904:, but again, it will be socialism with a specific definition: "the will to call into life a mighty politico-economic order that transcends all class interests, a system of lofty thoughtfulness and duty sense." He also writes "A power can be overthrown only by another power, not by a principle, and only one power that can confront money is left. Money is overthrown and abolished by blood. Life is alpha and omega ... It is the fact of facts ... Before the irresistible rhythm on the generation-sequence, everything built up by the waking–consciousness in its intellectual world vanishes at the last." Therefore, if we wanted to replace blood by a single word it would be more correct to use "life-force" rather than "race-feeling".
332:". Spengler differed from others in not seeing the final civilization stage as necessarily "better" than the earlier stages; rather, the military expansion and self-assured confidence that accompanied the beginning of such a phase was a sign that the civilization had arrogantly decided it had already understood the world and would stop creating bold new ideas, which would eventually lead to a decline. For example, to Spengler, the Classical world's culture stage was in Greek and early Roman thought; the expansion of the Roman Empire was its civilization phase; and the collapse of the Roman and Byzantine Empires their decline. He believed that the West was in its "evening", similar to the
3419:, Adorno said he wanted to "turn (Spengler's) reactionary ideas toward progressive ends." He believed that Spengler's insights were often more profound than those of his more liberal contemporaries, and his predictions more far-reaching. Adorno saw the rise of the Nazis as confirmation of Spengler's ideas about "Caesarism" and the triumph of force-politics over the market. Adorno also drew parallels between Spengler's description of the Enlightenment and his own analysis. However, Adorno also criticized Spengler for an overly deterministic view of history, which ignored the unpredictable role that human initiative plays at all times. He quoted the Austrian poet
1087:. Historical data, in Spengler's mind, are an expression of their historical time, contingent upon and relative to that context. Thus, the insights of one era are not unshakable or valid in another time or Culture—"there are no eternal truths," and each individual has a duty to look beyond one's own Culture to see what individuals of other Cultures have with equal certainty created for themselves. He said that what is significant is not whether the past thinkers' insights are relevant today, but whether they were exceptionally relevant to the great facts of their own time.
1118:
3281:
all world cities for the winning of rights without which life seemed not worth the living. A hundred years into the
Imperial Age, and even the historians will no longer understand the old controversies." "Caesarism" means a "kind of government which, irrespective of any constitutional formulation that it may have, is in its inward self a return to thorough formlessness." It does not matter that the Caesars in history disguised their position under antique forms (such as
140:
3240:
one of actually
Warring States. "Within two generations" (from 1922) will start the contest "for the heritage of the whole world," with continents at stake. The destinies of small states are "without importance to the great march of things." There are ages of "gigantic conflicts," like the Warring States in China and wars in the contemporary Roman world. In one such age we find ourselves today and it is accelerated by modern military technology.
2763:
classes, or peoples that decides. He said that while
Cultures are "things-becoming", Civilizations are the "thing-become", with the distinction being that Civilizations are what Cultures become when they are no longer creative and growing. As the conclusion of a Culture's arc of growth, Civilizations are described as outwardly focused, and in that sense artificial or insincere. As an example, Spengler used the Greeks and Romans, saying that the
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36:
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3089:, taking the reins in reaction to a decline in creativity, ideology and energy after a Culture has reached its high point and become a Civilization. He said that the Second Religiousness and Caesarism demonstrate a lack of youthful strength or creativity, and the Second Religiousness is simply a rehashing of the original religious trend of the Culture.
494:
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religious behavior and psychological perspective. In addition, each
Culture is described as having a conception of space which is expressed by an "Ursymbol". Spengler said that his idea of Culture is justifiable through the existence of recurrent patterns of development and decline across the thousand years of each Culture's active lifetime.
2952:) there is nothing material but something cosmic and directional, the felt harmony of a Destiny, the single cadence of the march of historical Being. It is the incoordination of this (wholly metaphysical) beat which produces race hatred... and it is resonance on this beat that makes the true love—so akin to hate—between man and wife."
3280:
Despite
Spengler's negative view of democracy, he is neither positive about "Caesarism." Once the "Imperial Age" of world history has arrived, there are no more great politics. People manage with the situation as it is. In the period of Warring States, "torrents of blood had reddened the pavements of
3181:
Spengler said that the use of one's constitutional rights requires money, and that voting can only work as designed in the absence of organized leadership working on the election process. He said that if the election process is organized by political leaders, to the extent that money allows, the vote
3446:
criticized the work of
Spengler in his book "The Destruction of Reason", describing it as "amateur", "pseudo-historic" and "irrational". He attacked him for "rejecting causality and laws, recognizing them as the only historical phenomena of given epochs and denying them any competence for scientific
3080:
Spengler said that the Second
Religiousness is a harbinger of the decline of mature Civilization into an ahistorical state and occurs concurrently with Caesarism, the final political constitution of Late Civilization. He describes Caesarism as the rise of an authoritarian ruler, a new 'emperor' akin
3072:
self-centered rationalism leads to schools of thought that do not cognize outside of their own constructed worlds, ignoring actual every-day life experience, and applies criticism to its own artificial world until it exhausts itself in meaninglessness. In his view, the masses give rise to the Second
2995:." He describes these peoples as products of the spiritual "race" of the great Cultures, and "people under a spell of a Culture are its products and not its authors. These shapes in which humanity is seized and moulded possess style and style-history no less than kinds of art or mode of thought. The
2848:
Spengler had a low opinion of
Civilizations, even those that engaged in significant expansion, because he said that expansion was not actual growth. One of his principal examples was that of Roman "world domination". In his view, the Romans faced no significant resistance to their expansion, meaning
1030:
Spengler distinguished between ahistorical peoples and peoples caught up in world history. While he recognized that all people are a part of history, he said that only certain
Cultures have a wider sense of historical involvement, meaning that some people see themselves as part of a grand historical
3239:
began with
Napoleon, who introduced the idea of military world domination different from the preceding European maritime empires. The trend continues with the American Civil War and the "explosion" of the First World War (the book was published before the Second World War). The next century will be
3210:
leads to a demand for the shepherding of the masses, which then becomes an object of party politics. To Spengler, people who believe in the ideal of education prepare the way for the power of the press, and eventually for the rise of the Caesar. He also said there is no longer a need for leaders to
2882:
With its talk of casual concentration it sets up a soulless concentration of superficial characters, and blots out the fact that here the blood and there the power of the land over the blood are expressing themselves—secrets that cannot be inspected and measured, but only livingly experienced
1078:
For example, Spengler classifies Classical and Indian civilizations as ahistorical, comparing them to the Egyptian and Western civilizations which developed conceptions of historical time. He sees all Cultures as equal in the study of world-historical development. This leads to a kind of historical
612:
Scholars now agree that the word "decline" more accurately renders the intended meaning of Spengler's original German word "Untergang" (often translated as the more emphatic "downfall"; "Unter" being "under" and "gang" being "going", it is also accurately rendered in English as the "going under" of
603:
is effective in the living and not in the dead, in the becoming and the changing, not in the become and the set-fast; and therefore, similarly, the reason is concerned only to strive towards the divine through the becoming and the living, and the understanding only to make use of the become and the
3276:
Caesarism grows on the soil of democracy which is dictatorial money-economics. The mighty ones of the future may possess the Earth as their private property, but they would have a task of caring for this world and this task conflicts with the interests of democratic / money-power age. Hence, there
3173:
Spengler said that in his era money has already won, in the form of democracy. However, he said that in destroying the old elements of the Culture, it prepares the way for the rise of a new and overpowering figure, who he calls the Caesar. Before such a leader, money collapses, and in the Imperial
989:
The "Decline" is largely concerned with the Classical and Western (and to some degree Magian) Cultures, but some examples are taken from the Chinese and Egyptian. He said that each Culture arises within a specific geographical area and is defined by its internal coherence of style in terms of art,
760:
and is introduced as a way of explaining what he calls half-developed or only partially manifested Cultures. Specifically, pseudomorphosis refers to an older Culture or Civilization being so deeply ingrained that a young Culture cannot find its own form and full expression of itself. In Spengler's
742:
had a massive effect on Spengler), in which a dissatisfied Intellectual is willing to make a pact with the Devil in return for unlimited knowledge. Spengler believed that this represented the Western Man's limitless metaphysic, unrestricted thirst for knowledge, and constant confrontation with the
3255:
Synchronously with the acceleration of warfare and the rise of the strongest race to world management, there occurs an "accelerating demolition of ancient forms that leaves the path clear to Caesarism." This phase began in China c. 600 BC, the Mediterranean c. 450 BC and the modern world c. 1700.
3056:
contains the fundamentals of Rationalism, and eventually rationalism spreads throughout the Culture and becomes the dominant school of thought. To Spengler, Culture is synonymous with religious creativeness, and every great Culture begins with a religious trend that arises in the countryside, is
2891:
Comradeship breeds races... Where a race-ideal exists, as it does, supremely, in the Early period of a culture... the yearning of a ruling class towards this ideal, its will to be just so and not otherwise, operates (quite independently of the choosing of wives) towards actualizing this idea and
722:
around the 10th century, and had such expansionary power that by the 20th century it was covering the entire earth, with only a few regions where Islam provided an alternative world view. He described it as having a world feeling inspired by the concept of infinitely wide and profound space, the
711:
Culture and Civilization includes the Jews from about 400 BC, early Christians and various Arabian religions up to and including Islam. He described it as having a world feeling that revolved around the concept of world as cavern, epitomized by the domed Mosque, and a preoccupation with essence.
3268:
and in our world is forthcoming. Spengler selected the Chinese and Roman Empires as most relevant models for the future and argued that the modern world undergoes the same evolution towards "Caesarism" but now on world-wide scale. The present is the last century of the pre-Imperial age of world
3040:
Spengler differentiates between manifestations of religion that appear within a Civilization's developmental cycle. He sees each Culture as having an initial religious identity, which arises out of the fundamental principle of the culture, and follows a trajectory correlating with that of the
2762:
Spengler divided the concepts of Culture and Civilization, the former focused inward and growing, the latter outward and merely expanding. However, he sees Civilization as the destiny of every Culture. The transition is not a matter of choice—it is not the conscious will of individuals,
2869:
According to Spengler, a race has "roots", like a plant, which connect it to a landscape. "If, in that home, the race cannot be found, this means the race has ceased to exist. A race does not migrate. Men migrate, and their successive generations are born in ever-changing landscapes; but the
3286:
primitivism and historical periods are replaced by biological stretches of time. Wars between states end to be replaced by private feuds between Caesars. With the accomplished state of "Caesarism," "high history lays itself down weary to sleep. Man becomes a plant again, dumb and enduring."
3285:
in the Roman Imperial Age). The spirit of these forms was dead, and so all institutions, however carefully maintained, were thenceforth destitute of all meaning and weight. Real importance centered in the wholly personal power exercised by the Caesar. A form-fulfilled world degenerates into
2877:
Science has completely failed to note that race is not the same for rooted plants as it is for mobile animals, that with the micro-cosmic side of life a fresh group of characteristics appear and that for the animal world it is decisive. Nor again has it perceived that a completely different
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fate. He said that world-historical man's destiny is self-fulfillment as a part of his Culture. Further, Spengler said that not only is pre-cultural man without history, he loses his historical weight as his Culture becomes exhausted and becomes a more and more defined Civilization.
327:
and cultures are described as having lifespans of about a thousand years of flourishing, and a thousand years of decline. To Spengler, the natural lifespan of these groupings was to start as a "race"; become a "culture" as it flourished and produced new insights; and then become a
3251:
of 1921 will have been that of other wars. "The alternatives now are to stand fast or go under—there is no middle course. It falls to us to live in the most trying times known to history of a great culture." The strongest race will win and seize the management of the world.
3382:
appeared in Germany a few years ago, thousands of copies were sold. Cultivated European discourse quickly became Spengler-saturated. Spenglerism spurted from the pens of countless disciples. It was imperative to read Spengler, to sympathize or revolt. It still remains so."
2870:
landscape exercises a secret force upon the extinction of the old and the appearance of the new one." In this instance, he uses the word "race" in the tribal and cultural rather than the biological sense, a 19th-century use of the word still common when Spengler wrote.
2904:
skull". He also does not believe language is itself sufficient to create races, and that "the mother tongue" signifies "deep ethical forces" in Late Civilizations rather than Early Cultures, when a race is still developing the language that fits its "race-ideal".
3007:
not less than modern physics. There are peoples of Apollonian, Magian, and Faustian cast ... World history is the history of the great Cultures, and peoples are but the symbolic forms and vessels in which the men of these Cultures fulfill their Destinies."
447:
was ending and the final season, the "winter" of Faustian Civilization, was being witnessed. In Spengler's depiction, Western Man was a proud but tragic figure because, while he strives and creates, he secretly knows the actual goal will never be reached.
3364:
The book received unfavorable reviews from most scholars even before the release of the second volume, and the stream of criticisms continued for decades. Nevertheless, in Germany the book enjoyed popular success: by 1926 some 100,000 copies were sold.
3226:
was put forth in the same language and on the same assumptions as capitalism, meaning it is more a recognition of capitalism's veracity, than a refutation. He said the only aim of Marxism is to "confer upon objects the advantage of being subjects."
3243:"The way from Alexander to Caesar is unambiguous and unavoidable, and the strongest nation of any and every culture, consciously or unconsciously, willing or unwilling, has had to tread it. From the rigor of these facts there is no refuge." The
2790:) as concepts analogous to Civilization and Culture respectively, with the city drawing upon and collecting the life of broad surrounding regions. He said there is a "true-type" rural-born person, in contrast to city-dwellers who are allegedly
2920:. "Neither unity of speech nor physical descent is decisive." He said that what distinguishes a people from a population is "the inwardly lived experience of 'we'", and that this exists so long as a people's soul lasts: "The name Roman in
2931:
Spengler disliked the contemporary trend of using a biological definition for race, saying, "Of course, it is quite often justifiable to align peoples with races, but 'race' in this connexion must not be interpreted in the present-day
2936:
sense of the word. It cannot be accepted, surely, that a people were ever held together by the mere unity of physical origin, or, if it were, could maintain that unity for ten generations. It cannot be too often reiterated that this
3202:, standpoints, scenes, feelings, day by day and year by year." He said that money uses the media to turn itself into force—the more spent, the more intense its influence. In addition, a functioning press requires universal
3197:
On the subject of the press, Spengler said that instead of conversations between men, the press and the "electrical news-service keep the waking-consciousness of whole people and continents under a deafening drum-fire of theses,
3150:, to Spengler, is a negative concept, only entailing the repudiation of any tradition. He said that freedom of the press requires money, and entails ownership, meaning that it serves money. Similarly, since suffrage involves
2849:
it was not an achievement as they did not so much conquer their empire, but rather simply took possession of that which lay open to everyone. Spengler said this is a contrast with Roman displays of Cultural energy during the
661:
each mark the point where their Cultures transformed into Civilization. They each buried centuries of spiritual depth by presenting the world in rational terms—the intellect comes to rule once the soul has abdicated.
4300:
831:
was ready or capable of understanding its burden. This would result in a hatred toward Europe, which Spengler said poisoned the womb of an emerging new Culture in Russia. While he does not name the Culture, he said that
3049:, and then a period of second religiousness that correlates with decline. He said that the intellectual creativity of a Culture's Late period begins after the reformation, usually ushering in new freedoms in science.
3117:
are equivalent in Spengler's argument, and he said the "tragic comedy of the world-improvers and freedom-teachers" is that they are simply assisting money to be more effective. He believed that the principles of
3619:
writings. ("His central feeling, repeated in hundreds of statements and similies, is that the West is going into its Spenglerian twilight, a breaking down in which Communism is more a symptom than an agent.")
712:
Spengler saw the development of this Culture as being distorted by a too-influential presence of older Civilizations, the initial vigorous expansionary impulses of Islam being in part a reaction against this.
705:' claim in his Histories that nothing of importance had happened before him. Spengler said that the Classical Culture did not feel the same anxiety as the Faustian when confronted with an undocumented event.
3277:
now sets in the final battle in the struggle democracy vs "Caesarism" in which the latter is destined to prevail. "The coming of Caesarism breaks the dictature of money and its political weapon democracy."
2845:, and a reduced inner religiousness. Further, Spengler saw urban wage disputes and large entertainment expenditures as the final aspects that signal the closing of Culture and the rise of the Civilization.
576:
was a key part of Spengler's philosophy of history, using a methodology which approached history and historical comparisons on the basis of civilizational forms and structure, without regard to function.
3032:(1933), Spengler expanded upon his "spiritual" theory of race and tied it to his metaphysical notion of eternal war and his belief that "Man is a beast of prey". The authorities however banned the book.
3109:
are the means through which money operates a democratic political system. The penetration of money's power throughout a society is described as another marker of the shift from Culture to Civilization.
872:
and the set-fast; and therefore, similarly the intuition is concerned only to strive towards the divine through the becoming and the living, and logic only to make use of the become and the set-fast".
2912:
Every act alters the soul of the doer." He described such events as including migrations and wars, saying that the American people did not migrate from Europe, but were formed by events such as the
896:. The book states that a population becomes a race when it is united in outlook, regardless of its ethnic origins. Spengler also states that the final struggle with money will be a battle between
3256:
Comparing these three ages, Spengler states that "Caesarism" is an inevitable product of such an age and it "suddenly outlines itself on the horizon." In China the culmination occurred with the
761:
words, this leads to the young soul being cast in the old molds, young feelings then stiffen in senile practices, and instead of expanding creatively, it fosters hate toward the older Culture.
3235:
The formation of the "battling society of nations" marks the beginning of every civilization. In the following phase, the size of armies and the scale of warfare increase. For us the time of
3403:) to commemorate what would have been Spengler's 70th birthday. Adorno reassessed Spengler's thesis three decades after it had been put forth, in light of the catastrophic destruction of
3190:
in individuals, the more the fight for political power revolves around questions of money. He believed that this was the necessary end of mature democratic systems, rather than being
4714:
3045:-like period, after the Culture-Ideal has reached its peak and fulfillment. Spengler views a reformation as representative of decline: the reformation is followed by a period of
1062:. He said that those who still maintain a historical view of the world are the ones who continue to "make" history. Spengler said that life and humankind as a whole have an
4301:
De Honderdjarige Ondergang van het Avondland. De doorwerking van Oswald Spenglers 'Untergang des Abendlandes' in Samuel Huntingtons 'Clash of Civilizations', Academia.edu
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Spengler described blood as the only power which is strong enough to overthrow money, which he saw as the dominant power of his age. Blood is commonly understood to mean
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becomes once its creative impulses wane and become overwhelmed by critical impulses. Culture is the becoming, Civilization is the thing which a culture becomes.
460:, he began revising it and completed the first volume in 1917. It was published the following year when Spengler was 38 and was his first work, apart from his
4184:
621:, the German word for the West or the Occident, literally means the "evening land"). In 1921, Spengler wrote that he might have used in his title the word
5193:
2908:
Closely connected to race, Spengler defined a "people" as a unit of the soul, saying, "The great events of history were not really achieved by peoples;
476:. Spengler's own view of the aims and intentions of the work were described in the Prefaces and occasionally at other places such as in the preface to
2112:
4228:. Adorno gave a conference on Spengler in 1938, reworked it as an English text in 1941 ('Spengler Today') and lastly published the German essay, see
3427:") to illustrate that decay contains new opportunities for renewal. He also criticizes Spengler's use of language, which he called overly reliant on
3657:
1159:
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the West). Spengler said that he did not mean to describe a catastrophic occurrence, but rather a protracted fall—a "twilight" or "sunset" (
2928:'s time nothing more than a population." In Spengler's view, "Peoples are neither linguistic nor political nor zoological, but spiritual units."
3068:
rationalism undermines and destroys itself, and described a process that passes from unlimited optimism to unqualified skepticism. He said that
2896:
He distinguishes this from the sort of pseudo-anthropological notions commonly held when the book was written, and he dismisses the idea of "an
3447:
and philosophical methodology" and "substituting causality for analogy", making the "(often shallow) similarities his canon of investigation".
2739:, etc.). Higher Culture, in its maturity and coherence, becomes an organism in its own right, according to Spengler. A Culture is described as
3269:
history to be followed by the "Imperial Age" with the rise of Caesar. The transition from "Napoleonism to Caesarism" is an evolutionary stage
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suggested that the work can be seen as one of several books that resulted from the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in
515:
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To Spengler, peoples are formed from early prototypes during the Early phase of a Culture. In his view, "Out of the people-shapes of the
772:
and lost to the Classical Civilization. The battle was different from the conflict between Rome and Greece, which had been fought out at
5198:
1790:
1066:. However, he maintains a distinction between world-historical peoples, and ahistorical peoples—the former will have a historical
1017:
had not been discovered at the time he was writing, and its relationship with later Indian civilization remained unclear for some time.
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was widely read by German intellectuals. It has been suggested that it intensified a sense of crisis in Germany following the end of
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classification of history. By learning about different courses taken by other civilizations, people can better understand their own
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as a gift by a Russian radio journalist. He reportedly read it in one night and he settled on his plan to organize life in the
79:
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is static and secondary, not the other way around. He said that his philosophy in a nutshell is contained in these lines from
580:
In a footnote, Spengler described the essential core of his philosophical approach toward history, culture, and civilization:
3019:. These ideas, which figure prominently in the second volume of the book, were common throughout German culture at the time.
2501:
1780:
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Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 2003), p. 40-42, 44, 55, 76, 83.
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being the representative of Hellenism. He said that Antony should have won at Actium, and his victory would have freed the
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Spengler said that he conceived the book sometime in 1911 and spent three years to finish the first draft. At the start of
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In Russia, Spengler saw a young, undeveloped Culture in a pseudomorphosis under the Faustian (Petrine) form. He said that
3182:
ceases to be truly significant. In his view, it is no more than a recorded opinion of the masses on the organizations of
701:, and a preference for the local and the present moment. The Apollonian world sense was described as ahistorical, citing
86:
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Ed. Arthur Helps, and Helmut Werner. Trans. Charles F. Atkinson. Preface Hughes, H. Stuart. New York: Oxford UP, 1991.
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has no existence except for science—never for folk-consciousness—and that no people was ever stirred to enthusiasm by
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881:
558:. He described the significance of these two German philosophers and their influence on his worldview in his lecture
2806:", not a people, and are hostile to the traditions that represent Culture (in Spengler's view these traditions are:
811:
was set to invade, he described as a primitive expression of hatred toward the foreigner. In the following entry of
68:
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3595:, published under the pen name Ulick Varange in 1948. In its introduction, this book is described as a "sequel" to
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that prompted his writing; see the publisher's note on the first page of the 'First Vintage Books Edition' (2006).
2802:, matter-of-fact, clever, unfruitful, and contemptuous of the countryman. In his view, the cities contain only a "
595:
the philosophy of Being... Goethe's notes and verse... must be regarded as the expression of a perfectly definite
46:
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described the immense influence and controversy Spengler's ideas enjoyed in the 1920s: "When the first volume of
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1850:
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3611:(it is mentioned in more than 50 pages, including the first page, where it is mentioned in a dozen places), in
3439:, who distinguished between "technological-material progress" and spiritual progress in Western civilizations.
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2045:
1940:
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Otto Pöggeler, "Heideggers politisches Selbstverständnis", in: Heidegger und die praktische Philosophie, p. 26
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4029:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 416, 419, 422, 506-507,
2857:, Spengler believes that the Romans never waged, or even were capable of waging, a war against a competing
3997:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 416, 419-422, 428-429,
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4743:, "Spengler's Decline of the West" in The Philosopher on Dover Beach, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1990.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2007:
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Spengler invented certain terms with unusual meanings not commonly encountered in everyday discourse.
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4061:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 431-432, 434-435,
4045:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 464-465, 506-507,
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3407:(although Spengler had not meant "Untergang" in a cataclysmic sense, this was how most authors after
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1930:
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in general as originating from them (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). Similarly, he combined various
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3719:, which retains the right to publish the original English translations by Charles Francis Atkinson.
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from eye to eye. Nor are scientists at one as to the relative rank of these superficial characters…
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333:
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Murphy, Kim. (10 September 2004) "Chechen Warlord Always Brazen – but Never Caught",
3215:, because the press will stir the public into a frenzy and force their leaders into a conflict.
2002:
1972:
641:
Spengler used the two terms in a specific manner, loading them with particular values. For him,
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was deeply affected by Spengler's work, and referred to him often in his early lecture courses.
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In saying that race and culture are tied together, Spengler echoes ideas similar to those of
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4386:
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4322:
4013:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 430-432,
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304:
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3491:, an American professor, writer and orator who is best known for his work in the fields of
1046:
For Spengler, a world-historical view is about the meaning of history itself, breaking the
697:. Spengler saw its world view as being characterized by appreciation for the beauty of the
4921:
4375:"'What's the Big Idea?': Oswald Mosley, the British Union of Fascists and Generic Fascism"
3789:
3663:
3553:
3514:
3488:
3416:
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2720:
2543:
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2175:
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2025:
1731:
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1701:
1274:
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1063:
973:
679:
625:(which means 'fulfillment' or 'consummation') and saved a great deal of misunderstanding.
461:
388:
300:
269:
255:
153:
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2646:
2180:
1601:
884:-feeling, and this concept is partially true but it is misleading. Spengler's concept of
5023:
4926:
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4831:
4826:
4544:
4501:
Martin Heidegger, Letter to Karl Jaspers on 21 April 1920, Briefwechsel 1920-1963, p.15
4136:
3924:
3669:
3544:
3460:
3357:
3302:
3236:
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Religiousness in reaction to the educated elites, which manifests as deep suspicion of
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2117:
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1987:
1950:
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1039:, while others view themselves in a self-contained manner and have no world-historical
994:
962:
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777:
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658:
436:
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408:
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308:
284:, was published in 1922. The definitive edition of both volumes was published in 1923.
17:
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Spengler believed that the only force which can counter money is blood. He said that
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2152:
1997:
1977:
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1611:
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1477:
1321:
1300:
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978:
925:
820:
592:
444:
348:
3984:
Oswald Spengler, "The Decline of the West," New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962, p. 396.
5099:
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4916:
4906:
4841:
4328:
4128:
3716:
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3408:
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2511:
2190:
2137:
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1992:
1761:
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1009:. He thought that Russia was still defining itself, but was bringing into being a
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889:
694:
675:
642:
428:
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380:
340:
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296:
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and takes two centuries. Hence, modern "Caesarism" is expected in "one century" .
567:
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465:
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3523:
identified the book as a critical influence on his political conversion from
3052:
According to Spengler, the scientific stage associated with post-reformation
3513:, said that "If... nothing else, it would still be one of the world's great
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3203:
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over which they possess no positive influence. He said that the greater the
3163:
3098:
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significance must be attached to 'races' when the word denotes subdivisions
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1457:
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605:
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320:
232:
228:
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4047:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater
4031:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater
4015:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater
3999:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater
4962:
4063:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theate
3605:
often refers to "Crisis", a concept which was influenced by Spengler, in
3456:
3159:
3155:
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2964:
2921:
2842:
2807:
2779:
2538:
808:
781:
728:
724:
654:
650:
468:. The second volume was published in 1922. The first volume is subtitled
3435:
disagreed with Spengler's "biologistic" thesis, citing the arguments of
4991:
4167:
3147:
3053:
2980:
2827:
2819:
2815:
1651:
1269:
1071:
1067:
864:: "the God-head is effective in the living and not in the dead, in the
833:
646:
563:
323:. In his framework, the terms "culture" and "civilization" were given
4363:, No. 1, Twentieth-Century Classics Revisited (Winter, 1974), pp. 1–13
3423:(1887-1914): "How sickly seem everything that grows" (from the poem "
3265:
3207:
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2960:
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2830:
2422:
1307:
1032:
982:
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893:
861:
785:
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551:
432:
392:
312:
299:
view of history, especially the division of history into the linear "
4141:
Spuk: Einweihung in das Geheimnis der Wahrsagekunst Oswald Spenglers
3424:
278:, was published in the summer of 1918. The second volume, subtitled
4617:
Chambers, Whittaker (January 1944). "Historian and History Maker".
827:, he said that Russia was forced into an artificial history before
4172:
3972:
because of Spengler's disdain for the Nazis—see: Spengler's
3261:
3102:
2897:
2791:
2787:
2732:
1412:
948:
935:
930:
856:
816:
600:
584:
440:
368:
352:
336:, and approaching its eventual decline despite its seeming power.
315:. According to Spengler, the meaningful units for history are not
4562:
4171:. Rev. of Int. Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2 (April 1985), pp. 91–104
3809:
3551:
as one of the influences on her 1990 work of literary criticism
3282:
2775:
2736:
2472:
1403:
1264:
998:
396:
4781:
4107:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. vii–viii.
4078:. Boston and New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 332.
1070:
as part of a High Culture, while the latter will have a merely
764:
Spengler believed that a Magian pseudomorphosis began with the
599:
doctrine. I would not have a single word changed of this: "The
395:("Faustian"). Spengler combined a number of groups under the "
3927:, Kluckhohn C., (1950)"Culture: a review of the term", Harvard
3395:
published an essay entitled "Spengler after the Downfall" (in
2838:
2752:
487:
29:
2873:
For this reason, he said a race is not exactly like a plant:
768:, in which the gestating Arabian Culture was represented by
4468:
Literary Outlaw: The life and times of William S. Burroughs
2727:
is simply the sum of its constituent and incoherent parts (
505:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3170:, are set in motion by, and ultimately serve, only money.
788:
Culture, but his defeat imposed Roman Civilization on it.
546:
Spengler's world-historical outlook was informed by many
3158:, elections serve money as well. Spengler said that the
4492:
Tom Rockmore, On Heidegger's Nazism and Philosophy, 219
4355:
Frye N., "The Decline of the West" by Oswald Spengler,
3774:
Decline of the West v. 2: Perspectives of World History
511:
4715:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
4059:
The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History
4043:
The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History
4027:
The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History
4011:
The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History
3995:
The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History
3541:
named Spengler as one of his philosophical influences.
2759:
into a single strong undiffused historical tendency.
718:
According to Spengler, the Faustian culture began in
4220:(Trans. Nicholsen and Weber), MIT press, pp. 51–72
4166:
Two Prophets of the Twentieth Century: Spengler and
3477:
seems to have been heavily influenced by Spengler's
3057:
carried through to the cultural cities, and ends in
2822:
knowledge). He said that city-dwellers possess cold
5082:
4971:
4945:
4815:
239:
223:
213:
205:
195:
185:
177:
169:
159:
149:
4536:
4465:
4100:
3757:The Decline of the West, v. 1: Form and Actuality
587:and Goethe stand for the philosophy of Becoming,
3703:In 2021, unabridged versions of both volumes of
3593:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
3567:as a pivotal influence on his thoughts and work.
3309:, comparable in this respect to the philosopher
608:)" This sentence comprises my entire philosophy.
3936:This paragraph summarises vol.2, chap.II, §§1-2
2889:
2875:
566:. By these means we are enabled to distinguish
4766:v. 1 (©1926) and v. 2 (©1928), Alfred A. Knopf
3041:Culture. The Religion eventually results in a
4793:
3615:(1964, more than 30 pages), and in other pre-
2700:
8:
2644:
2630:
2529:
2477:
2442:
2433:
2407:
2373:
2364:
1489:
1455:
1410:
1401:
1387:
1368:
1328:
1319:
1305:
132:
3579:used many of Spengler's ideas in his books
689:Culture and Civilization is focused around
4800:
4786:
4778:
4271:The Destruction Of Reason By György Lukács
3431:terms like "Soul", "Blood" and "Destiny."
2707:
2693:
1094:
892:, so in that sense, he was hostile toward
138:
131:
534:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3658:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
731:. The term "Faustian" is a reference to
3853:. Budapest, Hungary: Arktos Media Ltd.
3794:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
3746:
1106:
1050:or observer out of a crude, culturally
144:Cover of Volume II, first edition, 1922
4663:Official website of Whittaker Chambers
4437:Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays
4232:in 20 Banden, - Bd. 10: Erste Halfte,
324:
56:Please improve this article by adding
5189:Books about the philosophy of history
5032:The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy
4632:Chambers, Whittaker (17 March 1947).
3849:Spengler, Oswald (21 February 2020).
3531:and his subsequent foundation of the
2719:Spengler's conception of Culture was
2243:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1801:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
562:. He called his analytical approach "
7:
4154:Oswald Spengler, a critical estimate
3672:was heavily influenced by the book.
3411:interpreted it). As a member of the
2910:they themselves created the peoples.
383:, "Apollonian"), the non-Babylonian
4659:"Cold Friday by Whittaker Chambers"
4543:. New York: Random House. pp.
4522:Encyclopedia Britannica James Blish
3877:. Home.alphalink.com.au. 1924-10-15
3666:was heavily influenced by the book.
2818:, convention in art, and limits on
2767:Greek Culture declined into wholly
1791:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
339:Spengler recognized at least eight
319:but whole cultures which evolve as
287:Spengler introduced his book as a "
3247:was the prelude of World War, the
2774:Spengler also compared the "world-
799:of Russia to the dynastic form of
25:
5194:Works about the theory of history
5000:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
3963:vol.2, chap.5, III, pg.126-127 §5
3503:was the biggest influence on him.
2251:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1831:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
3162:espoused by candidates, whether
2948:ideal of blood purity. In race (
2841:which are a return to primitive
2674:
2662:
1504:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
1116:
916:or high cultures have existed:
492:
295:—involving the rejection of the
34:
5064:Revolt Against the Modern World
4718:, University of Chicago Press,
4379:Journal of Contemporary History
3374:review of the second volume of
3283:The Senate and the Roman People
2880:within the integral race "Man."
670:These are Spengler's terms for
570:and periodicity in the world."
443:". According to Spengler, the
2999:is a symbol not less than the
2595:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
2502:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
2328:German National People's Party
1781:Addresses to the German Nation
993:Spengler did not classify the
272:. The first volume, subtitled
27:Two volumes by Oswald Spengler
1:
4152:Hughes S., (1952, reed 1995)
3835:According to some it was the
3713:Perspectives of World-History
2589:Criticism of multiculturalism
2367:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
868:and the changing, not in the
474:Perspectives of World-history
281:Perspectives of World History
260:Der Untergang des Abendlandes
164:Der Untergang des Abendlandes
58:secondary or tertiary sources
5105:Non-conformists of the 1930s
5056:The Concept of the Political
4583:Chambers, Whittaker (1964).
4535:Chambers, Whittaker (1952).
4251:"Europe and Its Discontents"
4234:Kulturkritik und Gesellschaf
4191:. 1928-12-10. Archived from
4076:The Day the Universe Changed
3469:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
3351:(1925), and the philosopher
3260:, in the Mediterranean with
3101:is the political weapon of "
3022:In his later works, such as
2865:Races, peoples, and cultures
1881:The Concept of the Political
265:The Downfall of the Occident
4139:wrote a book-length parody
3875:"Nietzsche And His Century"
3788:Baker, John Randal (1974).
3401:Spengler nach dem Untergang
3093:Democracy, media, and money
2584:Conservatism in Switzerland
2376:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
2266:Ecological Democratic Party
201:1918 (Vol.I); 1922 (Vol.II)
5215:
5199:Right-wing anti-capitalism
4409:– via Sage Journals.
4214:Spengler after the Decline
4185:"Books: Patterns in Chaos"
3271:universal to every culture
2924:'s day meant a people, in
2621:Philosophical anthropology
2436:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
2417:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
2410:Institut fĂĽr Staatspolitik
740:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
666:Apollonian/Magian/Faustian
617:is German for sunset, and
268:) is a two-volume work by
5149:Books about civilizations
5016:Prussianism and Socialism
4589:. New York: Cold Friday.
4321:Campbell, Joseph (1972).
4057:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
4041:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
4025:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
4009:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
3993:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
3771:Spengler, Oswald (1922).
3754:Spengler, Oswald (1918).
3533:British Union of Fascists
3391:In 1950, the philosopher
3334:The Epistle to the Romans
2403:Hans Filbinger Foundation
2383:Forum of German Catholics
2320:German Conservative Party
1851:Prussianism and Socialism
1015:Indus Valley civilization
912:Spengler said that eight
854:is the basic element and
560:Nietzsche and His Century
291:"—a specific metaphor of
215:Published in English
137:
69:"The Decline of the West"
5179:Criticism of rationalism
5174:Works by Oswald Spengler
5159:German non-fiction books
4665:. Kirkus. 5 October 1964
4435:Paglia, Camille (1993).
4391:10.1177/0022009407078334
4373:Love, Gary (July 2007).
4099:Steiner, George (1991).
3684:The Decline of the West.
3245:Hague Conference of 1907
2611:Pan-European nationalism
1941:Germany Abolishes Itself
1098:This article is part of
1091:Culture and civilization
907:
325:non-standard definitions
173:Charles Francis Atkinson
133:The Decline of the West
5164:Universal history books
5008:The Decline of the West
4984:SĂĽddeutsche Monatshefte
4809:Conservative Revolution
4763:The Decline of the West
4520:Eric Gregerson (2016).
4299:Stijn Kuipers, (2017),
4131:published the pamphlet
3915:, April 1921, pp. 73–84
3705:The Decline of the West
3649:The Decline of the West
3647:is an allusion to both
3634:The Decline of the West
3597:The Decline of the West
3563:referred repeatedly to
3549:The Decline of the West
3479:The Decline of the West
3380:The Decline of the West
3327:(1921), the theologian
3317:(1918), the theologian
3295:The Decline of the West
3213:impose military service
3188:concentration of wealth
3064:Spengler believed that
3036:Religion and secularity
2892:eventually achieves it.
2669:Conservatism portal
2579:Conservatism in Austria
2520:SĂĽddeutsche Monatshefte
2398:Hanns Seidel Foundation
2388:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
2312:Free Conservative Party
2299:Bavarian People's Party
2274:Family Party of Germany
2227:Alternative for Germany
1841:The Decline of the West
1109:Conservatism in Germany
888:had nothing to do with
758:borrows from mineralogy
472:; the second volume is
251:The Decline of the West
18:The decline of the West
5144:1918 non-fiction books
4268:György Lukács (1962).
3483:Clash of Civilizations
3400:
3324:The Star of Redemption
3134:are all disguises for
2894:
2887:Spengler writes that,
2885:
2645:
2631:
2530:
2478:
2443:
2434:
2408:
2374:
2365:
1490:
1456:
1411:
1402:
1388:
1369:
1329:
1320:
1306:
610:
514:by rewriting it in an
417:Mediterranean cultures
289:Copernican overturning
259:
45:relies excessively on
5110:Reactionary modernism
4892:Moeller van den Bruck
4074:Burke, James (1985).
3954:vol.2, chap.2, II, §9
3945:vol.2, chap.2, II, §7
3629:The Death of the West
3589:Francis Parker Yockey
3493:comparative mythology
3249:Washington Conference
3061:in the world-cities.
2837:in attitudes towards
2640:Theory of generations
2606:Liberalism in Germany
2393:German Burschenschaft
2344:German People's Party
1637:Moeller van den Bruck
1383:Social market economy
756:is one that Spengler
604:set-fast. (Letter to
582:
190:Philosophy of history
5169:Works about nihilism
5154:Books about the West
5072:On the Marble Cliffs
4730:, Table of Contents
4425:, London: Blackwell.
4230:Gesammelte Schriften
4195:on November 22, 2007
3974:The Hour of Decision
3913:PreuĂźisches Jahrbuch
3826:, vol.1, Intro. $ 6.
3709:Form & Actuality
3632:, is a reference to
3561:William S. Burroughs
3497:comparative religion
3315:The Spirit of Utopia
3132:freedom of the press
3030:The Hour of Decision
2979:—arise suddenly the
2859:great military power
2771:Roman Civilization.
1931:Moral und Hypermoral
1911:Fascism in Its Epoch
1891:On the Marble Cliffs
1485:German reunification
1465:German Confederation
1005:, etc.) cultures as
637:Culture/Civilization
4958:National Bolshevism
4464:Ted Morgan (1988).
4212:Adorno T., (1982),
3735:Social cycle theory
3730:Historic recurrence
3715:) were reissued by
3539:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3511:Decline of the West
3501:Decline of the West
3152:electoral campaigns
3097:Spengler said that
2914:American Revolution
2563:Böckenförde dilemma
2445:Tradition und Leben
2429:Queen Louise League
2235:BĂĽndnis Deutschland
1861:Ideology and Utopia
1438:Anti-Socialist Laws
1138:Christian democracy
908:Spengler's cultures
554:and to some degree
413:Abrahamic religions
160:Original title
134:
5095:European New Right
4760:Spengler, Oswald,
4710:William H. McNeill
3711:and its follow-up
3682:Spengler, Oswald.
3603:Whittaker Chambers
3529:far-right politics
3128:universal suffrage
2957:Carolingian Empire
2918:American Civil War
2681:Germany portal
2633:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
2569:European New Right
2497:Deutsche Rundschau
2307:Conservative Party
1607:JĂĽnger (Friedrich)
1359:Political theology
1026:Meaning of history
516:encyclopedic style
503:is written like a
470:Form and Actuality
275:Form and Actuality
262:; more literally,
5131:
5130:
4724:978-0-226-56141-7
4422:Culture and Value
4419:Wittgenstein L.,
4287:Los Angeles Times
3801:978-0-19-212954-3
3475:Samuel Huntington
3437:Arnold J. Toynbee
3433:Pope Benedict XVI
3425:Heiterer FrĂĽhling
3393:Theodor W. Adorno
3176:politics of money
2725:primitive Culture
2717:
2716:
2601:German militarism
1901:The Questionnaire
1514:Völkisch movement
1235:Historical School
1230:Right-Hegelianism
1085:dispensationalism
825:Concert of Europe
805:burning of Moscow
723:yearning towards
629:Spenglerian terms
544:
543:
536:
334:late Roman Empire
293:societal collapse
247:
246:
206:Publication place
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5206:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4779:
4774:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:American Mercury
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4542:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4432:
4426:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4370:
4364:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4324:Myths to Live By
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4249:(January 2006).
4243:
4237:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4181:
4175:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4103:Martin Heidegger
4096:
4090:
4089:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3851:Man and Technics
3846:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3777:. pp. 9–10.
3768:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3644:Decline and Fall
3582:Cities in Flight
3571:Martin Heidegger
3509:, reviewing the
3413:Frankfurt School
3353:Martin Heidegger
3319:Franz Rosenzweig
3154:, which involve
3025:Man and Technics
3013:Friedrich Ratzel
2997:people of Athens
2812:Christian Church
2709:
2702:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2650:
2636:
2574:Collective guilt
2535:
2516:
2483:
2469:
2448:
2439:
2413:
2379:
2370:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2303:
2288:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1871:Man and Technics
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1821:Das Ressentiment
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1677:Ritter (Joachim)
1672:Ritter (Gerhard)
1509:Oster conspiracy
1495:
1492:Historikerstreit
1461:
1443:Carlsbad Decrees
1416:
1407:
1393:
1378:Social hierarchy
1374:
1364:Prussian virtues
1334:
1325:
1311:
1260:Christian values
1120:
1110:
1095:
836:is its past and
766:Battle of Actium
680:Western Cultures
539:
532:
528:
525:
519:
496:
495:
488:
478:Man and Technics
387:("Magian"), and
197:Publication date
142:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5078:
4976:
4974:
4967:
4941:
4820:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4772:
4770:Unabridged text
4757:
4734:and scrollable
4706:
4704:Further reading
4701:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4686:"A Lost Battle"
4684:Soutter, John.
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4634:"The Challenge"
4631:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4555:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:. p. 114.
4434:
4433:
4429:
4418:
4414:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4283:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4040:
4036:
4024:
4020:
4008:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3760:. pp. 6–7.
3753:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3726:
3700:
3679:
3664:H. P. Lovecraft
3554:Sexual Personae
3499:, claimed that
3489:Joseph Campbell
3453:
3417:critical theory
3389:
3292:
3233:
3222:'s critique of
3194:or degeneracy.
3095:
3038:
2867:
2826:that confounds
2755:, peoples, and
2713:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2544:Welt am Sonntag
2514:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2301:
2286:
2284:The Republicans
2268:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2021:
2013:
2012:
1998:Strauss (Botho)
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1189:State Socialism
1128:
1108:
1093:
1028:
1023:
995:Southeast Asian
910:
890:ethnic identity
878:
846:
840:is its future.
793:Peter the Great
754:pseudomorphosis
752:The concept of
750:
748:Pseudomorphosis
668:
639:
631:
615:Sonnenuntergang
540:
529:
523:
520:
512:help improve it
509:
497:
493:
486:
462:doctoral thesis
454:
439:Westerners as "
423:including both
270:Oswald Spengler
224:Media type
216:
198:
154:Oswald Spengler
145:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
55:
51:primary sources
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5123:Youth Movement
5120:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5024:Storm of Steel
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4756:
4755:External links
4753:
4752:
4751:
4741:Scruton, Roger
4738:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4676:
4650:
4624:
4609:
4595:
4575:
4553:
4527:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4478:
4456:
4449:
4427:
4412:
4385:(3): 447–468.
4365:
4348:
4341:
4313:
4304:
4292:
4277:
4260:
4238:
4205:
4176:
4157:
4145:
4137:Leonard Nelson
4120:
4113:
4091:
4084:
4066:
4050:
4034:
4018:
4002:
3986:
3977:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3917:
3900:
3887:
3866:
3860:978-1910524176
3859:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3800:
3780:
3763:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:William Gaddis
3667:
3661:
3636:
3620:
3600:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3558:
3545:Camille Paglia
3542:
3536:
3518:
3515:Romantic poems
3504:
3486:
3472:
3461:Shamil Basayev
3452:
3449:
3388:
3385:
3358:Being and Time
3303:George Steiner
3291:
3288:
3237:Warring States
3232:
3229:
3206:, and he said
3124:natural rights
3113:Democracy and
3094:
3091:
3037:
3034:
3017:Rudolf Kjellén
2866:
2863:
2855:Battle of Zama
2814:, privileges,
2751:, techniques,
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2656:
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2628:
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2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2556:Related topics
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:Verlag Antaios
2527:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2507:Junge Freiheit
2504:
2499:
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2489:
2484:
2475:
2470:
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2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:von Schleicher
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:Finis Germania
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:von Treitschke
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
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1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:JĂĽnger (Ernst)
1599:
1594:
1592:von Hildebrand
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
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1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
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1511:
1506:
1501:
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1487:
1482:
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1467:
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1417:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1385:
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1356:
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1340:
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1326:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1284:
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1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1247:
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1243:
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1239:
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1237:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1193:
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1191:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1157:
1156:
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1150:
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1135:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
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1103:
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1089:
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1024:
1022:
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987:
986:
976:
970:
952:
938:
933:
928:
923:
909:
906:
877:
874:
848:For Spengler,
845:
844:Becoming/Being
842:
801:Western Europe
795:distorted the
749:
746:
745:
744:
720:Western Europe
716:
713:
709:
706:
691:Ancient Greece
687:
682:respectively.
667:
664:
638:
635:
630:
627:
542:
541:
500:
498:
491:
485:
482:
453:
450:
425:Ancient Greece
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
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192:
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183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5211:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
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5058:
5057:
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5050:
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5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
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4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
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4780:
4771:
4768:
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4749:0-85635-857-6
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4717:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4598:
4596:9780394419695
4592:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4576:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4554:9780895269157
4550:
4546:
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4540:
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4528:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4479:9780805009019
4475:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4450:0-14-017209-2
4446:
4442:
4441:Penguin Books
4438:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
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4380:
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4366:
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4344:
4342:0-553-27088-5
4338:
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4330:
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4308:
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4296:
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4278:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4226:0-262-51025-1
4223:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:Anti-Spengler
4130:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4114:0-226-77232-2
4110:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4085:0-316-11704-8
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4048:
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4038:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:Spengler O.,
3904:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3837:Agadir Crisis
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:Spengler O.,
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3764:
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3758:
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3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:0-19-506751-7
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:Edward Gibbon
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3622:The title of
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:Oswald Mosley
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:Northrop Frye
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:György Lukács
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:First Emperor
3253:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:and science.
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:Enlightenment
3062:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:physiological
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:traditionless
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Pan-Germanism
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
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2500:
2498:
2495:
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2401:
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2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:Organizations
2356:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2308:
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2300:
2297:
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2277:
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2267:
2264:
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2259:
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2248:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2091:
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2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Strauss (Leo)
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
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1700:
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1600:
1598:
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1580:
1578:
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1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:Intellectuals
1523:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:German Empire
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:In Treue fest
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:Germanisation
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:Revolutionary
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:Paternalistic
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:Ritter School
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:consciousness
1038:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
980:
977:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
843:
841:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
821:Holy Alliance
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
747:
741:
737:
736:
730:
726:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
681:
677:
673:
665:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
578:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
538:
535:
527:
517:
513:
507:
506:
501:This section
499:
490:
489:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
451:
449:
446:
445:Western world
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:high cultures
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
208:
204:
200:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5115:
5100:Armin Mohler
5090:20 July plot
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5011:(1918, 1922)
5007:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4975:publications
4953:George-Kreis
4877:F. G. JĂĽnger
4762:
4713:
4689:. Retrieved
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4662:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4585:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4538:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4467:
4459:
4436:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4329:Bantam Books
4323:
4316:
4307:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4263:
4255:First Things
4254:
4247:Benedict XVI
4241:
4236:, pp. 47–71.
4233:
4229:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4197:. Retrieved
4193:the original
4188:
4179:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4129:Otto Neurath
4123:
4102:
4094:
4075:
4069:
4058:
4053:
4042:
4037:
4026:
4021:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3989:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3920:
3909:Pessimismus?
3908:
3903:
3898:., last note
3895:
3890:
3879:. Retrieved
3869:
3850:
3844:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3790:
3783:
3773:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3717:Arktos Media
3712:
3708:
3704:
3683:
3677:Bibliography
3656:
3648:
3642:
3639:Evelyn Waugh
3633:
3627:
3624:Pat Buchanan
3612:
3606:
3596:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3552:
3548:
3510:
3500:
3478:
3464:
3441:
3409:World War II
3405:Nazi Germany
3390:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3343:Adolf Hitler
3332:
3322:
3314:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3275:
3254:
3242:
3234:
3217:
3196:
3180:
3178:fades away.
3175:
3172:
3142:against the
3112:
3096:
3079:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3003:temple, the
2954:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2909:
2907:
2900:skull and a
2895:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2853:. After the
2847:
2824:intelligence
2773:
2761:
2743:the various
2718:
2647:Ăśberfremdung
2593:
2561:
2512:Kreuzzeitung
2421:
2336:German Party
2292:
2291:
2261:Centre Party
2221:
2093:von Radowitz
2036:von Bismarck
1967:Commentators
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1845:(1918, 1922)
1840:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1811:Degeneration
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1532:Benedict XVI
1471:
1448:
1433:20 July plot
1397:Subsidiarity
1371:Sittlichkeit
1293:
1288:Gemeinschaft
1287:
1201:Cameralistic
1170:
1077:
1064:ultimate aim
1045:
1029:
1010:
1007:Hochkulturen
1006:
992:
988:
981:or Western (
941:Mesoamerican
914:Hochkulturen
913:
911:
879:
869:
865:
855:
849:
847:
790:
763:
753:
751:
734:
669:
643:Civilization
640:
632:
622:
618:
614:
611:
597:metaphysical
583:
579:
572:
559:
550:, including
548:philosophers
545:
530:
521:
502:
477:
473:
469:
455:
429:Ancient Rome
361:Mesoamerican
338:
330:civilization
286:
280:
279:
274:
273:
264:
263:
250:
249:
248:
163:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:
5048:The Outlaws
5043:(1926–1934)
4995:(1909–1939)
4987:(1904–1936)
4773:(in German)
4691:16 November
4472:. H. Holt.
3613:Cold Friday
3577:James Blish
3547:has listed
3429:fetishistic
3421:Georg Trakl
3415:of Marxist
3311:Ernst Bloch
3307:World War I
3299:World War I
3144:aristocracy
3059:materialism
3047:rationalism
3043:reformation
3028:(1931) and
2950:Rasse haben
2800:irreligious
2765:imaginative
2741:sublimating
2729:individuals
2626:Remigration
2279:Free Voters
2201:Wackenroder
2186:von Savigny
2171:Böckenförde
2143:von Westarp
2046:von Gerlach
2020:Politicians
1692:von Salomon
1499:The Junkers
1338:Medievalism
1315:Imperialism
1280:Meritocracy
1275:Aristocracy
1225:Romanticism
1196:Prussianism
1179:Neue Rechte
1165:Nationalist
838:Dostoyevsky
829:its culture
813:Alexander I
770:Mark Antony
458:World War I
385:Middle East
297:Eurocentric
5138:Categories
5040:Widerstand
4817:Associated
4439:. London:
4331:. p.
4199:2013-10-31
3925:Kroeber A.
3881:2013-10-31
3741:References
3463:was given
3451:Influenced
3348:Mein Kampf
3339:Nazi Party
3329:Karl Barth
3224:capitalism
3200:catchwords
3192:corruption
3184:government
3168:Liberalism
3160:ideologies
3115:plutocracy
3054:Puritanism
3005:Englishman
2942:provenance
2851:Punic Wars
2835:naturalism
2820:scientific
2525:Der TĂĽrmer
2176:von Gierke
2148:Wilhelm II
2123:von Storch
2108:Stresemann
2098:Rauschning
2041:Fehrenbach
1973:Kubitschek
1774:Literature
1722:Sloterdijk
1413:Volksgeist
1354:Patriotism
1348:Organicism
1343:Monarchism
1295:Geopolitik
1249:Principles
1160:Monarchism
1127:Ideologies
1081:relativism
1072:zoological
1011:Hochkultur
972:Magian or
955:Apollonian
921:Babylonian
898:capitalism
876:Blood/Race
703:Thucydides
699:human body
686:Apollonian
645:is what a
623:Vollendung
574:Morphology
524:April 2022
466:Heraclitus
433:Apollonian
411:, and the
399:" label; "
345:Babylonian
170:Translator
110:March 2008
80:newspapers
47:references
5184:Declinism
4887:Kommerell
4872:E. JĂĽnger
4862:Hielscher
4857:Heidegger
4712:, 1963 .
4669:2 January
4643:2 January
4602:2 January
4568:2 January
4547:(total).
4407:144884526
4399:0022-0094
4290:, pp. A1.
4164:Joll J.,
3641:'s novel
3617:Hiss Case
3485:" theory.
3442:In 1954,
3290:Reception
3208:schooling
3204:education
3164:Socialism
3156:donations
3140:bourgeois
3136:class war
3107:the media
3099:democracy
3070:Cartesian
2989:Spaniards
2973:Visigoths
2934:Darwinian
2843:instincts
2816:dynasties
2769:practical
2515:(Defunct)
2468:(Defunct)
2113:vom Stein
2083:von Papen
2057:Hugenberg
2052:Goerdeler
1983:Safranski
1742:Steinbuch
1667:von Ranke
1617:Koselleck
1582:Heidegger
1552:von Galen
1458:Freikorps
1449:Erklärung
1390:Sonderweg
1255:Authority
1206:Socialist
1052:parochial
1048:historian
1037:tradition
959:Classical
902:socialism
743:Infinite.
733:Goethe's
672:Classical
619:Abendland
606:Eckermann
589:Aristotle
556:Nietzsche
421:antiquity
373:Classical
321:organisms
233:paperback
229:hardcover
5118:movement
5116:Völkisch
4963:Tatkreis
4946:Factions
4922:Spengler
4897:Niekisch
4736:preview.
4728:Synopsis
4563:52005149
4357:Daedalus
4127:In 1921
3824:Op.laud.
3810:73-87989
3724:See also
3698:Editions
3525:far-left
3481:in his "
3459:warlord
3387:Critique
3361:(1927).
3337:(1922),
3174:Age the
3120:equality
3087:Augustus
3075:academia
2993:Italians
2977:Lombards
2965:Swabians
2922:Hannibal
2916:and the
2808:nobility
2780:province
2539:Die Welt
2118:Stoecker
2031:Ancillon
2026:Adenauer
2008:WeiĂźmann
1988:Sarrazin
1757:Voegelin
1732:Spengler
1727:Spaemann
1717:Sieferle
1707:Schlegel
1702:Schelsky
1662:Plessner
1562:Gogarten
1171:Völkisch
1133:Agrarian
1100:a series
1060:identity
999:Peruvian
983:European
979:Faustian
926:Egyptiac
866:becoming
851:becoming
823:and the
809:Napoleon
782:Hannibal
729:infinity
725:distance
715:Faustian
655:Socrates
651:Rousseau
568:polarity
484:Overview
452:Creation
441:Faustian
393:European
349:Egyptian
305:medieval
178:Language
5083:Related
4992:Die Tat
4917:Schmitt
4912:Salomon
4732:Summary
4586:Witness
4539:Witness
4359:, Vol.
4168:Toynbee
3894:vol.1,
3608:Witness
3565:Decline
3465:Decline
3457:Chechen
3376:Decline
3368:A 1928
3341:leader
3148:Freedom
3138:of the
3105:", and
2981:Germans
2902:Semitic
2828:peasant
2792:nomadic
2778:" and -
2757:classes
2745:customs
2721:organic
2492:COMPACT
2465:Antaios
2293:Defunct
2218:Parties
2206:Wagener
2191:Schmitt
2165:Jurists
2133:Wagener
2128:Strauss
2003:StĂĽrmer
1747:Tönnies
1712:Schmitt
1697:Scheler
1652:Novalis
1547:Gadamer
1470:German
1427:History
1270:Elitism
1143:Liberal
1068:destiny
1056:culture
1013:. The
974:Arabian
894:racists
834:Tolstoy
797:tsarism
780:, with
676:Arabian
647:Culture
601:Godhead
564:Analogy
510:Please
435:", and
409:Persian
405:Arabian
401:Semitic
389:Western
353:Chinese
301:ancient
227:Print (
209:Germany
186:Subject
94:scholar
5075:(1939)
5067:(1934)
5059:(1932)
5051:(1930)
5035:(1923)
5027:(1920)
5019:(1919)
5003:(1918)
4937:Zehrer
4932:Winnig
4927:Stapel
4907:Quabbe
4902:Paetel
4882:Klages
4852:George
4847:Freyer
4832:BlĂĽher
4819:people
4747:
4722:
4593:
4561:
4551:
4476:
4447:
4405:
4397:
4339:
4224:
4218:Prisms
4111:
4082:
3857:
3808:
3798:
3690:
3591:wrote
3397:German
3266:Pompey
3231:Future
3130:, and
3083:Caesar
2991:, the
2987:, the
2985:French
2983:, the
2969:Franks
2961:Saxons
2926:Trajan
2831:wisdom
2810:, the
2733:tribes
2487:Cicero
2423:PEGIDA
2331:(DNVP)
2222:Active
2153:Winnig
2138:Weidel
2066:
2050:
1955:(2017)
1945:(2010)
1935:(1969)
1925:(1966)
1915:(1963)
1905:(1951)
1895:(1939)
1885:(1932)
1875:(1931)
1865:(1929)
1855:(1919)
1835:(1918)
1825:(1913)
1815:(1892)
1805:(1837)
1795:(1820)
1785:(1806)
1687:RĂĽstow
1657:Pieper
1642:MĂĽller
1622:Löwith
1612:Klages
1587:Herder
1572:Hamann
1567:Görres
1557:Gehlen
1542:Freyer
1537:BlĂĽher
1352:
1331:Kultur
1308:Heimat
1033:design
1021:Themes
870:become
862:Goethe
819:, the
803:. The
786:Magian
774:Cannae
708:Magian
659:Buddha
657:, and
552:Goethe
437:modern
397:Magian
357:Indian
317:epochs
313:rubric
309:modern
256:German
181:German
150:Author
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4973:Major
4842:Evola
4403:S2CID
4173:JSTOR
3896:Intro
3626:book
3262:Sulla
3103:money
3001:Doric
2959:—the
2898:Aryan
2788:rural
2784:urban
2749:myths
2737:clans
2459:Media
2347:(DVP)
2323:(DkP)
2315:(FKP)
2302:(BVP)
2287:(REP)
2269:(Ă–DP)
2254:(CSU)
2246:(CDU)
2230:(AFD)
2196:Stahl
2181:Möser
2088:Petry
1993:Stein
1762:Weber
1682:Röpke
1647:Nolte
1627:LĂĽbbe
1597:Hoppe
1577:Hegel
1472:Reich
1218:Young
1003:Incan
967:Roman
963:Greek
949:Aztec
945:Mayan
936:Sinic
931:Indic
857:being
817:Paris
815:into
807:, as
735:Faust
585:Plato
381:Roman
377:Greek
369:Aztec
365:Mayan
240:Pages
101:JSTOR
87:books
4867:Jung
4837:Bose
4827:Benn
4745:ISBN
4720:ISBN
4693:2023
4671:2017
4645:2017
4638:TIME
4604:2017
4591:ISBN
4570:2017
4559:LCCN
4549:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4395:ISSN
4337:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4189:TIME
4135:and
4109:ISBN
4080:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3806:LCCN
3796:ISBN
3791:Race
3688:ISBN
3651:and
3495:and
3371:Time
3264:and
3220:Marx
3015:and
2946:this
2833:, a
2786:and
2776:city
2753:arts
2480:Cato
2473:Bild
2339:(DP)
2238:(BD)
2078:Merz
2073:Krah
2068:Kohl
2062:Jung
1978:Kuby
1921:Envy
1632:Mann
1451:2018
1404:Volk
1265:Duty
1148:Ordo
1058:and
997:and
900:and
886:race
882:race
778:Zama
776:and
727:and
695:Rome
693:and
678:and
593:Kant
591:and
431:as "
427:and
231:and
219:1926
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4545:799
4387:doi
4361:103
4216:in
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3527:to
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3345:'s
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2839:sex
2804:mob
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391:or
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