212:
Anchor public house, Market-street, Leigh. About 1769, he took some hanks of twist spun upon this new machine, to the Board of Trade, in
Manchester, with a view to securing an investor to develop this new engine, but without success. Undaunted he removed from Leigh to Camp Street, Manchester, in 1770/71 where he constructed a double-jenny, which had twenty-eight spindles on each side, turned by a drum or roller, placed in the center. This machine was shown publicly in Manchester Exchange, in 1772, by his son, Thomas Highs, then about ten years of age, and the manufacturers, on that occasion, subscribed two hundred guineas, presenting them to Highs as a reward for his ingenuity.
1478:
444:"Collection Of The Most Important Cases Respecting Patents Of Invention And The Rights Of Patentees Which Have Been Determined In The Courts Of Law Since. The Statute For Restraining Monopolies. To Which Are Added, Some Practical Observations Resulting From The Decisions On The Several Cases" By John Davies of the Rolls Chapel Offices Printed in 1816 For W. Reed, Law Bookseller, 17, Fleet-Street. London In The Court Of Common Pleas. Arkwright v. Nightingale. 17 Feb 1785. Page 37 In The Court Of King’s Bench. The King against Arkwright. 25 June 1785. Page 61
162:
Majesties subject, they were not a new invention, they were not invented by
Arkwright, and they were not sufficiently described. The July 1781 and February 1785 cases were based on intelligibility, not being sufficiently described but in June 1785 the argument of not being original was judged. Highs was a witness at the February 1785 trial, and in his evidence claimed he had made fluted rollers. No mention was made by him of the spinning jenny, but it was mentioned as a statement of fact in Arkwright's submission, that Hargreaves had invented it.
111:
146:. Guest then self-published a 233-page book, 'The British Cotton Manufactures: and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review' that accused Baines and McCullough of plagiarism and asserted that Highs was indeed the inventor of both these items. Baines wrote 'History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain'; it was published in 1835. He discusses Guests conjecture in an extensive footnote, where he dismisses Richard Guest's claim
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1361:
243:
just as arrangements were reaching a conclusion Mr. Smith was unfortunately drowned at
Blackpool. After this disappointment, in 1777 Highs went to Nottingham to construct spinning-machines for Messrs. Stanfield & Hallam, or Bancroft & Hallam, and in 1778/79, he made machines at Kidderminster, for various manufacturers, among them, Messrs. Pardoe, Lea & Co.
1373:
170:
It is alleged that Highs knew the jenny's limitations. It could produce only thread that was suitable for weft. Its output was too soft to be used for warp, which still had to be manufactured from linen. While
Hargreaves worked on the spinning jenny, Highs, it is alleged, constructed a machine using
250:
In 1781, he was back in
Manchester, still making machines, until about the year 1790, when he suffered a stroke which debilitated him. He was rescued from destitution through the charity of William Drinkwater, a cotton spinner of Manchester, who clearly held him in high regard. He gave him a guinea
246:
In 1780, he was in
Ireland to manage the production machinery for spinning cotton yarn for Baron Hamilton, who was then building a factory on his estate at Balbriggan, Dublin. However, in 1785 he was urgently summoned as a witness against Sir Richard Arkwright at the famous 1785 patent trial, which
242:
In 1776 he returned to
Manchester, and lived at No. 6, Deansgate, opposite the Wool Pack. At this time Mr. Smith, a Manchester merchant, whose warehouse was in Hunter's lane, agreed to form a partnership with him and build a spinning factory in Yorkshire, which had a ready supply of water power. But
175:
through two sets of gripping rollers. The second set were rotating at five times the speed of the first, so the thread was stretched to exactly five times its original length, before being given its vital twist by a bobbin and flyer. The machine produced stronger thread than the jenny. This thread
79:
Thomas Highs, sometimes spelled Thomas Hayes, was born in Leigh, Lancashire in 1718 and lived most of his life there. It is said he was a reed maker. The reed is a comb-like strip attached to the batten of a loom, which keeps the warp threads apart and helps the weaver pack the weft threads tightly
211:
About 1767 or 8, Highs moved to a house in
Bradshawgate, Leigh, where he kept a special room to house his roller-frame in secret. Whilst living here, he constructed a jenny in which the spindles were placed in a circle, with the drum or wheel which he set up in an unoccupied house, next door to the
234:
of Bolton invented the spinning mule, which was a cross between the spinning jenny and the water frame, using the moving-carriage principle and the spindle-winding system of the earlier machine with the drafting rollers of the later one. Crompton claimed he had no knowledge of
Arkwright's rollers
157:
In 1775 Arkwright patented a variety of machinery that performed all the processes of manufacture, from cleaning to carding to final spinning. In 1781, Arkwright went to court to protect his patents but the move rebounded when his patents were overturned. Four years later, after seeing his patents
161:
Arkwright applied for at least 5 patents relating to spinning. They related to a feeder, a filleted cylinder, a roving can, the crank and comb and roller spinning. These patents were taken out in 1775 but were challenged in the courts on four counts : That the patent was prejudicial to His
235:
and came upon the idea independently between 1772, when he began work, and 1779. It is known, however, that Highs - one of the very few men with intimate knowledge of both Jenny and Water Frame - lived in Bolton during that times, and was, in fact, a member of the same, tightly-knit
251:
per month, and five guineas every 24 June, and every 24 December, during his life, and when died, Drinkwater paid for a decent burial. Thomas Highs died on 13 December 1803, aged eighty-four years, and was buried in a vault belonging to the minister, in the
197:
Highs, Kay, Kay's wife and the widow of James
Hargreaves all testified that Arkwright had stolen their inventions. Arkwright's patents were laid aside, and this judgement was later interpreted to mean as he was not the inventor, then Highs must have been.
22:
2017:
171:
rollers, similar to a machine later called the water frame. Whereas the jenny had stretched the thread by trapping it in a clove, a sort of wooden vice and pulling it out, the water frame achieved better results by passing the
2047:
206:
Highs movements in between 1767 and his death in 1803 were detailed by Guest. He used them to show that Highs had been in close proximity to the acknowledged inventors, and from this made assumptions about High's role.
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219:, and it was here he developed the carding-engine he had been working on for some time to make roving on a continuous scale to feed the raw material demands of the spinning machines.
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2159:
194:, developed a substantial fortune and reputation in the cotton industry from this invention, while Highs lived the rest of his life in obscurity before his death in 1803.
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met Kay on his business travels, gained his confidence, and over a drink in a public house persuaded him to hand over the secrets of Highs's machines. Arkwright, later
653:
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1961:
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99:, who was a close neighbour of his at the time. Between 1766 and 1767 he discovered the method of spinning by rollers similar to that patented by
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a wooden model of his rollers and asked him to make a working metal version. Kay did so before returning to live a few miles away in his native
1784:
2032:
1326:
230:, who combined the roller-spinning frame with the spinning jenny, and by that means produced the spinning Mule. The accepted story is that
138:. This had been tested in court. Richard Guest firstly wrote 'A History of Cotton Manufacture' in 1823, this was partially quoted by the
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The British Cotton Manufactures: and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review
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These histories have been used during the intervening 170 years as sources for new definitive interpretations.
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History, gazetteer, and directory of Nottinghamshire, and the town and county of the town of Nottingham
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67:), a carding machine and the throstle (a machine for the continuous twisting and winding of
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626:. London: E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman, Rees, & Co.
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1966:
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226:, where he resided until 1776. It was here that he struck up a friendship with
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in History of Lancashire, Vol 1 p118 Vol2 p134 and then by McCullough in the
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restored temporarily a court battle of 1785 in London made a determination.
2018:
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
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and employed John Kay to help him with the construction of the mechanism.
1678:
1091:
1081:
482:"Rise of the factory system: Richard Arkwright "Making the Modern World""
367:
130:
Richard Guest, claimed that Thomas Highs was the actual inventor of both
1956:
1275:
1164:
803:
773:
119:
91:
and between 1763 and 1764, he worked to produce a spinning engine with
48:
1332:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
753:
176:
that was suitable for warp. It is alleged that Highs gave clockmaker
172:
2048:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
1389:
310:
Reedmaker Index - Manchester & Lancashire Family History Society
1457:
1149:
793:
109:
20:
916:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
768:
738:
590:
Publisher: John Heywood, London 1894 reprinted Elibron Classics|
68:
1393:
635:
134:' spinning jenny, and Arkwright's rollers, the feature of the
1317:
History of the British canal system
1327:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
122:
in 1773, and invented an improved double spinning jenny.
87:. Five years after his marriage, he became interested in
604:
Cotton Spinning: its development, principles an practice
1251:
History of the cooperative Movement
2063:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
25:
A drawing of Thomas Highs' spinning jenny, taken from
2058:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
2023:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
247:
Arkwright lost, and Highs never returned to Ireland.
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1904:
1853:
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576:
History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain;
31:History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain
515:
513:
476:
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428:
426:
1342:Timeline of materials technology
588:Recent cotton mill construction and engineering
579:. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson.
2028:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
1127:Stockton and Darlington Railway
83:He married Sarah Moss on 23 February 1747, at
1405:
647:
8:
1558:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
2078:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2068:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
413:
411:
215:In 1772 he removed to Wilderspool farm, in
1412:
1398:
1390:
654:
640:
632:
961:John Kay (spinning frame)
956:John Kay (flying shuttle)
891:Thomas and George Cranege
364:"Thomas Highs and his spinning machines"
59:. He is known for claiming patents on a
268:
1347:Timeline of steam power
498:
487:
417:
402:
384:
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1598:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
1062:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
555:
543:
531:
519:
465:
453:
432:
7:
1372:
303:"REEDS, REEDMAKERS & REEDMAKING"
118:It is undisputed that he invented a
16:British textile engineer (1718–1803)
2308:People of the Industrial Revolution
2033:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
1578:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
14:
2053:General Union of Loom Overlookers
876:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2038:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
1476:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1112:Portsmouth Block Mills
837:
507:. Retrieved on 3 September 2006.
253:New Jerusalem Chapel, Manchester
1468:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
1337:Timeline of invention
1312:History of technology
1175:Newcomen steam engine
951:Joseph Marie Jacquard
1896:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1097:Derwent Valley Mills
966:Francis Cabot Lowell
393:Retrieved on 3 September 2006.
366:. Cotton Times. Archived from
1:
1871:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
1845:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
1548:W & J Galloway & Sons
1649:John Hetherington & Sons
1533:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1634:Butterworth & Dickinson
1322:Industrial archaeology
1225:Watt steam engine
911:Abraham Darby III
607:. George Bell and Sons 1903
239:religious sect as Crompton.
47:and manufacturer of cotton
2339:
1866:Fine Spinners and Doublers
1474:
1190:Reverberatory furnace
1117:Quarry Bank Mill
906:Abraham Darby II
819:Economies of agglomeration
80:on the newly-woven cloth.
2277:John Kay (spinning frame)
2272:John Kay (flying shuttle)
1917:Cotton-spinning machinery
1689:Parr, Curtis & Madely
1639:Curtis, Parr & Walton
1518:Browett, Lindley & Co
1355:
901:Abraham Darby I
835:
674:
601:Marsden, Richard (1884).
89:cotton-spinning machinery
55:in the 1780s, during the
1714:Textile Machinery Makers
1694:British Northrop Loom Co
1613:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
1563:John Musgrave & Sons
1443:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
1215:Stephenson's Rocket
120:perpetual carding engine
2231:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
1891:James Burton & Sons
1881:Combined Egyptian Mills
1719:Tweedales & Smalley
1031:Richard Trevithick
620:Guest, Richard (1828).
573:Baines, Edward (1835).
330:White, William (1832).
126:Claim and counter claim
1927:Magnetic ring spinning
1922:DREF friction spinning
1603:Willans & Robinson
1508:Bateman & Sherratt
1286:Rochdale Pioneers
1271:Industrial unrest
1077:Bridgewater Canal
1021:Robert Stephenson
1016:George Stephenson
991:William Radcliffe
946:Benjamin Huntsman
921:William Fairbairn
881:Edmund Cartwright
856:Richard Arkwright
759:Industry/Manufacturing
497:Cite journal requires
383:Cite journal requires
349:throstle thomas Highs.
282:www.andrewalston.co.uk
278:"Cotton Industry Jobs"
222:In 1773 he removed to
115:
33:
2104:Mule spinners' cancer
2073:The Textile Institute
2043:Cardroom Amalgamation
1912:Textile manufacturing
1724:T. Wildman & Sons
1709:Taylor, Lang & Co
1669:Howard & Bullough
1659:John Pilling and Sons
1593:Urmson & Thompson
1503:Ashworth & Parker
1256:Cottage industry
941:Eaton Hodgkinson
926:James Hargreaves
861:Thomas Boulsover
484:. The Science Museum.
192:Sir Richard Arkwright
113:
57:Industrial Revolution
24:
2087:Employment practices
1905:Industrial processes
1523:Buckley & Taylor
1448:F.W. Dixon & Son
1195:Sheffield plate
996:Richard Roberts
976:Thomas Newcomen
896:Samuel Crompton
866:Matthew Boulton
824:Economies of density
153:The Arkwright patent
114:Early carding engine
2099:Kissing the shuttle
1876:Bagley & Wright
1815:George Augustus Lee
1805:William Houldsworth
1775:Nathaniel Eckersley
1644:Dobson & Barlow
1588:Scott & Hodgson
1553:Benjamin Goodfellow
1538:Earnshaw & Holt
1205:Spinning jenny
1200:Spinning frame
1170:Flying shuttle
1160:Crucible steel
1041:John Wilkinson
1026:Thomas Telford
871:James Brindley
85:Leigh Parish Church
1755:Hugh Hornby Birley
1699:Pemberton & Co
1684:Mather & Platt
1664:Harling & Todd
1629:Brooks & Doxey
1573:Petrie of Rochdale
1568:J & W McNaught
1513:Boulton & Watt
1296:Industrial warfare
1145:Blast furnace
1006:Samuel Slater
1001:Thomas Savery
971:Lunar Society
829:Economies of scale
336:. White. pp.
217:Barton-upon-Irwell
116:
34:
2313:Textile engineers
2303:English inventors
2290:
2289:
2247:Richard Arkwright
2226:Weavers' Triangle
2221:Queen Street Mill
2002:Lancashire boiler
1932:Open-end spinning
1854:Limited companies
1820:Charles Macintosh
1760:Joseph Brotherton
1387:
1386:
1261:Factory Acts
1246:Child labour
1210:Steam engine
1122:Soho Foundry
1011:John Smeaton
936:Thomas Highs
931:Hawks family
188:Richard Arkwright
41:Leigh, Lancashire
2330:
2262:James Hargreaves
2160:Oldham (borough)
1770:Peter Drinkwater
1740:Elkanah Armitage
1622:Machinery makers
1480:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1266:Great Divergence
1220:Water frame
1155:Cotton mill
981:Robert Owen
841:
809:Water power
789:Steam power
744:Coal mining
722:Potential future
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276:Alston, Andrew.
273:
144:Edinburgh Review
65:James Hargreaves
53:spinning engines
39:(1718–1803), of
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2252:Samuel Crompton
2235:
2216:Helmshore Mills
2199:
2113:
2109:Piece-rate list
2082:
2006:
1977:Lancashire Loom
1900:
1861:Oldham Limiteds
1849:
1800:Richard Howarth
1728:
1674:Geo. Hattersley
1617:
1481:
1472:
1438:David Bellhouse
1426:
1418:
1388:
1383:
1351:
1300:
1229:
1180:Power loom
1137:
1131:
1107:New Lanark
1050:
1046:John Wyatt
1036:James Watt
986:Lewis Paul
886:Henry Cort
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370:on 14 May 2008.
362:Peacock, Doug.
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232:Samuel Crompton
228:Samuel Crompton
224:Bolton-le-Moors
204:
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128:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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2257:Peter Foxcroft
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2118:Lists of mills
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1947:Spinning jenny
1944:
1942:Spinning frame
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1830:Samuel Oldknow
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667:technological
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596:1-4021-4558-6
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75:Life and work
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63:(invented by
62:
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42:
38:
32:
28:
27:Edward Baines
23:
19:
2267:Thomas Highs
2266:
2011:Associations
1987:Air-jet loom
1972:Roberts Loom
1840:John Rylands
1810:John Kennedy
1785:William Gray
1780:John Fielden
1765:James Burton
1583:George Saxon
1498:Ashton Frost
1453:Edward Potts
1377:
1364:
1291:Urbanization
935:
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622:
609:. Retrieved
603:
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566:Bibliography
551:
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490:cite journal
461:
449:
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398:
376:cite journal
368:the original
356:
348:
341:. Retrieved
332:
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313:. Retrieved
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285:. Retrieved
281:
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156:
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129:
117:
82:
78:
37:Thomas Highs
36:
35:
30:
18:
2323:1803 deaths
2318:1718 births
2282:Robert Owen
1992:Rapier loom
1967:Water frame
1835:Robert Peel
1795:Samuel Greg
1790:Hannah Greg
1750:Hugh Birley
1733:Mill owners
1281:Proletariat
1241:Bourgeoisie
418:Baines 1835
403:Baines 1835
136:water frame
2297:Categories
2155:Manchester
2150:Lancashire
2145:Derbyshire
2094:More looms
1997:Dandy loom
1886:Courtaulds
1825:Hugh Mason
1431:Architects
1421:Lancashire
1138:technology
1136:Invention/
1102:Ironbridge
799:Technology
779:Metallurgy
669:revolution
663:Industrial
556:Guest 1828
544:Guest 1828
532:Guest 1828
520:Guest 1828
466:Guest 1828
454:Guest 1828
433:Guest 1828
315:7 February
287:7 February
263:References
182:Warrington
132:Hargreaves
105:John Wyatt
101:Lewis Paul
97:clockmaker
45:reed-maker
2195:Yorkshire
2180:Stockport
2125:LCC mills
1543:Fairbairn
1305:Reference
1072:Bethlehem
1067:Allentown
814:Workforce
784:Sociology
774:Machinery
764:Invention
2240:Pioneers
2185:Tameside
2170:Rochdale
2140:Cheshire
1962:Steaming
1679:Asa Lees
1366:Category
1092:Cromford
1082:Broseley
804:Textiles
611:26 April
202:Timeline
93:John Kay
43:, was a
2204:Museums
2175:Salford
2165:Preston
1957:Carding
1378:Commons
1276:Luddite
1185:Railway
1165:Factory
847:People/
49:carding
2130:Bolton
1424:cotton
1055:Places
849:groups
754:Cotton
732:Themes
708:Fourth
694:Second
594:
343:5 June
173:roving
140:Baines
2190:Wigan
1458:Stott
1150:Canal
794:Steel
715:Fifth
701:Third
687:First
680:Proto
306:(PDF)
2135:Bury
769:Iron
749:Coke
739:Coal
665:and
613:2009
592:ISBN
503:help
389:help
360:see
345:2009
317:2017
289:2017
103:and
95:, a
69:wool
51:and
338:204
178:Kay
71:).
29:'s
2299::
512:^
494::
492:}}
488:{{
473:^
425:^
410:^
380::
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374:{{
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184:.
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615:.
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501:(
391:)
387:(
319:.
291:.
255:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
