spoliation des Juifs
821:
508:on 31 July 1944, just one month before the
210:Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing
5458:
5435:
5278:
5256:
4909:
4900:
4887:
4752:
4394:
4377:
4085:
4069:
4055:
4047:
3373:
3073:
3059:
3051:
1991:
1977:
1969:
777:"The Jews of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia"
1890:
956:
890:. B. Klarsfeld Foundation. p. xiii.
91:. The government of Vichy France and the
1662:Marrus, Michael; Paxton, Robert (1995).
1141:
1022:
983:
833:
527:, the French exile government restored (
193:
3347:French Committee of National Liberation
2997:List of Holocaust memorials and museums
2279:Timeline of deportations to death camps
1933:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1839:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
676:
425:At the time, it was announced that the
371:Union générale des israélites de France
343:General Commissariat for Jewish Affairs
3337:French Civil and Military High Command
2978:MĂ©morial des Martyrs de la DĂ©portation
2484:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
1860:. Hanover: Brandeis University Press.
1092:
738:
736:
666:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
1820:Vichy law and the Holocaust in France
1760:. New York: Oxford University Press.
933:
497:in northern Italy in September 1943.
359:seven synagogues were bombed in Paris
198:An antisemitic exhibition, entitled "
7:
4861:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
3422:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2559:Police collaboration in Vichy France
1735:The Musical Legacy of Wartime France
5666:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2985:Mémorial national de la déportation
1687:Ătre juif dans la sociĂ©tĂ© française
626:gave a speech at a monument to the
541:About 75,000 Jews were deported to
491:fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
222:Yellow badge made mandatory by the
1858:Jews in France during World War II
1488:Goldmann, Russell (17 July 2017).
25:
3352:Provisional Consultative Assembly
1885:(25: Empires ibĂ©riques): 147â67.
1555:. BBC News Services. 16 July 2017
1460:Associated Press (16 July 2017).
1285:Paris, Edna (30 September 2019).
1195:"About the Righteous, Statistics"
1182:L'Algérie sous le régime de Vichy
1156:"Dernier convoi Drancy-Auschwitz"
595:(1972) by the American historian
267:. These internees were joined by
5732:1944 disestablishments in France
5229:Polish leaders and intellectuals
4719:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3082:
1592:(in French). Toulouse: Ăditeur.
1337:Chirac, Jacques (16 July 1995).
1252:McAuley, James (10 April 2017).
1224:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995).
996:Aubry, Antoine (7 August 2016).
919:. 3 October 2010. Archived from
850:. University of Nebraska Press.
66:deportations of Jews from France
18:The Holocaust in occupied France
2830:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier
1521:McAuley, James (16 July 2017).
1382:United Nations General Assembly
148:and territories under mandate."
33:Deportation of Jews during the
5157:Attack on the twentieth convoy
4970:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1616:Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation
1588:Blumenkranz, Bernhard (1972).
1395:Willsher, Kim (22 July 2012).
1384:. 24 January 2005. p. 20.
1375:"Twenty-eight special session"
583:, leader of the extreme right
1:
5727:1940 establishments in France
4026:Mediterranean and Middle East
3929:End of World War II in Europe
3192:French Forces of the Interior
3040:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
3030:History of the Jews in France
2274:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
1818:Weisberg, Richard H. (1996).
1184:, Odile Jacob, 2002, page 383
238:of rich Jewish families. The
5494:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4685:Extermination through labour
2418:Jeunesse Populaire Française
2382:Carl-Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
1590:Histoire des Juifs en France
1108:and Patrick Cabanel (1996).
5676:Righteous Among the Nations
4362:Righteous Among the Nations
3186:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2524:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
2464:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
1685:Philippe, Beatrice (1979).
1618:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
1343:Présidence de la République
610:On 16 July 1995, President
552:Righteous Among the Nations
5758:
5413:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5383:Lithuanian Security Police
5302:Reich Security Main Office
4269:Evidence and documentation
3577:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
3309:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
3202:French Expeditionary Corps
1961:â an online exhibition at
1733:Sprout, Leslie A. (2013).
1431:. Berghahn Books. p.
631:tolerance towards others.
351:yellow star-of-David badge
56:, and in Vichy-controlled
5629:Books and other resources
5457:
5434:
5268:
5255:
4899:
4886:
4393:
4376:
4161:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
4084:
4000:
3970:1946 legislative election
3342:French National Committee
3241:
3235:French Forces of the West
3095:
3005:
2006:
1856:Poznanski, Renée (2001).
1714:Poznanski, Renée (1997).
1664:Vichy France and the Jews
1636:Anatomy of the S.S. State
1529:. The Washington Post.com
1318:(in French). 16 July 1995
884:Klarsfeld, Serge (1983).
687:Vichy France and the Jews
617:Velodrome d'Hiver roundup
601:Vichy France and the Jews
570:when he instituted a new
441:From the invasion of the
248:Law on the status of Jews
230:From the summer of 1940,
134:armistice of 22 June 1940
48:between 1940 and 1944 in
5737:The Holocaust by country
5219:People with disabilities
5152:Aid and Rescue Committee
3987:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
3914:1945 municipal elections
3811:Liberation of Strasbourg
2412:Parti Populaire Français
1875:Broch, Ludivine (2015).
1837:Zuccotti, Susan (1999).
1609:. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
543:Nazi concentration camps
70:Nazi concentration camps
5722:The Holocaust in France
5360:Order Police battalions
3704:Liberation of Marseille
2544:Charles du Paty de Clam
2444:Anti-Jewish legislation
2153:French Riviera roundups
2000:The Holocaust in France
1949:The Holocaust in France
1939:The Holocaust in France
1718:(in French). Hachette.
1706:Algemeyne Entsiklopedye
1689:(in French). Montalba.
1423:Carrier, Peter (2005).
1345:. Paris. Archived from
495:Italian Social Republic
181:Conditions of armistice
42:The Holocaust in France
5742:Antisemitism in France
5209:Soviet urban residents
4300:International response
4274:Contemporary knowledge
3944:Provisional Government
3608:Liberation of Saint-LĂŽ
3582:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
3562:Liberation of Limousin
3526:Battle of Mont Mouchet
3510:Liberation of Limousin
3406:SyriaâLebanon campaign
3357:Provisional Government
3332:Empire Defense Council
3248:
3197:French Liberation Army
3015:Antisemitism in France
2935:André and Magda Trocmé
2740:Antoinette Feuerwerker
2519:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
1580:La Persécution raciale
1316:www.jacqueschirac-asso
1025:, chapter "La Guerre".
805:"La persécution nazie"
478:
408:Drancy internment camp
320:Joachim von Ribbentrop
295:Robert Heinrich Wagner
227:
215:
203:
191:
117:At the declaration of
38:
5656:Memorials and museums
5594:Reparations Agreement
5589:Holocaust restitution
5167:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4690:Human experimentation
4529:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3934:Victory in Europe Day
3613:Battle of Mont Gargan
3470:Liberation of Corsica
3247:
3223:4th Moroccan Mountain
3218:3rd Algerian Infantry
3213:2nd Moroccan Infantry
2865:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2406:Devisenschutzkommando
1892:10.4000/diasporas.379
1785:44.4 (2001): 1065â82.
1614:Kaspi, André (1991).
1605:Cohen, Asher (1996).
476:
449:In late summer 1942,
309:. Only those Jews in
261:law of 4 October 1940
221:
209:
197:
188:
32:
4856:Jewish Ghetto Police
4725:Politische Abteilung
4620:Risiera di San Sabba
4481:Natzweiler-Struthof
3919:Advance to the Rhine
3724:Battle of Montélimar
3719:Liberation of Guéret
3699:Liberation of Toulon
3572:Liberation of Guéret
3289:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3089:Liberation of France
2971:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
2925:Jules-GĂ©raud SaliĂšge
2885:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
2870:ChĂąteau de Chabannes
2607:Messaoud El Mediouni
2490:RĂ©volution nationale
1905:Agence France Presse
1752:Yahil, Leni (1990).
1349:on 15 September 2008
1289:. The Globe and Mail
1036:"Les rafles de 1941"
585:National Front Party
558:Government admission
244:anti-Jewish measures
78:Nazi-occupied Poland
5634:Days of remembrance
5547:Holocaust survivors
5542:Depopulated shtetls
5393:Rollkommando Hamann
5239:Jehovah's Witnesses
5057:Kamianets-Podilskyi
4119:Bohemia and Moravia
3924:Invasion of Germany
3788:Battle of Meximieux
3783:Battle of Arracourt
3745:Liberation of Nancy
3709:Liberation of Paris
3689:Battle of La Ciotat
3684:Battle of Port Cros
3649:Liberation of Brest
3634:Battle for Brittany
3552:Battle of Cherbourg
2992:Rivesaltes Memorial
2347:Hans-Dietrich Ernst
2236:Royallieu-CompiĂšgne
2206:Natzweiler-Struthof
1668:Stanford University
1607:The Shoah in France
1258:The Washington Post
846:Ruth Ginio (2006).
577:François Mitterrand
510:Liberation of Paris
357:On 2 October 1941,
107:Metropolitan France
58:French North Africa
5617:History and memory
5521:Forced euthanasia
5469:Nazi racial policy
5172:Danish underground
5019:Operation Reinhard
5014:Wannsee Conference
3992:Klaus Barbie trial
3729:Liberation of Nice
3547:Battle of Carentan
3542:Operation Overlord
3279:Bernard Montgomery
3249:
2930:Pierre-Marie Théas
2387:Carltheo Zeitschel
2357:Ernst Heinrichsohn
1783:Historical Journal
1527:washingtonpost.com
1502:on 18 October 2017
1495:The New York Times
1231:The New York Times
1083:, pp. 401â05.
757:on 22 October 2014
628:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
481:In November 1942,
479:
419:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
376:René-Raoul Lambert
228:
216:
204:
200:The Jew and France
192:
39:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5552:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5499:Jewish emigration
5489:Hitler's prophecy
5484:Haavara Agreement
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5418:Ypatingasis bƫrys
5315:Sicherheitsdienst
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5190:
5189:
5110:Bielski partisans
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4713:TotenkopfverbÀnde
4372:
4371:
4044:
4043:
3981:Trente Glorieuses
3957:Ăpuration sauvage
3895:
3894:
3755:Operation Undergo
3750:Operation Astonia
3694:Provence landings
3494:Battle of GliĂšres
3489:Battle of Vercors
3451:Battle of RĂ©union
3446:Tunisian campaign
3294:Raymond O. Barton
3274:Winston Churchill
3264:Charles de Gaulle
3048:
3047:
2905:PĂšre Marie-BenoĂźt
2745:David Feuerwerker
2702:Charlotte Salomon
2677:Sonia Olschanezky
2632:Maurice Halbwachs
2514:Robert Brasillach
2398:and organizations
2342:Theodor Dannecker
2186:Beaune-la-Rolande
1180:Jacques Cantier,
1046:on 15 March 2014.
874:, 27 Juillet 2010
697:978-0-8047-2499-9
656:Children of Izieu
624:François Hollande
525:Charles de Gaulle
459:Organisation Todt
400:Beaune-la-Rolande
301:and the parts of
282:During Operation
275:during Operation
202:", in Paris, 1941
37:, 23 January 1943
35:Marseille roundup
16:(Redirected from
5749:
5601:Holocaust denial
5579:Nuremberg trials
5569:Postwar violence
5524:
5459:
5436:
5398:Special Brigades
5388:Nederlandsche SS
5355:Police Regiments
5279:
5257:
5117:Ghetto uprisings
5105:Jewish partisans
5052:Harvest Festival
5024:Holocaust trains
4910:
4901:
4888:
4753:
4649:
4627:
4609:
4590:
4572:
4395:
4378:
4086:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4048:
3950:Ăpuration lĂ©gale
3902:
3864:Atlantic pockets
3840:Atlantic pockets
3806:Battle of Alsace
3760:Atlantic pockets
3654:Atlantic pockets
3592:Battle of Ushant
3587:Maquis de Saffré
3374:
3325:
3314:Philippe Kieffer
3304:Philippe Leclerc
3299:George S. Patton
3257:
3143:Commando Kieffer
3131:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3025:Battle of France
3011:
2951:
2920:Germaine RibiĂšre
2778:
2735:Jean Elleinstein
2723:
2687:BĂ©atrice Reinach
2672:Casimir Oberfeld
2667:IrĂšne NĂ©mirovsky
2617:Benjamin Fondane
2570:
2290:
2262:
2138:Clermont-Ferrand
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1912:
1911:. 17 April 2015.
1896:
1894:
1871:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1771:
1759:
1748:
1729:
1709:
1700:
1681:
1658:
1646:978-0586-08028-3
1629:
1610:
1601:
1584:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:Internet Archive
1441:
1439:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:. Archived from
1154:Bénédicte Prot.
1151:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1081:Blumenkranz 1972
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1057:Blumenkranz 1972
1054:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
993:
987:
981:
975:
966:
960:
954:
937:
931:
925:
924:
909:
903:
902:
881:
875:
868:
862:
861:
843:
837:
831:
825:
822:Blumenkranz 1972
819:
813:
812:
801:
792:
791:
789:
787:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
756:
750:. Archived from
749:
740:
731:
730:
719:
710:
709:
681:
641:Vichy government
347:Statut des Juifs
112:Ăvian Conference
21:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5697:
5612:
5528:
5522:
5511:Madagascar Plan
5504:Kindertransport
5453:
5452:
5422:
5364:
5336:
5321:Ordnungspolizei
5277:
5264:
5243:
5186:
5138:
5091:
5062:Maly Trostenets
5033:Mass executions
5028:
4998:
4936:
4895:
4870:
4840:
4799:
4737:
4699:
4658:
4647:
4625:
4607:
4588:
4570:
4558:
4515:
4389:
4368:
4288:
4279:Hidden children
4257:
4115:Czechoslovakia
4080:
4075:
4045:
4040:
3996:
3975:Fourth Republic
3900:
3891:
3852:
3825:
3798:
3792:
3733:
3714:Maillé massacre
3622:
3618:Operation Cobra
3596:
3557:Battle for Caen
3530:
3514:
3498:
3474:
3455:
3441:Operation Torch
3426:
3410:
3391:
3387:Battle of Gabon
3368:
3361:
3323:
3318:
3255:
3250:
3239:
3208:1st Free French
3129:
3124:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3049:
3044:
3035:Occupied France
3009:
3001:
2944:
2910:René de Naurois
2846:
2845:Righteous Among
2839:
2810:Denise Holstein
2776:
2769:
2716:
2707:Sascha Schapiro
2622:Otto Freundlich
2612:Jacques Feldbau
2563:
2500:
2474:Philippe PĂ©tain
2454:François Darlan
2430:
2397:
2396:Nazi occupation
2391:
2302:Ernst Achenbach
2283:
2255:
2172:
2119:
2002:
1997:
1919:
1899:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1803:10.2307/3685578
1788:
1778:
1776:Further reading
1768:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1661:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:978-202013509-2
1613:
1604:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1162:on 29 June 2013
1153:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
995:
994:
990:
982:
978:
967:
963:
955:
940:
932:
928:
923:on 16 May 2013.
911:
910:
906:
883:
882:
878:
869:
865:
858:
845:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
803:
802:
795:
785:
783:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
747:
743:Croes, Marnix.
742:
741:
734:
721:
720:
713:
698:
683:
682:
678:
674:
652:
636:Emmanuel Macron
568:French Republic
566:dismantled the
564:Philippe PĂ©tain
560:
539:
506:Gare de Bobigny
462:journalists of
447:
388:
311:mixed marriages
303:Alsace-Lorraine
273:Alsace-Lorraine
253:Raphaël Alibert
242:took the first
183:
178:
162:l'Ătat français
138:Philippe PĂ©tain
102:
52:, metropolitan
50:occupied France
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5606:trivialization
5598:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5584:Eichmann trial
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Nuremberg Laws
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5462:Early elements
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5443:Early elements
5440:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Arajs Kommando
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5349:Einsatzgruppen
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:Responsibility
5260:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5041:Einsatzgruppen
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5005:Final Solution
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4866:ĂstredĆa Ćœidov
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4831:Theresienstadt
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Einsatzgruppen
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Mittelbau-Dora
4473:
4464:
4459:
4457:KrakĂłw-PĆaszĂłw
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4347:Rescue of Jews
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4005:WW II theatres
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Tulle massacre
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3324:Administration
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:3rd Army Corps
3155:
3145:
3140:
3138:Army of Africa
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Nadine Heftler
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:HĂ©lĂšne Metzger
2654:
2652:Georges Mandel
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Joseph Darnand
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Helmut Knochen
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Karl Bömelburg
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1917:External links
1915:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1872:
1867:978-1584651444
1866:
1853:
1847:
1834:
1828:
1815:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1725:978-2012352704
1724:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1659:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1611:
1602:
1585:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1513:
1480:
1452:
1415:
1387:
1366:
1329:
1300:
1270:
1244:
1213:
1186:
1173:
1146:
1144:, p. 149.
1127:
1120:
1097:
1095:, p. 214.
1085:
1073:
1061:
1059:, p. 404.
1049:
1027:
1015:
988:
986:, p. 251.
976:
970:report by the
961:
957:Krausnick 1968
938:
936:, p. 173.
926:
904:
876:
863:
856:
838:
836:, p. 227.
826:
814:
793:
768:
732:
711:
696:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
661:Tulle massacre
658:
651:
648:
612:Jacques Chirac
605:Michael Marrus
559:
556:
538:
535:
517:French Algeria
446:
439:
387:
384:
257:Nuremberg Laws
182:
179:
177:
174:
166:French Algeria
150:
149:
145:
101:
98:
89:Final Solution
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5754:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Nazi eugenics
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Topf and Sons
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5370:Collaborators
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5308:Referat IV B4
5306:
5305:
5304: (RSHA)
5303:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5295:Schutzstaffel
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:Organizations
5280:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Romani people
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Working Group
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Kastner train
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:Kristallnacht
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4732:SanitÀtswesen
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4695:Death marches
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4521:Extermination
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Sachsenhausen
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Herzogenbusch
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Bergen-Belsen
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4399:Concentration
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:United States
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
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4298:
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4291:
4285:
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4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4252:
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4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:and colonies
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
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4130:
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4122:
4120:
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4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:The Holocaust
4072:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4037:
4036:Sino Japanese
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Eastern Front
4019:
4017:
4016:Western Front
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
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3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
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3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3886:
3885:Saint-Nazaire
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Colmar Pocket
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
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3769:
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3727:
3725:
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3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:Saint-Nazaire
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
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3609:
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3603:
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3568:
3565:
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3560:
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3533:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:32nd Infantry
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Cavalry Corps
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Paul Ramadier
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Justin Godart
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Jacques Ellul
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Albert Bedane
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:André Rogerie
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Henry Bulawko
2798:
2796:
2795:Henri Borlant
2793:
2791:
2790:Joseph Bialot
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Guy Deutscher
2728:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Claude Rodier
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Bernard Natan
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Bereck Kofman
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Salomon Gluck
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Marianne Cohn
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Henri Abraham
2575:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Xavier Vallat
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Maurice Papon
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:Collaborators
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:René Bousquet
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Herbert Hagen
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Alois Brunner
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:Documentation
2258:
2252:
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2242:
2239:
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2229:
2227:
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2202:
2199:
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2183:
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2175:
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2166:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
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2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
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2113:
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2103:
2101:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:The Holocaust
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
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1744:9780520275300
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1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:Zuccotti 1999
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:Tal Bruttmann
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:Philippe 1979
1019:
1016:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
985:
984:Philippe 1979
980:
977:
974:
973:
965:
962:
959:, p. 57.
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
908:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
880:
877:
873:
867:
864:
859:
853:
849:
842:
839:
835:
834:Philippe 1979
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
810:
806:
800:
798:
794:
782:
778:
772:
769:
753:
746:
739:
737:
733:
728:
727:bseditions.fr
724:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
693:
689:
688:
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671:
667:
664:
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653:
649:
647:
644:
642:
637:
632:
629:
625:
620:
618:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:Robert Paxton
594:
588:
586:
582:
581:Marine Le Pen
578:
573:
569:
565:
557:
555:
553:
548:
544:
536:
534:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
475:
471:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
438:
436:
431:
428:
423:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
366:
364:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Josef BĂŒrckel
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:expropriation
233:
225:
220:
213:
212:Yellow badges
208:
201:
196:
187:
180:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
143:
142:
141:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
108:
99:
97:
94:
93:French police
90:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
5686:Yizkor books
5347:
5294:
5039:
4987:in Lithuania
4947:
4845:
4730:
4723:
4712:
4646:
4624:
4605:
4586:
4569:
4352:by Catholics
4221:Soviet Union
4145:
4089:By territory
3979:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3909:End of Vichy
3284:Henri Giraud
3184:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2957:
2895:PĂšre Jacques
2860:Marc Boegner
2820:Sarah Kofman
2785:Louise Alcan
2765:Rose Warfman
2682:Victor Perez
2637:Paul Hermann
2582:Victor Basch
2549:Paul Touvier
2496:Vichy Police
2488:
2479:André Tulard
2469:Pierre Laval
2436:Vichy France
2423:
2416:
2404:
2372:Kurt Lischka
2367:Josef Kramer
2332:Heinz Röthke
2312:Klaus Barbie
2307:Horst Ahnert
2289:Perpetrators
2168:Villeurbanne
2133:Green ticket
2049:
2013:by country:
1999:
1880:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1797:(3): 36â54.
1794:
1790:
1782:
1755:
1734:
1715:
1705:
1686:
1663:
1635:
1615:
1606:
1589:
1579:
1571:Bibliography
1557:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1493:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:The Guardian
1465:
1455:
1447:
1442:– via
1436:. Retrieved
1426:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:The Guardian
1400:
1390:
1381:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1342:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1229:
1206:20 September
1204:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1166:16 September
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1149:
1110:
1106:René Souriac
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1044:the original
1039:
1030:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1001:
991:
979:
971:
964:
929:
921:the original
916:
907:
899:
886:
879:
871:
866:
847:
841:
829:
817:
808:
784:. Retrieved
780:
771:
759:. Retrieved
752:the original
726:
686:
679:
645:
633:
621:
609:
600:
592:
589:
572:French State
561:
540:
528:
521:Henri Giraud
514:
499:
487:Italian zone
480:
467:
463:
454:
448:
442:
432:
426:
424:
412:
391:
389:
369:
367:
356:
346:
340:
323:
314:
306:
298:
287:
283:
281:
276:
240:Vichy regime
229:
161:
158:French State
151:
131:
119:World War II
116:
103:
84:Antisemitism
82:
74:Nazi Germany
62:World War II
54:Vichy France
41:
40:
26:
5692:Never again
5523:(Action T4)
5449:Remembrance
5234:Homosexuals
5204:Soviet POWs
5132:CzÄstochowa
4680:Gas chamber
4491:RavensbrĂŒck
4432:Gross-Rosen
4427:FlossenbĂŒrg
4310:Philippines
4242:Yugoslavia
4201:Netherlands
4129:Sudetenland
3964:Tripartisme
3939:Victory Day
3875:La Rochelle
3766:La Rochelle
3269:Jean Moulin
3230:Second Army
3204:Divisions:
3173:1st Armored
3115:Netherlands
3020:Armée Juive
2900:Henri Manen
2847:the Nations
2835:LĂ©on Zyguel
2760:Simone Veil
2755:LĂ©on Schwab
2750:David OlĂšre
2712:David Vogel
2597:Kadmi Cohen
2587:HĂ©lĂšne Berr
2529:René Gérard
2322:Kurt Blanke
2317:Werner Best
2231:Romainville
2085:Netherlands
1093:Sprout 2013
1004:(in French)
824:, IV, 5, 1.
786:6 September
547:death camps
451:Adam Rayski
386:Drancy camp
5716:Categories
5681:Yad Vashem
5661:Uniqueness
5516:Nisko Plan
5289:Nazi Party
5097:Resistance
5067:Ninth Fort
4932:Vel' d'Hiv
4704:Nazi units
4642:Westerbork
4632:Amersfoort
4486:Neuengamme
4467:Mauthausen
4447:Kaiserwald
4417:Buchenwald
4196:Luxembourg
3799:March 1945
3797:Nov 1944 -
3644:Saint-Malo
3503:March 1944
3148:First Army
3110:Luxembourg
2940:Varian Fry
2880:Mary Elmes
2815:René Kapel
2377:Carl Oberg
2297:Otto Abetz
2241:Rivesaltes
2216:Pithiviers
2163:Vel' d'Hiv
2080:Luxembourg
1963:Yad Vashem
1955:newsletter
1953:Yad Vashem
1943:Yad Vashem
1909:Libération
1848:0803299141
1829:3718658925
1767:0195045238
1696:2858700176
1677:0804724997
1655:1167780373
1200:Yad Vashem
1121:2858162743
1008:16 January
934:Yahil 1990
857:080325380X
672:References
523:and later
519:, General
443:Zone libre
396:Pithiviers
380:André Baur
363:Zone libre
336:Les Milles
332:Rivesaltes
288:Gauleiters
232:Otto Abetz
100:Background
5639:Education
5534:Aftermath
5446:Aftermath
5408:Trawnikis
5332:Wehrmacht
5327:Waffen-SS
5127:BiaĆystok
4955:Bucharest
4927:Marseille
4804:Elsewhere
4765:BiaĆystok
4577:Breendonk
4554:Treblinka
4407:Auschwitz
4191:Lithuania
3901:Aftermath
3738:Sept 1944
3601:July 1944
2950:Memorials
2777:testimony
2722:Survivors
2697:Alma Rosé
2642:Max Jacob
2592:René Blum
2534:Jean Mamy
2246:Septfonds
2221:Récébédou
2148:Marseille
2075:Lithuania
1907:(AFP) at
1882:Diasporas
1791:SubStance
1598:417454239
896:970847660
706:836801478
537:Aftermath
435:Récébédou
415:Auschwitz
226:in France
170:Indochina
60:, during
5624:Academia
5077:PiaĆnica
5047:Babi Yar
4975:Jedwabne
4914:Roundups
4847:Judenrat
4811:Budapest
4582:Mechelen
4544:Majdanek
4501:Stutthof
4462:Majdanek
4357:by Poles
4315:Portugal
4293:Response
4284:Timeline
4262:Overview
4124:Slovakia
4111:Bulgaria
4011:Atlantic
3857:May 1945
3679:Ăgletons
3627:Aug 1944
3535:Jun 1944
3519:May 1944
3415:Dec 1941
3369:campaign
3010:See also
2226:Rieucros
2210:subcamps
2125:Roundups
2035:Bulgaria
1002:Slate.fr
917:Le Point
872:Le Monde
650:See also
468:J'accuse
464:J'accuse
455:J'accuse
125:and the
5651:Lessons
5087:Rumbula
4960:Dorohoi
4941:Pogroms
4893:Victims
4743:Ghettos
4675:Gas van
4663:Methods
4637:Schoorl
4615:Bolzano
4563:Transit
4549:Sobibor
4539:CheĆmno
4506:Vaivara
4442:Hinzert
4387:ghettos
4340:Vatican
4246:Croatia
4236:Ukraine
4226:Belarus
4216:Romania
4168:Hungary
4151:Germany
4141:Estonia
4136:Denmark
4106:Belgium
4101:Austria
4096:Albania
4031:Pacific
3880:Lorient
3870:Dunkirk
3776:Dunkirk
3660:Lorient
3256:Leaders
3100:Belgium
2987:
2775:Witness
2569:Victims
2115:Ukraine
2100:Romania
2055:Hungary
2045:Estonia
2040:Croatia
2030:Belgium
2025:Belarus
2020:Austria
2015:Albania
1965:website
1945:website
1935:(USHMM)
1931:at the
1811:3685578
1670:Press.
1553:bbc.com
1353:22 July
1322:17 July
1293:18 July
809:free.fr
530:de jure
445:to 1945
402:in the
324:BĂŒrckel
315:BĂŒrckel
284:BĂŒrckel
277:BĂŒrckel
176:History
127:Moselle
5557:Bricha
5323:(Orpo)
5196:Others
5182:ƻegota
5144:Rescue
5122:Warsaw
5082:Ponary
4992:Kaunas
4795:Warsaw
4780:Lublin
4770:KrakĂłw
4757:Poland
4601:Drancy
4534:Belzec
4511:Warsaw
4422:Dachau
4330:Turkey
4325:Sweden
4251:Serbia
4231:Russia
4211:Poland
4206:Norway
4186:Latvia
4156:Greece
4146:France
3821:Bitche
3674:Lioran
3639:Rennes
3367:French
3130:Forces
3120:Norway
2425:Milice
2251:Vernet
2201:Milles
2191:Drancy
2110:Serbia
2105:Russia
2095:Poland
2090:Norway
2065:Latvia
2050:France
1929:France
1923:France
1864:
1845:
1826:
1809:
1764:
1741:
1722:
1693:
1674:
1653:
1643:
1622:
1596:
1559:10 May
1533:10 May
1506:10 May
1473:10 May
1438:10 May
1408:10 May
1263:10 May
1237:10 May
1118:
894:
854:
761:6 June
704:
694:
502:Milice
404:Loiret
123:Alsace
5671:Humor
5644:Films
5341:Units
5072:Odesa
4922:Izieu
4836:Vilna
4821:Minsk
4816:Kovno
4790:Radom
4654:SereÄ
4471:Gusen
4452:Kauen
4383:Camps
4320:Spain
4305:Japan
4179:Libya
4173:Italy
3846:Royan
3771:Royan
3460:Sept
3105:Italy
2178:Camps
2143:Izieu
2070:Libya
2060:Italy
1941:â at
1807:JSTOR
1378:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
748:(PDF)
607:.
427:Reich
392:rafle
307:Reich
299:Gaues
224:Nazis
154:Vichy
5562:List
5317:(SD)
5297:(SS)
4980:Lviv
4965:IaÈi
4905:Jews
4826:Riga
4785:LwĂłw
4775:ĆĂłdĆș
4747:list
4596:Gurs
4469:and
4385:and
3832:1945
3830:Apr
3481:1944
3479:Jan
3462:1943
3433:1942
3431:Nov
3398:1941
3396:Jun
3379:1940
3377:Nov
2196:Gurs
2158:Lyon
1951:â a
1862:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1651:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1594:OCLC
1561:2019
1535:2019
1508:2019
1475:2019
1440:2019
1410:2019
1355:2021
1324:2014
1295:2021
1265:2019
1239:2019
1208:2011
1168:2012
1116:ISBN
1010:2022
968:See
892:OCLC
852:ISBN
788:2021
763:2021
702:OCLC
692:ISBN
545:and
398:and
378:and
341:The
334:and
328:Gurs
293:and
265:Gurs
132:The
76:and
46:Jews
4711:SS-
3168:5th
3163:4th
1887:doi
1799:doi
515:In
72:in
68:to
5718::
4648:sk
4626:nl
4608:it
4589:fr
4571:be
3866::
3842::
3762::
3656::
1903:.
1879:.
1805:.
1795:27
1793:.
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1446:.
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1399:.
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1273:^
1256:.
1228:.
1216:^
1197:.
1130:^
1038:.
1000:.
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915:.
898:.
807:.
796:^
779:.
735:^
725:.
714:^
700:.
587:.
512:.
410:.
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330:,
286:,
279:.
5694:"
5690:"
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5003:"
4749:)
4745:(
4070:e
4063:t
4056:v
4007::
3074:e
3067:t
3060:v
2212:)
2208:(
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1895:.
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