389:
68:
228:
27:
170:
982:
issued two proclamations in 1687 (12 February in
Scotland and 4 April in England), he granted broad religious freedom by suspending the penal laws. There was open resistance from Anglicans and few clergy read out the indulgence in Church. The Vicar of Bray was therefore following the King rather than
1081:
is the doctrine espoused by Bishop
Berkeley in 1712 that people have "a moral duty to observe the negative precepts (prohibitions) of the law, including the duty not to resist the execution of punishment". Although Berkeley made exceptions to this, the exceptions did not cover tyranny, and therefore
1190:
and tolerance, as their model. The emergent foreign trade interests were favoured by George I, who himself came from modern-day
Germany and tried to distance himself as much as possible from religious matters. His background was in a state with little monarchical control of religion, and this meant
744:
is primarily a 19th-century phenomenon. In the 17th century, the High Church was devoted to the King's church: meaning that the King of
England was not only the head of the church, but that the church's very holiness was imbued into the King's person. Therefore, the King of England was not, in some
1129:
The idea that the Church was in danger (lines 32–33) was a common rallying cry of the Tory churchmen from 1701 onward. The danger was from
Puritans, for the most part. The Vicar's previous beliefs were of reforming, then alien sorts. (Alien meaning Catholic: a religion controlled not by Englishmen
1089:
was used to refer to the
Established Church during the religious troubles in England following the English Civil War and Protestant Succession. It is "the practice or principle of not resisting authority, even when it is unjustly exercised". Bray wishes to be seen as embracing enthusiastically the
867:
Church, the state religion by
Parliamentary law; at the time ecclesiastics could be removed for their religious and political opinions. This is the point of the song's satire: the Vicar of Bray accommodated his beliefs to conciliate the current ruler and keep his office. During this period, one of
1008:
the priests of
Society of Jesus were especially feared and hated by the Protestants of the British Isles. English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh Protestants viewed the Jesuits as terrorists, assassins, and spies due to the Jesuit practice of sending missionaries incognito into Britain to minister to
1051:
When
William and Mary came to the throne, many Anglican clergy felt still bound by their previous oaths of allegiance to James II. They would accept William and Mary as regents, but not as the rightful monarchs so could not swear an oath of allegiance to them. They became known as the
1209:, who subsequently split the English Church from Rome; hence the double irony of the song applying it to Protestant King George. The line is even more ironic, since George I did not take stands on religious matters, preferring to practice salutary neglect of church matters. In fact,
321:
through the course of several
English monarchs. The song is particularly interesting because of the number of (rather specific) allusions to English religious and political doctrines and events crammed into it, justifying the close reading and annotation given here.
1130:
and ruled by an English monarch, but by the foreign Pope, who himself might be under the control of foreign monarchs.) But now the Vicar worries that the Church is under threat, and he is alarmed, specifically, at the 'lies' of those who are occasional conformists (
1323:
has also been suggested as an inspiration for the song, but this may just be because he had a prominent clerical and academic career spanning the vicissitudes alluded to. His career did not extend into the reigns of Queen Anne or George I as implied by the lyrics.
1025:
occurred soon after James II's ascension to the throne in 1685. James had only been king for a matter three years before he fled. The Vicar, therefore, did not have long with his new faith. However, the Vicar was not alone in converting to open Roman Catholicism.
887:
Non-jurors were more threatening to the government, refusing to take the oath to the king as head of the church, as required by Parliament. Some Puritans felt that no man could lead a church, that divine law came from God directly to each believer. Others were of
1177:
The Whigs generally prevailed during the Hanoverian reigns, with some notable exceptions. During this period, the Whigs were known as standing for religious tolerance and state sponsorship of trade. The Tories were the party of the aristocracy and the
1286:. Although the song alludes to events of the 17th and 18th centuries, it could be that Bray had already developed a tradition of clerical 'realpolitik' and religious pliability as defence against the turbulence of Tudor religious upheavals.
883:
Non-conformists were those ministers who, though officially ordained and appointed, would not conform to the official liturgical practices. Though usually Puritans of some variety, they included many variations in religious practice.
1038:
To change sides quickly and effortlessly. According to the Oxford English Dictionary: "to reverse the order of things so dexterously as to make them appear the very opposite of what they really are; to turn a thing right about.
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were known for the excellence of their academic training, ability to argue effectively against Protestantism using the Bible, and personal vow of obedience to the Roman Pontiff. Therefore, from the reign of Queen
1213:(king at the time of this song's setting) reduced the involvement of the Crown with the Church in general and diminished the role of Lords in church affairs. Thus, he seemed to contemporaries to be a more
1313:. Carswell "was of like easy conscience" to his antecedents and remained vicar of Bray until his "dying day", through most of the events described, except the accession of the first Hanoverian king
1030:
became Roman Catholic at this time (and was taunted by a version of the "Vicar of Bray" tale pre-dating this song), but he remained Roman Catholic to his death and defended his conversion publicly.
904:, as these two oaths were contradictory. Refusing the new oaths incurred suspicion of disloyalty, while successively swearing them was derided as spineless. The Vicar of Bray is in the latter camp.
1162:
says: "The time when pudding or puddings are to be had; (hence fig.) a time when a person is in luck; a favourable or useful time". The OED entry cites this song as an example of the phrase's use.
764:. A candidate for an ecclesiastical position was "preferred" over others for it by those with the right of appointment: these could be church superiors, or often nobles or institutions such as
978:
were a series of laws which upheld the establishment of the Church of England against Protestant nonconformists and Catholics. Civil penalties were applied to those who did not conform. When
1317:
alluded to in the final verse. It would not be surprising if, as the song grew in popularity, an additional verse was appended to make it relevant during the mid-18th-century and beyond.
1174:, often called the first British Prime Minister. Walpole dominated all aspects of British politics and polarised the populace. Whigs monopolised power during the Walpole administration.
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leanings and did not recognise the English church's right to separate from the rest of the communion. In particular, it would be inconsistent to take the oath under Charles II (the
1107:
827:, Charles II (son of Charles I) was restored to the throne. Charles II was more moderate than his father, but the leading political theorist of the absolutist side, Sir
1422:
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Parliament to invite King James' daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to rule England. William invaded England with a large army, while Parliament declared
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favoured plainer, less sacramental, more scriptural liturgy in every era. However restoration of the Catholic style liturgy (often called 'High Church') in the
748:
The Vicar of Bray comically adapts his political and ecclesiastical beliefs to fit the successively ascendant government and church parties of his day.
800:
In this case, the King, anointed (by God) in the ceremony of coronation as temporal and spiritual leader of England; it draws from the Judeo-Christian
85:
40:
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Catholics, spread the faith and bring back information. It was alleged (based on both hearsay and the convictions of Jesuits for involvement in the
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A parody of this parody song, "The American Vicar of Bray", with the same chorus, was published in the 30 June 1779 edition of Rivington's
180:
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The generally known form of the song appears to have been based on an earlier version, "The Religious Turncoat; Or, the Trimming Parson".
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966:("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), The Young Pretender, proved a far more effective military commander and dangerous contender for the throne.
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that his court was disengaged. The Vicar therefore embraces the occasional conformity that he previously thought a danger.
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would not have excuse revoking "old principles" and changing allegiance. Bray clearly thinks this is "a joke".
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persons whose obedience is partial and likely nominal, "occasioned" not by true belief but to avoid the
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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This spelling is standard in German, but archaic in English; the modern English spelling is "Hanover".
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and his contortions of principle in order to retain his ecclesiastic office despite the changes in the
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in the late 17th century should not be confused with the liturgical changes sought by the
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The candidate whose lifespan and career clearly correspond with the well-known lyrics is
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George I's first government was Whig. In particular, George I's rule was the zenith of
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meaning to "swear an oath". The schism slowly declined throughout the 18th century.
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Queen Anne's first government was Whig, but the Tories rose soon to negotiate the
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1118:. This is notable, because the voices of this Tory administration (including
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371:"The Vicar of Bray" is also referenced in the song "Parlour Songs" in the
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364:, mocking the shifting loyalties of some American colonists during the
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256:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Even after the defeat of his armies in Ireland, King James and the
1254:
Several individuals have been proposed as the model for the song.
1070:
Some versions of the song give this as "a pish on" ("a piss on").
801:
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1182:(the country estate holders). Tories accused the Whigs of taking
841:), had argued that the king is appointed directly by God and is,
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the most difficult and fluid questions was the degree to which
1423:"The Vicar of Bray – What History Tells of a Legendary Figure"
1293:, vicar of Bray for 42 years, 1667–1709, during the reigns of
1158:
221:
163:
61:
20:
1459:
A more thorough annotation, which partially informed this one
181:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
394:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
712:, and was more hierarchical than either the "low" (more
684:
levelling of church hierarchy that had been seen in the
333:
The melody is taken from the 17th-century folk melody "
245:
187:
1266:. However the candidate favoured by church historian
880:
clerics could participate in the Established Church.
1217:
king than they had had before, and certainly not a "
1258:was vicar of Bray in 1522–51, during the reigns of
1108:
Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1388:
1353:
1443:Source for the version of the song given here is
1278:, vicar of Bray in 1557–65, during the reigns of
736:in the 19th century. Puritans, Presbyterians and
924:was the first Catholic monarch of England since
768:colleges (through their right to present a new
676:" was extremely significant at the time of the
953:a large following throughout the British Isles
8:
958:James's son, living abroad, became known as
1218:
1200:
1057:
819:had attempted to introduce the doctrine of
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
708:by the civil government. It was primarily
668:The division of the English church into "
290:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
1445:The British Musical Miscellany, Volume I
1090:new order regardless of previous oaths.
970:Penal Laws and Declaration of Indulgence
1453:A Collection of English Poems 1660–1800
1333:
1013:(1605)) that the order incited revolt.
980:James II of England and VII of Scotland
940:to be joint King and Queen. After this
1239:The parish referred to in the song is
1205:was first granted by the Pope to King
1186:, which had become very wealthy with
428:And Damn'd are those who dare resist,
7:
1409:participating institution membership
1374:participating institution membership
1074:Passive obedience and non-resistance
648:But George, my lawful king shall be,
90:adding citations to reliable sources
1455:, New York: Harper & Row, 1932.
815:, who had been beheaded during the
16:18th century British satirical song
593:My Principles I chang'd once more,
14:
1475:Historical background of the song
1235:Historical basis of the character
962:(see line 41), but his grandson,
36:This article has multiple issues.
642:Whilst they can keep possession:
548:Another face of things was seen,
433:And this is law, I will maintain
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66:
25:
680:. The High Church resisted the
601:And thus Preferment I procur'd,
508:To heal the Nation's Grievance,
441:That whatsoever King may reign,
421:Unto my Flock I daily Preach'd,
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
1194:
1033:
823:to England. After the rule of
650:Except the Times shou'd alter.
640:To these I lustily will swear,
510:I turn'd the Cat in Pan again,
326:Origins and cultural influence
310:song recounting the career of
1:
1104:War of the Spanish Succession
912:Derogatory word referring to
644:For in my Faith, and Loyalty,
516:Set conscience at a distance,
430:Or touch the Lord's Anointed.
341:, first printed in London in
101:"The Vicar of Bray" song
1355:"to turn the cat in the pan"
514:Old Principles I did revoke,
512:And swore to him Allegiance:
391:
337:" which in turn was used in
838:Two Treatises of Government
745:sense, an ordinary mortal.
419:And so I gain'd Preferment.
411:When Loyalty no harm meant;
306:" is an eighteenth century
252:the claims made and adding
1541:
646:I never once will faulter,
584:in Pudding time came o'er,
483:Full well my Constitution,
424:Kings are by God appointed
366:American Revolutionary War
1396:Oxford English Dictionary
1361:Oxford English Dictionary
861:The English Church is an
561:I Damn'd, and Moderation,
916:, as personified in the
795:
653:And this is law, &c.
624:And this is law, &c.
572:And this is law, &c.
569:From such Prevarication.
530:And this is law, &c.
498:And this is law, &c.
1401:Oxford University Press
1366:Oxford University Press
1152:wiktionary:Pudding time
788:who tried and executed
724:or tolerant) churches.
700:church government, and
437:Unto my Dying Day, Sir.
396:download the audio file
353:which was performed at
1470:Yet another annotation
1219:
1201:
1195:Faith's great Defender
1058:
1006:Elizabeth I of England
605:Faith's great Defender
557:Occasional Conformists
349:based on the story of
190:by rewriting it in an
1480:Midi file of the song
1034:Turn'd the cat in pan
821:Divine Right of Kings
776:Those who dare resist
694:divine right of kings
636:Protestant succession
608:And almost every day
1520:Culture in Berkshire
1510:History of Berkshire
1447:, 1734, as found in
1245:Hampton Court Palace
1116:Viscount Bolingbroke
692:party supported the
86:improve this article
1399:(Online ed.).
1364:(Online ed.).
1023:Glorious Revolution
1017:Glorious Revolution
942:Glorious Revolution
506:our Deliverer came,
1505:18th-century songs
1500:British folk songs
1465:Another annotation
1427:The Glasgow Herald
1378:at "Cat" III 12 a.
1136:civil disabilities
997:Ignatius of Loyola
457:possest the crown,
339:The Quaker's Opera
237:possibly contains
192:encyclopedic style
179:is written like a
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1372:(Subscription or
1100:Treaty of Utrecht
1079:Passive obedience
995:founded by Saint
991:A Roman Catholic
960:The Old Pretender
914:Roman Catholicism
896:) and also under
817:English Civil War
742:Church of England
706:Church of England
544:Church of England
540:became our Queen,
519:Passive Obedience
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481:I found would fit
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1284:Elizabeth I
1276:Simon Aleyn
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682:Calvinistic
678:Restoration
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1260:Henry VIII
1207:Henry VIII
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467:Penal Law
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308:satirical
262:July 2020
250:verifying
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