996:
477:
452:
438:
100:
1277:. The Republic of Siena, however, did not directly manage the extractive activities on its own, but preferred to contract out the mines so as not to have the expenses fall on the state budget. Sienese interests in Maremma grew progressively over time: in 1334 the "government of the Nine" sent one of its officials to the territories of Grosseto and Massa to study possible interventions for the improvement of the road network and the following year with the conquest of the
491:
424:
1100:
1290:
4825:
669:
618:
79:
140:
4814:
687:
1202:. The revenues from the salt monopoly were a significant source of income for the state. The various centers of the Sienese countryside and their citizens were required to stock up on salt from the Sienese Maremma area, purchasing the good at a fixed price. The growth of trade linked to Grosseto salt pans, capable of satisfying the needs of nearby
654:, a political party formed by the merchant families that sat on the council. Eventually, the Noveschi party grew to include not only members of the Nove council, but also many prominent noble families of the city. Under the guide of the Nove and the Noveschi, Siena grew in both economic and military dominance.
1152:
declared both its teachers and students exempt from taxes and forced labour levied on their person or property by the city of Siena. Moreover, the commune exempted teachers of law and Latin from their public duties. By the early 14th century, there were five teachers of Latin, logic and law and two
751:
to the Virgin. Legend has it that a thick white cloud descended on the battlefield, giving the
Sienese cover and aiding their attack. The reality was that the Florentine army launched several fruitless attacks against the Sienese army during the day, then when the Sienese army countered with their
1086:
grew in importance as the centre of secular life. New streets were constructed leading to it, and it served as the site of the market and the location of various sporting events (perhaps better thought of as riots, in the fashion of the
Florentine football matches that are still practised to this
636:
and an important player in the wool trade. At first it was governed directly by its bishop, but episcopal power declined during the 12th century. The bishop was forced to concede a greater say in the running of the city to the nobility in exchange for their help during a territorial dispute with
1107:
The limits on the Roman town were the earliest known walls to the city. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the town grew to the east and later to the north, in what is now the
Camollia district. Walls were built to totally surround the city, and a second set was finished by the end of the 13th
915:. In the wake of more responsibilities from the Church, Raffaello was forced to cede the city to his nephew, Francesco Petrucci, who only ruled for a year before being ousted by Pandolfo's youngest son, Fabio. Fabio was exiled in 1525 by the Sienese people, marking the end of the Petrucci era.
1033:, and was a constant source of hostility between the two city-states. In the mid-16th century the Republic's territory had an area of approximately 8,000 km (3,100 sq mi) and a population of 80,000, including some 15,000 living in the town of Siena.
1317:
When ruled by a bishop, the elected consuls would represent the nobles, as well as the people. As episcopal power declined, theirs grew until 1167, when episcopal rule was expelled. The consuls continued to rule until a new government was deemed necessary.
1230:
and the
Maremma Senese attracted shepherds from both territories under the direct control of Siena and from neighboring states. For an efficient exploitation of grazing activity, the Sienese government decided to create a special office, called
608:
government was appointed to administer the state in its early term. As in most of the medieval municipal cities, Siena too had the
Consuls as its first development of the judiciary. In 1125 the office of Consul Sænensis was attributed to Manco.
601:
306:
1281:, Siena was able to take possession of its rich mining district. The plague of 1348, however, caused a violent collapse of the mining activities of the Sienese Maremma which could no longer return to its previous production levels.
898:
in 1487. Pandolfo slowly gathered many political offices and grew his influence until 1500, when with the execution of his father-in-law Niccolò Borghese for conspiracy to murder him, as well as with the support of
Florence and of
1393:
The council of the Priori (priors) was established in an attempt to stabilize the government and compete with
Florence. It failed, however, with the number of priors constantly fluctuating and Florence continuing its aggression.
1216:
part of the proceeds deriving from the salt monopoly were destined to the payment of rents on the capital lent by state creditors, in order to face the growing public debt of the
Republic. Subsequently, a union of the
903:, Pandolfo was able to seize complete control of the city. Though a tyrant, Pandolfo brought Siena back to prosperity, favoring arts and sciences, as well as improving its economy. Pandolfo was succeeded by his son
743:. Leading a procession composed of all the city's residents, he was met by all the clergy. Lucari and the bishop embraced to show the unity of church and state, then Lucari formally gave the city and
2061:
1261:
the interest of Siena towards mining research increased as silver and copper mines in the
Sienese Maremma that were abandoned in the Roman period were re-established. Besides the mines of
4896:
958:
in August 1554, any hope of relief was lost. After 18 months of resistance, Siena surrendered to Spain on 21 April 1555, marking the end of the
Republic. The new Spanish King
4891:
549:. It existed for over 400 years, from 1125 to 1555. During its existence, it gradually expanded throughout southern Tuscany becoming one of the major economic powers of the
641:, and this started a process which culminated in 1167 when the commune of Siena declared its independence from episcopal control. By 1179, it had a written constitution.
2054:
2029:
727:. Before the battle, the Sienese army of around 20,000 faced a much larger Florentine army of around 33,000. Prior to the battle, the entire city was dedicated to the
3884:
1419:
With the House of Visconti expelled, the people set up another Priori government, this time with 10 priors. Unlike the former Priori government, this one was stable.
1342:
Siena replaced its PodestĂ government with that of a council of elected officials. The number of officials fluctuated throughout the years, as shown by this chart.
1243:
was made up of a treasurer and nine officers among whom a "unimpeachable chief" was elected. The latter was stationed in Maremma, from where he directed a group of
824:
in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove council and expelled any family associated with the Noveschi party. They established a
4881:
3916:
1840:
756:
and in the resulting chaos, the Florentine army broke up and fled the battlefield. Almost half the Florentine army (some 15,000 men) were killed as a result.
4547:
3899:
2047:
4511:
3441:
774:
The Republic of Siena in its progressive territorial growth saw its borders expanding especially in the territories of southern Tuscany in the current
4645:
830:
government (council of 12 nobles), assisted by another council with a popular majority. This form of government was short-lived, soon replaced by the
4886:
4552:
1223:
and the salt was also attempted to improve the state financial capacities; however, as early as 1519 the various administrations returned divided.
4117:
2412:
3329:
995:
4795:
3958:
4592:
3867:
3675:
2714:
2432:
3784:
3227:
2970:
2918:
778:. The possession of an "access to the sea" by Siena was therefore a natural continuation of its expansionary and commercial policy in the
3921:
4640:
4225:
3852:
3685:
3446:
3109:
2780:
1529:
808:
from the city, never had any development, also due to the incorrect economic policy of Siena and the lack of a productive background.
673:
564:, the Republic experienced a period of great political and economic splendor: new buildings were commissioned, including that of the
3872:
3847:
3690:
3221:
2829:
1732:
1571:
1854:
Fochesato, Mattia (2021). "Plagues, wars, political change, and fiscal capacity: late medieval and Renaissance Siena, 1337–1556†".
600:
The foundation of the Republic of Siena is traditionally dated to 1125, the year in which the last reigning representative of the
4244:
3525:
3411:
2070:
691:
572:, and a substantial part of the city walls completed. This government is in fact defined by historians as the "good governance".
390:
3821:
3239:
4368:
4280:
4127:
4122:
3953:
883:
804:
in the 13th century. However, the port, swept away during the 14th century by the violent flood that removed the course of the
3215:
3063:
2221:
4316:
3904:
3381:
3119:
1673:
1636:
768:
797:
In order to ensure access to maritime traffic and a competitive sales network, Siena already tried to secure the use of the
923:
With the end of the Petrucci era internal strife resumed, with the popular faction ousting the Noveschi party supported by
863:
was expelled in 1404, and a new government of Ten Priors was established, this time in alliance with Florence against King
4567:
4398:
4285:
3816:
3811:
3104:
3038:
2837:
2569:
2492:
2343:
1941:
928:
99:
3963:
1153:
doctors of natural sciences (medicine). Nowadays, the university is still among the most important Italian universities.
875:
in 1458, the nobles who had been expelled due to association with the Noveschi party were allowed to return to the city.
584:
4876:
4326:
4265:
4250:
4102:
3416:
735:
bombs). The man given command of Siena for the duration of the war, Bonaguida Lucari, walked barefoot and bareheaded, a
4871:
4670:
4388:
4234:
4016:
3926:
3826:
3712:
3680:
3365:
3233:
3185:
2876:
2363:
1237:, which was responsible for managing the tariff system connected to livestock breeding. The internal structure of the
1433:
The House of Petrucci gathered a great deal of influence and became quasi-rulers of the city-state until 1500, when
4851:
4725:
4353:
4173:
4080:
4053:
3988:
3862:
3396:
3322:
3179:
3173:
3124:
3114:
2544:
2529:
2392:
1788:
966:, ceded Siena's entire territory to the Duchy of Florence (apart from a series of coastal fortress annexed to the
4901:
4866:
4856:
4755:
4521:
4444:
4408:
3426:
3391:
3386:
3291:
2574:
1162:
1814:
4770:
4760:
4740:
4710:
4665:
4363:
4205:
4137:
4107:
4087:
3968:
3644:
3609:
3406:
3197:
2549:
2402:
2338:
1763:"I porti della Maremma senese durante la repubblica narrazione storica con documenti inediti di Luciano Banchi"
1046:
Siena rivaled Florence in the arts throughout the 13th and 14th centuries: the important late medieval painter
821:
4861:
4650:
4413:
4270:
4240:
4215:
4132:
4092:
4031:
3930:
3695:
3665:
3285:
2960:
2852:
2814:
2309:
2239:
1212:, which simultaneously performed the administration of the monopoly and banking duties. From the end of the
1050:(1253–1319) was a Sienese, but worked across the peninsula. The mural titled "Allegory of Good Government" (
261:
4348:
4336:
4112:
4097:
3789:
3431:
3191:
3139:
3129:
2965:
2908:
2579:
1503:
976:
936:
849:
732:
848:("The Eleven", 1388–1398) and the Twelve Priors (1398–1399) who, in the end, gave the city's lordship to
4655:
4582:
4562:
4476:
4425:
4183:
4163:
3973:
3567:
3535:
3421:
3401:
3315:
3209:
3053:
3005:
2991:
2819:
2559:
2472:
2422:
2101:
2084:
1274:
1181:
1126:
of Siena, signed a decree imposing a tax on citizens of Siena who rented rooms to students of the local
2981:
1459:
Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Spain sent a garrison to take control of the city
1448:
A Priori government was installed in an attempt to bring stability back to Siena, which it never did.
4506:
4321:
4210:
4188:
3842:
3740:
3624:
3492:
3257:
3134:
3073:
3058:
2945:
2901:
2891:
2669:
2641:
2447:
2291:
2189:
2133:
1265:, Siena obtained other silver mines in the surroundings of Montebeccari in 1177 from Count Tedini of
1030:
1010:
967:
775:
724:
703:
663:
587:. Despite resisting for 18 months, it surrendered on 21 April 1555, marking the end of the republic.
484:
333:
4790:
4780:
4735:
4501:
4466:
4461:
4178:
3799:
3735:
3655:
3279:
3010:
2913:
2896:
2886:
2741:
2664:
2487:
2482:
2417:
2317:
2227:
1464:
1139:
1117:
1059:
980:
944:
900:
864:
791:
181:
1762:
1408:
The priors of Siena gave the city's command to the House of Visconti to protect it from Florence.
4765:
4750:
4730:
4587:
4528:
4481:
4403:
4260:
4230:
4220:
4195:
4168:
4075:
4068:
4004:
3760:
3755:
3472:
3203:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3068:
3033:
3028:
2986:
2950:
2809:
2704:
2626:
2599:
2539:
2442:
2427:
2265:
2245:
2023:
1879:
1738:
1437:
seized control of the city completely. Petrucci rule was a stable and prosperous time for Siena.
987:
did not concede defeat in the Battle of Marciano and continued to resist Tuscan rule until 1559.
959:
955:
908:
731:(this was done several times in the city's history, most recently in 1944 to guard the city from
565:
346:
245:
78:
4715:
4705:
4577:
4491:
4456:
4383:
4373:
4151:
4021:
3935:
3765:
3719:
3707:
3502:
3497:
3482:
3477:
3462:
3048:
3043:
2976:
2935:
2929:
2770:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2477:
2457:
2407:
2397:
2378:
1919:
1871:
1728:
1669:
1632:
1567:
1525:
1508:
1434:
1399:
1278:
1249:
submitted to him for the observance of the laws of the Republic and control of the territory.
1014:
904:
895:
860:
820:
of 1348, and also suffered from ill-fated financial enterprises. In 1355, with the arrival of
746:
720:
580:
470:
457:
273:
232:
167:
1091:
to stop soil erosion, an indication of how important the area was becoming as a civic space.
4785:
4607:
4557:
4538:
4533:
4486:
4393:
4331:
4311:
4299:
4255:
4058:
4038:
4026:
3889:
3857:
3770:
3487:
3350:
3342:
3265:
2847:
2842:
2765:
2699:
2694:
2564:
2534:
2502:
2358:
2303:
2282:
2260:
1863:
1720:
1088:
1083:
1063:
1051:
924:
621:
569:
522:
443:
429:
209:
45:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4572:
4496:
4358:
3877:
3775:
3660:
3560:
3467:
2788:
2756:
2751:
2731:
2594:
2554:
2524:
2507:
2467:
2452:
2437:
2368:
2353:
2270:
2250:
2123:
1424:
1099:
1079:
963:
753:
740:
707:
214:
84:
2646:
1897:
1289:
1206:
and neighboring nations, led to the establishment in 1323 of a new organization, called
4828:
4775:
4745:
4690:
4597:
4471:
4418:
4378:
4048:
4043:
3894:
3794:
3750:
3702:
3604:
3572:
3530:
3507:
3271:
3167:
3161:
2761:
2736:
2609:
2604:
2589:
2584:
2519:
2514:
2497:
2462:
2255:
2233:
2177:
2116:
1689:
1022:
879:
530:
219:
126:
59:
4845:
4700:
4341:
3911:
3599:
3577:
3436:
2955:
2793:
2297:
2171:
2143:
1883:
1742:
1026:
951:
853:
712:
678:
633:
17:
1714:
668:
604:
was deposed, at the time at the head of the city and the surrounding countryside. A
150:
Republic of Siena (in dark orange), on map of Italy at the close of the 15th century
4818:
4625:
4430:
4200:
3804:
3670:
3619:
3594:
3245:
2328:
2183:
2163:
2039:
1258:
1213:
1199:
1165:, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world.
872:
787:
617:
1029:
70 km (43 mi) southeast of Siena, which was claimed by the neighbouring
650:("the Nine") government was established to rule Siena. The Nove was backed by the
4720:
4660:
4630:
3983:
3614:
2881:
2746:
1270:
1227:
1149:
868:
817:
801:
728:
576:
550:
1945:
1180:
region. It also controlled, thanks to a monopoly agreement stipulated with the
139:
3978:
3587:
2014:
Toderi, Toderi Fiorenza, Paolozzi Strozzi, Giuseppe, Vannel, Beatrice (1992).
1488:
1323:
1123:
1067:
984:
912:
699:
629:
553:, and one of the most important commercial, financial and artistic centers in
1875:
1602:
719:
On 4 September 1260 the Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King
2148:
867:. With the election of the Sienese Enea Silvio Piccolomini of the prominent
395:
242:
1629:
Un comune italiano nel Medioevo. Siena sotto il regime dei Nove (1287-1355)
1078:
During the early 13th century that the majority of the construction of the
1724:
907:. After only 4 years of rule, Borghese was ousted by his cousin, cardinal
886:, which would survive into the 21st century as "the world's oldest bank".
686:
4635:
4620:
4615:
4516:
3550:
3545:
2866:
2348:
2153:
2096:
1262:
1198:
The oldest documentation regarding Siena's salt customs date back to the
927:: the latter sent an army, but was defeated at Camollia in 1526. Emperor
798:
783:
651:
561:
320:
174:
1191:
The main economic resource of the city came from the money exchange and
759:
The period 1260–1355 has been characterized as a "golden age" in Siena.
3650:
3582:
2128:
2089:
1997:
1331:
A PodestĂ was an executive elected by the people as an absolute ruler.
1266:
1203:
1177:
1018:
805:
779:
542:
1867:
4275:
2636:
1047:
940:
935:
garrison in Siena. From 1529 until 1541 the republic was governed by
736:
638:
605:
554:
3555:
3338:
2614:
2138:
2111:
1288:
1169:
1098:
1066:, Siena's town hall, is considered a magnificent example of civil
994:
932:
685:
667:
616:
546:
538:
509:
196:
3307:
4063:
3540:
2106:
1487:
Following the conquest of Siena, the noble families held out at
1192:
1185:
1173:
1087:
day). A wall was constructed in 1194 at the current site of the
3311:
2043:
706:
Guelph position (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of
579:, and political instability led to its absorption by the rival
1472:
To protect the city, the people empowered a single ruler, the
1132:. The money from this tax went to pay for the salaries of the
752:
own offensive, traitors within the Florentine army killed the
1942:"Short Story of University of Siena: 760 years of history"
943:: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general
1122:
On December 26, 1240, Ildebrandino Cacciaconti, the then
1815:"Siena, (quasi) città di mare – Cronache dal Medioevo"
1789:"Siena, quasi cittĂ di mare 2 - Cronache dal Medioevo"
1522:
A History of Siena: From Its Origins to the Modern Day
856:, in order to defend it from Florentine expansionism.
1009:
Siena possessed most of the modern day provinces of
947:
to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
4606:
4443:
4298:
4150:
4003:
3946:
3835:
3822:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3728:
3637:
3518:
3455:
3374:
3358:
3349:
3255:
3152:
3082:
3021:
3004:
2928:
2865:
2828:
2802:
2779:
2724:
2713:
2655:
2625:
2377:
2327:
2281:
2212:
2199:
2162:
2077:
1564:
A Companion to Late Medieval and Early Modern Siena
1195:activity that the bankers carried out in the city.
505:
385:
375:
370:
356:
343:
330:
317:
303:
291:
267:
255:
238:
228:
202:
192:
155:
32:
1666:La storia di Siena dalle origini al 1559, Volume 1
1293:Borders of the Republic of Siena from 1125 to 1559
1082:(Duomo) was completed. During the same period the
939:. The citizens expelled him in 1552, allying with
575:A combination of economic decline, sparked by the
1944:. UniversitĂ degli Studi di Siena. Archived from
1168:The Republic was an important commercial center:
931:took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a
537:) was a historic state consisting of the city of
1184:, wool and other agricultural products, such as
1108:century. Much of these walls still exist today.
975:), with which it was merged in 1569 to form the
950:The Sienese government entrusted its defence to
1980:Siena and the Sienese in the thirteenth century
1021:in central Italy, including a coastline on the
1589:Storia di Siena dalle origini ai giorni nostri
381:50,000–70,000 (Siena only) in the 14th century
4897:States and territories disestablished in 1555
3323:
2055:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1218:
1207:
969:
843:
837:
831:
825:
744:
698:In the 13th century, Siena was predominantly
676:depicting the Battle of Montaperti, from the
645:
37:
8:
2458:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
2028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1143:
1133:
1127:
1000:
999:Map of the Republic of Siena (bluish-gray,
118:
51:
4892:States and territories established in 1125
4449:
4304:
4156:
4009:
3355:
3330:
3316:
3308:
3252:
3018:
2721:
2209:
2062:
2048:
2040:
1535:Hook, Judith (1973). "The Fall of Siena".
1103:The historic centre dominated by the Duomo
1025:. A notable exception is the hill town of
560:From 1287 to 1355, during the rule of the
138:
29:
1520:Mario Ascheri and Bradley Franco (2019).
878:In 1472 the Siena magistrates founded a "
723:, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the
2018:. Monte dei Paschi di Siena. p. 71.
1898:"Palazzo Pubblico e la Torre del Mangia"
1713:Ascheri, Mario; Franco, Bradley (2019).
1296:
1269:, and in the following century those of
894:The Noveschi returned to the city under
767:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2413:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1591:(in Italian). Biblioteca dell'Immagine.
1554:
836:("The Fifteen") reformers in 1385, the
694:of the Republic of Siena (12th century)
624:, the seat of the Republic's government
369:
162:Republic ruled by city's governing body
2021:
1668:(in Italian). Il Leccio. p. 423.
1226:The vast plots of grazing land in the
954:. When the latter was defeated at the
1992:
1990:
1988:
1148:was further supported when, in 1252,
374:
355:
342:
329:
316:
302:
298:
266:
254:
250:
7:
4882:11th-century establishments in Italy
3868:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1651:
981:exiled Sienese republican government
1562:Hayton, Heather Richardson (2021).
1920:"Cenni storici - Le mura di Siena"
1603:"Siena nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
782:with the conquest of the ports of
25:
3222:United Provinces of Central Italy
2016:Le Monete della Repubblica Senese
1161:In 1472 the Republic founded the
541:and its surrounding territory in
164:(1125–1399; 1404–1487; 1525–1548)
4824:
4823:
4812:
2071:List of historic states of Italy
1481:Republic of Siena at Montalcino
489:
475:
450:
436:
430:bishop of Siena (within Tuscany)
422:
98:
77:
4887:1555 disestablishments in Italy
4553:Orders, decorations, and medals
3204:Provisional Government of Milan
1967:Universities in the Middle Ages
1176:were produced, coming from the
884:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
2403:City of Fiume and its District
769:Ports of the Republic of Siena
763:Ports of the Republic of Siena
1:
2838:County of Apulia and Calabria
2344:Campagna e Marittima Province
632:, becoming a major centre of
86:
1998:"Archivio di Stato di Siena"
1841:"Porto fluviale di Grosseto"
1476:, or Captain of the People.
816:Siena was devastated by the
27:Italian republic (1125–1555)
4593:Water supply and sanitation
4017:Italian geographical region
3885:Monarchy and the World Wars
3827:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3713:War of the Sicilian Vespers
3366:Timeline of Italian history
3240:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3234:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3186:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2364:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1856:The Economic History Review
1627:M. Bowsky, William (1986).
983:of 700 Sienese families in
4918:
4512:Inventions and discoveries
3922:Fall of the Fascist regime
3905:Fourth War of Independence
3863:Expedition of the Thousand
3853:Second War of Independence
3180:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3174:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2575:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2545:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2530:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1115:
1056:Allegoria del Buon Governo
766:
661:
4808:
4452:
4307:
4286:Security and intelligence
4159:
4012:
3873:Third War of Independence
3848:First War of Independence
3292:Free Territory of Trieste
2810:Principality of Benevento
1631:(in Italian). Il Mulino.
1341:
1001:
962:, owing huge sums to the
401:
366:
305:• Deposition of the
299:
287:
251:
137:
114:
73:
68:
3964:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
3959:Institutional referendum
3198:Italian United Provinces
2550:Principality of Piombino
2339:Patrimony of Saint Peter
842:("The Ten", 1386–1387),
822:Charles IV of Luxembourg
658:The Battle of Montaperti
585:Italian War of 1551–1559
4487:Emigration and diaspora
3696:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3681:the Sardinian Judicates
3286:Italian Social Republic
2961:Principality of Taranto
2853:Principality of Taranto
2815:Principality of Salerno
2570:Bishopric of Tarantasia
2393:Bishopric of Bressanone
2310:Duchy of the Pentapolis
319:• Creation of the
262:Constitutional republic
4369:Science and technology
4317:Italian regions by GDP
4118:Marine protected areas
3790:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3192:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2966:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2870:(from the 9th century)
2580:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1566:. BRILL. p. 352.
1504:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1294:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1208:
1144:
1138:(teachers) of the new
1134:
1128:
1104:
1055:
1006:
977:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
970:
859:Five years later, the
850:Gian Galeazzo Visconti
844:
838:
832:
826:
745:
716:, completed in 1320).
695:
683:
646:
625:
534:
526:
358:• Disestablished
119:
52:
38:
4568:Public administration
3676:the Holy Roman Empire
3210:Republic of San Marco
2992:Crown Colony of Malta
2820:Principality of Capua
2560:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2423:County of Santa Fiora
2085:Etruscan civilization
1819:Cronache dal Medioevo
1793:Cronache dal Medioevo
1725:10.4324/9781315232010
1292:
1275:Aldobrandeschi family
1182:Aldobrandeschi family
1102:
1002:"Repubblica di Siena"
998:
689:
671:
628:Siena prospered as a
620:
602:Government of Bishops
203:Common languages
18:The Republic of Siena
4796:World Heritage Sites
4251:Council of Ministers
3989:Coronavirus pandemic
3387:Currency and coinage
3006:French Revolutionary
2946:State of the Presidi
2670:Republic of Florence
2642:Domini di Terraferma
2292:Exarchate of Ravenna
2190:Western Roman Empire
2134:Nuragic civilization
1694:www.ilpalio.siena.it
1664:Fusai, Luca (1987).
1273:and Muceto from the
776:province of Grosseto
739:around his neck, to
725:Battle of Montaperti
664:Battle of Montaperti
485:State of the Presidi
334:Battle of San Romano
4877:Italian city-states
4327:Automotive industry
4266:Metropolitan cities
3812:Early Modern period
3785:Kingdom of Sardinia
3736:Italian city-states
3280:Free State of Fiume
3228:Kingdom of Sardinia
2971:Neapolitan Republic
2919:Kingdom of Sardinia
2914:Republic of Sassari
2742:Catepanate of Italy
2665:Republic of Cospaia
2488:Duchy of Montferrat
2483:March of Montferrat
2418:County of Guastalla
2318:Exarchate of Africa
1965:De Ridder-Symoens,
1821:. 21 September 2016
1795:. 29 September 2016
1690:"Repubblica Senese"
1474:Capitano del Popolo
1465:Capitano del Popolo
1234:"Dogana dei paschi"
1220:"Dogane dei paschi"
1140:University of Siena
1118:University of Siena
1060:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
945:Gian Giacomo Medici
937:Alfonso Piccolomini
919:End of the Republic
901:Alfonso of Calabria
865:Ladislaus of Naples
792:Porto Santo Stefano
702:, in opposition to
535:Respublica Senensis
527:Repubblica di Siena
309:who ruled the city
182:Capitano del popolo
53:Respublica Senensis
39:Repubblica di Siena
4872:History of Tuscany
4389:Telecommunications
3756:Maritime republics
3110:Lucca and Piombino
2987:Malta Protectorate
2951:Duke of San Donato
2705:Republic of Ancona
2627:Republic of Venice
2540:Duchy of Mirandola
2428:Duchy of Guastalla
2266:Duchy of Tridentum
2246:Duchy of Benevento
2213:Barbarian kingdoms
1716:A History of Siena
1336:Ventiquattro (24)
1295:
1105:
1062:in 1338–39 at the
1007:
956:Battle of Marciano
909:Raffaello Petrucci
696:
684:
626:
566:Cathedral of Siena
347:Battle of Marciano
246:classical republic
4852:Republic of Siena
4837:
4836:
4804:
4803:
4439:
4438:
4374:Southern question
4294:
4293:
4226:Political parties
4174:Foreign relations
4146:
4145:
3999:
3998:
3720:Kingdom of Naples
3708:Kingdom of Sicily
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3148:
3147:
3115:Massa and Carrara
3000:
2999:
2977:Hospitaller Malta
2936:Kingdom of Naples
2930:Kingdom of Sicily
2861:
2860:
2771:Duchy of Sorrento
2690:Republic of Genoa
2685:Republic of Siena
2680:Republic of Massa
2675:Republic of Lucca
2408:County of Gorizia
2398:Corsican Republic
2379:Holy Roman Empire
1868:10.1111/ehr.13069
1509:Timeline of Siena
1495:
1494:
1453:Spanish Lordship
1435:Pandolfo Petrucci
1279:Republic of Massa
1240:Dogana dei Paschi
1017:in the region of
905:Borghese Petrucci
896:Pandolfo Petrucci
861:House of Visconti
721:Manfred of Sicily
581:Duchy of Florence
519:Republic of Siena
515:
514:
501:
500:
497:
496:
471:Duchy of Florence
463:
462:
458:Republic of Massa
274:Pandolfo Petrucci
269:• 1487–1512
257:• 1125–1399
233:Roman Catholicism
34:Republic of Siena
16:(Redirected from
4909:
4902:Christian states
4867:History of Siena
4857:Former republics
4827:
4826:
4819:Italy portal
4816:
4815:
4756:National symbols
4450:
4305:
4157:
4010:
3890:Kingdom of Italy
3817:Napoleonic Italy
3356:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3266:Kingdom of Italy
3253:
3019:
2848:County of Sicily
2843:County of Aversa
2766:Byzantine Sicily
2752:Theme of Lucania
2722:
2700:Republic of Pisa
2695:Republic of Noli
2565:Duchy of Spoleto
2535:Duchy of Merania
2433:Kingdom of Italy
2359:Duchy of Ferrara
2304:Duchy of Perugia
2283:Byzantine Empire
2261:Duchy of Spoleto
2228:Ostrogothic rule
2210:
2078:Pre-Roman period
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1862:(4): 1031–1061.
1851:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1587:Ascheri, Mario.
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1544:
1297:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1222:
1211:
1163:Monte dei Paschi
1150:Pope Innocent IV
1147:
1137:
1131:
1129:"Studium Senese"
1112:Siena University
1089:Palazzo Pubblico
1084:Piazza del Campo
1064:Palazzo Pubblico
1004:
1003:
973:
925:Pope Clement VII
871:noble family as
847:
841:
835:
829:
750:
649:
622:Palazzo Pubblico
570:Palazzo Pubblico
493:
492:
479:
478:
467:
466:
454:
453:
444:March of Tuscany
440:
439:
426:
425:
419:
418:
403:
402:
321:Governo dei Nove
283:
149:
147:
142:
130:
122:
107:
102:
91:
88:
81:
63:
55:
49:
41:
30:
21:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4813:
4800:
4771:Public holidays
4602:
4548:Life expectancy
4435:
4290:
4206:Law enforcement
4142:
3995:
3942:
3931:Social Republic
3895:Colonial Empire
3878:Capture of Rome
3831:
3724:
3633:
3526:Ancient peoples
3514:
3451:
3412:Historic states
3370:
3345:
3336:
3306:
3297:
3251:
3154:
3153:Post-Napoleonic
3144:
3078:
3014:
3008:
2996:
2938:
2934:
2933:(1130–1816) and
2932:
2924:
2869:
2857:
2824:
2798:
2789:Emirate of Bari
2775:
2762:Theme of Sicily
2757:Duchy of Naples
2732:Duchy of Amalfi
2717:
2709:
2657:
2656:Other Republics
2651:
2629:
2621:
2615:County of Tenda
2595:County of Savoy
2555:Duchy of Reggio
2525:Duchy of Mantua
2453:March of Friuli
2385:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2369:Duchy of Urbino
2354:Duchy of Castro
2331:
2323:
2277:
2271:Duchy of Tuscia
2251:Duchy of Friuli
2214:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2174:(753 BC–509 BC)
2158:
2073:
2068:
2038:
2037:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1607:www.treccani.it
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1534:
1517:
1500:
1347:Trentasei (36)
1287:
1255:
1159:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1080:Siena Cathedral
1076:
1044:
1039:
993:
964:House of Medici
921:
892:
814:
772:
765:
754:standard bearer
741:Siena Cathedral
708:Dante Alighieri
666:
660:
615:
598:
593:
490:
476:
451:
437:
423:
378:
377:• Estimate
359:
349:
336:
323:
310:
277:
276:
270:
258:
224:
188:
184:
177:
170:
168:Visconti's rule
163:
151:
145:
144:
133:
124:
110:
109:
108:
105:
103:
95:
94:
89:
82:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Italian states
4859:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Stock exchange
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4281:Municipalities
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4241:Prime Minister
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Regional parks
4125:
4123:National parks
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:Climate change
4024:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3795:Duchy of Savoy
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3703:Lombard League
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:Western Empire
3617:
3612:
3610:Roman conquest
3607:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3531:Italic peoples
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:Italian Empire
3262:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3216:Roman Republic
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3168:Duchy of Lucca
3165:
3162:Duchy of Genoa
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3016:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Duchy of Gaeta
2734:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2715:Southern Italy
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2658:(c. 1000–1797)
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:County of Nice
2607:
2605:Duchy of Aosta
2602:
2597:
2592:
2585:Savoyard state
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Duchy of Milan
2517:
2515:Duchy of Ivrea
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Duchy of Ivrea
2253:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2222:Odoacer's rule
2218:
2216:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2186:(27 BC–395 AD)
2181:
2180:(509 BC–27 BC)
2178:Roman Republic
2175:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:Cisalpine Gaul
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2006:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1933:
1911:
1889:
1846:
1832:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1733:
1705:
1681:
1674:
1656:
1644:
1637:
1619:
1594:
1579:
1572:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1530:978-0367253486
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:Quindici (15)
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:Quindici (15)
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1286:
1283:
1254:
1251:
1209:"Monte e Sale"
1158:
1155:
1116:Main article:
1113:
1110:
1096:
1093:
1075:
1072:
1070:in the world.
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1023:Tyrrhenian Sea
992:
989:
920:
917:
891:
888:
880:mount of piety
813:
810:
764:
761:
682:(14th century)
662:Main article:
659:
656:
614:
611:
597:
594:
592:
589:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
487:
481:
480:
473:
464:
461:
460:
455:
447:
446:
441:
433:
432:
427:
415:
414:
409:
399:
398:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
350:
344:
341:
340:
337:
331:
328:
327:
324:
318:
315:
314:
311:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
284:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
212:
206:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
179:
172:
165:
159:
157:
153:
152:
143:
135:
134:
131:
112:
111:
104:
97:
96:
83:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4914:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4830:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Years of Lead
3972:
3970:
3969:Economic Boom
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Fascist Italy
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Niçard exodus
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Magna Graecia
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Duchy of Sora
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2794:Muslim Sicily
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:Duchy of Rome
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:Roman Kingdom
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Magna Graecia
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2003:(in Italian).
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1948:on 2008-03-09
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:9781315232010
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:9789004444829
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1537:History Today
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:. Routledge.
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
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1058:) painted by
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1027:Montepulciano
1024:
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974:
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968:State of the
965:
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952:Piero Strozzi
948:
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713:Divine Comedy
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681:
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679:Nuova Cronica
675:
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634:money lending
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4656:Architecture
4626:Quattrocento
4583:Social class
4563:Prostitution
4477:Demographics
4399:Trade unions
4342:Central Bank
4184:Human rights
4164:Constitution
3947:Contemporary
3917:World War II
3805:Italian Wars
3745:
3729:Early modern
3671:Papal States
3649:Italy under
3595:Ancient Rome
3268:(1861–1946)
3246:Papal States
3074:Transpadania
2684:
2647:Stato da MĂ r
2329:Papal States
2240:Lombard rule
2204:Early Modern
2192:(395–476 AD)
2184:Roman Empire
2164:Ancient Rome
2015:
2009:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1922:(in Italian)
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1900:(in Italian)
1892:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1715:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
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1665:
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1647:
1628:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1609:(in Italian)
1606:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1540:
1536:
1521:
1473:
1371:Dodici (12)
1306:Description
1259:12th century
1256:
1225:
1214:14th century
1200:13th century
1197:
1190:
1167:
1160:
1121:
1106:
1077:
1074:Architecture
1045:
1008:
949:
922:
911:, helped by
893:
890:Petrucci Era
877:
873:Pope Pius II
858:
815:
796:
788:Porto Ercole
773:
758:
718:
711:
697:
677:
644:In 1286 the
643:
627:
599:
574:
559:
518:
516:
412:Succeeded by
411:
406:
391:Senese d'oro
389:
279:
116:Motto:
115:
106:Coat of arms
4721:Italophilia
4681:Coat of arm
4631:Cinquecento
4507:Immigration
4457:Aristocracy
4322:Agriculture
4216:Nationality
4189:LGBT rights
4103:Earthquakes
3984:Mani pulite
3900:World War I
3843:Unification
3836:Late modern
3800:Renaissance
3645:Middle Ages
3638:Middle Ages
3615:Roman Italy
3382:Citizenship
3294:(1947–1954)
3288:(1943–1945)
3282:(1920–1924)
3274:(1882–1960)
3258:unification
3248:(1814–1870)
3242:(1815–1866)
3236:(1816–1861)
3230:(1814–1860)
3224:(1859–1860)
3218:(1849–1850)
3212:(1848–1849)
3194:(1815–1859)
3188:(1814–1859)
3182:(1814–1859)
3176:(1814–1829)
3170:(1815–1847)
3164:(1815–1848)
3054:Parthenopea
3015:(1792–1815)
2973:(1647–1648)
2939:(1282–1816)
2921:(1324–1861)
2882:Agugliastra
2747:Longobardia
2384:independent
2234:Vandal rule
1926:2 September
1904:2 September
1767:archive.org
1300:Government
1271:Roccastrada
1228:Valdichiana
869:Piccolomini
818:Black Death
729:Virgin Mary
583:during the
577:Black Death
551:Middle Ages
407:Preceded by
185:(1552–1554)
178:(1487–1525)
171:(1399–1404)
90: 1246
4846:Categories
4791:Traditions
4781:Television
4766:Philosophy
4731:Literature
4671:Cathedrals
4641:Settecento
4502:Healthcare
4467:Corruption
4462:Censorship
4221:Parliament
4179:Government
3979:Maxi Trial
3927:Resistance
3656:Ostrogoths
3588:Messapians
3473:Villanovan
3463:Prehistory
3456:Prehistory
3125:Pontecorvo
3083:Monarchies
3069:Subalpinia
3034:Cispadania
3029:Cisalpinia
3011:Napoleonic
2718:(774–1139)
2630:(697–1797)
2332:(754–1870)
2294:(584–751)
2242:(568–774)
1952:2008-04-05
1748:2019-05-09
1699:2021-11-09
1675:8886507771
1638:8815012214
1613:2021-11-09
1549:References
1489:Montalcino
1484:1555–1559
1469:1552–1555
1456:1548–1552
1445:1525–1548
1430:1487–1525
1416:1404–1487
1405:1399–1404
1390:1385–1399
1374:1355–1385
1366:1286–1355
1358:1280–1286
1350:1270–1280
1339:1234–1270
1328:1199–1234
1314:1125–1199
1285:Chronology
1068:Gothic art
985:Montalcino
913:Pope Leo X
802:river port
704:Florence's
700:Ghibelline
630:city-state
545:, central
371:Population
243:Oligarchic
239:Government
4751:Mythology
4726:Libraries
4646:Ottocento
4588:Terrorism
4529:Languages
4482:Education
4404:Transport
4354:Companies
4261:Provinces
4231:President
4196:Judiciary
4169:Elections
4081:Volcanoes
4076:Volcanism
4069:Apennines
4054:Mountains
4022:Peninsula
4005:Geography
3936:Civil War
3661:Byzantium
3568:Etruscans
3503:Canegrate
3498:Golasecca
3483:Rinaldone
3478:Terramare
3468:Neolithic
3100:Guastalla
3090:Benevento
3022:Republics
2877:Judicates
2725:Byzantine
2382:and other
2320:(585–698)
2312:(554–752)
2306:(554–752)
2300:(533–751)
2285:(584–751)
2236:(435–534)
2230:(493–553)
2224:(476–493)
2215:(476–774)
2149:Iapygians
2024:cite book
1884:234882264
1876:1468-0289
1825:15 August
1799:15 August
1773:15 August
1743:198805251
1652:Hook 1973
1427:lordship
1402:lordship
1363:Nove (9)
1311:Consular
1257:From the
991:Territory
960:Philip II
929:Charles V
690:Medieval
674:miniature
396:Quattrino
229:Religion
69:1125–1555
4829:Category
4716:Internet
4706:Folklore
4636:Seicento
4621:Trecento
4616:Duecento
4578:Religion
4539:Regional
4517:Italians
4492:Gambling
4384:Taxation
4211:Military
4152:Politics
3954:Republic
3741:Florence
3666:Lombards
3605:Republic
3551:Samnites
3546:Picentes
3488:Apennine
3447:Railways
3427:Military
3375:By topic
3359:Overview
3343:articles
3059:Piedmont
2909:Oristano
2902:Logudoro
2892:Cagliari
2867:Sardinia
2600:Piedmont
2349:Holy See
2200:Medieval
2154:Picentes
2097:Samnites
1982:. p. 159
1498:See also
1425:Petrucci
1400:Visconti
1263:Montieri
1031:Florence
1011:Grosseto
833:Quindici
799:Grosseto
784:Talamone
747:contrade
652:Noveschi
606:consular
562:Noveschi
386:Currency
175:Signoria
120:Libertas
4786:Theatre
4761:Palaces
4741:Museums
4711:Gardens
4696:Fashion
4686:Cuisine
4666:Castles
4608:Culture
4558:Poverty
4534:Italian
4445:Society
4426:Welfare
4394:Tourism
4364:Exports
4332:Banking
4312:Economy
4300:Economy
4256:Regions
4138:Valleys
4108:Islands
4088:Beaches
4059:Prealps
4039:Geology
4027:Climate
3691:Normans
3651:Odoacer
3600:Kingdom
3583:Ligures
3519:Ancient
3493:Nuragic
3442:Postage
3417:Judaism
3407:Genetic
3397:Fashion
3392:Economy
3351:History
3140:Corsica
3130:Tuscany
3095:Etruria
3044:Liguria
2897:Gallura
2887:Arborea
2803:Lombard
2503:Tuscany
2493:Trieste
2129:Ligures
2090:Etruria
1978:Waley,
1969:. p. 93
1515:Sources
1442:Priori
1413:Priori
1387:Priori
1324:PodestĂ
1267:Frosini
1246:vergari
1204:Perugia
1178:Maremma
1157:Economy
1145:studium
1135:maestri
1124:podestĂ
1052:Italian
1037:Culture
1019:Tuscany
971:Presidi
933:Spanish
882:", the
812:Decline
806:Ombrone
780:Maremma
596:Origins
591:History
543:Tuscany
523:Italian
345:•
332:•
292:History
280:signore
278:(first
210:Italian
193:Capital
132:Freedom
46:Italian
4817:
4691:Design
4676:Cinema
4651:Anthem
4573:Racism
4522:People
4497:Health
4359:Energy
4349:Brands
4276:Comune
4271:Cities
4133:Rivers
4093:Canals
3776:Amalfi
3761:Venice
3620:Empire
3561:Veneti
3536:Latins
3508:Latial
3341:
3206:(1848)
3200:(1831)
3155:states
3120:Naples
2830:Norman
2637:Dogado
2508:Verona
2473:Mantua
2468:Istria
2448:Finale
2438:Ancona
2386:states
2206:states
2124:Veneti
2102:Latins
1882:
1874:
1769:. 1871
1741:
1731:
1672:
1635:
1570:
1528:
1142:. The
1048:Duccio
941:France
852:, the
845:Undici
827:Dodici
737:halter
733:Allied
639:Arezzo
613:Growth
568:, the
555:Europe
307:bishop
295:
215:Tuscan
156:Status
148:
146:
123:
85:Flag (
56:
42:
4776:Sport
4746:Music
4736:Media
4598:Women
4472:Crime
4337:Banks
4113:Lakes
4098:Caves
4049:Flora
4044:Fauna
3766:Genoa
3751:Milan
3746:Siena
3686:Arabs
3573:Celts
3556:Umbri
3432:Music
3402:Flags
3339:Italy
3256:Post-
3105:Italy
3049:Lucca
3039:Italy
2590:Savoy
2498:Turin
2478:Milan
2463:Ivrea
2139:Umbri
2112:Celts
2001:(PDF)
1880:S2CID
1739:S2CID
1382:1385
1170:wheat
1095:Walls
1015:Siena
979:. An
839:Dieci
547:Italy
539:Siena
531:Latin
510:Italy
220:Latin
197:Siena
127:Latin
60:Latin
4701:Flag
4431:Wine
4419:road
4414:rail
4245:List
4235:List
4064:Alps
3929:and
3771:Pisa
3541:Osci
3437:Name
3422:LGBT
3135:Elba
3064:Rome
3013:eras
3009:and
2982:Gozo
2781:Arab
2764:and
2443:Ceva
2107:Osci
2030:link
1928:2023
1906:2023
1872:ISSN
1827:2017
1801:2017
1775:2017
1729:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1543:(2).
1526:ISBN
1193:loan
1186:wine
1174:salt
1172:and
1013:and
790:and
692:coin
647:Nove
517:The
362:1555
352:1554
339:1432
326:1287
313:1125
4661:Art
4409:air
4201:Law
2202:and
1864:doi
1721:doi
1042:Art
710:'s
4848::
2026:}}
2022:{{
1987:^
1878:.
1870:.
1860:74
1858:.
1817:.
1791:.
1765:.
1737:.
1727:.
1719:.
1692:.
1605:.
1541:23
1539:.
1491:.
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2032:)
1955:.
1930:.
1908:.
1886:.
1866::
1843:.
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1777:.
1751:.
1723::
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1678:.
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1616:.
1576:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
