20:
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movement when pollinators are present. In order to obtain nectar, specialized floral components known as nectar scales must be manipulated by the pollinator. This action causes the stamens to move between 90 and 120 degrees toward the center of the flower within 1-2 minutes. When there is a lack of
86:
in that nastic motion is independent of the direction of the stimulus. For example, tendrils from a climbing plant are thigmotropic because they twine around any support they touch, responding in whichever direction the stimulus came from. However, the shutting of a
163:. When an insect lands on a flower, the anthers shrink and rebound, loading the insect with pollen. The effect results from turgor changes in specialized, highly elastic cell walls of the anthers. Similar pollination strategy occurs in
185:) presents a spectacular example of thigmonasty; when an insect lands on a trap formed by two curved lobes of a single leaf, the trap rapidly switches from an open to a closed configuration. Investigators have observed an
377:
exhibit trap closure similar to the venus fly trap. Mycologists have discovered action potentials in fungi but it is not currently clear whether they have any significance to thigmonastic behavior.
329:
pollinators the stamen movement is slower and dependent upon ambient light and temperature. The plants are capable of extending their staminate and carpellate phases to ensure
243:
to deform, will trigger an action potential. The action potential travels through the plant, initiating drooping of the leaflets as it passes. However, it does not pass the
270:
of the entire collar of collenchyma are distended with water. On receiving the action potential signal, the cells in the lower half of the pulvinus respond by expelling
216:) are all capable of moving their glandular tentacles toward the center of a leaf in response to a prey item landing on it. The speed of the movement varies by species.
146:, that help mediate the loss of turgor. In species with the fastest response time, vacuoles are believed to provide temporary, high speed storage for calcium ions.
94:
The time scales of thigmonastic responses tend to be shorter than those of thigmotropic movements because many examples of thigmonasty depend on pre-accumulated
122:
are fast enough to observe without time lapse photography; some take less than a second. Speed is no clear distinction however; for example the re-erection of
239:
that droop abruptly when stimulated. This is a classic example of thigmonastic action and has attracted detailed investigation. Contact or injury that causes
720:
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that draws water out of the affected cells, so that they temporarily shrink. This pulls the entire structure downward like a folding
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225:
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705:
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leaves is nastic, but typically takes some 15 to 30 minutes, rather than a second or so. Similarly, re-opening of the
911:
715:
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is thigmonastic; no matter what the direction of the stimulus, the trap simply shuts (and later possibly opens).
916:
710:
614:"Beautiful, complicated--and intelligent? Novel aspects of the thigmonastic stamen movement in Loasaceae"
775:
391:
353:
304:, a prairie mimosa, native to North America, shuts its leaves on contact. The plant is attractive to
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197:; they trigger the rapid elongation of individual cells. The common term for the elongation is
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to touch or vibration. Conspicuous examples of thigmonasty include many species in the
905:
866:
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445:
Plants and
Mechanical Motion: A Synthetic Approach to Nastic Materials and Structures
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251:, and so a local disturbance will not cause all the leaves on the plant to collapse.
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Many other
Fabaceae react to touch with the same rapid leaf closure motion. The
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mechanisms rather than growth or cell division. Certain dramatic examples of
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Proceedings of the 4th
International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference
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139:
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Slayman CL, Long WS, Gradmann D (April 1976). ""Action potentials" in
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Thigmonasty other than leaf closure occurs in various species of
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trap, though also nastic, typically takes days to complete.
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vine thigmonastically closes its leaves around a support.
469:
Dov Koller; Elizabeth Van
Volkenburgh (15 January 2011).
254:
The pulvinus is a motor structure consisting of a rod of
507:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 527–.
706:
Two videos showing severe thigmonasty in mimosa plants
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Jaffe, M. J.; Leopold, A. C.; Staples, R. C. (2002).
16:
Undirected movement in response to touch or vibration
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821:
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669:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
543:(1). New York Flora Association: 4. Archived from
496:
494:
492:
591:: Der Sonnentau mit 'Schnapp-Tentakeln'" [
776:
595:: The Sundew with 'Snapping Tentacles'].
501:Hans Mohr; Peter Schopfer (23 January 1995).
417:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 520–.
341:Sensitive leaves also occur in plants of the
8:
228:Pulvinus in extended and contracted position
74:and a wide range of pollination mechanisms.
612:Henning, Tilo; Weigend, Maximilian (2013).
563:"Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae
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769:
761:
475:. Harvard University Press. pp. 18–.
743:
639:
629:
345:family. Examples include many species of
150:Examples of plants exhibiting thigmonasty
567:—How do tentacles bend and traps close?"
308:, and this behavior presumably provides
223:
530:"Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.)"
403:
728:"Thigmo responses in plants and fungi"
587:Hartmeyer, I.; Hartmeyer, S. (2005). "
201:although the process does not involve
7:
262:. Such pulvini occur widely in the
14:
711:Pulvinus-actuated leaf movements
266:. In its extended position, the
46:(non-directional) response of a
106:such as the sudden drooping of
618:Plant Signaling & Behavior
414:Principles of Plant Physiology
1:
528:Knowlton Foote (March 2002).
448:. DEStech Publications, Inc.
681:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90138-3
26:in normal and touched state.
138:have discovered signalling
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732:American Journal of Botany
361:(the plant which produces
310:protection against grazing
112:or the trapping action of
320:Members of the subfamily
285:ions. This results in an
82:Thigmonasty differs from
576:. Tokyo. pp. 77–81.
601:(in German) (2): 34–38.
136:Botanical physiologists
667:, a mycelial fungus".
411:Walter Stiles (1994).
229:
27:
721:Thigmonastic Movement
561:Williams, SE (2002).
550:on December 17, 2008.
227:
22:
745:10.3732/ajb.89.3.375
593:Drosera glanduligera
589:Drosera glanduligera
392:Rapid plant movement
354:Biophytum sensitivum
189:and changes in leaf
104:rapid plant movement
438:Norman M. Wereley;
193:that accompany the
78:Distinctive aspects
805:Differential cell
624:(e24605): e24605.
472:The Restless Plant
359:Averrhoa carambola
337:In the Oxalidaceae
230:
173:In the Droseraceae
66:carnivorous plants
28:
899:
898:
879:(non-directional)
665:Neurospora crassa
631:10.4161/psb.24605
514:978-3-540-58016-4
482:978-0-674-05943-6
455:978-1-60595-043-3
424:978-81-7141-247-1
281:and taking up of
247:at the base of a
183:Dionaea muscipula
155:In the Asteraceae
924:
912:Plant physiology
877:Nastic movements
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504:Plant Physiology
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331:self-pollination
316:In the Loasaceae
287:osmotic gradient
235:is a plant with
187:action potential
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537:NYFA Newsletter
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237:compound leaves
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220:In the Fabaceae
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166:Rudbeckia hirta
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89:venus fly trap
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857:Selenotropism
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24:Mimosa pudica
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852:Phototropism
847:Heliotropism
842:Hydrotropism
837:Gravitropism
832:Chemotropism
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891:Thigmonasty
811:Changes in
369:Other forms
343:wood sorrel
260:collenchyma
199:acid growth
119:Utricularia
62:Mimosoideae
40:seismonasty
36:thigmonasty
906:Categories
886:Nyctinasty
398:References
322:Loasoideae
306:herbivores
56:leguminous
363:starfruit
272:potassium
144:turgorins
140:molecules
64:, active
59:subfamily
823:Tropisms
754:21665632
650:23603953
387:Apoplast
381:See also
276:chlorine
264:Fabaceae
245:pulvinus
241:leaflets
161:thistles
100:bistable
68:such as
641:3909056
283:calcium
249:petiole
214:Drosera
212:(genus
210:sundews
142:called
130:Dionaea
114:Dionaea
71:Dionaea
42:is the
32:biology
807:growth
752:
689:130926
687:
648:
638:
511:
479:
452:
421:
357:, and
348:Oxalis
326:stamen
195:reflex
191:turgor
125:Mimosa
98:or on
96:turgor
52:fungus
44:nastic
799:Means
570:(PDF)
548:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
375:fungi
373:Some
268:cells
48:plant
750:PMID
685:PMID
646:PMID
622:8(6)
509:ISBN
477:ISBN
450:ISBN
419:ISBN
279:ions
274:and
208:The
177:The
740:doi
677:doi
673:426
636:PMC
626:doi
365:).
298:pea
291:fan
116:or
50:or
38:or
30:In
908::
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736:89
734:.
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671:.
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572:.
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34:,
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181:(
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