31:
2594:
2037:
1998:
memorised the entire text during the lifetime of
Muhammad. This work was undertaken due to the vast expansion of Islam under Uthman's rule, which encountered many different dialects and languages. This had led to variant readings of the Quran for those converts who were not familiar with the language. After clarifying any possible errors in pronunciation or dialects, Uthman sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, and destroyed variant texts.
1820:
1543:
6093:
6082:
2252:
1888:
1687:
1174:
689:
4509:
756:
88:
1997:
based on text that had been gathered separately on parchment, bones and rocks during the lifetime of
Muhammad and also on a copy of the Quran that had been collated by Abu Bakr and left with Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. The committee members were also reciters of the Quran and had
2476:
and adopted a similar approach towards
Muawiya. However, as Muawiya began to buy the loyalties of military commanders and tribal chiefs, Hasan's military campaign suffered defections in large numbers. After a failed assassination attempt on his life, a wounded Hasan ceded the caliphate to
2625:, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh, and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, but caught fire easily.
2870:
and such other
Khalifs as during the last thirteen centuries helped the cause of Islam, politically, socially and from a worldly point of view. On the other hand, the Spiritual Imamat remained with Hazrat Aly and remains with his direct descendants always alive till the day of
1488:) and his father-in-law. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph, Abu Bakr continued the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. Abu Bakr was called
2867:
The political and worldly
Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the three first Khalifs voluntarily and with goodwill for the protection of the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same spirit accept the Khalifat of the first
2732:
The Sunni have long viewed the period of the
Rashidun as an exemplary system of governance—based upon Islamic righteousness and merit—which they seek to emulate. The Sunni also equate this system with the worldly success that was promised by Allah, in the Quran and
1765:
was married to
Muhammad; thus he became Muhammad's father-in-law. He became the second Muslim caliph after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years. He succeeded Abu Bakr on 23 August 634 as the second caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the
30:
2768:, the succession to Muhammad was settled by divine appointment, rather than by consensus. In the Shia view, as with the past prophets in the Quran, God chose Muhammad's successor from his family. In particular, Muhammad announced his cousin and son-in-law,
2401:
for Ali's initial reluctance is that, "Genial and charitable, meditative and reserved; he shrank from drama in which religion had been displaced by politics, and devotion by intrigue." In the absence of any serious opposition and urged particularly by the
2825:, due to the hostility of Mahdi's enemies and the danger to his life. His advent is awaited by the Shia and Sunni alike, although the Sunni hold different views about Mahdi. In his absence, the vacuum in the Shia leadership is partly filled by
2780:. Of course, as with the faith itself, the faithful were endowed with the free will not to follow Ali, to their own disadvantage. In the Shia view, while direct revelation ended with Muhammad's death, Ali remained the righteous guide or
2609:) mint. Dated YE 25 = AH 36 (AD 656). Sasanian style bust imitating Khosrau II right; bismillah in margin/ Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.
2698:) should be followed and emulated from a religious point of view. In this sense, they are both 'rightly-guided' and 'rightly-guiding': the religious narratives about their lives serve as a guide to right belief.
2617:
was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the
Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.
1778:. His legislative abilities, firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire, and brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the
2574:
with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. The canal was constructed within a year by
5832:
2784:
towards God, similar to the successors of the past prophets in the Quran. After
Muhammad's death, Ali inherited Muhammad's divine knowledge and his authority to correctly interpret the
5714:
2544:
Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the caliphate, the
Muslims repaired many of the aging wells in the lands they conquered.
5082:
2536:
Upon conquest, in almost all cases, the caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in return for the conquered nation's political loyalty.
2729:, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate. Council decision or caliph's choice determined the successor originally.
2659:, the first three of the four were usurpers. Accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shia Muslims detail disagreements and tensions between the four rightly guided caliphs. The
1782:
in less than two years. This marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus, and Egypt. He was killed in 644 by a
5699:
5798:
3241:
4431:
2896:
4254:"(Quran 3:7) It is He who has sent down to you the Book. Parts of it are definitive verses, which are the mother of the Book, while others are metaphorical..."
2861:"In the present Imamat the final reconciliation between the Shia and Sunni doctrines has been publicly proclaimed by myself on exactly the same lines as
1504:
Muslims. He prevented the recently converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the community united, and consolidated Islamic grip on the region by containing the
6132:
5729:
4546:
5803:
5719:
2593:
5820:
5783:
5704:
462:
3362:
Miskinzoda, Gurdofarid (2015). "The significance of the ḥadīth of the position of Aaron for the formulation of the Shīʿī doctrine of authority".
3067:
2457:. Muawiya defied Ali's orders and, once the negotiations failed, the two sides engaged in a bloody and lengthy civil war, which is known as the
5724:
4614:
2655:
The first four caliphs are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic debates: for Sunni Muslims, they are models of righteous rule; for
1852:
2663:
on the other hand, have come to accept the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman in the modern times under the leadership and teachings of
2636:, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially the land was primarily used for pasture, but later buildings were constructed.
5734:
5691:
4491:
4459:
4359:
4237:
4039:
1202:
349:
2551:. Many canals were purchased, and new ones constructed. While some canals were excluded for the use of monks (such as a spring purchased by
2690:, the application of the label 'rightly-guided' to the first caliphs signifies their status as models whose actions and opinions (Arabic:
2905:
1656:
1610:
2036:
6122:
2832:
2985:
2737:, to those Muslims who pursued His pleasure; this spectacular success has further added to the emulatory appeal of the Rashidun era.
5586:
5540:
5200:
5194:
4407:
4386:
4338:
4141:
4116:
4091:
3957:
3919:
3881:
3719:
3694:
3454:
3319:
3294:
3191:
3151:
3101:
3041:
2965:
2137:
1562:
527:
5457:
5313:
4790:
4686:
1918:
777:
127:
5951:
5757:
2074:
1509:
719:
2892:
6016:
5564:
5462:
4539:
4014:
3582:
2555:), and the needy, most canals were open to general public use. Some canals were constructed between settlements, such as the
1717:
664:
3963:
3925:
3887:
3006:
2801:, the earth has never remained without an Imam, in the form of prophets and their divinely-appointed successors. Likewise,
1954:) (c. 579 – 17 June 656) was one of the early companions and son in law of Muhammad. Two of Muhammad and Khadija daughters
5374:
5133:
4810:
4483:
2506:
2282:
398:
5913:
1457:
largely reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs, and maintain that Muhammad had appointed Ali as his successor.
6152:
6127:
5936:
5523:
5379:
5369:
5275:
4928:
1045:
430:
5903:
6142:
6137:
6038:
5709:
5477:
5270:
4647:
979:
477:
304:
4513:
2533:(state treasury). Umar expanded the treasury and established a government building to administer the state finances.
5788:
5671:
5188:
4607:
2845:
1651:
1084:
517:
6117:
5881:
5868:
5569:
5398:
5094:
4816:
4779:
4532:
2714:
2647:, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, a few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population.
2633:
2518:
2502:
2089:
1959:
1779:
1195:
807:
765:
612:
324:
6033:
5752:
5576:
5349:
4829:
2802:
2781:
2514:
2510:
2165:
544:
344:
2496:
1661:
2581:
After four floods hit Mecca after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the
5891:
4856:
4702:
3089:
2354:. Ali is often considered the most able warrior in Muhammad's army and the two were the only Muslim men who
1857:
1787:
802:
139:
17:
6048:
5977:
5946:
5876:
4800:
4795:
4713:
3118:
2710:
2308:
2226:
2170:
2155:
1955:
1944:
1767:
1743:
1646:
1340:
1229:
1102:
787:
593:
359:
5994:
5972:
4723:
4600:
4253:
2789:
2773:
2675:
2379:
2347:
2099:
1862:
1842:
820:
588:
413:
197:
152:
2575:
3063:
1970:. He became caliph at the age of 70. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars (present-day
6147:
5651:
5558:
5503:
4439:
2894:
2660:
2231:
2084:
1911:
1819:
1633:
1574:
1188:
738:
2761:
2560:
5886:
5762:
5656:
5472:
4911:
4708:
2910:
2722:
2701:
They were all close companions of Muhammad, and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar,
2419:
2351:
1557:
1542:
1377:
1241:
1137:
797:
712:
598:
232:
132:
6053:
5967:
5808:
5744:
5552:
5528:
5205:
5183:
5143:
4888:
4839:
4805:
4696:
4555:
4425:
3379:
2570:
During a famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the
2490:
1847:
1710:
1605:
1310:
782:
622:
579:
549:
532:
507:
452:
408:
120:
4985:
2556:
2342:, Ali swore a pact of brotherhood with Muhammad and later took the hand of Muhammad's daughter,
6028:
6023:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5581:
5467:
5419:
5262:
5173:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4679:
4487:
4455:
4413:
4403:
4382:
4365:
4355:
4334:
4233:
4137:
4112:
4087:
4035:
4010:
3953:
3915:
3877:
3715:
3690:
3450:
3315:
3290:
3231:
3187:
3147:
3097:
3037:
2961:
2777:
2668:
2383:
2355:
2327:
2275:
2051:
1990:
1615:
1505:
1079:
1057:
917:
673:
659:
627:
574:
487:
447:
309:
4443:
3235:
2887:
Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.
2397:, the crowds turned to Ali for leadership and were turned down initially. The explanation of
6058:
6043:
5793:
5498:
5220:
5158:
5148:
5138:
5123:
4871:
4774:
4746:
4634:
3371:
2822:
2644:
2454:
2450:
2203:
2180:
2174:
2056:
1975:
1775:
1758:
1052:
472:
467:
418:
403:
388:
297:
176:
4084:
Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism
2445:, Uthman's cousin. Under a lenient Uthman, Muawiya had built a parallel power structure in
1453:, accepts the political status quo of their succession, regardless of its justice, whereas
5984:
5681:
5626:
5112:
5072:
4961:
4917:
4691:
3687:
After Saddam: American foreign policy and the destruction of secularism in the Middle East
3010:
2981:
2893:
2706:
2672:
2578:, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes that "Arabia was rid of famine for all the times to come."
2331:
2299:
2198:
2132:
2117:
1935:
1904:
1880:
1771:
1762:
1734:
1586:
1493:
1475:
1220:
1143:
1062:
792:
654:
607:
423:
383:
372:
354:
257:
202:
115:
5426:
4479:
HULEFÂ-yi RÂŞİDÎN - An article published in 18th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam
2378:
is considered the rightful successor of Muhammad whose appointment was announced at the
6096:
5813:
5666:
5508:
5210:
4230:
Religious authority and political thought in Twelver Shiʿism: From Ali to post-Khomeini
2891:
2814:
2598:
1783:
994:
922:
705:
567:
554:
512:
457:
71:
34:
4477:
2441:. Ali also dismissed most of Uthman's governors whom he considered corrupt, including
6111:
5999:
5826:
5676:
5215:
5178:
5153:
4990:
3383:
2841:
2806:
2478:
2469:
2442:
2411:
2403:
2160:
2011:
1967:
1754:
1703:
1679:
1580:
1568:
1450:
1004:
937:
912:
907:
632:
537:
497:
6086:
6011:
5661:
5513:
5391:
5107:
4655:
2359:
2268:
2256:
2244:
1892:
1691:
1665:
1178:
1158:
1072:
693:
639:
376:
108:
97:
4956:
4941:
3034:
Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War
2877:
Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. 1417
986:
3947:
3909:
3871:
3003:
2678:
ordered the public cursing of the first three caliphs in the year 1005 in Cairo.
5638:
5128:
5051:
5036:
4936:
4823:
4451:
2726:
2687:
2585:. He also constructed a dam near Medina to protect its fountains from flooding.
2458:
2398:
2079:
2015:
1979:
1962:
were married to him one after another. Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of
1501:
1446:
1314:
1153:
755:
746:
435:
393:
317:
2501:
The Rashidun Caliphate greatly expanded Islam beyond Arabia, conquering all of
1482:), c. 573 CE unknown exact date 634/13 AH) was a senior companion of Muhammad (
5941:
5023:
4980:
4951:
4134:
Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East
3375:
2865:
did at the death of the Prophet and during the first thirty years after that.
2656:
2602:
2415:
2371:
1867:
1454:
990:
440:
4369:
2667:, even though polemics against those early caliphs were prevalent during the
5646:
5077:
5019:
4966:
4834:
4519:
4417:
2856:
while distinguishing Imamate as a separate office apart from the Caliphate:
2473:
2430:
2122:
1119:
1067:
339:
2827:
2370:, the central text of Islam, is deemed as one of his key contributions. In
944:
4508:
4349:
4032:
The druze in the Middle East: their faith, leadership, identity and status
1500:, "The Truthful"), and was known by that title among later generations of
5989:
5485:
5343:
5295:
5089:
4995:
4946:
4674:
4566:
4397:
3447:
The heirs of the prophet Muhammad: And the roots of the Sunni-Shia schism
2849:
2664:
2606:
2446:
2127:
1466:
1357:
1350:
1263:
1259:
1000:
867:
649:
617:
265:
42:
38:
4351:
After the prophet : the epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam
2709:
respectively, were married to Muhammad, and two of Muhammad's daughters
2425:
It has been suggested that Ali inherited the grave internal problems of
6004:
5600:
5288:
5168:
5046:
5041:
5028:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4732:
2718:
2343:
1983:
1513:
1484:
1251:
896:
827:
482:
159:
5518:
5492:
5451:
5412:
5329:
5242:
5163:
5065:
4975:
4906:
4901:
4668:
4576:
2749:
2734:
2691:
2629:
2622:
2552:
2426:
2394:
2390:
2363:
2339:
2335:
1837:
1807:
1799:
1641:
1398:
1346:
1324:
1285:
1114:
1089:
1023:
965:
958:
951:
877:
772:
502:
492:
281:
249:
241:
226:
220:
104:
50:
4444:"The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth"
4524:
5898:
5767:
5592:
5546:
5534:
5336:
5322:
5281:
5058:
4896:
4753:
4739:
4660:
4623:
3167:
Gleave, Robert (2021). "ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, Kate (ed.).
2818:
2817:
and nine of his descendants are the Shia Imams, the last of whom,
2785:
2765:
2741:
2702:
2640:
2614:
2582:
2564:
2548:
2367:
2323:
2319:
2094:
1994:
1963:
1442:
1255:
1109:
1031:
1014:
837:
832:
644:
522:
213:
171:
164:
87:
79:
29:
4448:
Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought
1441:
The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that divides the
5433:
5405:
5355:
5302:
5247:
4760:
4571:
4399:
The succession to Muḥammad : a study of the early Caliphate
3289:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 185–187.
2798:
2745:
2571:
2465:
2438:
2434:
2407:
1986:
was begun in the 640s. His rule ended when he was assassinated.
1971:
1761:) was a leading companion and adviser to Muhammad. His daughter
1533:
1525:
1274:
1027:
900:
872:
847:
842:
273:
181:
46:
5853:
5621:
5237:
4596:
4592:
4528:
4581:
3036:, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34.
2958:
Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world
2890:
2862:
2853:
2852:
do recognize the caliphates of the first three caliphs before
2848:
as the Twelver Shia, the Ismailis under the leadership of the
2769:
2375:
2330:
Islam to his relatives. Later, he facilitated Muhammad's safe
2028:
2007:
1423:
1331:) to be followed and emulated from a religious point of view.
1296:
882:
54:
4257:
2350:
in Medina, and served as his deputy during the expedition of
2772:, as his rightful successor shortly before his death at the
2752:
caliphate are in essential conflict with the call of Islam.
3240:, vol. 8, New York: G. P. Putnam and Son, p. 71,
2740:
At the same time, it has been noted that the domination of
4007:
Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah
2410:
delegations, Ali eventually took up the mantle on 25th of
4111:(reprint ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.
3949:
The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the 'Abbasid Empire
2639:
Other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At
2797:
In the Shia view, since the time of the first prophet,
2547:
In addition to wells, the Muslims built many tanks and
3829:
3827:
3364:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2788:, especially its allegorical and metaphorical verses (
2464:
After Ali's assassination in 661 CE at the mosque of
2422:
and its courtyard to pledge their allegiance to him.
2326:
and the person who offered his support when Muhammad
1353:
are known as the Rashidun (rightly-guided) Caliphs.
3492:
3490:
2692:
2313:
1949:
1770:
expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the whole
1748:
1325:
1318:
1234:
5960:
5927:
5867:
5776:
5743:
5690:
5637:
5443:
5365:
5312:
5261:
5103:
4927:
4887:
4770:
4722:
4646:
2960:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 169.
4034:(1. publ ed.). Brighton: Sussex Acad. Press.
2764:view is that, similar to the past prophets in the
27:First four caliphs following the death of Muhammad
4331:The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib
2597:Islamic coin, time of the Rashidun. Imitation of
2632:was used by the Muslim army as a base. Upon the
2346:, in marriage. Ali commonly acted as Muhammad's
3908:Fidai, Rafi Ahmad; Shaikh, N. M. (2002-01-01).
3584:The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
3023:Ibn Kathir, "al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah", part 7.
2858:
2776:and on other occasions, e.g., at the event of
2437:, the Muslim garrison city in the present-day
1993:which was tasked with producing copies of the
4608:
4540:
4379:The first Muslim : the story of Muhammad
4053:
4051:
2433:, Ali transferred his capital from Medina to
2276:
1989:Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the
1912:
1711:
1196:
713:
8:
3339:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 149–151.
2837:, i.e., guardianship of the Islamic jurist.
2717:were married to Uthman and another daughter
2491:Rashidun Caliphate § Military expansion
2322:, a young Ali was the first male to embrace
4132:Cristoffel A. O. van Nieuwenhuijze (1997).
2529:During his reign, Abu Bakr established the
2318:) was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. In
18:The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah
5864:
5850:
5634:
5618:
5258:
5234:
4643:
4615:
4601:
4593:
4547:
4533:
4525:
4430:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3408:
2283:
2269:
2019:
1919:
1905:
1803:
1718:
1704:
1529:
1203:
1189:
731:
720:
706:
66:
3186:. Nashville: T. Nelson. pp. 48, 49.
3171:(Third ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3146:. Yale University Press. pp. 12–16.
3096:(sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
2805:was passed on from Ali to the next Imam,
2744:over non-Arabs on an ethnic basis during
2628:During the conquest of Egypt the area of
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4183:
4156:
4069:
4057:
3809:
3782:
3758:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3597:
3568:
3556:
3508:
3469:
3314:. Nashville: T. Nelson. pp. 85–87.
3272:
3218:
2928:
2846:closely-related understanding of Imamate
2592:
1323:), meaning that it constitutes a model (
4194:
4192:
4179:
4177:
2997:
2995:
2921:
2027:
1806:
1532:
1317:to have been 'rightly guided' (Arabic:
1309:The reign of these caliphs, called the
734:
78:
4482:(in Turkish). Vol. 18. Istanbul:
4423:
4313:
3914:. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
3793:
3791:
3734:
3632:
3630:
2559:that provided water to Anbar, and the
2366:. Ali's role in the collection of the
4354:(1st ed.). New York: Doubleday.
4301:
4289:
4277:
4215:
4168:
4000:
3998:
3797:
3770:
3746:
3636:
3621:
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3544:
3532:
3520:
3496:
3481:
3432:
3420:
3396:
3349:
3260:
3206:
2943:
2748:reign and the widespread nepotism of
2338:by risking his life as the decoy. In
7:
2939:
2937:
2809:, by divinely-inspired designation (
2429:reign. After his appointment as the
4520:Rashidun - Encyclopaedia Britannica
4082:Jeffry R. Halverson (27 Apr 2010).
3449:. London: Abacus. pp. 40, 62.
2906:Hadith of the ten promised paradise
2303:
1939:
1753:, c. 586–590 – 644) c. 2 November (
1738:
1497:
1479:
1224:
6133:People from the Rashidun Caliphate
4086:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69.
3870:Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19).
41:(center) and the Rashidun caliphs
25:
4109:A Companion to Moral Anthropology
3946:Bennison, Amira K. (2011-07-30).
3911:THE COMPANION OF THE HOLY PROPHET
3287:Muhammad and the origins of Islam
2138:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
1254:(lit.: 'successors') who led the
6092:
6091:
6080:
5601:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4791:Timeline of the history of Islam
4507:
3714:. Rowman Altamira. p. 423.
3117:Shafi', Maulana Mufti Muhammad.
2988:from the original on 2015-04-29.
2931:, p. 63; cf. p. 72, note 1)
2453:, mirrored the despotism of the
2250:
2035:
1886:
1818:
1774:and more than two thirds of the
1685:
1541:
1172:
754:
687:
86:
5952:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3966:from the original on 2024-02-07
3928:from the original on 2024-02-07
3890:from the original on 2023-08-15
3244:from the original on 2024-02-07
3070:from the original on 2014-07-09
2821:, went into occultation in 260
1369:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1268:
3689:. Lexington Books. p. 4.
3587:. London: Longman. p. 63.
3312:Muhammad: the messenger of God
3184:Muhammad: the messenger of God
1982:) in 651, and the conquest of
1780:conquest of the Persian empire
37:miniature paintings depicting
1:
4107:Didier Fassin (31 Dec 2014).
3712:The new encyclopedia of Islam
1361:
58:
5937:Apostasy in Islam by country
5804:Liberalism and progressivism
4446:. In al-Sarhan, Saud (ed.).
4009:. Kegan Paul. p. 1417.
3335:Watt, W. Montgomery (1953).
3066:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
1313:(632–661), is considered in
3144:Introduction to Shi'i Islam
3014:, Infobase Publishing, 2009
2693:
2673:Fatimid Ismaili Imam-Caliph
2314:
1974:) in 650 and some areas of
1966:, a powerful family of the
1950:
1749:
1326:
1319:
1235:
261:("Stories of the Prophets")
6169:
4396:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
4381:. London: Atlantic Books.
3445:Rogerson, Barnaby (2006).
3237:Mahomet and his successors
3094:The Middle East: a history
2982:"Abu Bakr - Muslim caliph"
2671:period. For instance, the
2494:
2488:
2386:in his prophetic mission.
2005:
1797:
1523:
1464:
1449:, according to the author
1434:) – often known simply as
1409:) – often known simply as
1388:) – often known simply as
1338:
1250:') are the first four
6123:Companions of the Prophet
6075:
5863:
5849:
5715:Geography and cartography
5633:
5617:
5257:
5233:
4642:
4631:
4562:
4377:Hazleton, Lesley (2013).
4348:Hazleton, Lesley (2009).
4333:. Yale University Press.
4280:, pp. 147, 153, 154)
4232:. Routledge. p. 73.
3376:10.1017/S0041977X14001402
2418:, and Muslims filled the
980:Sunni schools of theology
6034:Islamic view of miracles
3435:, pp. 54, 112, 191)
3285:Peters, Francis (1994).
3090:Fisher, Sydney Nettleton
2813:). After Hasan's death,
2721:to Ali. Likewise, their
2166:The Fourteen Infallibles
350:Medieval Islamic science
5789:Creationism (evolution)
4484:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
4476:Fayda, Mustafa (1998).
4450:. London and New York:
3983:Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7
3860:Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8
3851:Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6
3842:Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4
2956:Ernst, Carl W. (2003).
2831:and, more recently, by
1812:The Generous (al-Ghani)
1772:Sassanid Persian Empire
1652:Umar at Fatimah's house
1258:following the death of
778:Prophets and Messengers
6049:Persecution of Muslims
5947:List of former Muslims
4796:Succession to Muhammad
4329:Abbas, Hassan (2021).
4228:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
3873:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3710:Glassé, Cyril (2003).
3581:Jafri, S.H.M. (1979).
3142:Momen, Moojan (1985).
2880:
2651:Religious significance
2634:conquest of Alexandria
2610:
2455:Roman Byzantine empire
2227:Succession to Muhammad
2156:Military career of Ali
2090:Timeline of Ali's life
1647:Succession to Muhammad
1508:, while extending the
1341:Succession to Muhammad
1046:Contemporary movements
861:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
788:Succession to Muhammad
360:Succession to Muhammad
64:
5833:Conversion to mosques
5700:Alchemy and chemistry
4440:Melchert, Christopher
4136:. BRILL. p. 28.
4072:, p. 72, note 1)
4030:Dana, Nissim (2003).
4005:Aga Khan III (1998).
3992:Nadvi (2000), pg. 418
3833:Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
3821:Nadvi (2000), pg. 411
3310:Kelen, Betty (1975).
3182:Betty, Kelen (1975).
3169:Encyclopedia of Islam
3088:Ochsenweld, William;
3004:Encyclopedia of Islam
2774:event of Ghadir Khumm
2676:Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah
2621:Upon the conquest of
2596:
2495:Further information:
2380:event of Ghadir Khumm
2100:Event of Ghadir Khumm
1863:Samarkand Kufic Quran
1611:Ten Promised Paradise
33:
5559:Ma malakat aymanukum
5134:Association football
5033:Moderate Kharijites
4516:at Wikimedia Commons
4486:. pp. 324–338.
3685:Badie, Dina (2017).
3571:, pp. 141, 142)
3001:Juan Eduardo Campo,
2563:to provide water to
2232:Great Mosque of Kufa
1776:Eastern Roman Empire
1750:ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb
1634:Treaty of Hudaybiyya
1575:Ubayd Allah ibn Umar
828:Declaration of Faith
399:Association football
6153:Islamic terminology
6128:7th-century caliphs
3785:, pp. 318–320)
3275:, pp. 159–161)
2911:The Four Companions
2497:Arab–Byzantine wars
2449:that, according to
2023:Part of a series on
1731:Umar ibn al-Khattab
1558:Family tree of Umar
1512:all the way to the
1378:Umar ibn al-Khattab
160:Profession of Faith
133:Day of Resurrection
62: 16th century
6143:Rashidun Caliphate
6138:Religious quartets
6054:Quran and miracles
5968:Criticism of Islam
5672:Geometric patterns
5524:Gender segregation
5095:Non-denominational
4454:. pp. 63–79.
4159:, pp. 77, 81)
3499:, pp. 12, 15)
3472:, pp. 15, 16)
3399:, pp. 12, 13)
3263:, pp. 45, 46)
3232:Irving, Washington
3119:"Ma'ariful-Qur'an"
3009:2023-03-12 at the
2611:
2485:Military expansion
2315:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
1951:ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
1657:Military conquests
1606:Sunni view of Umar
1311:Rashidun Caliphate
1085:Neo-traditionalism
65:
6105:
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6039:Domestic violence
6029:Islamic terrorism
6024:Islamic extremism
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5399:Marriage contract
5229:
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5189:Political aspects
4918:Story of Prophets
4687:Prophets of Islam
4590:
4589:
4512:Media related to
4493:978-97-53-89445-6
4461:978-1-83860-765-4
4361:978-0-385-52393-6
4239:978-1-135-04473-2
4041:978-1-903900-36-9
3352:, pp. 5, 48)
3337:Muhammad at Mecca
3221:, pp. 95–97)
2854:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2834:wilayat al-faqqih
2393:assassination in
2356:represented Islam
2312:
2296:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2293:
2292:
2052:Sunni view of Ali
1948:
1929:
1928:
1788:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
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1616:Shia view of Umar
1563:Abdullah ibn Umar
1424:Ali ibn Abi Talib
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1058:Deobandi movement
730:
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660:Deobandi jihadism
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5006:Bektashi Alevism
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4635:Outline of Islam
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2304:علي ابن أبي طالب
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2257:Islam portal
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2216:Related articles
2204:Hazrat Ali Mazar
2181:Ali in the Quran
2175:The Twelve Imams
2057:Shia view of Ali
2039:
2020:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:Uthman ibn Affan
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1692:Islam portal
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6031:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5964:
5962:
5961:Related topics
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5584:
5582:Sources of law
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Social welfare
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5031:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4811:Historiography
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4652:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4503:
4502:External links
4500:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4460:
4436:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4374:
4360:
4345:
4339:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4316:, p. 136)
4306:
4304:, p. 168)
4294:
4292:, p. 161)
4282:
4270:
4256:Archived from
4245:
4238:
4220:
4218:, p. 147)
4203:
4199:Madelung (1997
4188:
4184:Madelung (1997
4173:
4161:
4157:Madelung (1997
4149:
4142:
4124:
4117:
4099:
4092:
4074:
4070:Melchert (2020
4062:
4058:Melchert (2020
4047:
4040:
4022:
4015:
3994:
3985:
3976:
3958:
3952:. I.B.Tauris.
3938:
3920:
3900:
3882:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3823:
3814:
3812:, p. 228)
3810:Hazleton (2009
3802:
3787:
3783:Madelung (1997
3775:
3773:, p. 164)
3763:
3761:, p. 318)
3759:Madelung (1997
3751:
3749:, p. 163)
3739:
3737:, p. 423)
3727:
3720:
3702:
3695:
3677:
3675:, p. 183)
3673:Hazleton (2009
3665:
3663:, p. 197)
3661:Madelung (1997
3653:
3651:, p. 148)
3649:Madelung (1997
3641:
3639:, p. 134)
3626:
3624:, p. 141)
3614:
3602:
3600:, p. 100)
3598:Hazleton (2009
3590:
3573:
3569:Madelung (1997
3561:
3557:Hazleton (2009
3549:
3547:, p. 128)
3537:
3535:, p. 129)
3525:
3513:
3511:, p. 142)
3509:Madelung (1997
3501:
3486:
3474:
3470:Madelung (1997
3462:
3455:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3354:
3342:
3327:
3320:
3302:
3295:
3277:
3273:Hazleton (2013
3265:
3253:
3223:
3219:Hazleton (2013
3211:
3199:
3192:
3174:
3159:
3152:
3134:
3109:
3102:
3080:
3055:
3046:
3025:
3016:
2991:
2973:
2966:
2948:
2933:
2929:Melchert (2020
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2762:(Twelver) Shia
2757:
2754:
2683:
2680:
2652:
2649:
2599:Sasanid Empire
2590:
2587:
2561:Abi Musa Canal
2541:
2538:
2526:
2523:
2489:Main article:
2486:
2483:
2472:, was elected
2389:Shortly after
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2003:
2000:
1940:عثمان ابن عفان
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1786:captive named
1768:Islamic empire
1739:عمر ابن الخطاب
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1524:Main article:
1521:
1518:
1465:Main article:
1462:
1459:
1439:
1438:
1421:
1396:
1375:
1372: 632–634
1365: 573–634
1349:who succeeded
1336:
1333:
1304: 656–661
1293: 644–656
1282: 634–644
1271: 632–634
1248:rightly-guided
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1009:
1008:
998:
983:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
824:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
805:
803:Predestination
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
751:
750:
728:
727:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
681:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
642:
637:
636:
635:
630:
620:
615:
610:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
583:
582:
577:
571:
568:Related topics
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
550:Social welfare
547:
542:
541:
540:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
427:
426:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
312:
307:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
279:
270:
269:
263:
255:
247:
238:
237:
217:
209:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
168:
167:
162:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
140:Predestination
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
121:Revealed Books
118:
112:
111:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
83:
82:
76:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6165:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:Post-Islamism
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5892:Protestantism
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5848:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:Ophthalmology
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5478:Death penalty
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:Other aspects
5442:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5248:Jurisprudence
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4929:Denominations
4926:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4714:Holiest sites
4712:
4710:
4709:Judgement Day
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
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4411:
4409:0-521-56181-7
4405:
4402:. Cambridge.
4401:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4388:9781782392293
4384:
4380:
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4340:9780300252057
4336:
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4260:on 2004-01-01
4259:
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4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:, p. 17)
4200:
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4174:
4171:, p. 21)
4170:
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4145:
4143:9789004106727
4139:
4135:
4128:
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4120:
4118:9781118959503
4114:
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4100:
4095:
4093:9780230106581
4089:
4085:
4078:
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4063:
4060:, p. 63)
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3959:9780857720269
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3921:9788174352231
3917:
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3889:
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3883:9781135179601
3879:
3876:. Routledge.
3875:
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3800:, p. 27)
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3612:, p. 24)
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3559:, p. 99)
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3523:, p. 22)
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3493:
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3484:, p. 87)
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3458:
3456:9780349117577
3452:
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3441:
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3429:
3426:
3423:, p. 13)
3422:
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3411:, p. 69)
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3209:, p. 34)
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2665:the Aga Khans
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2412:Dhu al-Hijjah
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2193:Burial places
2190:
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2182:
2179:
2176:
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2169:
2167:
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2161:Ali as Caliph
2159:
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2085:Assassination
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2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:Ali as Caliph
2009:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:(present-day
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:Quraysh tribe
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1933:
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1858:Assassination
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1755:Dhu al-Hijjah
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1581:Asim ibn Umar
1579:
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1569:Zayd ibn Umar
1567:
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1016:
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1005:Ahl al-Hadith
1002:
999:
996:
992:
988:
985:
984:
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976:
975:
968:
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963:
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822:
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809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
798:Judgement Day
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
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781:
779:
776:
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771:
770:
767:
762:
761:
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709:
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703:
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695:
685:
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682:
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665:Military laws
663:
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548:
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531:
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523:Proselytizing
521:
519:
516:
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432:
431:Denominations
429:
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420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
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102:
99:
94:
93:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6012:Islamophobia
5877:Christianity
5825:
5758:Contemporary
5652:Architecture
5591:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5491:
5484:
5450:
5432:
5427:Nikah mut'ah
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5354:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5193:
4916:
4840:
4822:
4815:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:Five Pillars
4701:
4667:
4656:God in Islam
4633:
4478:
4447:
4398:
4378:
4350:
4330:
4323:Bibliography
4314:Mavani (2013
4309:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4262:. Retrieved
4258:the original
4248:
4229:
4223:
4164:
4152:
4133:
4127:
4108:
4102:
4083:
4077:
4065:
4031:
4025:
4006:
3988:
3979:
3968:. Retrieved
3948:
3941:
3930:. Retrieved
3910:
3903:
3892:. Retrieved
3872:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3817:
3805:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3735:Glassé (2003
3730:
3711:
3705:
3686:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3583:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3477:
3465:
3446:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3311:
3305:
3286:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3246:, retrieved
3236:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3143:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3112:
3093:
3083:
3072:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3002:
2976:
2957:
2951:
2946:, p. 6)
2924:
2886:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2810:
2796:
2791:mutashabihat
2790:
2778:Dhul Asheera
2759:
2739:
2731:
2700:
2685:
2657:Shia Muslims
2654:
2638:
2627:
2620:
2613:The area of
2612:
2580:
2569:
2546:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2500:
2463:
2459:First Fitnah
2424:
2388:
2295:
2294:
2221:
2150:Perspectives
1988:
1931:
1930:
1834:
1730:
1729:
1666:Pact of Umar
1638:
1510:Dar Al Islam
1489:
1483:
1480:أَبُو بَكْرٍ
1471:
1470:
1455:Shia Muslims
1440:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1344:
1308:
1247:
1216:
1214:
1142:
1073:Ahl-i Hadith
1013:In terms of
1010:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
927:
860:
821:Five Pillars
640:Islamophobia
419:Demographics
414:Circumcision
331:
330:
323:
316:
282:
274:
258:
250:
242:
231:
225:
219:
212:
6148:Sunni Islam
5882:Catholicism
5777:Other areas
5768:Theological
5763:Eschatology
5720:Mathematics
5657:Calligraphy
5587:Theological
5541:Inheritance
5458:Cleanliness
4830:Shi'a Imams
4824:Ahl al-Bayt
4452:I.B. Tauris
4302:Momen (1985
4290:Momen (1985
4278:Momen (1985
4216:Momen (1985
4169:Momen (1985
3798:Momen (1985
3771:Abbas (2021
3747:Abbas (2021
3637:Abbas (2021
3622:Abbas (2021
3610:Momen (1985
3545:Abbas (2021
3533:Abbas (2021
3521:Momen (1985
3497:Momen (1985
3482:Abbas (2021
3433:Abbas (2021
3421:Momen (1985
3397:Momen (1985
3350:Abbas (2021
3261:Abbas (2021
3207:Abbas (2021
2944:Abbas (2021
2871:Judgement."
2715:Umm Kulthum
2688:Sunni Islam
2605:type. BYS (
2589:Settlements
2531:Bayt al-Mal
2468:, his son,
2399:Will Durant
2080:First Fitna
2016:First Fitna
1980:Afghanistan
1960:Umm Kulthum
1843:Family tree
1447:Sunni Islam
1315:Sunni Islam
1236:al-Rāshidūn
1159:Persecution
995:Ahl al-Ra'y
747:Sunni Islam
318:Ahl al-Bayt
203:Foundations
6112:Categories
5942:Ex-Muslims
5827:Shu'ubiyya
5821:Psychology
5809:Literature
5799:Inventions
5745:Philosophy
5553:Leadership
5529:Honorifics
5184:Philosophy
4991:Isma'ilism
4952:Maturidism
4835:Caliphates
4806:Golden Age
4697:Revelation
4264:2021-10-08
4016:0710304277
3970:2016-05-07
3932:2016-05-07
3894:2016-05-07
3248:2021-10-06
3074:2014-04-16
2863:Hazrat Aly
2840:While the
2727:hereditary
2723:succession
2682:Sunni view
2603:Khosrau II
2557:Saad canal
2517:(639) and
2372:Shia Islam
2358:against a
2075:Birthplace
1868:Uthmaniyya
1589:(Daughter)
1451:Carl Ernst
1432:r. 656–661
1428:c. 600–661
1407:r. 644–656
1403:c. 573–656
1386:r. 634–644
1382:c. 583–644
1339:See also:
1138:Literature
1103:Holy sites
991:Maturidism
848:Pilgrimage
783:Holy books
508:Philosophy
245:(exegesis)
182:Pilgrimage
172:Almsgiving
6059:Symbolism
6017:Incidents
5995:Criticism
5887:Mormonism
5784:Astrology
5710:Cosmology
5705:Astronomy
5647:Arabesque
5514:Etiquette
5473:Blasphemy
5263:Economics
5078:Ahmadiyya
5020:Muhakkima
4967:Wahhabism
4957:Mu'tazili
4942:Ash'arism
4426:cite book
4370:310714958
3384:159678004
3370:(1): 82.
2850:Aga Khans
2844:accept a
2828:marjaiyya
2756:Shia view
2360:Christian
2348:secretary
2309:romanized
2123:Al-Ghadir
1991:committee
1945:romanized
1853:Campaigns
1744:romanized
1490:As-Siddiq
1246:'the
1230:romanized
1120:Jerusalem
1080:Modernism
1068:Wahhabism
1028:al-Wijdan
987:Ash'arism
628:terrorism
580:Criticism
533:Sexuality
503:Mysticism
473:Festivals
453:Education
448:Economics
384:Academics
340:Caliphate
153:Practices
6097:Category
5990:Islamism
5973:Muhammad
5929:Apostasy
5904:Hinduism
5794:Feminism
5725:Medicine
5565:Military
5519:Gambling
5468:Apostasy
5463:Criminal
5375:Marriage
5344:Tayammum
5296:Murabaha
5169:Madrasas
5159:Holidays
5149:Clothing
5144:Children
5139:Calendar
5090:Quranism
5024:Khawarij
4996:Alawites
4947:Atharism
4841:Rashidun
4680:In Islam
4675:Muhammad
4567:Abu Bakr
4442:(2020).
4418:33443482
3964:Archived
3926:Archived
3888:Archived
3242:archived
3234:(1868),
3092:(2004).
3068:Archived
3007:Archived
2986:Archived
2900:See also
2883:Timeline
2875:—
2750:Uthman's
2725:was not
2711:Ruqayyah
2607:Bishapur
2451:Madelung
2447:Damascus
2427:Uthman's
2406:and the
2391:Uthman's
2245:Category
2128:Zulfiqar
1976:Khorasan
1956:Ruqayyah
1881:Category
1848:Election
1835:Rashidun
1680:Category
1639:Rashidun
1472:Abu Bakr
1467:Abu Bakr
1461:Abu Bakr
1358:Abu Bakr
1351:Muhammad
1264:Abu Bakr
1260:Muhammad
1225:الراشدون
1217:Rashidun
1063:Salafism
1032:al-Kashf
1001:Atharism
868:Abu Bakr
739:a series
737:Part of
674:Glossary
650:Jihadism
623:Violence
618:Islamism
589:Muhammad
575:Apostasy
518:Politics
468:Feminism
463:Exorcism
424:Diaspora
409:Children
404:Calendar
332:Rashidun
310:Muhammad
305:Timeline
266:Mathnawi
128:Prophets
72:a series
70:Part of
43:Abu Bakr
39:Muhammad
6044:Nursing
6005:Qutbism
5919:Sikhism
5914:Judaism
5909:Jainism
5899:Druzism
5735:Physics
5682:Pottery
5667:Gardens
5662:Carpets
5577:Slavery
5499:Divorce
5486:Dhabiĥa
5314:Hygiene
5289:Takaful
5271:Banking
5201:Science
5195:Qurbani
5164:Mosques
5124:Animals
5113:Culture
5047:Nukkari
5042:Azzabas
5029:Azariqa
5013:Zaydism
5001:Alevism
4877:Ottoman
4867:Almohad
4862:Fatimid
4857:Córdoba
4852:Abbasid
4847:Umayyad
4780:Leaders
4775:History
4733:Shahada
4648:Beliefs
2868:Khalifs
2803:Imamate
2719:Fatimah
2669:Fatimid
2521:(654).
2513:(639),
2511:Armenia
2509:(637),
2479:Muawiya
2443:Muawiya
2384:earlier
2344:Fatimah
2311::
1984:Armenia
1947::
1784:Persian
1757:26, 23
1746::
1662:Reforms
1514:Red Sea
1485:sahabah
1347:caliphs
1335:History
1295:), and
1252:caliphs
1244:
1232::
1154:History
923:Hanbali
918:Shafi'i
897:schools
843:Fasting
838:Charity
766:Beliefs
545:Slavery
528:Science
483:Madrasa
478:Finance
389:Animals
377:society
373:Culture
345:Imamate
325:Sahabah
298:History
268:(Poems)
253:(creed)
177:Fasting
105:Oneness
98:Beliefs
35:Ottoman
5856:
5814:poetry
5624:
5509:Ethics
5493:Dhimmi
5452:Baligh
5413:Mahram
5370:Family
5350:Toilet
5330:Miswak
5083:Lahori
5066:Najdat
4962:Salafi
4912:Seerah
4907:Tafsir
4902:Hadith
4872:Sokoto
4817:Sahaba
4692:Angels
4669:Tawhid
4626:topics
4577:Uthman
4490:
4458:
4416:
4406:
4385:
4368:
4358:
4337:
4236:
4140:
4115:
4090:
4038:
4013:
3956:
3918:
3880:
3718:
3693:
3453:
3382:
3318:
3293:
3190:
3150:
3127:1 July
3100:
3040:
2964:
2815:Husayn
2746:Umar's
2735:hadith
2630:Fustat
2623:Madyan
2601:ruler
2553:Talhah
2549:canals
2519:Cyprus
2503:Persia
2474:caliph
2431:caliph
2414:, 656
2395:Medina
2364:Najran
2340:Medina
2336:Medina
2332:escape
2300:Arabic
2112:Legacy
2014:, and
1936:Arabic
1838:Caliph
1808:Uthman
1800:Uthman
1794:Uthman
1735:Arabic
1642:Caliph
1552:Family
1494:Arabic
1476:Arabic
1415:Othman
1411:Uthman
1320:rāshid
1286:Uthman
1221:Arabic
1115:Medina
1090:Farahi
966:Jariri
959:Laythi
952:Thawri
945:Awza'i
938:Zahiri
930:Others
913:Maliki
908:Hanafi
895:Sunni
878:Uthman
833:Prayer
808:Sahaba
793:Angels
599:Hadith
513:Poetry
493:Mosque
458:Ethics
283:Sharia
251:Aqidah
243:Tafsir
227:Hadith
221:Sunnah
165:Prayer
116:Angels
53:, and
51:Uthman
5978:Quran
5858:Other
5753:Early
5677:Music
5593:Kalam
5547:Jizya
5535:Hudud
5420:Nikah
5337:Najis
5323:Ghusl
5282:Sukuk
5211:Women
5179:Music
5154:Flags
5059:Sufri
5052:Wahbi
5037:Ibadi
4937:Sunni
4897:Quran
4754:Zakat
4740:Salah
4703:Qadar
4661:Allah
4624:Islam
3380:S2CID
3122:(PDF)
2917:Notes
2819:Mahdi
2807:Hasan
2786:Quran
2766:Quran
2742:Arabs
2707:Hafsa
2703:Aisha
2694:sunna
2641:Mosul
2615:Basra
2583:Kaaba
2565:Basra
2515:Egypt
2507:Syria
2470:Hasan
2408:Iraqi
2404:Ansar
2368:Quran
2352:Tabuk
2324:Islam
2320:Mecca
2095:Alids
2046:Views
1995:Quran
1964:Mecca
1759:Hijri
1600:Views
1583:(son)
1577:(son)
1571:(son)
1565:(son)
1506:Ridda
1502:Sunni
1419:Osman
1417:, or
1327:sunna
1132:Lists
1110:Mecca
1026:(Ahl
1024:Sufis
1015:Ihsan
645:Jihad
594:Quran
555:Women
498:Music
436:Sunni
285:(law)
233:Sirah
214:Quran
198:Texts
80:Islam
5639:Arts
5570:POWs
5504:Diet
5434:Zina
5406:Mahr
5392:Haya
5356:Wudu
5303:Riba
5216:LGBT
5108:Life
4981:Shia
4976:Sufi
4761:Hajj
4747:Sawm
4572:Umar
4488:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4432:link
4414:OCLC
4404:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4366:OCLC
4356:ISBN
4335:ISBN
4234:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4088:ISBN
4036:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3954:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3716:ISBN
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3451:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3129:2022
3098:ISBN
3038:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2811:nass
2799:Adam
2782:Imam
2760:The
2705:and
2572:Nile
2466:Kufa
2439:Iraq
2435:Kufa
2382:and
2171:Imam
2069:Life
1972:Iran
1958:and
1534:Umar
1526:Umar
1520:Umar
1394:Omar
1390:Umar
1275:Umar
1242:lit.
1215:The
989:and
873:Umar
538:LGBT
441:Shia
375:and
275:Fiqh
47:Umar
5380:Sex
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4582:Ali
3372:doi
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2008:Ali
2002:Ali
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1436:Ali
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1297:Ali
1284:),
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