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2885:"—the ceremony by which the widow of a brother who has died childless released her brother-in-law from the obligation of marrying her—one would have to know that they have transliterated this as "Ḥaliẓah". The alphabetic index ignores diacriticals so it can be more useful when searching for an article whose title is known.
2627:
English words. If the article was written in a foreign language, payment would be only $ 3.50 per page. Singer's compensation was forty dollars a week (thirty-five plus five for a life insurance premium). His salary was considered an advance, since Singer alone was to share with the company in the profits.
2626:
Members of the local executive committee, exclusive of Singer and, of course, Funk, would receive one thousand dollars per annum, while the rest of the department editors would receive five hundred. All collaborators, editors included, would be paid five dollars per printed page of about one thousand
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The board naturally faced many difficult editorial questions and disagreements. Singer wanted specific entries for every Jewish community in the world, with detailed information about, for example, the name and dates of the first Jewish settler in Prague. Conflict also arose over what types of Bible
2888:
The scholarly apparatus of citation is thorough, but can be a bit daunting to contemporary users. Books that might have been widely known among scholars of
Judaism at the time the encyclopedia was written (but which are quite obscure to a lay reader today) are referred to by author and title, but
2730:, an approach to Jewish scholarship and religion that flourished in 19th-century Germany. The encyclopedia may be regarded as the culmination of this movement, which sought to modernize scholarly methods in Jewish research. In the 20th century, the movement's members dispersed to
2833:, the undertaking seemed then like an effort wasted on half-clad Zulus in South Africa and Jewish tailors in New York. Those who were then really in need of such a work and could benefit thereby would have been better served if it were put out in Hebrew, German or Russian.
2508:
in 1891. He envisioned 12 volumes, published over 10 to 15 years, at a cost of 50 dollars as a set. They would contain scientific and unbiased articles on ancient and modern Jewish culture. This proposal received good press coverage and interest from the
2541:, a Lutheran minister who also believed in integrating Judaism and Christianity. Funk agreed to publish the encyclopedia on the condition that it remain unbiased on issues which might seem unfavorable for Jews. Singer accepted and was established in an office at
2828:
About twenty-five years ago, there was no greater desert, as far as Jewish life and learning, than the
English-speaking countries, and English of all languages was the least serviceable for such a Jewish work of reference. To contemporary European reviewers of
128:
deemed it "the most monumental Jewish scientific work of modern times", and Rabbi Joshua L. Segal said "for events prior to 1900, it is considered to offer a level of scholarship superior to either of the more recent Jewish encyclopedias written in
English."
2564:, highlighted Singer's factual errors, and accused him of commercialism and irreligiosity. Now considering that the project could not succeed with Singer at the helm, Funk & Wagnalls appointed an editorial board to oversee creation of the encyclopedia.
2532:
Initially believing that
American Jews could do little more than provide funding for his project, Singer was impressed by the level of scholarship in the United States. He wrote a new prospectus, changing the title of his planned encyclopedia to
2841:
proved prescient in their choice of language, since within that same span of 25 years, English rose to become the dominant language of academic Jewish scholarship and among Jews worldwide. Wolfson continues that "if a
2781:. Its scholarly style is evident by the encyclopedia's almost obsessive attention to manuscript discovery, editing, publication, comparison, and dating. These endeavors were among the foremost interests of
2678:
The editors plunged into their enormous task and soon identified and solved some inefficiencies with the project. Article assignments were shuffled around and communication practices were streamlined.
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assembled an editorial board between
October 1898 and March 1899. Singer toned down his ideological rhetoric, indicated his desire to collaborate, and changed the work's proposed title to
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is an
English-language work, but the vast majority of the encyclopedia's contemporary sources are German-language sources, since this was the mother tongue of the
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44:
The Jewish
Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
102:
The Jewish
Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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of
Biblical scholarship in general in that period. Of all works cited not in German—usually the more classical works—the largest part are either in
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from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for "
2675:
with volumes VIII through XII. William Popper served as assistant revision editor and chief of translation for volumes IV through XII.
2521:, offered to back the project with only eight percent of the minimum funds requested by Brockaus, the project was abandoned. Following the
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Publication of the prospectus in 1898 created a severe backlash, including accusations of poor scholarship and of subservience to
Christians.
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The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the fact that the search mechanism fails to take into account the decision to maintain all
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was hired as a coordinator. He also wrote four hundred articles and procured many of the encyclopedia's illustrations.
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and Frederick de Sola Mendes assisted with volumes I to II; Marcus Jastrow with volumes I, II, and III;
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was added to the board for balance. Soon after work started, Moore withdrew and was replaced by Baptist minister
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is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of
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in a modern language were planned for the first time, the choice would undoubtedly have fallen upon English."
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2811:. The only heavily cited English-language source of contemporary scholarship is Schechter's publications in
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with no publication information and often without indication of the language in which they were written.
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The significance of the work's publication in English rather than German or Hebrew is captured by
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interpretation should be included, as some editors feared that Morris Jastrow's involvement in "
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The Emergence of Jewish Scholarship in America: The Publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia
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The scholarly authorities cited in the encyclopedia—besides the classical and medieval
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3137:(Speech). Ninetieth Ordination Exercises of the Hebrew Union College. Cincinnati:
2690:
joined the project and later became head of the rabbinical literature department.
2595:, and two published critics of the project: Kauffmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch
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Singer conceived of a Jewish encyclopedia in Europe and proposed creating an
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314:
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1002:
3146:
Schwarz, L. W. (1965). "A Bibliographical Essay". In Lieberman, S. (ed.).
109:
up to the early 20th century. The encyclopedia's managing editor was
4378:
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4265:
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2742:
2418:
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1960:
791:
299:
250:
132:
It was originally published in 12 volumes between 1901 and 1906 by
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4134:
4109:
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665:
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657:
406:
401:
378:
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235:
230:
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198:
173:
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Allgemeine Encyklopädia für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums
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2049:
2009:
1994:
1105:
997:
417:
383:
369:
304:
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2535:
Encyclopedia of the History and Mental Evolution of the Jewish Race
4615:
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2705:
1017:
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2622:
describes the payment scheme arranged at this time as follows:
2986:
3121:
2631:
Other editors participating in all 12 volumes were
3099:
3097:
124:
The work's scholarship is still highly regarded. The
3000:
2998:
2698:" would lead to unfavorable treatment of scripture.
2033:
2014:
437:
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4291:
4185:
3716:
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2525:and associated unpleasantness, Singer emigrated to
88:
78:
70:
60:
3150:. Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research.
2854:The unedited text of the original can be found at
2686:, an authority on Russia, was added as an editor.
2579:. Despite their reservations about Singer, rabbi
2826:
2624:
2895:was heavily used as a source by the 16-volume
3233:
2485:
8:
2792:
2746:
2723:
43:
32:Not to be confused with a similar work, the
4722:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
729:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
136:of New York, and reprinted in the 1960s by
3402:
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3218:
3201:
2492:
2478:
2342:
1983:
1056:
863:
468:
337:
156:
49:
42:
2710:The first edition's first illustration: "
3269:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
2862:facsimiles of the original articles and
4768:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3103:
2979:
2618:as the only major project of its kind.
2393:
2345:
2171:
2118:
2085:
2062:
1986:
1852:
1740:
1714:
1549:
1343:
1118:
1090:
949:
783:
712:
612:
527:
471:
391:
368:
340:
168:
113:and the editorial board was chaired by
3004:
2671:with volumes IV through XII; and
2587:agreed to join the board, followed by
2734:departments in the United States and
2612:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2598:Theologian and Presbyterian minister
7:
4938:Reference works in the public domain
3148:Harry Austryn Wolfson Jubilee Volume
4715:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4695:American Jewish Historical Society
2667:with volumes IV through VII;
25:
520:Historical population comparisons
4879:
4866:
4865:
2931:
2917:
1164:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1078:Historical population by country
4787:Relations with other religions
2858:website. The site offers both
55:Cover page of the 1901 edition
1:
4923:American online encyclopedias
4774:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2866:transcriptions of all texts.
2663:with the first four volumes;
2606:. Last was added the elderly
735:Christianity and Judaism
4705:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4700:American Sephardi Federation
3162:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union.
2515:House of Rothschild in Paris
2511:Brockhaus publishing company
3528:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2962:The New Jewish Encyclopedia
2955:Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
2837:The editors and authors of
2814:The Jewish Quarterly Review
2771:Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport
2034:
2015:
1742:Latin America and Caribbean
438:
4954:
4918:20th-century encyclopedias
4756:National Library of Israel
3397:Zionism, race and genetics
3199:HathiTrust Digital Library
2726:Wissenschaft des Judentums
2347:Jewish political movements
2044:Conversion to Judaism
31:
27:Jewish-themed encyclopedia
4928:Funk & Wagnalls books
4854:
4710:Yeshiva University Museum
4690:Center for Jewish History
3259:
3122:"The Jewish Encyclopedia"
2899:in Russian, published by
750:Hinduism and Judaism
48:
3302:Ancient Israel and Judah
3139:American Jewish Archives
2593:Frederick de Sola Mendes
576:Temple in Jerusalem
269:Bar and bat mitzvah
126:American Jewish Archives
18:The Jewish Encyclopaedia
3678:North African Sephardim
3651:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3209:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3194:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2907:between 1906 and 1913.
2893:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2856:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2839:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2831:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2789:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2722:aligns directly to the
2720:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2718:The scholarly style of
2577:The Jewish Encyclopedia
538:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4913:1906 non-fiction books
4908:1901 non-fiction books
4781:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4751:Jewish Virtual Library
3133:Marcus, J. R. (1974).
2873:in the transliterated
2835:
2793:
2747:
2745:—are almost uniformly
2724:
2715:
2629:
4728:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4510:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3695:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3445:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2948:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2759:Moritz Steinschneider
2709:
1284:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1279:Republic of the Congo
673:Second Temple Judaism
544:Kingdom of Judah
515:Modern historiography
138:KTAV Publishing House
94:between 1901 and 1906
35:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4933:Jewish encyclopedias
3307:Second Temple period
2620:Shuly Rubin Schwartz
2386:World Agudath Israel
1527:United Arab Emirates
614:Second Temple period
604:Babylonian captivity
4745:Jewish Encyclopedia
4490:Hekhalot literature
4301:Religious movements
3836:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3186:Jewish Encyclopedia
2901:Brockhaus and Efron
2897:Jewish Encyclopedia
2844:Jewish Encyclopedia
2824:, writing in 1926:
2657:Morris Jastrow, Jr.
2653:Crawford Howell Toy
2616:Jewish Encyclopedia
2573:Funk & Wagnalls
2543:Funk & Wagnalls
679:Hellenistic Judaism
257:Land of Israel
216:Principles of faith
140:. It is now in the
134:Funk & Wagnalls
83:Funk & Wagnalls
45:
4886:Judaism portal
4822:Jews and Halloween
4817:Jews and Christmas
4207:Rabbinic authority
3959:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3392:Xueta Christianity
3297:Origins of Judaism
3264:Outline of Judaism
3126:The New York Times
2988:The New York Times
2775:David Zvi Hoffmann
2716:
2240:Jewish Koine Greek
1782:Dominican Republic
1063:Judaism by country
742:Jews and Christmas
597:Assyrian captivity
119:Frank H. Vizetelly
4895:
4894:
4861:extinct languages
4762:YIVO Encyclopedia
4537:Hebrew literature
4505:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4345:Reconstructionist
4023:Judaeo-Portuguese
3712:
3711:
3668:Eastern Sephardim
3312:Synagogal Judaism
3128:. 16 August 1902.
3079:, pp. 57–59.
3067:, pp. 51–56.
3055:, pp. 37–51.
3043:, pp. 33–36.
3031:, pp. 28–31.
3019:, pp. 25–27.
2871:diacritical marks
2797:scholars and the
2763:Solomon Schechter
2753:figures, such as
2665:Solomon Schechter
2600:George Foot Moore
2502:
2501:
2451:
2450:
2199:
2198:
1946:Reconstructionist
1890:
1889:
1042:
1041:
849:
848:
686:Jewish–Roman wars
634:Hasmonean dynasty
550:Kingdom of Israel
454:
453:
98:
97:
16:(Redirected from
4945:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4869:
4868:
4001:Judeo-Golpaygani
3602:Palestinian Jews
3577:Alexandrian Jews
3533:Crimean Karaites
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2637:Richard Gottheil
2633:Gotthard Deutsch
2558:Gotthard Deutsch
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2554:Kaufmann Kohler
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4169:
4168:Scots-Yiddish
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4141:Klezmer-loshn
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Judeo-Shirazi
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:Judeo-Persian
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Judeo-Marathi
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3954:Judeo-Italian
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Judeo-Amazigh
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Hadhrami Jews
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Mountain Jews
3595:
3593:
3592:Egyptian Jews
3590:
3588:
3587:Bukharan Jews
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Lists of Jews
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211: at the
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:Schwartz 1991
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:Schwartz 1991
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:Schwartz 1991
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:Schwartz 1991
3049:
3046:
3042:
3041:Schwartz 1991
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:Schwartz 1991
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:Schwartz 1991
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2822:Harry Wolfson
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2800:lingua franca
2795:
2790:
2786:
2785:scholarship.
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Joseph Jacobs
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:Joseph Jacobs
2638:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2560:, writing in
2559:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:Isaac K. Funk
2536:
2530:
2528:
2527:New York City
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Judeo-Aramaic
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Judeo-Italian
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:Denominations
1896:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:United States
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Guinea-Bissau
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Lists of Jews
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
854:
843:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:The Holocaust
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
754:
752:
747:
743:
737:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
715:
711:
704:
698:
692:
687:
684:
680:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
615:
611:
606:
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
562:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
459:
448:
445:
442:
441:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Mishneh Torah
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
394:
390:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
371:
367:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
343:
339:
334:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
266:
264:
261:
259:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
195:
194:
189:
188:Who is a Jew?
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
152:
147:
145:
143:
142:public domain
139:
135:
130:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:Isaac K. Funk
112:
108:
104:
103:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
36:
30:
19:
4877:
4870:
4856:
4779:
4772:
4760:
4744:
4743:
4726:
4560:perspectives
4394:Samaritanism
4355:Neo-Hasidism
4335:Conservative
4249:Names of God
4158:
4139:
3949:Judaeo-Greek
3944:Judeo-Gascon
3883:Lishán Didán
3878:Lishana Deni
3846:Judeo-Yemeni
3814:Judeo-Arabic
3688:Meshuchrarim
3607:Persian Jews
3540:Kurdish Jews
3518:Kaifeng Jews
3467:Beta Abraham
3430:Galitzianers
3385:Antisemitism
3360:Israeli Jews
3345:Assimilation
3185:
3159:
3147:
3134:
3125:
3104:Schwarz 1965
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2987:
2982:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2925:Books portal
2896:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2868:
2855:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2798:
2794:Wissenschaft
2788:
2787:
2783:Wissenschaft
2782:
2755:Leopold Zunz
2749:Wissenschaft
2740:
2719:
2717:
2692:
2677:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2604:Crawford Toy
2597:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2534:
2531:
2513:. After the
2505:
2503:
2444:Post-Zionism
2315:Judeo-Berber
2310:Judeo-Arabic
2270:Judeo-Gascon
2017:Pidyon haben
1936:Conservative
1482:Saudi Arabia
1300:South Africa
1289:Sierra Leone
1111:Israeli Jews
1025:Mosaic Arabs
978:Kaifeng Jews
839:Arab–Israeli
812:Emancipation
691:Great Revolt
500:Anti-Judaism
495:Antisemitism
490:Name "Judea"
285:Baal teshuva
131:
123:
101:
100:
99:
40:
33:
29:
4802:Catholicism
4384:Hellenistic
4222:Eschatology
4160:Lachoudisch
4085:Lotegorisch
4063:Lachoudisch
4053:Koiné Greek
3966:Judeo-Latin
3903:Palestinian
3797:Palestinian
3646:MustaĘżravim
3572:Afghan Jews
3560:Berber Jews
3484:Bene Israel
3472:Falash Mura
3462:Beta Israel
3380:Persecution
3322:Middle Ages
3005:Marcus 1974
2702:Scholarship
2585:Cyrus Adler
2439:Revisionist
2429:Neo-Zionism
2036:Zeved habat
1829:Puerto Rico
1655:Netherlands
1487:South Korea
1472:Philippines
1352:Afghanistan
1219:Ivory Coast
993:Crypto-Jews
958:Bnei Anusim
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902:Beta Israel
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766:Middle Ages
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280:Bereavement
4902:Categories
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4606:Leadership
4419:Literature
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4028:Judeo-Urdu
3792:Babylonian
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3622:Adeni Jews
3415:Ashkenazim
3370:Samaritans
3337:Population
3292:Israelites
3169:0878204121
2969:References
2547:2 May 1898
2519:Zadoc Kahn
2424:Maximalism
2376:Secularism
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2173:Literature
1966:Humanistic
1570:Azerbaijan
1532:Uzbekistan
1507:Tajikistan
1427:Kyrgyzstan
1412:Kazakhstan
1259:Mozambique
1234:Madagascar
1154:Cape Verde
1106:New Yishuv
1101:Old Yishuv
1052:Population
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988:Samaritans
927:Romanyotim
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817:Old Yishuv
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784:Modern era
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3804:Catalanic
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3742:Ashkenazi
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2250:Judeo-Tat
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1863:Australia
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1492:Singapore
1417:Kurdistan
1382:Indonesia
1372:Hong Kong
1325:Abayudaya
1249:Mauritius
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4434:/Hebrew
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3683:Paradesi
3627:Ḥabbanim
3617:Teimanim
3582:Baghdadi
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3523:Karaites
3501:GruzĂnim
3489:Kochinim
3407:Diaspora
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3287:Timeline
3158:(1991).
2911:See also
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2743:exegetes
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2419:Kahanism
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2222:Biblical
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2129:American
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2005:Clothing
1961:Haymanot
1907:Orthodox
1835:Suriname
1818:Paraguay
1771:Colombia
1670:Portugal
1580:Bulgaria
1517:Thailand
1467:Pakistan
1447:Mongolia
1442:Malaysia
1362:Cambodia
1336:Zimbabwe
1311:Tanzania
1189:Eswatini
1179:Ethiopia
1169:Djibouti
1149:Cameroon
1144:Botswana
1073:Diaspora
1035:Noahides
1008:Marranos
932:Cochinim
917:Bukharim
907:Gruzinim
897:Teimanim
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875:Galician
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568:timeline
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275:Marriage
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241:Holidays
199:Religion
162:a series
160:Part of
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4682:Studies
4628:Divorce
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4446:Nevi'im
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4360:Renewal
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4316:Hasidic
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4110:Yiddish
4105:Shuadit
4090:Qwareña
4078:Tetuani
4073:Haketia
4048:Knaanic
4043:Kivruli
3991:Bukhori
3937:Heblish
3873:Hulaulá
3863:Barzani
3819:Yahudic
3752:Mizrahi
3612:Urfalim
3567:Mizrahi
3511:Neofiti
3506:Italkim
3435:Lita'im
3327:Zionism
3279:History
3253:Judaism
3197:at the
3114:Sources
2883:Halizah
2879:Aramaic
2864:Unicode
2404:General
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2245:Yevanic
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2187:Yiddish
2182:Israeli
2159:Mizrahi
2149:Israeli
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2096:Ancient
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2000:Wedding
1987:Customs
1979:Culture
1956:Science
1951:Renewal
1941:Karaite
1922:Hasidic
1854:Oceania
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1808:Jamaica
1788:Ecuador
1756:Bolivia
1700:Ukraine
1675:Romania
1650:Moldova
1630:Hungary
1620:Germany
1615:Georgia
1605:Finland
1600:Estonia
1595:Denmark
1590:Czechia
1575:Belarus
1565:Austria
1560:Armenia
1537:Vietnam
1452:Myanmar
1437:Lebanon
1357:Bahrain
1316:Tunisia
1294:Somalia
1269:Nigeria
1264:Namibia
1254:Morocco
1184:Eritrea
1129:Algeria
1013:Neofiti
922:Italkim
912:Juhurim
822:Zionism
771:Khazars
666:Sicarii
662:Zealots
658:Essenes
645:Schisms
510:Leaders
472:General
464:History
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2809:Arabic
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2903:in
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433:Tur
225:613
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3124:.
3096:^
2997:^
2817:.
2773:,
2769:,
2765:,
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