27:
312:
prominence to
Sackville's sections and confusing later readers. The edition of 1563 contained only eight extra lives and of these at least one is known to have been written around the time of the earlier poems but left out when they were published. The next edition in 1574 was printed again by Thomas Marsh with the editor and main author being
291:, which brought with it a change in the country's religion, allowed the publication of the 1559 edition. Despite press restrictions easing under the new queen the subject was still difficult. Baldwin's original plan, inferred from clues in the extant poems, seems to have been to write three volumes of lives: up to the reign of
324:
The critical assessment of the lives of people from recent history which was evident in the compositions of
Baldwin's and his contemporary writers, gave way to mostly laudatory accounts of the distant legends of the early Britons. What was once a politically contentious book, examining lives offering
299:
and lastly lives up to the reign of Mary. Although it appears that the work was well received
Baldwin did not continue the plan. Whether this was due to ill health—he probably died around 1563—or because the recent lives were more controversial, is uncertain, but it is significant that the next major
311:
but also because his contributions, "Induction" and "The
Complaint of Henry Duke of Buckingham", are often the only ones regarded as having any lasting literary merit. Another reason for the ascription to Sackville is due to the reorganisations the work underwent in later editions, giving accidental
283:
when most works were suspected of having a political subtext. Poems dealing with the mistakes of the nobility of the preceding age were bound to be controversial, either by insulting the ancestors of the ruling class or, under the pretext of criticism, subtly praising the regime's political enemies.
345:, in 1578, took it upon himself to write another collection of lives of ancient Britons but as this was with a different printer it did not include the previous poems. Because this work robbed Higgins of British material for his next edition, the majority of the new lives printed in 1587 were noble
388:
Ignoring the omissions of the
Niccols edition, the entire work contained almost one hundred lives, covering the period from Albanact in 1085 BC to Elizabeth in 1603 and written over 60 years. Whilst the work was dismissed and largely forgotten after 1610 the lives from the Baldwin era were popular
307:. As he was only eighteen years old at the time of the first edition this seems unlikely, and he is listed as a contributor only in the third edition of 1563. The reason for Sackville receiving much of the credit for the work is in part that he was the most famous of the writers to work on the
246:
When the printer had purposed with hym selfe to printe
Lidgate's booke of the fall of Princes, and had made privye thereto, many both honourable and worshipfull, he was counsailed by dyvers of them, to procure to have the storye contynewed from where as
320:
as it dealt with much earlier lives which were placed before the poems of the previous editions. Whilst the poetic style is markedly similar to the other poems, Higgins is seen as a much inferior poet and he greatly changed the focus of the work.
451:
Most later critics, if they mention the work at all, can not avoid pointing out its many faults. Often only
Sackville's contribution is regarded as worthy of preservation. Many of the other poems are told in a dull, didactic tone and
271:
effectively suppressing the work and putting the publisher out of business. Baldwin in a later printing commented that: "The wurke was begun & part of it printed iiii years agoe, but hyndred by the Lord
Chancellor that then was."
369:. He incorporated most of Blenerhasset's work but removed numerous lives and most of the links in prose between the poems. Why some of the lives were removed is unclear but some clearly might have embarrassed the new
2581:
180:
and other people in important positions can learn from their errors. Most of the poems take the form of ghosts examining themselves and their deeds in front of a mirror. Similar titles were popular in the
218:
were the first editors of the work and the principal contributors. Between them they are credited with writing fifteen of the nineteen lives which made up the work when it was published in 1559 by
2586:
2621:
2616:
251:
lefte, unto this presente time, chiefly of such as
Fortune had dalyed with here in this ylande ... which advice liked him so well, that hee requyred mee to take paynes therein.
2591:
1461:
2641:
325:
warnings to the present on the errors of the past, was now a work displaying national pride in
England's history; many of which were taken from the largely mythical
984:
242:
between the poems, conversations between the poets themselves which mention several other noble lives. Baldwin also sets forth his reasons for beginning the work:
2601:
504:
2626:
484:
44:
1108:
2631:
1244:
2636:
2606:
2596:
1611:
1546:
1360:
544:
1411:
1239:
1092:
516:
508:
500:
1666:
1521:
1426:
1365:
1295:
1280:
1224:
956:
576:
488:
2533:
1380:
1345:
1259:
1229:
1113:
1102:
588:
536:
524:
2611:
1616:
1556:
1466:
1421:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1370:
1285:
572:
528:
480:
304:
91:
2571:
2022:
1656:
1606:
1586:
1255:
1098:
1072:
977:
532:
63:
1747:
1636:
1581:
1431:
1300:
1128:
1077:
568:
401:, saying that it was "meetly furnished of beautiful parts". The influence of the work was evident in many contemporary works such as
1686:
1676:
1561:
1416:
1385:
1340:
1219:
1082:
919:
110:
70:
1621:
264:, but only the title page remains, attached to his edition of Lydgate. Weyland was apparently denied a licence to publish by the
1906:
1829:
1531:
1118:
1067:
456:, writing in 1913, whilst offering guarded praise, said "the unflinching poetasters grind out in their monotonous rime royal".
1681:
1265:
970:
592:
48:
222:, although some of the lives are unsigned and are only conjectured to be written by them. Other contributing poets include:
77:
2430:
2339:
1965:
160:
2566:
1987:
1761:
1214:
1062:
554:
59:
2576:
2210:
1626:
1395:
1124:
227:
1159:
2422:
2331:
1754:
1641:
1491:
37:
2526:
2111:
2095:
1883:
1305:
327:
2446:
2178:
1711:
681:
211:
261:
219:
176:. The title refers to holding a mirror up to the actions of famous people and reflecting their deeds so that
2499:
2491:
2363:
2015:
1979:
1852:
1835:
1815:
1807:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1436:
962:
417:
which was actually included in the 1610 edition. It was also significant for its development of the form of
275:
Gardiner died the same year but the work was still not immediately published. This was a difficult time in
1696:
1691:
1516:
1355:
1275:
881:
877:
853:
811:
435:. One development of the Mirror tradition was the complaint genre, of which The Complaint of Rosamond, by
296:
288:
2462:
2454:
2414:
2379:
2355:
2315:
2307:
2186:
1972:
1139:
580:
492:
406:
84:
1928:
807:
2474:
2056:
1938:
1706:
1566:
1551:
1496:
1441:
1350:
1270:
950:
869:
823:
819:
709:
350:
165:
2561:
2154:
2031:
1899:
1844:
1661:
1646:
1601:
1526:
1486:
1456:
1375:
1330:
1310:
1290:
1204:
1179:
1057:
993:
697:
540:
512:
440:
365:
had fallen out of fashion and its reputation was tarnished even more by the poor editing skills of
342:
313:
235:
200:
2076:
2071:
2008:
1948:
1797:
1651:
1506:
1446:
1027:
775:
659:
422:
374:
155:
169:
799:
735:
335:
had much to do with the country being alienated from much of the rest of Europe because of its
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2323:
2066:
1933:
1891:
1701:
1576:
1536:
1335:
1209:
1149:
915:
803:
701:
663:
280:
231:
927:
The Cambridge history of English and American literature: An encyclopedia in eighteen volumes
739:
136:
by various authors which retell the lives and the tragic ends of various historical figures.
2237:
1631:
1481:
1476:
1321:
1195:
1174:
1154:
1048:
1020:
1013:
1006:
849:
731:
717:
705:
496:
476:
378:
268:
173:
129:
2000:
2149:
2051:
1823:
1739:
1571:
1471:
1184:
1169:
865:
857:
845:
831:
727:
689:
414:
366:
265:
146:
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2127:
1234:
1164:
1087:
713:
635:
607:
558:
215:
195:
2555:
2518:
2438:
2288:
1943:
1591:
1451:
827:
759:
436:
394:
381:
to replace Blenerhasset's poem, which focused on Alfred being destroyed by lust, and
2272:
2245:
1596:
1541:
1134:
900:
453:
390:
346:
223:
151:
133:
940:
2483:
2202:
2194:
1671:
1144:
841:
426:
303:
Traditionally the impetus and planning for the entire work has been ascribed to
182:
26:
2371:
2347:
627:
603:
584:
336:
177:
164:("Concerning the Falls of Illustrious Men") and the other significant work of
2119:
2086:
2036:
1249:
947:, poor quality scan of the first volume of an 1815 edition from Google Books
861:
815:
795:
771:
747:
693:
677:
673:
615:
548:
520:
431:
292:
248:
464:
What follows is a list of the lives added in the principal editions of the
377:. He also added ten of his own poems including a more patriotic account of
260:
A first edition of the work was compiled as early as 1555 by the publisher
238:
despite his having died thirty years before. There are also some links in
2395:
2229:
873:
779:
767:
763:
743:
685:
655:
651:
647:
639:
611:
370:
926:
2264:
2144:
2061:
755:
418:
331:. This focus on England's supposed glorious past and often defiance of
276:
751:
643:
631:
623:
619:
186:
185:
and there were numerous other works which presented themselves as a
787:
300:
expansion of the work confined itself mainly to the ancient past.
239:
190:
957:
Parts from the modernised and annotated edition by Scott C. Lucas
425:, with Higgins' story of Lier and Cordila providing a source for
791:
783:
332:
2004:
966:
20:
2582:
Cultural depictions of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
2510:
2473:
2406:
2299:
2256:
2221:
2170:
2163:
2137:
2085:
2044:
1957:
1921:
1867:
1795:
1731:
1724:
1505:
1319:
1193:
1046:
1037:
912:
Mirror for Magistrates and the De Casibus Tradition
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
144:This work was conceived as a continuation of the
1980:The Tragical History of King Richard the Third
1123:Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of
2587:Cultural depictions of Richard III of England
2016:
978:
318:The first parte of the Mirour for Magistrates
8:
2622:Cultural depictions of John, King of England
2617:Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
2167:
2023:
2009:
2001:
1728:
1043:
985:
971:
963:
2592:Depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
154:. Lydgate's work was in turn inspired by
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
914:(2000) University of Toronto Press Inc.
316:. Confusingly the new edition was named
16:Collection of Tudor period English poems
2642:Cultural depictions of Harold Godwinson
924:Ward and Trent, eds. et al. 1907–1921.
891:
361:. By the 1610 edition the once popular
349:. He also include a couple of poems by
1808:The Life and Death of King Richard III
1396:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
1260:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
1103:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
959:(Cambridge U.P. 2019) at Google Books
7:
2602:Depictions of Caligula in literature
1392:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1256:John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
1099:John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
193:for "mirror") chief among them the
2627:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
1129:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March
14:
460:The lives of the various editions
2632:Cultural depictions of Edward IV
1667:Ghost of Edward, Prince of Wales
1390:Duke of Somerset (conflation of
1254:Duke of Somerset (conflation of
1097:Duke of Somerset (conflation of
25:
2637:Cultural depictions of Edward V
2607:Cultural depictions of Claudius
2597:Cultural depictions of Tiberius
1907:The True Tragedy of Richard III
389:and highly regarded during the
36:needs additional citations for
234:, with one poem supposedly by
1:
1567:Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond
996:'s first historical tetralogy
930:. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
583:, Richard III, Shore’s Wife (
373:ruling class of the new king
203:, who lived during the time.
161:De Casibus Virorum Illustrium
1988:David Garrick as Richard III
1215:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
1063:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
555:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
385:a homage to the late queen.
60:"The Mirror for Magistrates"
2612:Cultural depictions of Nero
1562:Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby
1356:Richard, Duke of Gloucester
397:, mentions the work in his
2658:
2572:English poetry collections
2423:BBC Television Shakespeare
2104:The Mirror for Magistrates
1966:Let's kill all the lawyers
1876:The Mirror for Magistrates
1755:BBC Television Shakespeare
1492:Second Battle of St Albans
505:Richard, Earl of Cambridge
485:Thomas, Duke of Gloucester
125:The Mirror for Magistrates
2527:The Prince of the Pagodas
2096:Historia Regum Britanniae
1306:First Battle of St Albans
1001:
577:Henry, Duke of Buckingham
509:Thomas, Earl of Salisbury
328:Historia Regum Britanniae
150:by the 15th-century poet
2535:The Tragedy of King Lear
2179:The History of King Lear
1712:Battle of Bosworth Field
1627:Archbishop of Canterbury
1547:George, Duke of Clarence
1361:George, Duke of Clarence
545:George, Duke of Clarence
537:Richard, Earl of Warwick
1442:Henry, Earl of Richmond
1437:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
1366:Edward, Prince of Wales
1155:Reignier, Duke of Anjou
626:, Malin son of Maddan,
622:daughter of Estrildis,
359:Lamentation of James IV
2268:(Libretto only) (1896)
2112:Holinshed's Chronicles
1884:Holinshed's Chronicles
1412:Earl of Northumberland
1235:Cardinal of Winchester
943:Mirror for Magistrates
466:Mirror for Magistrates
297:Richard III of England
253:
2187:The Yiddish King Lear
1973:Even a worm will turn
1748:The Wars of the Roses
1617:Countess of Salisbury
1607:Richard, Duke of York
1577:Sir Richard Ratcliffe
1341:Richard, Duke of York
1266:Duchess of Gloucester
1220:Richard, Duke of York
1083:Richard, Duke of York
591:and the Blackesmith (
581:William Collingbourne
525:Richard, Duke of York
295:, up to the reign of
244:
2475:Story within a story
1939:House of Plantagenet
1707:Princes in the Tower
1697:Sheriff of Wiltshire
1672:Lord Mayor of London
1497:Battle of Tewkesbury
1088:Bishop of Winchester
439:, and Shakespeare's
279:during the reign of
166:exemplary literature
45:improve this article
2567:16th-century poetry
2155:Cordelia of Britain
2032:William Shakespeare
1900:The Spanish Tragedy
1845:Looking for Richard
1687:Sir William Brandon
1572:Sir William Catesby
1487:Battle of Wakefield
1427:Earl of Westmorland
1407:Sir William Stanley
1276:Richard Plantagenet
1140:Charles the Dauphin
1125:Sir Edmund Mortimer
994:William Shakespeare
953:by Thomas Sackville
901:Gossip in a Library
662:and in a 1575 copy
513:James I of Scotland
441:The Rape of Lucrece
343:Thomas Blenerhasset
201:Vincent de Beauvais
128:is a collection of
2577:Poetry anthologies
1949:House of Lancaster
1929:Hundred Years' War
1922:Historical context
1830:"King Richard III"
1652:Robert Brackenbury
1642:Sir Thomas Vaughan
1632:Archbishop of York
1522:Duke of Buckingham
1447:Louis XI of France
1271:Edward Plantagenet
1245:Duke of Buckingham
1165:Bastard of Orléans
553:Story in prose of
517:William de la Pole
423:English literature
156:Giovanni Boccaccio
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2447:Second Generation
2324:Gunasundari Katha
1998:
1997:
1934:Wars of the Roses
1892:Richardus Tertius
1863:
1862:
1720:
1719:
1702:Wars of the Roses
1662:Ghost of Henry VI
1597:Lord Richard Grey
1592:Sir James Tyrrell
1587:Marquis of Dorset
1291:Margery Jourdayne
1225:Earl of Salisbury
1150:Margaret of Anjou
1114:Earl of Salisbury
569:Anthony Woodville
289:Queen Elizabeth I
287:The accession of
232:Thomas Churchyard
121:
120:
113:
95:
2649:
2364:A Thousand Acres
2238:A Thousand Acres
2168:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1776:Henry VI, Part 2
1769:Henry VI, Part 1
1762:The Hollow Crown
1729:
1482:Battle of Barnet
1477:Battle of Towton
1462:Earl of Pembroke
1311:Peasants' Revolt
1180:Siege of Orléans
1170:Duke of Burgundy
1135:Sir John Fastolf
1044:
1021:Henry VI, Part 3
1014:Henry VI, Part 2
1007:Henry VI, Part 1
987:
980:
973:
964:
945:parts I & II
904:
896:
573:William Hastings
477:Robert Tresilian
447:Modern reception
403:Albion's England
399:Defence of Poesy
379:Alfred the Great
305:Thomas Sackville
269:Stephen Gardiner
174:Geoffrey Chaucer
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
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2646:
2552:
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2469:
2402:
2295:
2252:
2217:
2159:
2150:Leir of Britain
2133:
2081:
2040:
2029:
1999:
1994:
1953:
1917:
1859:
1824:The Foretelling
1791:
1740:An Age of Kings
1716:
1682:Sir James Blunt
1647:Sir Christopher
1622:Duke of Norfolk
1612:Earl of Warwick
1532:Duchess of York
1527:Queen Elizabeth
1501:
1422:Duke of Norfolk
1346:Earl of Warwick
1315:
1240:Duke of Suffolk
1230:Earl of Warwick
1189:
1185:Battle of Patay
1160:Duke of Alençon
1145:Joan la Pucelle
1109:Earl of Warwick
1093:Earl of Suffolk
1078:Duke of Bedford
1039:
1033:
997:
991:
937:
907:
898:Gosse, Edmund,
897:
893:
889:
858:Robert Curthose
846:Edmund Ironside
839:
832:Cardinal Wolsey
820:Nicholas Burdet
725:
690:Uther Pendragon
671:
601:
589:Edmund Beaufort
566:
557:, and his wife
474:
462:
449:
415:Michael Drayton
383:England’s Eliza
367:Richard Niccols
351:Francis Dingley
266:Lord Chancellor
258:
228:Thomas Chaloner
212:William Baldwin
209:
170:The Monk's Tale
147:Fall of Princes
142:
132:poems from the
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2530:(1957, ballet)
2523:
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2301:
2297:
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2293:
2285:
2281:Vision of Lear
2277:
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2128:Water and Salt
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1679:
1677:Earl of Oxford
1674:
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1654:
1649:
1644:
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1637:Earl of Surrey
1634:
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1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
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1539:
1537:Queen Margaret
1534:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Duke of Exeter
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1388:
1386:Earl of Oxford
1383:
1378:
1373:
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56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
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34:This article
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22:
19:
2537:(screenplay)
2534:
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2522:(1789, poem)
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1986:
1978:
1911:
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1836:
1826:" (1983; TV)
1814:
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1542:Lady Neville
1507:
1472:Lord Bourbon
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533:John Tiptoft
475:
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454:Edmund Gosse
450:
430:
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405:by the poet
402:
398:
391:Tudor period
387:
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326:
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314:John Higgins
308:
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286:
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262:John Weyland
259:
245:
236:John Skelton
224:Thomas Phaer
220:Thomas Marsh
210:
207:Contributors
194:
159:
152:John Lydgate
145:
143:
134:Tudor period
124:
123:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2503:(2015 film)
2500:The Dresser
2495:(1983 film)
2492:The Dresser
2487:(1980 play)
2484:The Dresser
2335:(1971 USSR)
2195:Safed Khoon
2164:Adaptations
1853:Richard III
1837:Richard III
1816:Richard III
1798:Richard III
1783:Richard III
1582:Lord Rivers
1517:Richard III
1508:Richard III
1432:Lord Rivers
1301:Lord Scales
1119:John Talbot
1073:Lord Talbot
1028:Richard III
878:Richard III
776:Lelius Hamo
694:Cadwallader
593:Lord Audley
501:Henry Percy
427:Shakespeare
183:Middle Ages
178:magistrates
2562:1559 books
2556:Categories
2407:Television
2388:My Kingdom
2372:Gypsy Lore
2045:Characters
1832:(1994; TV)
1786:(2016; TV)
1757:(1983; TV)
1751:(1965; TV)
1743:(1960; TV)
1657:Lord Lovel
1322:3 Henry VI
1196:2 Henry VI
1049:1 Henry VI
1040:and events
1038:Characters
887:References
808:Fulgentius
674:Guidericus
628:Mempricius
604:Albanactus
585:Jane Shore
493:Richard II
339:religion.
337:Protestant
140:Background
71:newspapers
2463:King Lear
2455:King Lear
2431:King Lear
2415:King Lear
2380:King Lear
2356:King Lear
2343:(1971 UK)
2340:King Lear
2332:King Lear
2316:King Lear
2308:King Lear
2211:King Lear
2120:King Leir
2052:King Lear
2037:King Lear
1732:Tetralogy
1725:On screen
1552:Edward IV
1376:Lady Grey
1351:Edward IV
1296:Lord Saye
1250:Jack Cade
951:Induction
882:Elizabeth
870:Edward II
862:Richard I
816:Caracalla
800:Londricus
796:Vitellius
772:Guiderius
752:Chirinnus
748:Emerianus
702:Lady Ebbe
616:Estrildis
549:Edward IV
521:Jack Cade
432:King Lear
293:Edward VI
101:July 2012
2396:Lear Rex
2230:La Terre
2077:The Fool
2057:Cordelia
1381:Montague
1331:Henry VI
1205:Henry VI
1058:Henry VI
874:Edward V
824:James IV
810:a Pict,
780:Claudius
768:Caligula
764:Tiberius
756:Varianus
710:Egelrede
698:Sigebert
686:Vortiger
678:Carassus
664:Irenglas
656:Morindus
612:Locrinus
541:Henry VI
411:Cromwell
371:Scottish
256:Editions
187:speculum
2265:Re Lear
2138:Related
2087:Sources
2062:Goneril
1958:Related
1868:Sources
804:Severus
744:Brennus
740:Rudacke
706:Alurede
660:Nennius
652:Kimarus
636:Cordila
620:Sabrine
419:tragedy
375:James I
277:England
249:Bochas
130:English
85:scholar
2519:Tiriel
2466:(2018)
2458:(2008)
2450:(2003)
2442:(2002)
2434:(1983)
2426:(1982)
2418:(1953)
2391:(2001)
2383:(1999)
2375:(1997)
2367:(1997)
2359:(1987)
2351:(1985)
2327:(1949)
2319:(1916)
2311:(1910)
2292:(2000)
2284:(1998)
2276:(1978)
2257:Operas
2249:(2009)
2241:(1991)
2233:(1887)
2222:Novels
2214:(1978)
2206:(1971)
2198:(1907)
2190:(1892)
2182:(1681)
2123:(1594)
2115:(1577)
2107:(1555)
2099:(1136)
2072:Edmund
1991:(1745)
1983:(1699)
1895:(1580)
1887:(1577)
1879:(1559)
1856:(2007)
1848:(1996)
1840:(1995)
1819:(1955)
1811:(1912)
918:
854:Godwin
850:Alfred
842:Arthur
736:Stater
732:Pinnar
718:Harold
682:Helena
648:Porrex
644:Forrex
640:Morgan
632:Bladud
624:Maddan
608:Humber
363:Mirror
347:Romans
309:Mirror
281:Mary I
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2511:Other
2399:(TBA)
2300:Films
2171:Plays
2067:Regan
1914:1590)
788:Galba
714:Edric
240:prose
191:Latin
172:" by
92:JSTOR
78:books
2273:Lear
2246:Fool
2203:Lear
2145:LlĹ·r
1394:and
1258:and
1127:and
1101:and
941:The
916:ISBN
880:and
866:John
837:1610
830:and
812:Geta
792:Otho
784:Nero
728:Iago
723:1587
716:and
669:1578
599:1574
564:1563
472:1559
409:and
357:and
333:Rome
230:and
214:and
64:news
2348:Ran
2034:'s
587:),
429:'s
421:in
413:by
199:by
158:'s
47:by
2558::
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468::
393:.
353::
226:,
2130:"
2126:"
2024:e
2017:t
2010:v
1975:"
1971:"
1968:"
1964:"
1910:(
1822:"
1398:)
1262:)
1131:)
1105:)
986:e
979:t
972:v
189:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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