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government department," an objective that promulgated the academy with the broad and enduring purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government -- rather than as a tool of one branch, or executive agencies, which adds a risk or propensity of becoming the tool of one part of the government. The goal was somewhat unusual at the time, and also different than other knowledge based entities serving a branch of government, such as the
Library of Congress. The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services.
288:(ISC). Although there is no formal relationship with state and local academies of science, there often is informal dialogue. The National Academy is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers (president, vice president, home secretary, international secretary, and treasurer) and 12 Councilors, all of whom are elected from among the academy membership. Agencies of the United States government fund about 85 percent of the academy's activities. Further funding comes from state governments, private foundations, and industrial organizations.
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vetting period, and culminates in a final ballot at the academy's annual meeting in April each year. Members are affiliated with a specific scientific field in one of six so-called "classes", which include: Physical and
Mathematical Sciences; Biological Sciences; Engineering and Applied Sciences; Biomedical Sciences; Behavioral and Social Sciences; and Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. Since its founding, the academy has elected 6,607 members.
701:. The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5, 2014. Approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. In June 2012, it reopened to visitors after a major two-year restoration project which restored and improved the building's historic spaces, increased accessibility, and brought the building's aging infrastructure and facilities up to date.
732:
The president is the head of the academy, elected by a majority vote of the membership to serve in this position for a term to be determined by the governing
Council, not to exceed six years, and may be re-elected for a second term. The academy has had 22 presidents since its foundation. The current
264:
establishing the
National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted government institution created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any
696:
to design interior embellishments celebrating the history and significance of science. The building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. Cultural
Programs of the National Academy of Sciences hosts exhibitions exploring
468:
The academy currently has 2,984 members and international members. Existing members elect new members for life. Up to 120 members are elected every year; up to 30 foreign citizens may be elected as international members annually. The election process begins with a formal nomination, followed by a
435:
he
Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the
459:
in which he made the point that one of
Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing the National Academy of Sciences in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth".
423:
During the last hours of the session, when the Senate was immersed in the rush of last minute business before its adjournment, Senator Wilson introduced the bill. Without examining it or debating its provisions, both the Senate and House approved it, and
President Lincoln signed it.
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444:
as the
Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century.
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Although hailed as a great step forward in government recognition of the role of science in
American society, at the time, the National Academy of Sciences created enormous ill-feelings among scientists, whether or not they were named as incorporators.
281:. It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005. Some 190 members have won a Nobel Prize. By its own admission in 1989, the addition of women to the academy "continues at a dismal trickle"; at that time there were 1,516 male members and 57 female members.
704:
More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, D.C. The Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The
235:, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field.
1357:
1207:, is a climate change researcher, and Cuccinelli alleges that Mann may have defrauded Virginia taxpayers in the course of his environmental research. Investigations had cleared Mann of charges that he falsified or suppressed data.
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416:. This was in the belief that such a resolution would be "opposed as something at variance with our democratic institutions". Nevertheless, Henry soon became the second President of NAS. Agassiz, Davis, Peirce,
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2201:"RA-10 Inquiry Report: Concerning the Allegations of Research Misconduct Against Dr. Michael E. Mann, Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University"
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A Chronicle of Public Laws Calling for Action by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, [and] National Research Council
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of the National Academy of Sciences – formerly located at 525 E St., N.W. – hosted visits from the public, school field trips, and permanent science exhibits.
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386:
420:, and Senator Wilson met at Bache's house and "hurriedly wrote the bill incorporating the Academy, including in it the name of fifty incorporators".
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1177:. The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change had become sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action.
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987:
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The council has the ability ad-hoc to delegate certain tasks to committees. For example, the Committee on Animal Nutrition has produced a series of
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The Keck Center of the National Academies in Washington, D.C., one of several facilities where the National Academy of Sciences maintains offices
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NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center is located on 100 Academy Drive in
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1169: forum (including the National Academy of Sciences) and science academies of Brazil, China, and India (three of the largest emitters of
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is associated with the most members (330), representing some 5% of the all-time total. The top ten institutions, half of which are in the
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720:; it offers a conference center and houses several NAS programs. The J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center located at 314 Quissett Avenue in
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U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20
3485:
3470:
3432:
2966:
2879:
2792:
2770:
2317:
913:
559:
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1975:
135:
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Agassiz was to come to Washington, D.C., at the government's expense to plan the organization with the others. This bypassed
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2001:
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reports since at least 1944, each one being initiated by a different sub-committee of experts in the field for example on
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purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.
347:
on March 3, 1863, created the National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original
225:
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is the publisher for the National Academies, and makes more than 5,000 publications freely available on its website.
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356:
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2268:"Neurobiologist Becomes First Transgender Scientist Selected For U.S. National Academy of Science Membership"
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1628:
Alexander Dallas Bache: Building the American Nation through Science and Education in the Nineteenth Century
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665:
402:
335:
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370:
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397:, who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator
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1626:
For an analysis of the motives by Alexander Dallas Bache for founding the NAS, see Jansen, Axel (2011).
764:
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to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museum's exhibits focused on
246:
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3137:
3120:
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2182:
Helderman, Rosalind (May 9, 2010). "U-Va. urged to fight Cuccinelli subpoena in probe of scientist".
2107:
Helderman, Rosalind (May 9, 2010). "U-Va. urged to fight Cuccinelli subpoena in probe of scientist".
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In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members.
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635:
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324:
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The National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D.C., which is documented in the
17:
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2511:
2338:
2313:
2075:
2057:
1716:
1605:
1279:
1181:
866:
836:
776:
1187:, decrying "political assaults" against climate change scientists. This was in response to a
3169:
2523:
2211:
2065:
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1744:
1708:
653:
382:
232:
114:
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1968:"A Selection of Highlights from the History of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863-2005"
1889:
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2577:
2559:
2184:
1967:
1286:
1200:
1142:
972:, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War
842:
546:
394:
344:
327:. In 2017, the museum closed and made way for a new science outreach program called LabX.
261:
257:
99:
2241:
3895:
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
2043:
641:
The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States.
2583:
2366:
2306:
2070:
2027:
1196:
1174:
1170:
848:
417:
320:
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1548:
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2023:
875:
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737:
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657:
390:
245:
as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a
1730:
1654:
2571:
2487:
2400:
1760:
752:
409:
398:
296:
2382:
2028:"Editorial: Election to the National Academy of Sciences: Pathways to membership"
1997:
1919:
1470:
1408:
2589:
2301:
1297:
854:
355:", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of
1322:(Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and
1245:
National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
284:
The National Academy of Sciences is one of the 135 member organizations of the
2517:
1772:
1379:
1293:
782:
734:
689:
474:
378:
2424:
2061:
1790:
1203:, a former UVA professor from 1999 to 2005. Mann, who currently works at the
150:
137:
3890:
Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress
2395:
2052:
740:, the first woman to hold this position. Her term expires on June 30, 2022.
2079:
1712:
684:. Goodhue engaged a team of artists and architectural sculptors including
2328:
1945:
241:
1180:
On May 7, 2010, a letter signed by 255 Academy members was published in
2199:
Foley, Henry C.; Alan W. Scaroni; Candice A. Yekel (February 3, 2010).
1879:
Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences, January 12, 2022
1650:
The Lazzaroni: science and scientists in mid-nineteenth-century America
2405:
1173:
in the developing world) signed a statement on the global response to
440:
The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in
315:
From 2004 to 2017, the National Academy of Sciences administered the
1946:"Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences"
1233:
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
412:, who was reluctant to have a bill for such an academy presented to
401:
of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the
1081:, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008
1075:, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008
2308:
The brain bank of America: An inquiry into the politics of science
629:
334:
2418:
1749:. Washington, DC: National Academies. 1985. p. 5. NAP:11820
1323:
2623:
2442:
1890:"Restoration of Historic National Academy of Sciences Building"
213:
1282:(1871–1953) was the first lifetime woman member to be elected
455:
was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the
2360:
1653:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 121. Archived from
1647:
Miller, Lillian; Voss, Frederick; Hussey, Jeannette (1972).
273:
As of 2022, the National Academy of Sciences includes 2,493
2406:
Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
1166:
389:. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist
2123:"Open letter: Climate change and the integrity of science"
680:. The building was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the
1255:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
927:
Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research
218:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
173:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
2372:
1773:"Neil deGrasse Tyson's Gettysburg Reply – "The Seedbed""
1678:"An Act to Incorporate the National Academy of Sciences"
1436:"Summing Up: Creating a Scientific Temper for the World"
193:
2377:
1703:
Stankus, Tony (December 6, 2019). Stankus, Tony (ed.).
966:
Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
477:, account for nearly 28% of all members ever elected.
27:
Science branch of the United States National Academies
634:
The National Academies' Beckman Conference Center in
3855:
Scientific organizations based in the United States
3669:
3451:
3393:
2657:
1549:"Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences FAQ"
1228:
List of members of the National Academy of Sciences
1116:
NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science
697:intersections of art, science, and culture such as
188:
178:
166:
129:
121:
105:
91:
73:
2305:
1289:(1919–2010) was the first African-American elected
908:William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research
903:John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science
1250:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs
662:Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building
3875:Members of the International Council for Science
2094:"Statement on Global Response to Climate Change"
910:, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research
887:The academy gives a number of different awards:
381:who had been recently recalled from the Navy to
369:In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of
2330:Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama
2032:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1913:
1911:
1165:In 2005, the national science academies of the
676:architectural style and was built by architect
305:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2426:Sherwood Rowland, NL, discusses Climate Change
1602:"Founding of the National Academy of Sciences"
1275:(1846–1919) was the youngest scientist elected
897:Membership of the National Academy of Sciences
343:The Act of Incorporation, signed by President
3900:Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.
2635:
2454:
1465:
1463:
1038:NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society
32:National Academy of Sciences (disambiguation)
8:
3905:Members of the International Science Council
3880:Scientific organizations established in 1863
39:
237:Members of the National Academy of Sciences
3850:United States National Academy of Sciences
2642:
2628:
2620:
2461:
2447:
2439:
2365:
1822:"The NAS Building ... a Temple of Science"
1403:
1401:
1199:, seeking a broad range of documents from
1069:NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences
479:
54:
45:
38:
2069:
2051:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1501:"News of the week from the science world"
1260:Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey
1120:NAS Prize in Food and Agriculture Science
293:Nutrient requirements of domestic animals
2383:The Science & Entertainment Exchange
1680:. .nationalacademies.org. Archived from
1604:. .nationalacademies.org. Archived from
1153:Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics
988:Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics
3885:1863 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1310:
1021:Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
251:Title 36 of the United States Code
2236:
2234:
2232:
2000:. National Academy of Sciences. 2023.
1978:from the original on November 23, 2023
1581:. National-Academies.org. June 2, 2011
1411:. National Academy of Sciences. 2013.
1330:from the original on February 21, 2021
932:National Academies Communication Award
2396:LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the LOC
1386:from the original on October 20, 2023
1360:from the original on October 20, 2023
1217:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
646:National Academy of Sciences Building
534:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
62:National Academy of Sciences building
7:
2133:from the original on October 5, 2013
1896:. National Academy of Sciences. 2013
682:National Register of Historic Places
256:Congress legislated, and President
2651:International Science Council (ISC)
2153:"Curriculum Vitae: Michael E. Mann"
1926:from the original on April 23, 2011
1801:from the original on March 26, 2017
1559:from the original on April 13, 2009
1481:from the original on March 20, 2019
1415:from the original on March 20, 2019
1195:(UVA) by Virginia Attorney General
1161:Joint Declaration on Global Warming
1055:Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship
308:(PNAS), its scholarly journal. The
2312:. By Boffey, Philip. McGraw-Hill.
2248:from the original on March 5, 2018
2096:. The Royal Society. June 7, 2005.
2004:from the original on April 6, 2022
1858:from the original on July 19, 2015
1448:from the original on June 29, 2011
918:NAS Award for Scientific Discovery
914:NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing
560:California Institute of Technology
521:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2208:The Pennsylvania State University
2163:from the original on May 12, 2013
1382:. National Academies of Science.
1296:(1954–2017) was the first openly
970:William and Katherine Estes Award
899:(including international members)
724:, is an NAS conference facility.
3860:United States National Academies
2401:Digital Collections and Programs
1441:. National Academy of Sciences.
1222:National Digital Library Program
1126:Mathematics and Computer Science
1092:Engineering and Applied Sciences
1045:Earth and Environmental Sciences
993:Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal
718:University of California, Irvine
212:) is a United States nonprofit,
18:The National Academy of Sciences
1848:"A Home for Science in America"
1073:Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal
934:, with other national academies
222:National Academy of Engineering
3865:National academies of sciences
2274:. May 11, 2013. Archived from
1918:National Academy of Sciences.
1820:National Academy of Sciences.
1529:. National Academy of Sciences
1033:NAS Award in Chemical Sciences
1013:NAS Award in the Neurosciences
1008:NAS Award in Molecular Biology
707:Marian Koshland Science Museum
317:Marian Koshland Science Museum
1:
2026:; Fulton, Kenneth R. (2005).
360:
286:International Science Council
214:non-governmental organization
2471:National Academy of Sciences
2327:Hilgartner, Stephen (2000).
1877:Mathemalchemy to Open at NAS
1354:National Academy of Sciences
618:
615:
610:
605:
602:
597:
592:
589:
584:
579:
576:
571:
566:
563:
558:
553:
550:
545:
540:
537:
532:
527:
524:
519:
514:
511:
506:
501:
498:
493:
483:Top 10 Primary Institutions
393:and American mathematician
226:National Academy of Medicine
206:National Academy of Sciences
40:National Academy of Sciences
2373:Office of Cultural Programs
1998:"Leadership and Governance"
1515:– via Newspapers.com.
1507:. May 20, 1989. p. D-2
1239:National Science Foundation
3921:
1205:University of Pennsylvania
1189:civil investigative demand
1060:Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal
1003:Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal
962:Behavioral/Social Sciences
612:University of Pennsylvania
29:
2477:
2335:Stanford University Press
1148:Comstock Prize in Physics
1065:Mary Clark Thompson Medal
795:Charles Doolittle Walcott
722:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
716:, near the campus of the
678:Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue
351:came from the so-called "
53:
44:
2727:Bosnia & Herzegovina
1920:"Visiting Our Buildings"
1131:NAS Award in Mathematics
1098:aeronautical engineering
955:James Craig Watson Medal
813:William Wallace Campbell
801:Albert Abraham Michelson
451:In 2013, astrophysicist
357:Cambridge, Massachusetts
310:National Academies Press
2053:10.1073/pnas.0503457102
1434:Alberts, Bruce (2005).
1409:"About NAS: Membership"
1380:"Overview: NAS Mission"
1050:Alexander Agassiz Medal
998:Richard Lounsbery Award
976:Troland Research Awards
950:J. Lawrence Smith Medal
403:Smithsonian Institution
79:; 161 years ago
2304:(1975). Introduction.
1553:The National Academies
1505:San Francisco Examiner
1471:"Overview: Membership"
1193:University of Virginia
1096:J.C. Hunsaker Award –
940:Astronomy/Astrophysics
831:Alfred Newton Richards
747:Alexander Dallas Bache
638:
438:
371:Alexander Dallas Bache
340:
184:$ 553.9 million (2020)
96:Alexander Dallas Bache
1713:10.4324/9781003002222
1630:. Campus. p. 285-314.
1326:. February 19, 2021.
1317:As of June 30, 2020.
1017:Pradel Research Award
861:Bruce Michael Alberts
765:Othniel Charles Marsh
759:William Barton Rogers
672:. The building has a
670:U.S. State Department
633:
599:University of Chicago
433:
338:
279:international members
247:congressional charter
216:. NAS is part of the
151:38.89598°N 77.03658°W
2217:on February 15, 2010
1828:on December 29, 2010
1266:Notable appointments
1201:Michael E. Mann
1103:Gibbs Brothers Medal
1079:Stanley Miller Medal
983:Biology and Medicine
922:Public Welfare Medal
825:Frank Baldwin Jewett
819:Frank Rattray Lillie
664:and in front of the
586:Princeton University
486:Members (1863–2022)
387:Bureau of Navigation
353:Scientific Lazzaroni
30:For other uses, see
3870:Library of Congress
2536:Albert A. Michelson
2390:Library of Congress
2333:. Writing science.
2278:on October 17, 2014
2044:2005PNAS..102.7405A
1705:Scientific Journals
1608:on February 3, 2013
1273:Edward C. Pickering
789:William Henry Welch
650:Constitution Avenue
648:is located at 2101
573:Columbia University
508:Stanford University
453:Neil deGrasse Tyson
375:Charles Henry Davis
168:Parent organization
156:38.89598; -77.03658
147: /
111:Constitution Avenue
41:
2830:Dominican Republic
2469:Presidents of the
2413:Vega Science Trust
1966:Seitz, Frederick.
1791:"Member Directory"
1111:marine engineering
1107:naval architecture
1085:G. K. Warren Prize
945:Henry Draper Medal
807:Thomas Hunt Morgan
714:Irvine, California
660:, adjacent to the
639:
636:Irvine, California
495:Harvard University
471:Harvard University
457:Gettysburg Address
341:
325:infectious disease
77:March 3, 1863
3837:
3836:
2617:
2616:
2602:Ralph J. Cicerone
2512:Alexander Agassiz
2038:(21): 7405–7406.
1852:www.nasonline.org
1722:978-1-003-00222-2
1684:on April 17, 2007
1300:scientist elected
1280:Florence R. Sabin
867:Ralph J. Cicerone
837:Detlev Wulf Bronk
777:Alexander Agassiz
656:; it sits on the
623:
622:
377:, a professional
220:, along with the
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16:(Redirected from
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2732:Republika Srpska
2644:
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2548:William Campbell
2524:William H. Welch
2463:
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2361:Official website
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2255:
2253:
2242:"Membership FAQ"
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1171:greenhouse gases
738:Marcia K. McNutt
654:Washington, D.C.
480:
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233:national academy
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3304:Science Academy
3210:Slovak Republic
3111:North Macedonia
2659:
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2578:Frederick Seitz
2566:Alfred Richards
2560:Frank B. Jewett
2530:Charles Walcott
2482:Alexander Bache
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885:
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843:Frederick Seitz
730:
694:Hildreth Meière
652:, in northwest
628:
547:Yale University
489:Living Members
466:
431:The act states:
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2353:External links
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2319:978-0070063686
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2015:
1989:
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1759:, Accessed at
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1540:
1527:"Constitution"
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2188:. p. C5.
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1707:. Routledge.
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733:president is
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699:Mathemalchemy
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19:
3454:associations
3358:Vatican City
3342:
3220:South Africa
3185:Saudi Arabia
2761:Burkina Faso
2572:Detlev Bronk
2554:Frank Lillie
2488:Joseph Henry
2470:
2432:. 2006. 119.
2425:
2329:
2307:
2302:Nader, Ralph
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2219:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2194:
2183:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2137:December 12,
2135:. Retrieved
2127:The Guardian
2126:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2008:November 22,
2006:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:November 22,
1980:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1761:Google Books
1751:. Retrieved
1745:
1739:
1704:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1649:
1627:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1503:. Journals.
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1474:
1450:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1334:February 20,
1332:. Retrieved
1313:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1137:
1125:
1091:
1044:
1027:
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961:
939:
891:
886:
872:
753:Joseph Henry
735:geophysicist
731:
711:
703:
674:neoclassical
666:headquarters
643:
640:
467:
450:
447:
439:
434:
430:
426:
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410:Joseph Henry
407:
399:Henry Wilson
385:to head the
368:
342:
314:
303:
301:
297:dairy cattle
292:
290:
283:
272:
255:
240:
230:
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205:
203:
117:, U.S. 20418
36:
3264:Switzerland
3259:Switzerland
3148:Philippines
3101:New Zealand
3096:Netherlands
2977:South Korea
2972:North Korea
2840:El Salvador
2604:(2005–2016)
2598:(1993–2005)
2592:(1981–1993)
2590:Frank Press
2586:(1969–1981)
2580:(1962–1969)
2574:(1950–1962)
2568:(1947–1950)
2562:(1939–1947)
2556:(1935–1939)
2550:(1931–1935)
2544:(1927–1931)
2538:(1923–1927)
2532:(1917–1923)
2526:(1913–1917)
2520:(1907–1913)
2514:(1901–1907)
2508:(1895–1900)
2502:(1883–1895)
2496:(1879–1882)
2490:(1868–1878)
2484:(1863–1867)
2221:February 7,
2157:psu dot edu
1951:October 12,
1930:October 12,
1832:October 12,
1661:October 26,
1298:transgender
855:Frank Press
373:, and also
364: 1850
349:NAS members
275:NAS members
154: /
130:Coordinates
3844:Categories
3670:Affiliated
3452:Unions and
3353:Uzbekistan
3274:Tajikistan
3200:Seychelles
3081:Mozambique
3071:Montenegro
3024:Madagascar
3019:Luxembourg
2962:Kazakhstan
2805:Costa Rica
2702:Bangladesh
2697:Azerbaijan
2518:Ira Remsen
2272:Trans News
1900:August 12,
1579:"Newsroom"
1419:August 21,
1305:References
1294:Ben Barres
865:2005–2016
859:1993–2005
853:1981–1993
847:1969–1981
841:1962–1969
835:1950–1962
829:1947–1950
823:1939–1947
817:1935–1939
811:1931–1935
805:1927–1931
799:1923–1927
793:1917–1923
787:1913–1917
783:Ira Remsen
781:1907–1913
775:1901–1907
769:1895–1900
763:1883–1895
757:1879–1882
751:1868–1878
745:1863–1867
728:Presidents
690:Lee Lawrie
626:Facilities
475:Ivy League
464:Membership
383:Washington
379:astronomer
142:77°02′12″W
139:38°53′46″N
106:Founded at
84:1863-03-03
3363:Venezuela
3237:Sri Lanka
3205:Singapore
3039:Mauritius
3014:Lithuania
2917:Indonesia
2890:Guatemala
2687:Australia
2677:Argentina
2282:April 15,
2062:0027-8424
1753:March 22,
1688:March 12,
1612:March 12,
1585:March 12,
1511:April 15,
1452:April 28,
1390:April 25,
1364:April 15,
1350:"Mission"
1028:Chemistry
442:Civil War
194:nasonline
180:Endowment
74:Formation
3423:CODESRIA
3378:Zimbabwe
3284:Thailand
3279:Tanzania
3215:Slovenia
3165:Portugal
3133:Pakistan
3066:Mongolia
3034:Malaysia
2895:Honduras
2855:Ethiopia
2850:Eswatini
2800:Colombia
2766:Cameroon
2756:Bulgaria
2739:Botswana
2658:National
2246:Archived
2161:Archived
2131:Archived
2080:16586925
2002:Archived
1976:Archived
1924:Archived
1862:July 27,
1856:Archived
1805:April 2,
1799:Archived
1731:34142177
1557:Archived
1533:July 20,
1485:April 2,
1479:Archived
1443:Archived
1413:Archived
1384:Archived
1358:Archived
1328:Archived
1235:(NDIIPP)
1211:See also
1185:magazine
414:Congress
277:and 491
269:Overview
242:pro bono
92:Founders
3672:members
3408:AASSREC
3396:members
3368:Vietnam
3348:Uruguay
3321:Ukraine
3309:TÜBİTAK
3294:Tunisia
3190:Senegal
3170:Romania
3106:Nigeria
3086:Namibia
3076:Morocco
3056:Moldova
3049:COMECSO
3009:Lesotho
3004:Lebanon
2947:Jamaica
2932:Ireland
2900:Hungary
2875:Germany
2870:Georgia
2860:Finland
2845:Estonia
2825:Denmark
2722:Bolivia
2712:Belgium
2707:Belarus
2692:Austria
2682:Armenia
2667:Albania
2660:members
2610:(2016–)
2430:(Video)
2244:. NAS.
2167:July 5,
2071:1140467
2040:Bibcode
1777:YouTube
1563:June 8,
1191:on the
1183:Science
1138:Physics
892:General
873:present
668:of the
331:History
228:(NAM).
189:Website
82: (
68:in 2000
3799:IUVSTA
3626:IUPsyS
3616:IUPHAR
3611:IUPESM
3571:IUHPST
3551:IUFoST
3438:OSSREA
3428:FLACSO
3418:CLACSO
3373:Zambia
3316:Uganda
3299:Turkey
3269:Taiwan
3254:Sweden
3195:Serbia
3180:Rwanda
3175:Russia
3160:Poland
3138:Panama
3116:Norway
3061:Monaco
3044:Mexico
3029:Malawi
2999:Latvia
2957:Jordan
2937:Israel
2885:Greece
2865:France
2771:Canada
2749:ANPOCS
2744:Brazil
2672:Angola
2347:. 634.
2341:
2316:
2078:
2068:
2060:
1729:
1719:
1676:OCGA.
1292:2013,
1285:1965,
1278:1924,
1271:1873,
1224:(NDLP)
883:Awards
692:, and
395:Peirce
249:under
239:serve
113:, NW,
3784:IIASA
3759:ICSTI
3749:ICLAS
3744:ICIAM
3684:AASSA
3656:WAPOR
3646:IUTOX
3641:IUTAM
3636:IUSSP
3606:IUPAP
3601:IUPAC
3596:IUPAB
3581:IUMRS
3556:IUFRO
3536:IUBMB
3531:ISPRS
3506:INQUA
3471:IASSA
3242:Sudan
3232:Spain
3091:Nepal
2982:KSSRC
2967:Kenya
2952:Japan
2942:Italy
2910:ICSSR
2905:India
2880:Ghana
2835:Egypt
2788:China
2783:Chile
2776:SSHRC
2717:Benin
2215:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
1894:CPNAS
1727:S2CID
1600:ITS.
1446:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
1241:(NSF)
871:2016–
231:As a
109:2101
3824:TWAS
3814:SSRC
3794:ISDE
3774:IFLA
3769:IFIP
3764:IFDO
3734:IASC
3729:IAHR
3724:IAAP
3709:ECPR
3704:EADI
3694:ASTC
3689:ACSS
3651:URSI
3631:IUSS
3621:IUPS
3591:IUNS
3586:IUMS
3576:IUIS
3566:IUGS
3561:IUGG
3546:IUCr
3541:IUBS
3526:ISEE
3516:IPSA
3511:IPRA
3491:IFSM
3466:IALS
3413:CASS
3403:ACSS
3336:ESRC
3289:Togo
3247:SNAS
3225:HSRC
3153:PSSC
3143:Peru
3128:Oman
2994:Laos
2987:KAST
2927:Iraq
2922:Iran
2815:Cuba
2793:CASS
2378:LabX
2339:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2284:2022
2254:2016
2223:2010
2169:2013
2139:2016
2076:PMID
2058:ISSN
2010:2023
1984:2023
1953:2010
1932:2010
1902:2013
1864:2015
1834:2010
1807:2022
1755:2014
1717:ISBN
1690:2012
1663:2007
1614:2012
1587:2012
1565:2019
1535:2014
1513:2022
1487:2018
1454:2009
1421:2013
1392:2015
1366:2022
1336:2021
1324:TIAA
644:The
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590:129
577:129
564:129
551:132
541:117
538:207
528:130
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515:165
512:253
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499:330
323:and
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196:.org
122:Type
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3819:TNI
3809:PSA
3804:IWA
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3754:ICO
3739:ICA
3719:GYA
3714:FIG
3699:CIE
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3521:ISA
3501:IMU
3496:IGU
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