714:, and criticizing power. This last function: criticism of power refers to being critical of any current or potential power structures within society, based on their possible oppression of the group's ability to create. However, they should not be confused as a revolutionary force. His theory was formulated in contrary response to Mannheim's concept of the intelligentsia as political leaders. Geiger saw the intelligentsia's function of criticism as the responsibility to destroy ideologies of the powerful, not to create ideologies of their own. But while this is not their function, according to Geiger, he acknowledges that they do it anyway. He thought that the intelligentsia should create works of art or imagination, and that they should separately support Scientific theories with empirical evidence, but that they should not combine imagination with theory in the form of ideology. The intelligentsia, as a group, do not belong to any one social class, neither objectively or subjectively speaking. In fact, Geiger categorizes them into four social classes:
643:. Instead of looking at individual relationships for evidence in his analysis, he paid attention to group fluctuations that affected large scale changes in size and social rank of groups and instead of looking at vertical mobility, he looked at mobility between generations, throughout eighteen occupational categories. The main result of the data was a decrease in social mobility over time. In Geiger's analysis, he took these findings to reflect a period of increasing stability following a period of stratification type transition. He attributed this to the
586:. He believed society to be dynamic, so although he agreed with Marx, he believed that there are other causes and types of stratification other than those of the narrow Marxist definition and concept. Instead, he looked at the classes of society in terms of stages, with estate society preceding the class conflict of Geiger's present, and a new stage to come in which society will form into distinct, specific social groups. He also acknowledged
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professorship position that Geiger was awarded in 1938. Ranulf alluded in his textbook that the methodologies of some sociologists, among them
Theodor Geiger, could lead to a new Nazi movement. In 1946 Geiger wrote and published a short book, "Ranulf Contra Geiger, an Attack and an Offensive Defense". In this book, Geiger outlined very carefully what his methodologies were, emphasizing that empirical sociology is built on concepts but is a
321:) in 1924, progressing from being a visiting lecturer, to an associate professor, and finally becoming a full professor of sociology in 1929; this was the first professorship of the department for cultural studies. Geiger's work is still kept at the "Theodor Geiger Archive" at the university. He worked there until 1933, when, due to his anti-
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Ideology to Geiger is "a concept in the theory of knowledge," or "the atheoretical taken theoretically." His actual definition of ideology was: A statement that has or is presented to have an apparent meaning, claiming to be theoretical and factual while maintaining elements that are not theoretical,
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because it has a defensive and vulnerable position due to its lack of secure class identity. He elaborated on these ideas about the middle class in
Klassesamfundeti Stobegryden (Class Society in the Melting Pot), after World War II. In London, Geiger and David Glass formed a subcommittee on social
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study of social processes and phenomena. He validated one point made by Ranulf, that data should be collected in a non-biased way but he also defended that concepts come prior to data collection in research, and although such concepts may need revision after collection of data is through, any data
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According to this view, society is divided into an indefinite number of social levels or groups, defined according to attributes such as profession, education, upbringing, living standard, power, dress, religion, race, political opinion and organisation. This idea is closely connected to that of
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basis, was: "That to claim objective truth from a creation of the imagination is an ideology and is invalid". Geiger was very concerned with Value
Freedom, or the difference between value and fact, and the belief that Science cannot be valid when making Value-judgements. A Value-judgement is an
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as new factors for stratification. Geiger developed a complex model and typology of social stratification, which was published in Wörterbuch der
Soziologie (1955). In many ways, Geiger defended Marxism but he also agreed with arguments that many predictions made by Marxist class theory were not
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After giving lectures in Sweden at
Uppsala school on Intelligentsia in 1943, Geiger wrote about their position in society, their functions and their origin in 1944. This work was published in 1949. Shortly after, he returned to Denmark, where he conducted an empirical study on the origins and
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at the
University of Aarhus, Svend Ranulf, at the time of Geiger's professorship there in Sociology, wrote a textbook about social science methodology, making arguments against some social scientists' methodologies. In particular, he argued against Geiger. Ranulf had been an applicant for the
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In his last work, ""Demokratie ohne Dogma"" published after his death in 1960, Geiger calls for "intellectual humanism", "enlightenment of the masses," "democratization of reason," "asceticism of emotion," and "abstinence from value judgement." He considered this last work to be his greatest
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Geiger taught at
Volkshochschule during a time when the institution was largely for the basic academic and cultural education of working class adults. Here he used the opportunity to focus on the social and political consequences of adult education by promoting critical thinking and
578:. Geiger argued that the Marxist ideology of class was a decent generalization but that it was also a "type concept" and described only a partial view of reality. Further, he felt that the Marxist Two-class model was an accurate description of the earliest forms of
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definition of class. However, Geiger quickly developed his own definition of class and several theories on the subject. In his 1930 publication (On the Theory of the Class
Concept and the Proletarian Class), he distinguished his view from the Marxist concept that
372:. When the war ended in 1945, Geiger immediately returned to Ă…rhus, taking up his position as professor of sociology once more. His first step was to found the university institute for research into societies, the first institute of its kind in Scandinavia.
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and those of the social sciences, he advocated for unity of the methodologies of all the empirical sciences. Geiger believed that sociology can only be a true scientific discipline if it establishes this consistent methodology and a rejection of the
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which refers to a person that conceives of immaterial concepts and importance but who does not necessarily function to create. According to Geiger, the functions of the intelligentsia include: fueling progression, creating works of
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and father-in-law's occupation, in addition to asking the subject's own occupation. The participants included over 40,000 men. The study was done carefully and objectively. He took all factors and variables into account to ensure
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is "Those who create the objects of representative culture." In this context, the word "objects" is not to be taken purely in a literal sense. Geiger saw intelligentsia as a functional term, distinct from
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1949 Den Danske intelligens fra reformationen til nuti-den: En studie i empirisk kultursociologi. Aarhus, Universitet, Acta jutlandica, Aarsskrift, Vol. 21, no. 1. Aarhus (Denmark): Universitets
Forlaget.
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but also the importance of theory in the analysis of empirical evidence. He believed that concepts are not to be derived from observation and experience alone but must be supported by them.
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as used by Marx, to determine the objective economic criteria of class. Here, he made the distinction between objective and subjective forms of social class analysis including objective
614:, respectively. He distinguishes the "old" middle class of farmers, artisans, and merchants from the "new" middle class of well trained professionals. Geiger saw the new salary-earning
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ideological statement because it disguises a value as a statement of fact, claiming to be valid and objective. Geiger was led to these beliefs by the
Uppsala school and Hägerstrom.
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approach. Further, sociology should not study isolated instances, but rather patterns. This requires iterating between the general and the specific, by alternatively adopting
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1951b Soziale Umschichtungen in einer dänischen Mittelstadt. Aarhus, Universitet, Acta jutlandica, Aarsskrift, Vol. 23, no. 1. Aarhus (Denmark): Universitets For laget.
259:
In 1914 Geiger voluntarily joined the army; he served until 1918 and was wounded. Simultaneously he wrote a dissertation on the supervision of criminals,
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Trappe, Paul. 1968. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol#6, Geiger, Theodor. p. 83-85. The Macmillan Company & the Free Press.
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structure of Danish Intelligentsia, based on the Danish Biographical Encyclopedia, enabling him to study the group over a four hundred year span.
1221:
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Mayntz, Renate. 1969. The Heritage of Sociology, Theodor Geiger on Social Order and Mass Society. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press
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444:, critics of ideology, and the nature of modern mass-society and democracy. He also spent time studying the nature of revolutionary crowds.
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890:(1947) 1964 Vorstudien zu einer Soziologie des Rechts. Aarhus, Universitet, Acta jutlandica, Aarsskrift, Vol. 19, no. 1. Neuwied (Germany):
310:
in his students. He eventually became principal but left in 1928 to take up the chair of Sociology at Brunswick Institute of Technology.
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of social stratification. In his analysis of the data, he classified the population into five groups, more complex than capitalists and
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and interpretation, Geiger argued that these were okay for analysis as long as the researcher maintained a value-free approach.
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as a sort of evolution of the proletarian class. He also believed that the middle class was more susceptible to new extremist
352:—Denmark's first ever professor of sociology. When German troops entered the city in 1940 he was forced to leave, escaping to
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Agersnap, Torben. 2000. "Theodor Geiger: Pioneer of Sociology in Denmark." Acta Sociologica #43. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
278:, the statistics office, in Munich, working in the trade statistics department from 1924 to 1933. His home, however, was in
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ministry for the army from 1920 to 1929. At the same time he edited the information magazine of the newly founded Berlin
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Das uneheliche Kind und seine Mutter im Recht des neuen Staates: Ein Versuch auf der Basis kritischer Rechtsvergleichung
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stratification and mobility and together they started a comparative study of international mobility and stratification.
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In 1949, Geiger did an empirical study of social stratification in Aarhus. The study was conducted through the general
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but that modern developments did not fulfill Marx's predictions of the polarization of classes and intensified
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were included among Geiger's main interests and within these subfields, he made several contributions to
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960:. Munich: Szczesny. → First published posthumously as Die Gesellschaft zwischen Pathos und Nüchternheit.
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Geiger published several articles in 1948 and 1949 about his theoretical considerations of methodology.
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Hughes, John. 2001. "Geiger's Sociology." Growth and Change Book Reviews. Retrieved November 4, 2011
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Geiger published more than 160 works, but only a few have been translated to English thus far. The
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Die soziale Schichtung des deutschen Volkes: Soziographischer Versuch auf statistischer Grundlage
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collection without a conceptual foundation is illogical. In response to Ranulf's opposition to
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Crowds and Pathos: Theodor Geiger on Revolutionary Action - Borch 49 (1): 5 - Acta Sociologica
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Arbeiten zur Soziologie: Methode, moderne Grossgesellschaft, Rechtssoziologie, Ideologiekritik
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Arbeiten zur Soziologie: Methode, moderne Grossgesellschaft, Rechtssoziologie, ldeologiekritik
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of Denmark in the 1930s and 1940s that he claims led to a decrease in the need and desire for
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where he lived with his parents-in-law for the next few years. In 1943 he fled once again to
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In 1932, Geiger wrote an analysis of the classes in Germany. The analysis was based on an
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680:. Value nihilism allows for value-judgements but does not allow them to become theories.
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On 16 June 1952, Geiger died on the return trip from Canada to Denmark on board the ship
949:. Neuwied (Germany): Luchterhand. → Published posthumously. Originally appeared in the
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objective, or empirically supported and/or valid. His theory of ideology, resting on a
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Banton, Michael (April 1979). "Analytical and folk concepts of race and ethnicity".
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329:; here he lived until 1943, even obtaining Danish citizenship. In 1939, he wrote
945:(1955) 1962 "Theorie der sozialen Schichtung." Pages 186–205 in Theodor Geiger,
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by Gert J. Fode of the University of Aarhus, edited by Prof. Klaus Rodax (
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Demokratie ohne Dogma: Die Gesellschaft zwischen Pathos und NĂĽchternheit
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At least in Germany, he is also seen as an important contributor to the
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859:, Aarsskrift, Vol. 13, no. 2. Aarhus (Denmark): Universitets Forlaget.
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Die Masse und ihre Aktion: Ein Beitrag zur Soziologie der Revolutionen
928:. Stuttgart (Germany) and Vienna: Humboldt. → Published posthumously.
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1927 "Die Gruppe und die Kategorien Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft."
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Seeing no necessary difference between the laws and methods of the
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from an early age. The son of a gymnasium teacher, Geiger studied
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1941 "Konkurrence: En sociologisk analyse." Aarhus, Universitet,
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body of Geiger's work has been translated (commented version) to
873:. Stuttgart (Germany): Enke. → First published as Intelligensen.
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1933b "Statistische Analyse der wirtschaftlich Selbständigen."
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where he stayed for three years. Here he gave lectures at the
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Ideologie und Wahrheit: Eine soziologische Kritik des Denkens
901:. Cologne (Germany): Kiepenheuer. →First published in Danish.
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Geiger also worked on the fundamental concepts of sociology,
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Institutions of social partnership - legality and legitimacy
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through the Instituttet for Historie og Samfundskonomie in
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Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
348:. From 1938 to 1940, he was professor of sociology at the
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In Denmark Geiger began by gaining a scholarship from the
935:. Stuttgart (Germany): Fischer. → Published posthumously.
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Aufgaben und Stellung der Intelligenz in der Gesellschaft
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made by moral claims. Here, he stands in opposition to
942:
Stuttgart (Germany): Fischer. → Published posthumously.
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Ranulf contra Geiger: Et angreb og et offensivt forsvar
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1933a "Soziale Gliederung der deutschen Arbeitnehmer."
333:, which was for several decades an important textbook.
274:(SPD). In the same year he became an assistant at the
410:, using the concept of stratification (introduced by
263:, supported by Friedrich Oetker. In 1918 he became a
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938:1954b "Ideologie." Volume 5, pages 179-184 in
792:(1931c) 1959 "Gesellschaft." Pages 201-211 in
785:(1931b) 1959 "Gemeinschaft." Pages 173-180 in
486:Geiger made many significant contributions to
513:Geiger stressed the importance of supporting
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806:(1931e) 1959 "Soziologie." Pages 568-578 in
799:(1931d) 1959 "Revolution." Pages 511-518 in
574:is entirely determined by ownership of the
459:, and he considered it interconnected with
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778:(1931a) 1959 "FĂĽhrung." Pages 136-141 in
414:) for the analysis of social structures.
940:Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften.
909:Archiv fĂĽr Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie
899:Die Klassengesellschaft in Schmelztiegel
16:German socialist, lawyer and sociologist
989:
966:. Neuwied (Germany): Luchterhand, 1962.
933:Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften
836:Erbpflege: Grundlagen, Planung, Grenzen
1290:International Sociological Association
953:, edited by W. Bernsdorf and F. BĂĽlow.
850:Sociologi: Grundrids og hovedproblemer
706:and knowledge that serve to make life
389:International Sociological Association
789:. New ed. Stuttgart (Ger many): Enke.
387:. In 1949 he was a co-founder of the
315:Braunschweig University of Technology
7:
747:. Breslau (then Germany): Schletter.
810:. New ed. Stuttgart (Germany):Enke.
803:. New ed. Stuttgart (Germany):Enke.
796:. New ed. Stuttgart (Germany):Enke.
782:. New ed. Stuttgart (Germany):Enke.
379:(Nordic Studies on Sociology) with
550:Social Stratification and Mobility
286:(Foreign Press), with news on the
282:, where he published the magazine
272:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
887:. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.
878:Debat med Uppsala om moral og ret
866:. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.
852:. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.
313:Geiger had originally joined the
64:At sea between Canada and Denmark
344:; later he gave lectures at the
692:Theodor Geiger's definition of
655:Ideology and Value-free thought
325:beliefs, he had to emigrate to
172:– 16 June 1952) was a German
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919:Fortidens moral og fremtidens
808:Handwörterbuch der Soziologie
801:Handwörterbuch der Soziologie
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787:Handwörterbuch der Soziologie
780:Handwörterbuch der Soziologie
775:. Karlsruhe (Germany): Braun.
377:Nordiske Studier i Sociologie
204:, among other things. He was
838:. Stuttgart (Germany): Enke.
817:. Stuttgart (Germany): Enke.
761:. Stuttgart (Germany): Enke.
381:Torgny Torgnysson Segerstedt
773:Die Gestalten der Gesellung
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590:, level of education, and
270:In 1920 Geiger joined the
1254:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1198:by Monika Čambáliková in
951:Wörterbuch der Soziologie
880:. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
362:Universities of Stockholm
228:, showing an interest in
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678:structural-functionalism
490:of the social sciences.
422:and the criteria for an
346:University of Copenhagen
252:, where he received his
438:working class education
276:Statistischer Reichsamt
1300:Bibliography in German
921:. Copenhagen: Reitzel.
338:Rockefeller Foundation
250:University of WĂĽrzburg
234:Scandinavian languages
95:University of WĂĽrzburg
979:Social stratification
845:. Copenhagen: Martin.
754:. Munich: Schweitzer.
555:Social stratification
408:social stratification
190:social stratification
162:Theodor Julius Geiger
476:University of Erfurt
449:institutionalisation
447:Geiger analysed the
246:University of Munich
164:(9 November 1891 in
91:University of Munich
1345:Writers from Munich
1335:German male writers
1330:Danish sociologists
1325:German sociologists
1295:Biography in German
612:class consciousness
576:means of production
350:University of Ă…rhus
210:University of Ă…rhus
150:University of Ă…rhus
82:Academic background
73:Educator, publisher
864:Kritik af reklamen
745:Die Schutzaufsicht
455:, which he called
424:industrial society
383:, Veli Verkko and
261:Die Schutzaufsicht
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146:Institutions
109: (1918)
106:
59:(1952-06-16)
57:16 June 1952
1320:1952 deaths
1315:1891 births
911:39:305–323.
892:Luchterhand
831:69:407–439.
824:68:151–188.
768:58:338–374.
724:proletarian
604:proletariat
500:idiographic
488:methodology
482:Methodology
412:Edward Ross
230:Scandinavia
198:methodology
182:sociologist
130:Sociologist
1309:Categories
1238:2011-12-01
985:References
728:democratic
636:occupation
620:ideologies
580:capitalism
526:Philosophy
504:catascopic
385:Johan Vogt
342:Copenhagen
141:specialist
127:Discipline
35:1891-11-09
1274:0141-9870
720:bourgeois
708:spiritual
563:sociology
515:inductive
508:anascopic
331:Sociologi
319:Brunswick
254:doctorate
174:socialist
87:Education
48:, Germany
973:See also
712:rational
670:Nihilism
641:validity
396:Waterman
256:in law.
222:Landshut
567:Marxist
545:Thought
451:of the
366:Uppsala
327:Denmark
226:Bavaria
206:Denmark
170:Germany
1272:
883:1946b
876:1946a
726:, and
716:gentry
632:census
624:Nazism
588:income
472:German
468:Danish
358:Sweden
354:Odense
280:Berlin
200:, and
178:lawyer
166:Munich
102:Thesis
46:Munich
1232:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
924:1953
917:1952
862:1943
848:1939
841:1935
834:1934
813:1932
771:1928
757:1926
750:1920
743:1919
622:like
289:Reich
1270:ISSN
557:and
506:and
402:Work
370:Lund
368:and
323:Nazi
240:and
216:Life
192:and
180:and
54:Died
29:Born
1262:doi
704:art
238:law
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