Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar

989:, fixed artillery guns could not be depressed below the horizontal, so the Spanish working parties could not be fired upon from the North Face of the Rock. The finished trenches might have provided the attackers with a good foothold from which to assault the town. However, 'Admiral Wager moved his squadron out of the bay to the eastern side of the isthmus, and at point-blank range, yet beyond the reach of the Spanish guns, pounded the men with enfilade fire for three days, inflicting on them perhaps more than 1,000 casualties.' The Spaniards soon built batteries to drive away Wager's ships, but even without naval bombardment the strong winds and heavy rain of February made digging and maintaining the trenches nearly impossible. 1269:

for one person, and tho' in length it be ten foot, yet, by the narrowness, I find it does not answer our old saying of "it's as broad as it's long." It is fixed between two swivels, so is turn'd round till it makes the person, if not us'd very gently, a little giddy and Land Sick. This Office was performed by two of the private Gentlemen of the Garrison, for the space of an hour in the Market Place, being well attended. All this was to oblige her for the following good qualities, which she had the goodness to make frequent use of such as giving soft words in smooth language, beating better manners into several men and a too frequent bestowing of her other favours.

977: 182: 171: 138: 193: 48: 216: 205: 152: 2488: 844:, who vowed that he could: 'in six weeks deliver Spain from this noxious settlement of foreigners and heretics'. The disagreement between Verboom and de las Torres was to continue throughout the siege, indeed, so noticeably that later, when the siege was underway, a diarist within Gibraltar (the anonymous 'S.H.') wrote that a Spanish deserter had reported: 'that a dispute hath happen'd betwixt two Generals about storming us, upon which the one... is going to Madrid to complain to the King." 355: 1103: 3642: 2139: 1123:

being either drunk or mad, or both, over eager fired away without the sign, and so spoiled the project. The Sergeants did their duty well and allarm'd the whole army and Trenches, so that there was beating to arms immediately, which was what we wanted, for the when they had been form'd in a Body then our guns shoul'd have done great execution, but the Gunner's Rashness let them know the Stratagem so they dispers'd

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exceeding the limits prescribed and stipulated, but what is more, contrary to the express and literal tenour of the Treaties, they receive and admit the Jews and Moors, in the same manner of the Spaniards, and other nations confounded and mixed, contrary to our holy religion; not to mention the frauds and continual contrabands which are carried on there to the prejudice of his majesty's Revenues.

1038:, and 'a hundred houses were by that means laid in rubbish.' After the siege the ruins were removed to create present-day Casemates. Despite the structural damage there were few casualties. The greater concern was the number of men the British had available to man the guns, repair the damage to the fortifications, and serve on sentry duty. This proved to be a major problem for the garrison. 3678: 884:. He attained permission from Philip V to serve as volunteer aide-de-camp to the Count de las Torres, and was something of an embarrassment to both sides. 'The Duke of Wharton never comes into the trenches but when he is Drunk, and that then, and only then, he is mightily valiant.' He was to be badly injured in the leg during the siege and he was later declared an 3654: 756:. Depending on the sources, Spanish troops numbered between 12,000 and 25,000. British defenders were 1,500 at the beginning of the siege, increasing up to about 5,000. After a five-month siege with several unsuccessful and costly assaults, Spanish troops gave up and withdrew. Following the failure the war drew to a close, opening the way for the 1256:

commanded to work for the common Preservation, but answer'd by the Governor that as they had enjoy'd safe and plenty during Peace, if they will not assist for their own safety, they shall be turned over to the Spaniard.' However, another diarist of the siege indicated that the Gibraltarian Jews earned their salt as much as anyone else:

868:). Large parts of the army were not themselves Spanish. Of the thirty infantry battalions nineteen were foreign mercenaries: three battalions of Walloons, three French Belgian, four Irish, two Savoyard, two Neapolitan, one Swiss, one Corsican, and one Sicilian. Serving alongside the Jacobite Irish was the infamous 1268:

A poor Lady, by name Chidley, confin'd to the Black Hole, or Dungeon, for the space of a Night, but next day, to make her some amends for her want of company, she was most formally conducted to a pretty Whim or Whirligig, in form of a Bird Cage, for the greater benefit of air. It contains Room enough

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Frustrated with the Count de las Torres's obstinacy and inability to take his advice, the Spanish senior engineer, Veerboom, had left for Madrid. His proposed overland attack from the north failing, de las Torres asked his remaining engineers (Francisco Monteagut and Diego Bordick) for their opinion.

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The recently arrived British reinforcements, however, allowed the garrison to maintain the batteries, re-mount the guns, and return fire. Lord Portmore, in an attempt to boost the morale and productivity of his infantry turned labourers, increased their pay from eight pence to a shilling a day. On 15

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and Pasajes, the Spanish Navy was severely weakened. The Royal Navy had complete naval supremacy in the Straits, ruling out a Spanish landing in the south, and ensuring that the British garrison would be well supplied through a siege. Also, any attempt to scale the Rock from the east (as five hundred

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There was found on him a Plan or description of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Garrison ... He was condemned to have a halter put about his neck, to be whipped under the gallows at the new mole, Southport and Market Place and Water Port – in all 500 lashes by the common hangman. After

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By early February, Spanish labourers had moved down from San Roque to the isthmus and started to construct battle lines. On 22 February (NS) a warning shot was fired over the heads of the working parties. 'The Governor gave them a Gun, at Four O'Clock, by way of Challenge, and, in an hour, Canonaded

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This is far more gruesome than 'S.H.' makes clear, for whilst he tactfully wrote that it made the victim a little 'giddy' and 'land sick', George Hills has bluntly noted that 'In fact the centrifugal action caused the victim to empty through every orifice.' Another contemporary source recounted the

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Life was also hard for the civilian population. The 400 Spaniards in Gibraltar had been expelled at the beginning of the siege, leaving around 200 adult male Genoese and 100 adult male Jews to help with the defence. 'S.H.' recorded that 'A body of the Jews desire leave to retire to Barbary, because

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4 days agoe, the Conde de la Torres sent a present of some choice Fish to Admiral Wager, who gave them to the Governor and came to dine.... Lt. Clarke of the Tiger, having been with a message to the Spanish General and had the honour to dine with the Duke of Wharton and Lady Mrs., brought a present

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This morn: early 2 Sergeants each having ten Men sally'd out to the very Trenches, call'd to the Enemy and he'd them advance, at the same time gave them two Volleys which was the Signal appointed by the Governor who was on the battery to give the word, but the Gunmen whose business it was to begin,

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Two Moors, the chief agents of the Spaniards, were found guilty, and were put to death and afterwards flayed; their skins were nailed to the gates of the town, where they appeared in the same proportion as when alive, and being large, gigantic fellows, as the Moors in general are, they were horrid

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Discipline amongst the troops was harsh, and infractions such as drunkenness common. 'Our Men were put to allowance of a pint of Wine per Day, to prevent their frequent drunkenness.' 'S.H.' also blamed the failure of the sortie on 28 April (NS) on the drunkenness of the gunners. Although deserters

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Nevertheless, the firing from the Spanish guns began to slacken. After several days' continuous fire the Spanish iron cannon began to burst, whilst the better brass cannon began to drop at the muzzle from overheating. The besiegers were also beginning to suffer from a lack of supplies owing to the

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26 April – 'By break of day the Enemy open'd all their batteries, and fired till ten, without intermission. Wounded several and Killed some of our Men... A Ball came, from their Battery, to the new Mole, the place where our ships lie, and carried away the Mast of a Merchantman, which was two

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made precedently of that Place is become null, because of the infractions made in the conditions on which it was permitted that the English garrison should remain in the possession of Gibraltar; seeing that contrary to all the protestations made, they have not only extended their fortifications by

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27 April – 'On our part, since yesterday two O'clock, several men kill'd and wounded, the Houses beaten down by the exceeding hot fire, insomuch it's scarce possible to walk the Streets. A shell broke at the signal house, more went over into the Town, and as far as the South Port. Willis's

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The Spanish bombardment continued for ten days. In his entry for 24 March (O.S.) 'S.H.' noted: 'last three Days very heavy rains and some Wind.' The terrible weather caused great problems for the besiegers in the trenches beneath the rock, and the Spanish had to ease their bombardment. A Spanish

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Had we found ourselves in such a position as to be worthy of being asked our opinion of the enterprise before the siege began, as we are now to be worthy of being consulted by your Excellency over its prosecution, we would have voted on nothing more than a diversionary tactic overland ...

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Willis's battery, on the North Face of the Rock, gave the Spaniards a great deal of trouble. After a natural cave was discovered in the Rock, a plan was hatched to mine under Willis's Battery and 'excavate a gallery 1.5 metres wide and 1.7 high to a depth of about 25 metres, then a further 20

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roads. 'Another deserter confirms their being in a miserable state of Health, with great want of Water and Provisions.' The garrison, on the other hand, had ample supplies of provisions, guns, and powder from the sea, and soon began to outgun the Spaniards. The Spanish continued to fire upon

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A machine was invented to let a man down the side of the Rock to spy what the Enemy were doing. This was put into execution, in the Night too, with no effect, for the unevenness of the Rock prevented any safe decent, so that we could make no discovery how they propos'd to blow it

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A Flag of Truce to the Governor With a Compliment to inform his Lordship that they have not begun the Siege, and that as yet they were only trying their ordinance, tho' they yesterday sent us, most part into the Town, 119 Bombs and near 1500 Balls and keep still a most dreadfull

1203:

This night a Colonel of Ireland came to the Head of the Prince's Line and called to let them know he had a letter for Lord Portmore, but the commanding officer let him know unless retired they wou'd fire at him . Sometime after the same person came out of the zigzag beating a

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The Count de las Torres's first move was, by cover of night, to move five battalions and 1,000 working men forward to take the Devil's Tower and two other abandoned fortifications, and to dig trenches parallel to Gibraltar's walls. Until the invention of the Koehler Gun in the

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Failing to create a strong stepping stone for a land assault, and lacking the means for an assault from the sea, de las Torres's only option now was to pound the British into surrender. On 24 March (NS) the Spanish began what they hoped would be a decisive bombardment:

825:) that ran between the sea and the western side of the North Face of the Rock. This narrow strip of land would come under fire from three sides: Willis's battery to the east, the Grand Battery to the south, and the Devil's Tongue Battery on the Old Mole to the west. 1226:

In his journal of the siege, the anonymous 'S.H.' painted an interesting portrait of life during the siege. Although life in the garrison was often dangerous and brutish, 'S.H.' nevertheless noted how civilised, in some aspects, eighteenth century warfare could be:

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They dismounted 16 out of the 24 guns at the Old Mole... and demolished all our batteries in an extraordinary manner. At Willis's all the Guns but two dismounted and the cover so beaten down that the men cannot do their duty. Several gunners and soldiers kill'd and

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A Soldier, not three minutes on his Post, must be peeping over the Wall at the Prince's Line, his curiosity cost him his Head, which a Cannon Ball made bold to carry away without leave. Another, just come on Duty, lost his fire lock off his shoulder in the same

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Another contemporary account acknowledged that from this point 'it might rightly be said that ours was a gunner's war. We could do nothing but receive the enemy's fire and return it.' The Spaniards did great damage to the northern part of the town, the affluent

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and three Regiments encamped to make room in the Town for Middleton and Hayes's who disembarked this day.' Camp Bay derives its name from this siege, when a regiment was encamped above it. 1727 also saw the destruction of the trees which grew on the Rock:

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The next day a Colonel from the garrison crossed to San Roque, where a truce was agreed. The Spaniards were to remain encamped outside Gibraltar, but hostilities were to cease. An uneasy truce remained until the end of the Anglo-Spanish War in 1729.

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Prodigious firing all last night ... The Spanish General, it seems, has alter'd his opinion of the Rock, and it seems too hard of Digestion, tho' he has a good stomach to it, yet he is too impatient to wait two years to eat a passage to us that

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By 7 May (N.S.) de las Torres was ready to launch another heavy bombardment. This caused major damage to the town and batteries, and caused far more British casualties than any earlier point in the siege. S.H. recorded in his journal:

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at the Court of Spain with a copy of the preliminary articles signed by the plenipotentiaries of the several powers of the two alliances for a suspension of arms whereupon his Lordship agreed to it and all hostilities ceased on both

840:, agreed with this opinion, and 'gave it as his considered opinion that the only plan with any possibility of success was of a seaborne attack from the south.' However, the King was impressed by the Count de las Torres de Alcorrín, 1946:

An impartial account of the late famous siege of Gibraltar by an officer who was at the Taking and Defence of Gibraltar by the Prince of Hesse of glorious memory and record during the siege (London 1728), cited in Kenyon, E.R.,

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which he was drummed out of town with the Rouge's march, a rope about his neck, then naked as he was, put on board a ship designed for the West Indies, there to be put on shore as a slave on the plantations never to be redeemed.

1965:

1672:

574: 1547:

Lawrence B. Smith, 'Wharton, Philip James, duke of Wharton and Jacobite duke of Northumberland (1698–1731)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008

1114:; and many continued till the year 1727, when the regiments who were encamped to the southward had leave to cut some for their firing, which they took in its full latitude and levelled almost the whole. 279: 997:

They possest themselves of a Cave, under the Rock, in order to undermine it, so as to get into the Town; upon discovery ... our Men made a mine over their Heads and blew up the Rock upon them.

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from the Spanish force were welcomed warmly, attempts at desertion by British soldiers were dealt with harshly. After the siege a Cameronian was caught trying to escape to the Spanish lines:

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However, the limestone under Willis's battery was far too solid to mine easily 'in less than the space of eight or ten months and a hazard whether it could be perfected even then or not.'

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thought their artillery sufficient to check our progress. We have yet dismounted only three of their cannon on the curtain and deserters say they have not had above 15 men killed yet.

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at the start of 1727, in total thirty infantry battalions, six squadrons of horse, seventy-two mortars, and ninety-two guns (although on occasion some heavier guns were brought from

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to ease those in camp who are greatly fatigued by hard duty: no sally yet made from the town, as the constant rains have hindered the advance of our works and it is supposed they

2598: 1260:...the Jews were not a little serviceable, they wrought in the most indefatigable manner and spared no pains where they could be of any advantage either in the siege or after it. 931:). Kane expelled the 400 Spanish residents of Gibraltar and continued to improve the defences until 13 February (NS) when Brigadier Clayton arrived with a fleet under Admiral 1144:

Battery's in a manner demolished, the Mole half level with the sea, all the cannon but one at Willis's Battery dismounted... They continue their fire with inexpressible fury.

821:, had done in 1704) was now impossible as the British had destroyed the path. The only option of attack open to the Spanish was along a narrow funnel (reduced in width by an 836:(who had led the previous attempt to capture Gibraltar in 1704) had warned that it would be impossible to take the Rock without naval support. The senior Flemish engineer, 1118:

One of the few sorties of the siege occurred just before the arrival of Lord Portmore. An ingenious plan devised by Clayton, it failed due to the gunners acting too soon:

833: 272: 907:, the British commander of Menorca, was in temporary command of the sparsely defended British garrison of approximately 1,200 men from the 5th Regiment (Pearce's, or the 2411: 567: 2940: 3116: 2681: 944: 719: 2127: 265: 3516: 2576: 2398: 1459:

21 December 1726 (O.S.), Letters and Memorials... between Ministers of the Courts of Great Britain, France and Spain (London: 1727) cited in Hills, G., p.262

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The letter was tantamount to a declaration of war. Spain, however, was not in a particularly advantageous position to capture Gibraltar in 1727. At the last

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Coxe, W., Memoires of the Kings of Spain in the House of Bourbon...1700 to 1788. Vol. 2 (London: Longmans, Hurst, 1812), cited in Jackson, W.G.F., p.124

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of a whole wild boar and a large basket of fish from an officer to Colonel Anstruther. The fish proved to be bad, but the boar was dressed the next day.

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During this relative lull in the Spanish bombardment, much needed reinforcements arrived in Gibraltar. On 7 April (N.S.) the 25th (Middleton's, or the

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The ancient and modern history of Gibraltar. With an accurate journal of the siege of that fortress, Feb. 13 to June 23, 1727. Tr. from the Spanish

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Gibraltar, but 'S.H.' wrote: 'We laugh at them for Fools to throw away their Powder Ball and Shells, since they neither fright, kill or hurt us.'

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Despite Verboom's doubts, the King gave de las Torres leave to attempt an assault on Gibraltar. The count began to muster the besieging troops at

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However, he also chronicled (if sometimes rather flippantly) the great dangers facing the defenders during the incessant Spanish bombardment.

792:(the Article which granted Britain perpetual control of Gibraltar under certain conditions) had been nullified by infractions by the British: 2928: 2923: 948: 627: 588: 2529: 2348: 681: 209: 3565: 3545: 3393: 3299: 2906: 2426: 2421: 2416: 655: 175: 3489: 3398: 3084: 2709: 2603: 1763:

James, T., The History of the Herculean Straits, now called the Straits of Gibraltar vol.2, (1771) p. 294, cited in Kenyon, E.R., p.47

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Punishments for non-combatants could also be harsh. Female transgressors of the correct codes were forced to endure the 'whirligig'.

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2 May – 'The same hot work all Night ... Two Thousand Balls and Bombs at us, several die of their wounds in our Hospital.

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The Late Siege of Gibraltar ... humbly offered to the Hon. George Shirley (BL Add. MSS 36686), cited in Hills, G., p.268

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Many trees and vines flourished upon the Mountain when the Spaniards attempted to surprise the garrison over the middle hill

808:, Spain had a strong navy and the additional assistance of French warships. However, following their defeat at the battle of 598: 3506: 3494: 2569: 2431: 2388: 773: 705: 521: 501: 334: 310: 68: 3719: 3511: 3413: 3266: 3222: 3041: 2857: 2803: 2564: 2113: 1106:

French map of the siege shows British naval bombardments on each side of the peninsula, aimed at Spanish land positions.

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upwards, and to fill the cavity with 400 barrels of powder.' This activity was noticed by and alarmed the defenders:

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Cited in Sayer, F., History of Gibraltar (London: Saunders and Otley, 1862), itself cited in Jackson, W.G.F., p.130

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senior military advisers warned the King that the recapture of Gibraltar was, at the present, near impossible. The

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Desertion becomes very considerable, the troops greatly diminished by sickness. Some fresh troops are coming from

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and was admitted into the town and deliver'd Lord Portmore's letters from M. Van der Meer, Minister of

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Historia de Gibraltar: dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier

1294: 924: 805: 620: 559: 539: 506: 469: 399: 364: 343: 3256: 3306: 3156: 3090: 2694: 2661: 2581: 2358: 861: 3665: 3646: 3474: 3441: 3420: 3408: 3244: 2970: 2852: 2834: 1209: 940: 920: 841: 837: 371: 220: 3612: 3353: 3348: 2646: 2541: 2443: 2439: 2383: 2027: 2008: 932: 829: 789: 607: 603: 516: 491: 416: 1094:). Room was made for the new reinforcements by moving troops south. 'Tents were fix'd toward 3670: 3602: 3358: 3316: 2786: 2704: 2641: 2626: 2449: 1083: 1015: 896: 877: 818: 695: 546: 1082:. Then on 1 May (NS) the Governor, the Earl of Portmore, arrived with ten companies of the 3036: 1071: 952: 869: 813: 583: 1102: 3239: 2719: 2714: 2403: 900: 3698: 3289: 2980: 2666: 2534: 1046:

in 1727 highlights the problems the besiegers were suffering and their frustrations:

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S.H. (Anon.), Journal of the Siege of Gibraltar (Gibraltar Museum Manuscripts: 1728)

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gruesome way in which two Moorish spies were displayed after their execution:

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The history of Gibraltar and of its political relation to events in Europe...

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Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

1051: 2465: 903:) were in England when the Spanish began to amass their forces. Colonel 3321: 2024:

The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739-1748

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The damage done to the fortifications in one day could be immense:

1997:

Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León

1101: 876:, Wharton had fled England (to escape his creditors following the 865: 741: 737: 872:. A notorious libertine, alcoholic, and founder of the original 3192: 3011: 2749: 2499: 2330: 2291: 2109: 935:

and reinforcements from the 26th Regiment (Antruther's, or the

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all combine to make a counter-attack so manifestly unbeatable

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Archivo Militar MS. 4001, ff.3–4, cited in Hills, G., p.276

2005:

Fire Over The Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783

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men under Colonel Figueroa, led by a local goatherd named

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An impartial account ... cited in Kenyon, E.R., p.48

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May (N.S.), de las Torres, trying to make a point, sent:

1078:) Regiments arrived with a 480-strong detachment from 2049:

The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar

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Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)

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them very warmly.' Thus the thirteenth siege began.

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(Anon.), 11–17 April 1727 (O.S.) pp.11–13 1570: 1568: 1566: 2303: 2121: 1329: 1327: 713: 273: 8: 1609: 1607: 856:The Flemish born engineer Marquis de Verboom 3479: 3338: 3202: 3189: 3021: 3008: 2759: 2746: 2616: 2509: 2496: 2327: 2310: 2296: 2288: 2128: 2114: 2106: 1999:, tomo VI. Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1902. 1631:S.H. (Anon.), 13 February 1727 (O.S.), p.1 1601:S.H. (Anon.), 11 February 1727 (O.S.), p.1 720: 706: 328: 280: 266: 258: 29: 2809:Political development in modern Gibraltar 2056:Gibraltar under Moor, Spaniard and Briton 1937:S.H. (Anon.), 16 February 1727 (O.S.) p.1 1910:S.H. (Anon.), 26 February 1727 (O.S.) p.2 1476:. Government of Gibraltar. Archived from 1086:and the 14th Regiment (Clayton's, or the 899:) and the Lieutenant Governor (Brigadier 2044:(London: Robert Hale and Company, 1974). 1775:S.H. (Anon.), 17 April 1727 (O.S.), p.12 1745:S.H. (Anon.), 28 March 1727 (O.S.), p.10 1014: 975: 851: 2051:(Gibraltar: Gibraltar Books Ltd., 2001) 1709:S.H. (Anon.), 24 March 1727 (O.S.), p.9 1663:S.H. (Anon.), 13 March 1727 (O.S.), p.7 1305: 680: 342: 331: 1874:S.H. (Anon.), 12 June 1727 (O.S.) p.25 1847:S.H. (Anon.), 20 May 1727 (O.S.), p.19 1838:S.H. (Anon.), 18 May 1727 (O.S.), p.19 1640:S.H. (Anon.), 9 March 1727 (O.S.), p.5 1543: 1541: 1539: 1533:S.H. (Anon.), 5 April 1727 (O.S.) p.11 915:), the 13th (Lord Mark Kerr's, or the 2095:, Imprenta de la Revista Médica, 1860 2058:(London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1938). 1901:S.H. (Anon.), 4 March 1727 (O.S.) p.5 1802:S.H. (Anon.), 1 May 1727 (O.S.), p.15 1574:Jackson, W.G.F., Appendix C, pp.334–5 7: 3653: 1829:S.H. (Anon.), 4 May 1727 (O.S.) p.16 1312:22 February – 23 June 1727 (NS) 3677: 2093:Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo 806:attempt to retake Gibraltar in 1704 656:History of nationality in Gibraltar 3085:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation 790:Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht 14: 3404:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned 3272:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar 744:) saw Spanish forces besiege the 3676: 3664: 3652: 3641: 3640: 2530:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault 2486: 2137: 2065:, Ediciones del Movimiento, 1957 945:Worcester and Foresters Regiment 689: 353: 214: 203: 191: 180: 169: 150: 136: 67:11 February – 12 June 1727 46: 2074:Saunders, Otley & Co., 1862 923:), the 20th (Egerton's, or the 3705:Sieges involving Great Britain 2853:Black Swan Project controversy 1992:. Yale University Press, 1975. 1042:official journal published in 939:), the 29th (Disney's, or the 796:The cession which his Majesty 1: 3730:Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 3369:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity 2389:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar 1092:Duke of Wellington's Regiment 1068:King's Own Scottish Borderers 628:Second sovereignty referendum 522:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar 502:War of the Spanish Succession 40:Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 33:Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar 3414:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe 3223:Bayside Comprehensive School 2047:Jackson, Sir William G. F.: 780:, Spanish ambassador to the 589:First sovereignty referendum 407:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3172:Vehicle registration plates 3112:Royal Gibraltar Post Office 2063:Gibraltar, la Roca de Calpe 1222:Conditions within Gibraltar 1070:) and 34th (Haye's, or the 943: – later known as the 913:Royal Regiment of Fusiliers 888:by the British Government. 671:Fortifications of Gibraltar 3746: 3117:postage stamps and history 2091:Maria Montero, Francisco: 1187:Their response was blunt: 734:siege of Gibraltar of 1727 512:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar 457:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar 18: 3636: 3561: 3447:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque 3201: 3188: 3020: 3007: 2976:Napier of Magdala Battery 2758: 2745: 2508: 2495: 2484: 2344:Neanderthals in Gibraltar 2339: 2326: 2022:Harding, Richard (2010). 1995:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo. 1498:Jackson, W.G.F., pp.128–9 980:Admiral Sir Charles Wager 957:Devon and Dorset Regiment 662:Political development in 477:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar 442:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar 432:Second Siege of Gibraltar 377:Neanderthals of Gibraltar 301: 239: 226: 162: 128: 59: 45: 37: 2991:Royal Gibraltar Regiment 2966:Gibraltar Defence Police 2961:British Forces Gibraltar 2364:First Siege of Gibraltar 2102:, Imp. Juan Moyano, 1852 2061:Ledesma Miranda, Ramón: 2026:. Boydell & Brewer. 1290:Great Siege of Gibraltar 1128:Second heavy bombardment 929:East Lancashire Regiment 909:Northumberland Fusiliers 740:of Gibraltar, second by 527:Great Siege of Gibraltar 487:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar 482:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar 452:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar 447:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar 437:Third Siege of Gibraltar 427:First Siege of Gibraltar 21:Great Siege of Gibraltar 3233:University of Gibraltar 2919:Sovereignty referendums 2577:Reptiles and amphibians 2003:Falkner, James (2009). 1956:Hills, G., p.272, fn.34 1793:S.H. (Anon.), pp. 13–15 1592:11 February 1727 (O.S.) 1088:West Yorkshire Regiment 1011:First heavy bombardment 987:Great Siege (1779–1783) 917:Somerset Light Infantry 784:, sent a letter to the 758:1728 Treaty of El Pardo 633:Cordoba Agreement, 2006 497:Marquisate of Gibraltar 3710:Sieges involving Spain 3162:Gibraltar–Spain border 2986:Royal Gibraltar Police 2725:St. Bernard's Hospital 2710:King George V Hospital 2399:George Augustus Eliott 2231:Castilian/Spanish rule 2081:. Penguin Books, 2008. 1883:Jackson, W.G.F., p.132 1811:Jackson, W.G.F., p.131 1691:Jackson, W.G.F., p.130 1622:Jackson, W.G.F., p.129 1583:2 February 1727 (O.S.) 1550:accessed 7 August 2012 1281: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1243: 1234: 1215: 1197: 1170: 1160: 1151: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1059: 1031: 1020: 1005: 999: 981: 857: 838:George Prosper Verboom 834:Marquis of Villadarias 802: 163:Commanders and leaders 101:36.152336°N 5.345199°W 3167:Shipping in Gibraltar 2432:Explosion of the RFA 1990:The Duke of Newcastle 1105: 1076:Royal Border Regiment 1062:Reinforcements arrive 1018: 979: 967:Gibraltar under siege 893:Governor of Gibraltar 855: 240:Casualties and losses 3576:Records in athletics 3551:Campo Gibraltar RUFC 3529:Football Association 3378:(Church of Scotland) 3376:St. Andrew's Church 3107:Regulatory Authority 2427:Maltese in Gibraltar 2422:Genoese in Gibraltar 2374:Capture of Gibraltar 2098:Maria Monti, Ángel: 1784:26 April 1727 (O.S.) 1736:20 April 1727 (O.S.) 1727:28 March 1727 (O.S.) 1474:Information Services 1295:History of Gibraltar 925:Lancashire Fusiliers 782:Court of St. James's 778:Marquis of Pozobueno 696:Gibraltar portal 507:Capture of Gibraltar 106:36.152336; -5.345199 53:Die Baya v Gibraltar 3720:Sieges of Gibraltar 3307:Gibraltarian status 3091:Gibraltar Chronicle 2662:Strait of Gibraltar 2586:Iberis gibraltarica 2369:Battle of Gibraltar 2359:Pillars of Hercules 2144:Sieges of Gibraltar 2084:Solas Dodd, James: 1865:12 June 1727 (O.S.) 1700:4 April 1727 (N.S.) 1480:on 14 December 2013 1279:ghastly spectacles. 638:Second constitution 577:during World War II 97: / 3566:Commonwealth Games 3421:Trafalgar Cemetery 3409:Our Lady of Europe 3250:Llévame Donde Nací 2971:Gibraltar Squadron 2770:Constitution Order 2652:St. Michael's Cave 2068:Sayer, Frederick: 1754:Kenyon, E.R., p.47 1182:End of hostilities 1108: 1090: – later the 1074: – later the 1021: 982: 955: – later the 941:Worcester Regiment 921:the Light Infantry 911: – later the 858: 842:Viceroy of Navarre 772:On 1 January 1727 594:First constitution 372:Prehistoric Iberia 3725:Conflicts in 1727 3715:1727 in Gibraltar 3692: 3691: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3589: 3588: 3469: 3468: 3389:Roman Catholicism 3354:Diocese in Europe 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3134:Telephone numbers 3079:(Internet domain) 3003: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2914:Political parties 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2647:Rock of Gibraltar 2542:Iberian Peninsula 2482: 2481: 2444:Death on the Rock 2440:Operation Flavius 2384:Treaty of Utrecht 2285: 2284: 2007:. Pen and Sword. 1983:Secondary sources 1820:4 May 1727 (O.S.) 947:), and the 39th ( 933:Sir Charles Wager 786:Duke of Newcastle 762:Treaty of Seville 754:Anglo-Spanish War 730: 729: 608:Death on the Rock 604:Operation Flavius 517:Treaty of Utrecht 492:Catholic Monarchs 417:Moorish Gibraltar 324: 323: 291:Anglo-Spanish War 256: 255: 210:Cristóbal Moscoso 124: 123: 3737: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3643: 3581:Victoria Stadium 3480: 3379: 3364:Bishop suffragan 3339: 3203: 3190: 3080: 3022: 3009: 2760: 2747: 2705:Garrison Library 2627:Bay of Gibraltar 2617: 2589: 2570:Barbary macaques 2510: 2497: 2490: 2407: 2328: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2107: 2077:Simms, Brendan. 2037: 2018: 1988:Browning, Reed. 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1928:Hills, G., p.273 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613:Hills, G., p.267 1611: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1560:Hills, G., p.270 1558: 1552: 1545: 1534: 1531: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1512:Hills, G., p.263 1510: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 897:Earl of Portmore 878:South Sea Bubble 764:signed in 1729. 722: 715: 708: 694: 693: 692: 665: 664:modern Gibraltar 621:Modern Gibraltar 578: 547:Royal Calpe Hunt 357: 347: 329: 296: 292: 282: 275: 268: 259: 221:Jorge de Verboom 219: 218: 217: 208: 207: 206: 196: 195: 194: 185: 184: 183: 174: 173: 172: 155: 154: 153: 146: 142: 140: 139: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 61: 60: 55:, unknown author 50: 30: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3624: 3585: 3557: 3465: 3459:Great Synagogue 3425: 3377: 3359:Bishop diocesan 3328: 3276: 3267:Public holidays 3228:Westside School 3197: 3176: 3138: 3078: 3063: 3037:Gibraltar pound 3016: 2995: 2947: 2858:Disputed status 2839: 2813: 2754: 2729: 2676: 2608: 2594:Botanic Gardens 2583: 2546: 2504: 2491: 2478: 2405: 2404:Gibraltar real 2335: 2322: 2316: 2286: 2281: 2253: 2225: 2187: 2164: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2054:Kenyon, E. R., 2040:Hills, George: 2034: 2021: 2015: 2002: 1985: 1975: 1973:Primary sources 1970: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1286: 1224: 1184: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138:Miles Distance. 1130: 1072:Border Regiment 1064: 1013: 974: 969: 953:Dorset Regiment 870:Duke of Wharton 850: 848:Opposing forces 814:capture of Vigo 770: 752:as part of the 726: 690: 688: 676: 675: 667: 663: 651: 643: 642: 623: 613: 612: 584:Operation Felix 580: 576: 570: 562: 552: 551: 542: 532: 531: 472: 462: 461: 402: 392: 391: 367: 345: 338: 327: 326: 325: 320: 297: 294: 290: 288: 286: 251: 246: 215: 213: 212: 204: 202: 192: 190: 189: 181: 179: 178: 170: 168: 151: 149: 137: 135: 134: 120:British victory 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 82: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3386: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3257:Gibraltar Fair 3254: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3240:Miss Gibraltar 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3069:Communications 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3049:Stock Exchange 3046: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2825:Chief Minister 2821: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2720:The Rock Hotel 2717: 2715:Moorish Castle 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2463: 2455: 2447: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2170:Castilian rule 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2019: 2013: 2000: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1949: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1665: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1562: 1553: 1535: 1523: 1514: 1500: 1491: 1461: 1452: 1450:Simms p.210-11 1443: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1414:Montero p. 304 1407: 1405:Miranda p. 160 1398: 1389: 1380: 1371: 1369:Montero p. 315 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1323: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1282: 1223: 1220: 1183: 1180: 1129: 1126: 1063: 1060: 1012: 1009: 973: 970: 968: 965: 901:Jasper Clayton 849: 846: 769: 766: 728: 727: 725: 724: 717: 710: 702: 699: 698: 685: 684: 678: 677: 674: 673: 668: 660: 658: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 630: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 601: 599:Border closure 596: 591: 586: 581: 573: 571: 566: 563: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 543: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 350: 349: 340: 339: 332: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 308: 302: 299: 298: 287: 285: 284: 277: 270: 262: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 224: 223: 200: 165: 164: 160: 159: 147: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 78: 76: 72: 71: 65: 57: 56: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3742: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3613:Official flag 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:national team 3544: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534:national team 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517:national team 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500:national team 3498: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290:Gibraltarians 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122:postal orders 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981:RAF Gibraltar 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2936:EU referendum 2934: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 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Knowledge (XXG)

Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar

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