883:
trace the development of works in small and large groups before tying it to universal literature. This "historical evolution" of related yet individual events they tie to "variable schemes of values" which must be "abstracted from history itself." They suggest numerous ways in which this can be accomplished, including identifying the development of values, traits, forms, themes, and motifs. Periodization, they write, should not be based on chronological boundaries, but a "time section dominated by a system of literary norms, standards, and conventions, whose introduction, spread, diversification, integration, and disappearance can be traced" which must be extracted from history, with boundaries marked by both internal and external changes. They close the chapter by stating that existing methods are "clumsy" and that a new ideal and methods of literary history is necessary.
667:, is "highly various and complex". For example, literature may inspire the other art forms, or vice versa. A work of literature may also attempt to have the same effect as another art, through visualization, musicality, or other techniques. However, literature remains a separate art form, and effects found within are conveyed imperfectly. The emotions triggered by a work, or the intentions or theories behind it, will likewise not completely parallel those of another art form; individual forms of art have also "evolved" differently. Instead, Wellek and Warren suggest that works of art, like literature, can only be truly understood by looking at the works of art themselves and not their extrinsic aspects. A comparison between literature and another art form, thus, is secondary to establishing "outlines of strictly literary evolution".
822:
536:
task may be difficult and depend on factors outside literature in its completion. Written and printed works must then be edited for readability; this task, which requires "lucky guesswork", entails deciphering illegible parts in the material, classifying it, and identifying possible changes made by scribes (and thus bringing the material closer to its "author's own"). Meanwhile, the second level may require greater initiative from the one studying a work; it involves, among other things, selection of what should be published, how it is best arranged in a collection, the establishment of chronology and authorship through internal and external evidence, and the provision of proper
499:
628:, raised and shaped by society and is in a dialectic relationship with the audience: the audience provides recognition and an income, and the author shapes audiences' tastes and behavior. Intrinsic elements of the work, and indeed the "realization of certain aesthetic values", can reflect contemporary society and its attitudes. Literature does not, however, "correctly" reflect society or life, and may exhibit little connection. As such, "social truth" should not become an artistic value of its own right, and literature should not be thought of as a "substitute for sociology or politics".
544:
696:
428:
941:) as an autonomous body, and the American New Criticism, which likewise denied external influences. The book borrowed formalism's concepts of an aesthetic function and dominance of different elements of language. Unlike Russian formalism, however, Wellek and Warren's theory recognized the possibility of factors outside the work being studied, although Wellek and Warren continued to emphasize aspects within the work itself. Also unlike their forerunners, Wellek and Warren saw aesthetic value as not the
862:, and drama), they show such an understanding as "scarcely promising of objective results" and overly prescriptive; they also reject several alternative theories of genre. Instead, they suggest that genres should be understood descriptively, as based on the "outer form" (meter, structure) and the "inner form" (attitude, tone, purpose), with the "outer form" emphasized. Wellek and Warren consider genres to be continually shifting, with good writers conforming to but ultimately expanding them.
424:(accepted literary canon). They define literary scholarship as beyond the personal ("super-personal") and contrasted with the literary arts by its more scientific approach. Wellek and Warren suggest that neither a purely objective nor a purely subjective approach would be able to properly describe literature. They note that literary scholarship should not only examine what makes a work or author unique, but also its general characteristics that allow it to be compared to other works.
680:
sequences of sounds pronounced when reading, the experiences of the reader or author, or the "sum of all past and possible experiences" (alternatively "the experience common to all the experiences") related to a work. All these understandings they find lacking. Instead they suggest that literature is a "potential cause of experiences" consisting of a system of stratified norms – implicit in the work – which can only be partially realized by the reader; it is neither purely
769:, which they consider making up the "central poetic structure" of a work. In turns, they outline various historical definitions of the terms – which at times overlap – before writing that most of these theories have treated the sequence as "detachable parts of the works in which they appear." This Wellek and Warren refuse, instead arguing that "the meaning and function of literature s centrally present in metaphor and myth". They show that the dominant form of
601:
487:, the study of the literatures in two or more countries, and the study of a "general", "universal", or "world" literature; this last use, according to the authors, obviates issues present in the other understandings of the term. This understanding of literature as a totality can be used to trace the development of the art, unlimited by differences between languages. Within this comparative literature other supernational literatures, which may be based on
896:' ... and dilettantism", supporting instead a critically oriented literary scholarship. After finding faults with the literary scholarship in England, Germany, France, and Russia, Wellek and Warren suggest that the US is poised to start a new era in scholarship. They note that this opportunity may, however, be lost in a conflict between those advocating change and the inertia (including persons defending the
1087:, Vivas wrote that the book's discussion of the relation between literary criticism and scholarship "leaves nothing to be desired", providing a "well balanced" look at the major points; he found that no other such work existed in English at the time. Vivas opined, however, that Wellek and Warren lacked a single, non-contradictory theory to use as a base for their conclusions. Kemp Malone, reviewing for
1058:, echoed the sentiment, stating that, although the book was "unusually difficult" to read, he felt "unqualified agreement with the main position". He expected that the book would not succeed with "anyone ungifted from birth with some susceptibility to ... 'intrinsic' elements", a group which he believed comprised the majority of those teaching literature in the US. Seymour Betsky, writing in
750:, which in literature they define as "the study of a work of art or a group of works which are to be described in terms of their aesthetic function and meaning". Such studies can be done either as a search for a "total meaning" or a "sum of individual traits". Ideally, such a study should "establish some unifying principle, some general aesthetic" in a work or
577:
life must be understood in order to understand a particular work. According to Wellek and Warren, works may indeed reflect the author's experiences, but they may also reflect an author's hopes and dreams, or literary tradition and convention, and as such are "not a document for biography". Likewise, an understanding of personal style (what makes a work "
1219:. Holquist notes that this distinction proceeds from a different understanding of literature. He writes that Wellek's school of thought considered literature as a "unified subject" with definite boundaries which could be mastered, while more recent scholarship has rendered "he very identity of literature as an object of study ... no longer clear."
1199:
in 1987, Jeremy
Hawthorn described the book as an "excellent introductory study", despite extrinsic studies having become more dominant in literary criticism, while Holquist found that the book could still "be usefully invoked" in literary debates of the early 21st century. In an obituary of Wellek, Robert Thomas Jr. credited
636:
in a work. Instead, they agree with the German scholar Rudolf Unger that "literature expresses a general attitude toward life, that poets usually answer, unsystematically, questions which are also themes of philosophy", in a manner that differs over time. They outline attempts at classifying these ideas, including through
648:("time spirit"), before showing shortcomings in these systems. They then write that students of literature, an art which may (but need not) parallel philosophical development, should focus on how ideas enter the work. Wellek and Warren argue that a work does not necessarily become better with more philosophical content.
456:; have a coalescing aesthetic and functional role), and extending to literature as a substitute for travel and experience, a vehicle for truth or persuasion, to relieve or incite emotion, or as something without a function. They ultimately describe the main function of literature as being loyal to its own nature.
738:" of sounds as part of orchestration. Of rhythm they explore varying definitions, applications, typology, and artistic value. They then discuss theories of meter and their shortcomings, noting that the metric foundation differs between languages and stressing that meaning should not be divorced from meter.
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established Wellek's reputation as a literary scholar for the next three decades. The book proved to be Wellek's only "book-length scholarly manifesto", a format which
Holquist credits to Warren's influence. Wellek's other works were essays on literary theory and criticism which, even though bound in
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and expressed concern that the idea of literary history may have "gone into the discard once and for all". Benjamin found the book not something new, but a final assertion of the dominance of New
Criticism in literary theory, a dominance which he considered untenable. Rather than emphasize theory, he
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and clarified points; the last chapter, "Study of
Literature in the Graduate School", was removed beginning in the second edition as Wellek and Warren considered the reforms suggested within already accomplished in several places. By 1976 Wellek was of the opinion that the book required updating, but
773:
shifts over time before overviewing two diverging typologies of metaphor, that of Henry W. Wells and
Hermann Pongs. They finally discuss several aspects of "practical criticism" based on poetic language and its underlying assumptions. They reject approaches which attempt to understand the author
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between the extrinsic elements and a work. Although "obody can deny that much light has been thrown on literature by a proper knowledge of the conditions under which it has been produced", such studies "can never dispose of problems of description, analysis, and evaluation of an object such as a work
535:
The authors identify two levels of operations when dealing with manuscripts: the assembly and preparation of the materials, and the establishment of aspects such as chronology and authorship. At the first level one must locate and identify materials to study, be they written, printed, or oral; such a
475:
approaches to literary history, which they find reduce literary history to "a series of discrete and hence finally incomprehensible fragments" and emphasize the author's intent too greatly. Instead, Wellek and Warren argue that a work must be seen from the point of view of both its own period and all
390:
consists of twenty chapters set in five sections based on thematic similarities; one chapter and section was removed in later editions. Wellek contributed thirteen of the book's chapters, while Warren wrote six; the final chapter was written collaboratively. Although most of the chapters are credited
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Rather than maintain the system of having scholars specialized in certain time periods and authors, Wellek and Warren push for scholars who have mastered certain approaches and thought patterns, preferably those who are from a literary background. They also recommend "sharper distinction between the
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According to Wellek and Warren, evaluation of literary work should be done based on the work's own nature, divorced from an author's practical or scientific intent. They reject evaluation based on extra-literary content, writing instead that literature – like all fine art – will provide an
596:
Wellek and Warren consider analysis of characters the only legitimate application of psychological analysis in literary study. Such an analysis, however, they find lacking on its own merits: individual characters do not fit psychological theories of the time they are written. Works which are true to
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as crystallizing an
American movement towards intrinsic literary criticism, as dominated by New Criticism, while van Rees credits the book with popularizing a text-oriented interpretation. Grabowicz writes that its importance for both American and general literary studies is "indisputable". Writing
717:
Wellek and Warren consider patterns of sound as inherent to the text; these must be analyzed while keeping the meaning (or general emotional tone) in mind. They suggest two different aspects of sound systems: sounds in isolation, and sounds in relations with others. The sounds in isolation are used
635:
or, alternatively, that it is devoid of such ideas. They reject extreme versions of these arguments. They write that "a knowledge of the history of philosophy and of general ideas" will be valuable for a researcher. However, they note that philosophical ideas may not have been consciously included
235:
received mixed reviews from the academic community. It was used to teach literary theory beginning soon after publication and remained in common use into the 1960s. Its success has been credited as introducing
European literary scholarship into the United States and crystallizing a movement towards
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understanding of literary greats. Instead, they suggest that every work's rank changes when a new work is introduced and that values within are "really, or potentially, present in the art object". They note a dialectic relationship between evaluating and critically analyzing literature. This ties
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Wellek and Warren describe three views of a biographical approach, of which only one – the biographical aspects relating to the production of a work – can be of use; this use, however, is limited. They reject the views that works accurately reflect the author's life or that the author's
882:
Wellek and Warren – disapproving of contemporary histories of literature – opine that a history of literature is possible and should be based on elements intrinsic to works. Such a history should describe the development of "he process of interpretation, criticism, and appreciation" or
679:
to works of literature. Wellek and Warren write that starting an analysis from elements intrinsic to the work is "natural and sensible", given that "only the works themselves justify all our interest" in extrinsic issues. They outline different definitions of literature, including as artifacts,
519:
and related documentation. Wellek and Warren describe tasks such as authenticating manuscripts and establishing an author and date as important ones without which "critical analysis and historical understanding would be hopelessly handicapped"; however, these tasks should be preliminary to the
597:
certain psychological theories, meanwhile, are not necessarily better. Thus, they question the value of looking for psychological "truth" in how a work is presented. Additionally they outline and critique psychological theories that have been used to analyze authors and the creative process.
398:
despite the dominance of individuals. Their success in presenting such a voice has been debated. Wellek later recalled that people often told him it was difficult to tell who had written which chapter without consulting the book's introduction. However, the literary scholar C. J. van Rees of
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as "radical in its viewpoint, rich in ideas and bibliographical material, poised in its judgment of other approaches to literature" as well as a "landmark in literary studies." Although
Hatzfeld agreed with Wellek and Warren's main points, he thought it lacking in references to theories and
1093:, discussed three chapters on elements of literature related to linguistics. He considered these to provide "food for thought" for linguists and suggested that Wellek was well-versed in linguistics for a professor of literature, despite misusing several terms common in the discipline.
973:, that beauty is a "character of some things ... present only in the thing for those endowed with the capacity and the training through which alone it can be perceived". Meanwhile, their depiction of a dynamic scale of values, as opposed to an anarchical one, is a reimagining of
29:
417:
The first section, entitled
Definitions and Distinctions, consists of five chapters and details how Wellek and Warren define literature. This section also contrasts Wellek and Warren's definition with those of others, such views of literature as everything in print and as only
208:. After defining various aspects and relationships of literature in general, Wellek and Warren divide analysis of literature based on two approaches: extrinsic, relating to factors outside a work such as the author and society, and intrinsic, relating to factors within such as
333:. Wellek and Warren were soon in agreement over several aspects of literature, and by 1940 they had begun considering collaboration on a book. Over the next several years they furthered their understandings of European and American literature theory through discussions with
849:
Wellek and Warren consider genres as influencing "any critical and evaluative ... study". All works of literature can be so classified, although the genres themselves are (presumably) not fixed. After outlining a brief history of the "ultimate" genres as understood by
357:
over a period of two summers. Wellek and Warren began dividing their responsibilities, at first evenly, but with more work done by Wellek as Warren dealt with the illness, and later loss, of his wife
Eleanor in 1946. During this period of writing Wellek transferred to
1125:
plain, imprecise language had introduced numerous inconsistencies within its theoretical framework; he also stated that the book led readers to believe they were approaching an understanding of literature without ever reaching the core essence of the subject.
443:
Wellek and Warren limit their definition of literature to pieces of "imaginative literature", which can gain artistic merit from their coherence and complexity. The language in literary works is contrasted from scientific and everyday language by the use of
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The book was used to teach literary theory at universities beginning not long after publication and remained dominant into the mid-1960s, at which time an increasingly heterogeneous academia questioned the universal value of literature; literary theorist
1129:
Ingarden, who believed his theories the basis of Wellek and Warren's arguments, considered himself inadequately credited and took offense with the attribution of his ideas to "pure phenomenologists". He also stated that they had misrepresented his views.
593:") does not rely on knowledge of the author's life. They conclude that "it seems dangerous to ascribe to any real critical importance", and that such approaches, if undertaken at all, should be done with a "sense" of the distinctions outlined above.
448:(non-literal) language and expressive content. Studies of literature must be literary and systematic, treating literature as literature and not part of another field. Wellek and Warren discuss several proposed functions of literature, beginning with
741:
Language, meanwhile, they describe as "quite literally the material of the literary artist"; although a work is influenced by language, the writer's style, the use of communicative language, may influence language. Rather than use a work to study
957:
and "metaphysical qualities", the level which a reader contemplates. They did not, however, accept Ingarden's teachings as a whole, writing that Ingarden "analyze the work of art without reference to values", a system which they found untenable.
1025:
began soon after it was published; by 2010 the work had been translated into more than twenty languages, including Spanish, Korean, Hebrew, and Hindi. Two new editions were issued, first in 1956 then in 1962. These new editions included updated
476:
subsequent periods, as a work's historical meaning is derived from "the history of its criticism by its many readers in many ages." Criticism should not be limited to classical and medieval literature, but also include works by living authors.
1214:
have generally been criticized by later writers. Van Rees, for example, considers Wellek and Warren's distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic aspects of literature to be too sharply drawn, leading to the two aspects becoming
1068:" which would "usher in a new era". However, Betsky felt that the book lacked a "controlling purpose" and that it neglected to emphasize the need to differentiate between "the cheap commercial appeal and the genuine" literature.
1077:, found the treatment lacking, with major terms left undefined and much of the book providing synopses of other writers' theories; he conceded, however, that it convincingly showed that "the intellectual study of literature
794:. The latter two are discussed in the following chapter. They define the narrative structure as built around a pattern of dialog and description, and various concepts related to narrative; these include time within a work,
391:
as the work of one man, the two often copyedited and proofread each other's work, at times inserting entire sentences or paragraphs. Each also suggested further references that the other could use in expanding his chapter.
403:
notes that Wellek's influences are prevalent in chapters authored by Warren. Aldo Scaglione, in a review of the second edition, wrote that "one immediately senses the change of hand" between chapters by different authors.
912:; this coincides with their urge to establish departments teaching comparative literature. They recommend the teaching of literary methods and theories in combination with periods and authors, with a retooling of the
891:
The final section of the book, removed in later editions, consists of a single chapter regarding the study of literature. Wellek and Warren bemoan that literary students are "offered no wider choice than between the
814:, involving modes, types, and typologies, then setting (the environment in a work). This world can serve as a basis for analysis and judgment of a work. Although they focus on the "world" in narrative fiction,
532:, linguistics, and history may all be involved. These forgeries may spark further investigation and literary debates which can result in a better understanding of the period, the writer, or the writer's oevre.
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After reiterating their views of the relationship between reality and literature, Wellek and Warren write that narrative fiction takes place in its own "worlds", consisting of five codeterminant elements:
774:
through his or her words or which attempt to understand figurative language alone; instead, it should be studied not in isolation but as "an element in the totality, the integrity, of the literary work".
1031:
asked rhetorically "who can master the astonishing and bewildering literature on theory which since has been produced in many countries?" and noted that he and Warren were busy with their own projects.
1166:, and scholarship. Although they noted a similarity to existing German and Russian works, the authors considered those earlier works "eclectic" and "doctrinaire", respectively. Ballard writes that
1004:
dated 1942, 1947, and 1949. Wellek notes that 1942, often quoted as a year of publication in Europe, is in fact when his article "The Mode of Existence of a Literary Work of Art" was published in
977:, which Wellek and Warren define as "recogniz that there is one poetry, one literature, comparable in all ages, developing, changing, full of possibilities". They explicitly denounce
1194:
finds that, after the 1960s, "it was no longer possible to take for granted what literature was, how to read it, or what social functions it might serve". Steven Mailloux describes
754:, although some may be more difficult than others. As such, they reject stylistic studies which focus mainly on "peculiarities of style" or which are linked to extrinsic elements.
965:, implying that a specific "aesthetic realm" was autonomous within the work and required a certain perspective to properly understand; they emphasize this with a quote from the
1118:
was "ninety-nine parts a 'good offense' against its slain and buried foes" with "exceptionally lucid and authoritative" discussions of literary problems. Scaglione opined that
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van Rees, C. J. (December 1984). "'Theory of literature' viewed as a conception of literature: On the premises underlying Wellek and Warren's handbook".
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teacher and the scholar", allowing some individuals to devote their careers to research and not teaching. They emphasize a need for fluency in several
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relationship and should not be separated; for example, a theory of literature is impossible without referring to works of literature. They reject
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to a work, which are explored in Section 4. They write that research into extrinsic elements often results in an attempt to establish some
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216:. They stress the need to focus on the intrinsic elements of a work as the best way to truly understand it. In doing so they adapt the
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Wellek and Warren write that literature is ultimately a social institution as several aspects of it are created or influenced through
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or orchestration – a sound aesthetic which may be pleasing or harsh – while the relational aspect "may become the basis of
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and similar understandings for one based on the diversity of materials amalgamated within a work. They reject a static hierarchy or
515:
This section consists of a single chapter regarding the treatment, classification, annotation, and other aspects of working with
3578:
520:"ultimate task of scholarship", analysis, and not a goal in themselves. Wellek and Warren note the importance of identifying
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which, although possibly of the same language, will still have thematic differentiations. These are also worthy of study.
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to works of literature, such as biography, psychology, social milieu, ideas, and other arts; this is opposed to elements
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Wellek, René (1976). "Collaborating with Austin Warren on Theory of Literature". In Simon, Myron; Gross, Harvey (eds.).
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In discussing how literature does not necessarily reflect an author's experiences, Wellek and Warren quote the actress
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in 1939, Wellek fled London – where he had been teaching – for the United States, finding a position at the
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a single volume, did not provide a single coherent manifesto. Wellek would continue to use the theories contained in
866:"aesthetic experience" which can be judged. They note various criteria used to identify "good" literature, rejecting
279:
217:
931:, a school of thought which sought to examine literature (or, more precisely, what formalist-turned-structuralist
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was published during a time of increasing focus on the art of literature, rather than its underlying philosophy.
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978:
322:
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The title, according to Wellek and Warren, was "more than ordinarily difficult" to choose. Some titles, such as
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Scaglione, Aldo (May 1958). "'Theory of Literature' (2d ed.), by René Wellek and Austin Warren (Book Review)".
467:, which outlines the development of literature. Although these aspects have clear distinctions, they are in a
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624:. They reject a more specific understanding of social realities in literature. An author, for example, is a
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310:
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50:
1014:, leading to the inclusion of the year 1942. Several other works by Wellek and Warren had been adapted for
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This section, almost twice the size of the others, consists of eight chapters regarding various elements
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The Literary Work of Art: An Investigation of the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and Theory of Language
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543:
463:, which outlines the basic principles of literature; criticism, which critiques individual works; and
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In describing the treatment of manuscripts, Wellek and Warren often cite research into the works of
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over a period of three years. Its contents were based on their shared understandings of literature.
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in the late 1930s, and by 1940 had begun writing the book; they wrote collaboratively, in a single
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was mixed. The philologist Helmut Hatzfeld, reviewing shortly after the book's release, described
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Wellek and Warren write that the relationship between literature and other forms of art, such as
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of the mundane, but an interaction among the strata derived from Roman Ingarden's work: the
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with "introduc European scholarship to the United States" and establishing a framework for
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The Antioch Review Anthology: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Reviews from the Antioch Review
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Ballard, Edward G. (February 1951). "Theory of Literature by René Wellek: Austin Warren".
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For other understandings of meaning, Wellek and Warren suggest a look at the sequence of
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Malone, Kemp (April–June 1950). "Theory of Literature by René Wellek; Austin Warren".
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Hatzfeld, Helmut (Summer 1949). "Theory of Literature by René Wellek; Austin Warren".
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953:(meaning), and the "world" created by literature. This last strata they divided into
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379:, the literary scholar Herbert S. Benjamin wrote that a better title would have been
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Originally consisting of twenty chapters – one was cut in later editions –
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and meter". Regarding euphony, Wellek and Warren discuss issues of classification,
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did not begin until 1945, after Wellek and Warren received a stipend from the
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Wellek and Warren begin their discussion of the function of literature with
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saw three editions and has been translated into more than twenty languages.
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Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms
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383:; he considered the book lacking the theory implied by the chosen title.
313:(1899–1986), an American literary scholar who considered himself an "old
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Wellek and Warren's concept of aesthetics borrowed from the writings of
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The third section consists of five chapters discussing various elements
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They call for a systematic and integrated study of literature, uniting
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551:: if Shakespeare wrote only what he knew, he "must have been a woman".
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Interpretive Conventions: The Reader in the Study of American Fiction
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literature from the Romance languages and concrete interpretations.
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unparalleled in English-language publications, an attempt to unite
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In their writing Wellek and Warren attempted to present a single
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as "troublesome", noting that it has been used for the study of
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
3450:"René Wellek, 92, a Professor of Comparative Literature, Dies"
2014:
2012:
631:
Wellek and Warren note arguments that literature is a form of
2947:
2945:
1717:
1715:
1475:
1473:
825:
Wellek and Warren proscribe a more specific understanding of
321:
and was raised in, but later saw several limitations to, the
139:
3196:
Betsky, Seymour (September 1949). "The New Antiquarianism".
3181:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–17.
1386:
1384:
1173:
In an academic biography of Wellek, Michael Holquist of the
556:
Section 3: The Extrinsic Approach to the Study of Literature
452:'s proclamation that literature must be "sweet and useful" (
3232:
Drake, Robert (1996). "Continuity, Coherence, Completion".
2989:
2987:
2974:
2972:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2661:
2659:
2529:
2527:
1460:
1458:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
290:'s work, and the psychologically influenced linguistics of
1504:
1502:
1500:
1401:
1399:
1371:
1369:
1233:
1231:
3493:
Vivas, Eliseo (Winter 1950). "Theorists without Theory".
1248:
1246:
435:'s proclamation that works should be "sweet and useful" (
3461:
Troy, William (Winter 1950). "Limits of the Intrinsic".
2845:
2843:
2678:
2676:
2674:
1150:
At the time of publication Wellek and Warren considered
699:
Among the works Wellek and Warren quote when discussing
3519:
Teacher & Critic: Essays By and About Austin Warren
2794:
2792:
371:
Theory of Literature and Methodology of Literary Study
3298:
Holquist, Michael (2010). "Remembering René Wellek".
3179:
Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism
3053:
1324:
270:and was fluent in several European languages, both
137:
129:
121:
113:
87:
77:
67:
59:
38:
1142:was "instrumental" in spreading Ingarden's ideas.
810:, and pacing. This is followed by a discussion of
524:, a task which can be completed in numerous ways:
251:(1903–1995) was an Austrian-born scholar from the
3158:. Cleveland: World Publishing. pp. 424–428.
900:) in American literary studies and institutions.
491:and schools, are also apparent. There are also
381:Theory of the Methodology of the Literary Study
349:Owing to several academic commitments, work on
3521:. Los Angeles: Plantin Press. pp. 68–75.
3251:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3448:Thomas Jr., Robert McG. (November 16, 1995).
8:
2694:
2650:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2477:
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2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
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1643:
1628:
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1604:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1479:
1449:
1390:
671:Section 4: The Intrinsic Study of Literature
21:
879:genre theory to the history of literature.
3540:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
3077:
1134:, prefacing his translation of Ingarden's
27:
20:
2921:
2909:
2578:
1464:
1426:
1210:The theoretical positions promulgated in
1010:; the article was reused as a chapter of
746:, they recommend examining works through
3372:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3081:
3065:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2978:
2951:
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1252:
413:Section 1: Definitions and Distinctions.
278:. His theoretical training included the
2963:
2834:
2557:
2545:
1264:
1227:
692:, nor is it static or bereft of value.
2873:
2822:
2810:
2723:
2682:
1491:
1375:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1312:
3534:Wellek, René; Warren, Austin (1949).
2861:
2849:
1237:
366:(1948), but collaboration continued.
16:Book by René Wellek and Austin Warren
7:
3351:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
3211:"Having Your Assumptions Questioned"
2798:
2783:
908:rather than an understanding of the
479:Wellek and Warren describe the term
14:
3366:Makaryk, Irene Rima, ed. (1993).
1071:Edward G. Ballard, reviewing for
887:Section 5: The Academic Situation
511:Section 2: Preliminary Operations
317:". He had written extensively on
3248:Literary Theory: An Introduction
3154:. In Bixler, Paul Howard (ed.).
969:philosopher and literary critic
949:(sound) level at the base, then
1081:literature has just begun". In
3213:. In Bradford, Richard (ed.).
1207:studies in the United States.
236:intrinsic literary criticism.
1:
3561:List of scholarly reviews of
3150:Benjamin, Herbert S. (1953).
196:describes various aspects of
3425:10.1016/0304-422X(84)90021-4
3300:Comparative Critical Studies
3173:Bernheimer, Charles (1995).
998:Harcourt, Brace, and Company
604:Wellek and Warren note that
386:The original publication of
229:Harcourt, Brace, and Company
82:Harcourt, Brace, and Company
3584:Books about literary theory
3324:"Translator's Introduction"
3209:Parrinder, Patrick (1993).
3605:
1109:to excessively indulge in
33:Dust jacket, first edition
3345:Mailloux, Steven (1984).
3312:10.3366/E1744185410001047
3120:The Journal of Philosophy
1074:The Journal of Philosophy
1000:in December 1948, with a
362:(1946) and Warren to the
266:. Wellek had training in
26:
3322:Ingarden, Roman (1979).
3245:Eagleton, Terry (2008).
3054:Thomas 1995, René Wellek
2939:, pp. lxxix–lxxxiv.
2695:Wellek & Warren 1949
2651:Wellek & Warren 1949
2519:Wellek & Warren 1949
2507:Wellek & Warren 1949
2495:Wellek & Warren 1949
2478:Wellek & Warren 1949
2463:Wellek & Warren 1949
2451:Wellek & Warren 1949
2439:Wellek & Warren 1949
2427:Wellek & Warren 1949
2415:Wellek & Warren 1949
2400:Wellek & Warren 1949
2388:Wellek & Warren 1949
2376:Wellek & Warren 1949
2364:Wellek & Warren 1949
2352:Wellek & Warren 1949
2340:Wellek & Warren 1949
2330:, pp. 236–239, 245.
2328:Wellek & Warren 1949
2316:Wellek & Warren 1949
2304:Wellek & Warren 1949
2292:Wellek & Warren 1949
2280:Wellek & Warren 1949
2268:Wellek & Warren 1949
2253:Wellek & Warren 1949
2241:Wellek & Warren 1949
2229:Wellek & Warren 1949
2217:Wellek & Warren 1949
2202:Wellek & Warren 1949
2190:Wellek & Warren 1949
2175:Wellek & Warren 1949
2163:Wellek & Warren 1949
2151:Wellek & Warren 1949
2139:Wellek & Warren 1949
2127:Wellek & Warren 1949
2115:Wellek & Warren 1949
2103:Wellek & Warren 1949
2091:Wellek & Warren 1949
2079:Wellek & Warren 1949
2067:Wellek & Warren 1949
2055:Wellek & Warren 1949
2043:Wellek & Warren 1949
2031:Wellek & Warren 1949
2019:Wellek & Warren 1949
2004:Wellek & Warren 1949
1992:Wellek & Warren 1949
1980:Wellek & Warren 1949
1968:Wellek & Warren 1949
1956:Wellek & Warren 1949
1944:Wellek & Warren 1949
1932:Wellek & Warren 1949
1920:Wellek & Warren 1949
1908:Wellek & Warren 1949
1893:Wellek & Warren 1949
1881:Wellek & Warren 1949
1866:Wellek & Warren 1949
1854:Wellek & Warren 1949
1842:Wellek & Warren 1949
1830:Wellek & Warren 1949
1818:Wellek & Warren 1949
1806:Wellek & Warren 1949
1794:Wellek & Warren 1949
1782:Wellek & Warren 1949
1770:Wellek & Warren 1949
1758:Wellek & Warren 1949
1746:Wellek & Warren 1949
1734:Wellek & Warren 1949
1722:Wellek & Warren 1949
1707:Wellek & Warren 1949
1692:Wellek & Warren 1949
1680:Wellek & Warren 1949
1668:Wellek & Warren 1949
1656:Wellek & Warren 1949
1644:Wellek & Warren 1949
1629:Wellek & Warren 1949
1617:Wellek & Warren 1949
1605:Wellek & Warren 1949
1557:Wellek & Warren 1949
1545:Wellek & Warren 1949
1533:Wellek & Warren 1949
1521:Wellek & Warren 1949
1480:Wellek & Warren 1949
1450:Wellek & Warren 1949
1391:Wellek & Warren 1949
1136:The Literary Work of Art
818:shares similar aspects.
796:narrative points of view
177:, a self-described "old
3512:(subscription required)
3488:(subscription required)
3430:(subscription required)
3406:(subscription required)
3317:(subscription required)
3293:(subscription required)
3217:. New York: Routledge.
3145:(subscription required)
3080:, p. 2, quoted in
1325:NYT 1986, Austin Warren
306:under Norman Foerster.
3579:1948 non-fiction books
3268:Comparative Literature
3152:"Criticism in Reverse"
1205:comparative literature
1175:University of Columbia
1039:Academic reception of
920:Theoretical borrowings
846:
718:in a work establish a
714:
613:
552:
507:
481:comparative literature
440:
364:University of Michigan
355:Rockefeller Foundation
181:". The two met at the
3234:Mississippi Quarterly
1186:into the late 1980s.
914:doctoral dissertation
824:
698:
608:'s work helped bring
603:
546:
501:
430:
22:Theory of Literature
3563:Theory of Literature
3537:Theory of Literature
1291:, pp. 166, 168.
1212:Theory of Literature
1201:Theory of Literature
1196:Theory of Literature
1184:Theory of Literature
1179:Theory of Literature
1168:Theory of Literature
1152:Theory of Literature
1140:Theory of Literature
1120:Theory of Literature
1116:Theory of Literature
1107:Theory of Literature
1045:Theory of Literature
1041:Theory of Literature
1023:Theory of Literature
1016:Theory of Literature
1012:Theory of Literature
994:Theory of Literature
925:Theory of Literature
493:national literatures
388:Theory of Literature
351:Theory of Literature
268:classical literature
238:Theory of Literature
233:Theory of Literature
194:Theory of Literature
160:literary scholarship
155:Theory of Literature
72:Literary scholarship
3215:The State of Theory
2876:, pp. 311–313.
2837:, pp. 109–110.
2581:, pp. 135–136.
2497:, pp. 289–293.
2480:, pp. 285–288.
2453:, pp. 274–280.
2441:, pp. 269–273.
2429:, pp. 267–268.
2417:, pp. 263–266.
2390:, pp. 257–258.
2378:, pp. 253–255.
2366:, pp. 249–252.
2342:, pp. 241–242.
2294:, pp. 228–229.
2282:, pp. 223–227.
2270:, pp. 219–222.
2255:, pp. 214–218.
2243:, pp. 205–213.
2231:, pp. 199–204.
2219:, pp. 191–198.
2192:, pp. 185–189.
2165:, pp. 180–183.
2153:, pp. 177–178.
2141:, pp. 168–176.
2129:, pp. 165–167.
2117:, pp. 161–164.
2105:, pp. 159–160.
2093:, pp. 159–176.
2069:, pp. 151–152.
2057:, pp. 141–150.
2033:, pp. 129–131.
2006:, pp. 124–127.
1994:, pp. 124–126.
1982:, pp. 122–123.
1970:, pp. 120–121.
1958:, pp. 113–118.
1946:, pp. 111–112.
1934:, pp. 107–109.
1910:, pp. 100–104.
1240:, pp. 851–854.
1007:The Southern Review
780:narrative structure
771:figurative language
642:("world view") and
504:William Shakespeare
23:
927:was influenced by
847:
790:, world-view, and
744:linguistic history
715:
618:social conventions
614:
573:of literary art."
553:
508:
441:
401:Tilburg University
376:The Antioch Review
339:Robert Penn Warren
325:views promoted by
319:literary criticism
304:University of Iowa
231:in December 1948,
183:University of Iowa
3495:The Kenyon Review
3463:The Hudson Review
3437:Romance Philology
3379:978-0-8020-6860-6
3358:978-0-8014-9285-3
3337:978-0-8101-0537-9
3258:978-0-8166-5447-5
3224:978-0-415-07323-3
3188:978-0-8018-5004-2
3165:978-0-8369-1782-6
3105:. August 22, 1986
1895:, pp. 91–98.
1883:, pp. 89–90.
1856:, pp. 81–85.
1844:, pp. 75–79.
1832:, pp. 86–88.
1820:, pp. 73–74.
1808:, pp. 70–72.
1784:, pp. 67–68.
1748:, pp. 50–52.
1736:, pp. 60–62.
1709:, pp. 54–58.
1694:, pp. 41–43.
1670:, pp. 38–41.
1646:, pp. 33–35.
1631:, pp. 29–31.
1607:, pp. 20–27.
1559:, pp. 11–14.
1378:, pp. 73–74.
1138:, suggested that
1099:, writing in the
1084:The Kenyon Review
1055:The Hudson Review
996:was published by
943:defamiliarization
929:Russian formalism
894:historical method
872:defamiliarization
868:Russian formalism
645:Geistesgeschichte
612:views to England.
489:language families
309:There Wellek met
262:, studying under
151:
150:
114:Publication place
106:
99:1942, 1946, 1949
3596:
3549:
3530:
3513:
3510:
3489:
3486:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3428:
3407:
3404:
3383:
3362:
3341:
3318:
3315:
3294:
3291:
3262:
3241:
3228:
3205:
3192:
3169:
3146:
3143:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3085:
3075:
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3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:, p. lxiii.
2949:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
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2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
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2769:
2763:
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2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2698:
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2686:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
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2612:
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2600:
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2588:
2582:
2576:
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2555:
2549:
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2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2481:
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2199:
2193:
2187:
2178:
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2130:
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2112:
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2100:
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2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
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1935:
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1911:
1905:
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1815:
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1584:
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1524:
1523:, pp. 8–10.
1518:
1512:
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1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1452:, pp. ix–x.
1447:
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1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1217:binary opposites
1132:George Grabowicz
1124:
1021:Translations of
1002:copyright notice
906:modern languages
870:'s criterion of
812:characterization
540:and commentary.
141:
100:
89:Publication date
31:
24:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3569:
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3552:
3533:
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3475:10.2307/3847717
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3195:
3189:
3172:
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3149:
3144:
3132:10.2307/2021441
3117:
3108:
3106:
3099:"Austin Warren"
3097:
3093:
3088:
3078:Bernheimer 1995
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
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2544:
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2509:, pp. 297.
2505:
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2421:
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2386:
2382:
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2354:, pp. 244.
2350:
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2017:
2010:
2002:
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1986:
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1547:, pp. 5–8.
1543:
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1156:literary theory
1148:
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1102:Partisan Review
1037:
991:
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889:
876:generationalist
802:, major types,
710:An Essay on Man
673:
558:
513:
485:oral literature
461:literary theory
415:
410:
360:Yale University
347:
331:Paul Elmer More
264:Vilém Mathesius
246:
198:literary theory
122:Media type
109:
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3555:External links
3553:
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3501:(1): 161–165.
3490:
3469:(4): 619–621.
3458:
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3126:(4): 108–110.
3115:
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3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
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3084:, p. 166)
3082:Holquist (2010
3070:
3068:, p. 510.
3058:
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3034:
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3020:, p. 191.
3010:
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2922:Scaglione 1958
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2910:Scaglione 1958
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2890:
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2712:Holquist 2010
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3107:. Retrieved
3102:
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3025:
3013:
3001:
2964:Ballard 1951
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2755:
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2558:Makaryk 1993
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1528:
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1393:, p. v.
1356:
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1265:Makaryk 1993
1260:
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1177:writes that
1172:
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1097:Newton Arvin
1095:
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1065:
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1053:
1050:William Troy
1044:
1040:
1038:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
993:
992:
971:Eliseo Vivas
960:
947:phonological
938:literariness
936:
924:
923:
916:procedures.
902:
890:
881:
864:
848:
776:
756:
740:
716:
708:
674:
653:architecture
650:
643:
637:
630:
626:social being
615:
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534:
530:bibliography
514:
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323:New Humanist
308:
296:Nazi Germany
247:
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232:
226:
193:
191:
154:
153:
152:
18:
3389:Linguistics
2874:Malone 1950
2823:Betsky 1949
2811:Betsky 1949
2724:Wellek 1976
2683:Wellek 1976
1492:Wellek 1976
1376:Wellek 1976
1361:Wellek 1976
1349:Wellek 1976
1337:Wellek 1976
1313:Wellek 1976
1114:found that
1090:Linguistics
989:Publication
967:neo-Kantian
736:physiognomy
734:, and the "
732:onomotopeia
549:Ellen Terry
526:paleography
517:manuscripts
473:Historicist
469:dialectical
446:connotative
292:Karl Bühler
260:linguistics
249:René Wellek
164:René Wellek
46:René Wellek
3573:Categories
3109:25 October
3091:References
2862:Vivas 1950
2850:Vivas 1950
1238:Drake 1996
983:relativism
979:absolutism
898:status quo
784:characters
748:stylistics
665:visual art
633:philosophy
538:annotation
315:New Critic
244:Background
179:New Critic
2799:Troy 1950
2784:Troy 1950
1160:criticism
1111:formalism
1035:Reception
955:paradigms
852:Aristotle
831:Aristotle
677:intrinsic
657:sculpture
606:Coleridge
591:Virgilian
570:causality
566:intrinsic
562:extrinsic
522:forgeries
298:occupied
202:criticism
166:, of the
125:Hardcover
78:Publisher
3198:Scrutiny
1105:, found
1061:Scrutiny
951:semantic
763:metaphor
682:material
583:Keatsian
579:Miltonic
408:Contents
294:. After
220:used by
60:Language
3546:1599846
3527:3023887
3507:4333129
3483:3847717
3413:Poetics
3288:1769174
3140:2021441
1164:history
935:termed
808:devices
788:setting
720:euphony
589:", or "
465:history
345:Writing
272:Romance
206:history
146:1599846
103:imprint
68:Subject
63:English
3544:
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3401:410075
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1146:Legacy
1123:'s
856:poetry
841:, and
835:poetry
800:voices
724:rhythm
688:, nor
686:mental
450:Horace
433:Horace
300:Prague
276:Slavic
210:rhythm
204:, and
173:, and
39:Author
3503:JSTOR
3479:JSTOR
3397:JSTOR
3284:JSTOR
3136:JSTOR
1223:Notes
860:prose
843:drama
839:prose
829:than
827:genre
816:drama
759:image
752:genre
728:rhyme
701:meter
690:ideal
663:, or
661:music
622:norms
396:voice
214:meter
187:voice
130:Pages
3542:OCLC
3523:OCLC
3374:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3219:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3111:2012
981:and
804:plot
798:and
792:tone
767:myth
620:and
585:", "
581:", "
337:and
329:and
274:and
212:and
140:OCLC
96:1948
3471:doi
3421:doi
3308:doi
3304:7.2
3276:doi
3128:doi
1079:qua
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282:of
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