Stamford Raffles - Knowledge (XXG)

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post voluntarily, causing a moment of tension between him and Travers. Raffles's request for Travers to deliver dispatches to India nullified the issue late in the year, and Farquhar remained in charge of Singapore, with its survival still in doubt for many in both India and London, who believed that it would either be handed over to the Dutch, or taken violently by force when Castlereagh's negotiations had ended. Still William Farquhar stirred up more trouble, especially with local English merchants over trivial matters of self-importance, and overreaction over small infractions of white traders, for some of which he was reprimanded by Calcutta officially.

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raised Java to happiness and prosperity unknown under former rulers. After the surrender of that island to the Dutch, and during his government in Sumatra he founded an emporium at Singapore, where in establishing freedom of person as the right of the soil, and freedom of trade as the right of the port, he secured to the British flag the maritime superiority of the eastern seas. Ardently attached to science, he laboured successfully to add to the knowledge and enrich the museums of his native land, in promoting the welfare of the people committed to his charge, he sought the good of his country, and the glory of God.

1976: 2342: 2243: 4332: 1325: 6147: 6135: 4310: 1968:, and banned slavery. A police force and magistracy were also set up on British principles, turning a trading post into a proper city with some semblance of order. A specific regulation in the constitution called for the multi-ethnic population to remain as they were; and no crimes were entirely based on racial principles. Raffles worked on drafting laws, defining exactly 'what' constituted a 2043: 1611: 1117: 759: 38: 4286: 1186: 4298: 6159: 963: 6171: 3972:

Brayley, E. W. (1827). "Some account of the life and writings and contributions to science, of the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., &c; successively Lieutenant-Governor of Java and its dependencies, and of Fort Marlborough, Singapore, and the British Possessions in

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Nonetheless, amidst uncertainty and intrigue, Raffles landed in Achin on 14 March 1819, with begrudging help of Penang. Once again, it seems that multiple people were in power, but none wanted to formally deal with the British. The hostile atmosphere created allowed Raffles to cancel the only meeting

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in the slave trade. A brass tablet was finally placed in 1887, but the actual whereabouts of his body was not known until 1914, when it was found in a vault. When the church was extended in the 1920s, his tomb was incorporated into the body of the building, and a square floor tablet with inscription

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at the end of November 1824, just in time to have a war of words with Farquhar, who had also arrived in the city, in front of the Court of Directors of the East India Company regarding Singapore. Despite raising several severe charges against Raffles, Farquhar was ultimately unable to discredit him;

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Luckily, the Singapore issue had its supporters in the House, so as negotiations continued in Europe, Raffles remained largely idle in Bencoolen. The only major issue, outside the politics of the local sultans, involved the replacement of Farquhar, who decided that he had no intention of leaving his

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as well. The currency was regulated and, as he had an excess of out-of-work civil servants, they formed committees to advise him on the daily running of the colony. However, Bencoolen was not as self-sufficient as Singapore. The area was poor and disease-ridden: the first reports from the committees

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in line with wider British policy across its Asian territories, although slavery remained widespread and Raffles himself was served by a large retinue of slaves at his official residences in Java. Raffles also attempted a replacement of the Dutch system of forced agricultural deliveries-in-kind with

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Raffles returned to Singapore in October 1822. Raffles was pleased with the fact that Singapore had grown exponentially in such a short period of time. The colony was a bustling hub of trade and economic activity. Even so, Farquhar's administration was deemed unsatisfactory, for example, he allowed

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by the end of the year, but it would be his youngest son, Stamford Marsden (b. 1820), who would perish first with the disease, on 3 January 1822, with Charlotte to follow ten days later. For the good part of four months, the couple remained devastated. The year would be eventful with the suicide of

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and Calcutta continued throughout this time. The legitimacy of the British treaties was also questioned once again, but finally, as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island, allowing the colony to continue as a British possession. However, the pressures put

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By the time Raffles had returned to Singapore, on 31 May, much of the immediate crisis that the colony had caused in Penang and Calcutta had passed. By then, the initial five-hundred villagers had grown to become five-thousand merchants, soldiers, and administrators, packed onto the island. Raffles

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To the memory of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, L.L.D. F.R.S. Lieut. Governor of Java and first President of the Zoological Society of London. Born 1781 Died 1826. Selected at an early age to conduct the government of the British conquests in the Indian ocean, by wisdom, vigour, and philanthropy, he

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Ella died in 1840, aged nineteen. Sophia remained at Highwood House until her death in 1858, at the age of 72. Her tomb and memorial may be seen in St Paul's Church graveyard, Mill Hill, close to the rear door of the church. All his other children remained buried overseas. Thirty-three years after

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In the final few weeks of his stay in Singapore, in 1823, Raffles drafted a series of administrative regulations for Singapore that aimed to govern Singapore in a fair manner, but also reflected his stance on various moral and social issues. A registration system was first instituted for all land,

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to get married, his father died, and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as

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as an ambassador to the Dutch, to possibly negotiate an expansion of British economic interests. When this failed, and when Raffles's own expeditions into his new dominion found only treacherous terrain and few exportable goods, his desire to establish a better British presence was cemented.

1418:. The contacts were friendly, and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of the area that called for the exclusivity of trade, and the British protection of the area. Members of Raffles's party 2940:

Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c.; particularly in the government of Java, 1811–1816; and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817–1824; with details of the commerce and resources of the Eastern archipelago; and selections from his

1374:' less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated his trip to England to clear his name at the end of his tenure as Lieutenant-Governor of Java), the now well-connected and successful Raffles was able to secure permission to set up a settlement. At this point in 1907:. Raffles dismissed Farquhar in April 1823, and took direct control. He had written to Calcutta declaring Farquhar to be incompetent in January 1823, and repeated efforts were made to persuade Calcutta to send a replacement for Farquhar; but they remained unanswered. Raffles made 1480:, and Raffles was named as 'Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau), Lingin (Lingga) and Johor'. Although ownership of the post was to be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to maintain free passage of ships through the 1816:, concerned themselves only with profit-taking. Even as Raffles lived like a country gentleman, and ran his colony like an estate, his expenditure on nature preservation was seriously frowned upon. In both Calcutta and London, they discussed his removal from office, while 1516:

Official Dutch complaints came before the end of the month, and Raffles attempted to appease the situation by instructing Farquhar to not interfere with the politics of surrounding islands. Despite numerous threats and serious considerations by the Dutch governor-general

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by British troops. Raffles seized much of the contents of the court archive. The event was unprecedented in Javanese history. It was the first time an indigenous court had been taken by storm by a European army, and the humiliation of the local aristocracy was profound.

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to visit his old home, and adversary, van der Capellen. A final stop in Bencoolen followed. Tragedy befell Raffles once more when his youngest daughter, Flora Nightingall, born on 19 September, died a little over one month later on 28 November while still in Bencoolen.

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to the British, but the political situation in the area remained a befuddled mess, with the old sultan dying, and many new ones attempting to gain either the crown or regency. As Farquhar was involving himself poorly in local politics, Raffles appointed Travers as the

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Farquhar's attempt to establish a more favourable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as the Dutch were present, and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed, and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a covert offer of

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for England. She caught fire 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Bencoolen the evening after she sailed. All aboard were able to take to her boats and were saved, although the ship herself was totally destroyed. The fire claimed most of his drawings and papers.

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the island, and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). A few days later, the formal treaty was signed by

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were both free of Dutch interference. Raffles finally returned to England on 22 August 1824, over a year after he left Singapore. His longest tenure in Singapore was only eight months, but he was considered the founder of Singapore nevertheless.

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laws in the Malay sultanates were not clear cut, treaties signed between native rulers and the European powers always seemed to be on the verge of invalidation; especially if a sultan should be deposed by one of his siblings or other pretenders.

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of London of 1824. As well as the treaty, instructions were sent out to Raffles to undertake far less intrusive actions; however, the long distance between the Far East and Europe meant that the orders had no chance of reaching Raffles in time.

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As in Java, Raffles collected samples of local species of plant and animal, as well as describing them in his journals. He located other tribes, and recorded their customs, especially their religions and laws. Bringing the island of

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was clearly closer in distance to Singapore, Raffles, in his capacity as Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, was nominally still in control. This undoubtedly irked the authorities in Penang, to the point where they refused to send any

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for losses incurred during his administration. Raffles replied by clarifying his actions: and he decided to move to his country estate, Highwood, North London, but before the issue was resolved, he was already much too ill.

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Raffles convened a meeting on 1 April 1823, with the intention of opening a Malay college in Singapore, based on his observations on his years in southeast Asia, and his belief of the importance of both the local and the

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on account of the poor financial performance of the colony during his administration, and allegations of financial impropriety on his own part. He sailed to England in early 1816 to clear his name and, en route, visited

893:, mounted a brave but ultimately futile defence at the fortress. The British, led by Colonel Gillespie, stormed the fort and captured it within three hours. Governor Janssens attempted to escape inland but was captured. 2487: 1574:

was determined to destroy the Dutch mercantile monopoly in the area, to replace it with a gateway for trade with China and Japan. The latter he had attempted but failed to reach an agreement with while governing Java.

1844:, replacing Hastings. As Raffles grew restless and depressed, he decided to visit Singapore before retiring and heading home to England. Accompanying him would be his wife Sophia and their only surviving child, Ella. 3129:

The history and antiquities of the parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with biographical notices of illustrious and eminent persons, who have been born, or who have resided in the parish during the three preceding

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as it covered land previously owned by the Sultan as well. This is followed by laws regarding the port and freedom of trade. In May 1823, he outlawed gambling, imposed heavy taxation on what he considered

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When his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November 1814, Raffles was devastated. In 1815, he left again for England shortly before the island of Java was returned to control of the Netherlands following the

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was applied. The city was in a strategically advantageous position; however, he was ordered not to provoke the Dutch, and his subsequent actions were officially disavowed by the British government.

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when he returned. Raffles started more reforms that were, by now, almost trademarks of his rule over the colonies. Forced labour was abolished when he first arrived, and he declared Bencoolen a

1442:, and was in no position to argue against the terms. Raffles reassured him that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in 1306:. The Convention of 1814 only returned Dutch territory that was held before 1803, which did not include Padang. Raffles asserted the British claim personally, leading a small expedition to the 646:

from 1819 to 1823. Raffles soon returned to England in 1824, where he died on his birthday in 1826 at the age of 45. His legacy while complex remains significant in Singapore, most notably the

1750:. During his sojourn, he had the opportunity to argue for free trade, and the protection of the private enterprise. Education and the retention of small British outposts were also discussed. 5457: 3632: 1831:

Personal tragedies also started for Raffles. His eldest son, Leopold Stamford (b. 1818), died during an epidemic on 4 July 1821. The oldest daughter, Charlotte (b. 1818), was also sick with

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upon Calcutta ensured that no single governor of all British possessions in the Strait or on Sumatra was appointed, and Raffles, whose health was slowly ailing, returned to Bencoolen.

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Yet the production of food remained a problem. In Bencoolen, Raffles paid special attention to the agricultural methods of the Chinese, including an introduction to the only issue of

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Colonel Bannerman's death in Penang in October 1819 brought new opportunities for Raffles to expand his power to also include the other minor British factories and outposts; from

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in the immediate aftermath of the British assault, the events may have fuelled the deep-seated instability and hostility to European involvement that ultimately gave rise to the

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One Hundred Years of Singapore: being some account of the capital of the straits from its foundation by Sir Stamford Raffles on the 6th February 1819 to the 6th February 1919

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in Java, they did not take any military action. The confused political situation in Johore and Rhio also created a certain uneasiness and instability for the two nations.

1294:, Raffles also emphasised the need to establish a certain amount of influence with the native chiefs, which had greatly waned since the return of the Dutch. Raffles sent 6271: 4801: 1371: 1903:

It was also during the re-planning and reconstruction of the port town that Farquhar dramatically argued with Raffles, who now considered him unfit for the position of

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Under Raffles's aegis, a large number of ancient monuments in Java were systematically catalogued for the first time. The first detailed English-language account of

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While in Sumatra Raffles commissioned artists to make drawings of his collections of animals and plants. The surviving drawings are held by the British Library.

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Raffles returned to Bencoolen in ill-health, but as his health improved, he continued on his quest to learn about the island he now called home. He studied the

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Unlike many other European adventurers, Raffles did not impose upon the colonised the alien language or culture of the coloniser. In addition to preserving the

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debated whether to reinforce the port city. Evacuation plans were made, but the Dutch never acted, and ultimately Lord Hastings prompted Colonel Bannerman, the

1504:, the Dutch acted at once, commanding that no Malays could go to Singapore. Raffles's bold claim of Singapore created a curious geographic situation: although 1462:. With much pomp and ceremony, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants. 702:, modern historians have refuted such claims. When Benjamin ended his involvement in the West India trade in 1800, it caused his family considerable hardship. 4609: 4451: 2295: 897: 1859: 1081: 5721: 1213:, gained it any attention back home in Britain. Raffles found the place wrecked, and set about reforms immediately, mostly similar to what he had done on 5418: 4540: 3423:"Ch. XIV Asia. The protest of Sir S. Raffles against the Proceedings of the Dutch in the Malayan Archipelago Treaties formed with the Princes of Sumatra" 539: 238: 3562: 4811: 3820:"Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity..." 6201: 5915: 5543: 5472: 4995: 1455:

against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned, and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding the matter.

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regardless of ownership, and the repossession of the land by the government if land remained unregistered. This act asserted the power of the

1351:, especially before Raffles's arrival. Farquhar was compelled to sign the treaty not with the official head of the sultanate, but rather, the 721:, a widow ten years his senior, who was formerly married to Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras, who had died in 1800. 6241: 5594: 4743: 4619: 4594: 4113: 4001: 3915: 3712: 3197: 2902: 638:

While Raffles was largely credited for the founding of contemporary Singapore, the early running of day-to-day operations was mostly done by

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Finally, on 9 June 1823, feeling that his work in establishing Singapore was finished, he boarded a ship for home, but not before a stop in

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Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island to the

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During the relatively brief British rule in Java, Raffles negotiated peace, and mounted some significant military expeditions against local

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Pearson, H. F. (July 1953). "Singapore from the Sea, June 1823. Notes on a recently discovered sketch attributed to Lt. Phillip Jackson".

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which firmly established their spheres of influence, whereby the Dutch would relinquish its claims to Singapore and the British seceding

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of different races and cultures, numbering over six thousand. He also found that Singapore's trade was slowly overtaking that of Java.

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Raffles granted upon Singapore, he delayed European-inspired reforms, emphasising only the cultivation of whatever land was available.

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attempted to quell Dutch fears, and continuing efforts were made to reach an agreement between the nations that eventually became the

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until September 1824, after which he entertained distinguished guests in both London and his home. He also made plans to stand for

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Borschberg, Peter (2019). "Dutch objections to British Singapore, 1819–1824: law, politics, commerce and a diplomatic misstep".

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or Bencoolen, made it impossible for the British to abandon the unprofitable colonies in such proximity to the Dutch in Java.

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However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814 was not completely clear, especially on the issue of certain possessions such as

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Native authorities were given power in their respective districts, and were answerable only to the lieutenant-governor. The

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to set up a permanent British presence in the area, in the case of the return of Java to Dutch rule after the end of the

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Raffles was survived by his second wife Sophia Hull and daughter Ella, and predeceased by his other four children in

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a year, while Temenggong Abdul Rahman received 3,000 a year, both massive sums at the time, roughly equivalent to

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Although Hussein Shah had had no previous contact with the British, he had certainly heard of the strength of the

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on 21 June 1812. Yogyakarta was one of the two most powerful indigenous polities in Java. During the attack, the

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gave $ 4,000, with the contributions from various subscribers totalling $ 17,495. This would be the founding of

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Confident that Farquhar would follow his instructions well, Raffles sailed for Bencoolen once again on 28 June.

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He was advised by a holdover from the previous Dutch regime on Java, the president of the High Court of Java,

4339: 3676: 2075: 732:, starting his long association with Southeast Asia. He started as assistant secretary, under the Honourable 70: 6256: 5997: 5992: 5933: 5850: 5820: 5759: 5660: 5621: 5325: 5221: 5143: 5138: 4853: 4274: 4255: 4016: 3574: 3401: 3235: 3101: 2992: 2934: 2890: 2707: 2242: 1754: 1547: 1518: 1415: 1256: 1005: 976: 968: 843: 547: 3755: 3089: 1008:, especially in the matter of the reform of the public finances of the colony, and its system of taxation. 6226: 5963: 5910: 5855: 5830: 5774: 5675: 5665: 5648: 5611: 5506: 5233: 5206: 5153: 4990: 4902: 4833: 4816: 4806: 4652: 4444: 4340:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the British colonisation of Singapore among Penang, Melaka and Bencoonen" 3975: 3959: 3614: 3597: 3397: 3389: 3097: 2984: 2886: 2665: 2365: 1586:

and local businesses to flourish. Certain colonial aspects remained: a European town was quickly built to

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It was at this point that he realised the importance of a British presence that both challenged the Dutch

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his death, Raffles' substantial collection of Indonesian antiquities and ethnography was donated to the

1920: 1880:. In response, Raffles instituted new policies, and set up a committee headed by the colony's engineer, 1790: 1477: 1424: 1352: 643: 164: 5385: 3704:

Raffles' ark redrawn : natural history drawings from the collection of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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The Dutch claim on the Sultanate of Johore and hence, Rhio, and the diplomatic exchanges between Baron

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The British invasion of Java took a total of forty-five days, during which Raffles was appointed the

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on 5 February 1825. Raffles was a founder (in 1825) and first president (elected April 1826) of the

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Raffles' Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collections of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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In Singapore, and in other parts of the world, his name lives on in numerous entities, including:

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The little money the family had went into sending the young Raffles to the Mansion House Academy,

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Meanwhile, he was not only not granted a pension, but was called to pay over twenty-two thousand

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While in Singapore, Raffles established schools and churches in the native languages. He allowed

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he was denied a chance to be restored to Singapore, but was given a military promotion instead.

1324: 17: 6045: 6035: 5968: 5303: 4913: 4604: 4395: 4109: 4073: 4043: 4020: 3997: 3911: 3885: 3718: 3708: 3541: 3193: 3133: 2898: 2880: 2330: 2259: 2100: 1828:, commissioned by Raffles but undertaken by Farquhar, were becoming overwhelmingly expensive. 1794: 1770: 1711: 1699: 1567: 1344: 1198: 1096: 851: 620: 551: 95: 3531: 6175: 6151: 6139: 6112: 5726: 5643: 5375: 4848: 4506: 4479: 4461: 4123: 3936: 3602:. Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, limited. pp. 88–89 – via Archive.org. 3286: 2938: 2697: 2670: 2588: 2493: 2474: 2262:, London, England. The sculpture was completed in 1832, and it is in the north choir aisle. 2255: 2223: 1999: 1904: 1681: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1276: 1206: 1043: 878: 842:

by France during Napoleon's war, Raffles had no choice but to leave the country. He mounted

710: 639: 1876:

merchants to encroach on government areas, permitted vices such as gambling, and tolerated

5840: 3473: 2949: 2800: 2719: 2187: 2021: 1893: 1785: 1407: 1403: 1280: 1100: 1073: 1031: 1020: 1016: 979:). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in 1744 in Buitenzorg (now 913: 608: 563: 535: 283: 4184: 3681: 3449: 3448:

Blagden, C.O. (1921). "Historical: Singapore prior to 1819". In Makepeace, Walter (ed.).

1746:, and as Lord Hastings sought to consolidate all of the small British possessions in the 4331: 1983:

shortly before Raffles's departure in 1823. Found amongst documents belonging to Raffles

1197:

on 22 March 1818. Despite the prestige connected with the title of Lieutenant-Governor,

1193:

Raffles arrived in Bencoolen on Sumatra on 19 March 1818, where he was appointed as the

916:

princes to subjugate them to British rule. Most significant of these was the assault on

6163: 5271: 5093: 4269: 4250: 4062: 3365: 3314: 3240:

The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785–1855

3213: 3165: 2310: 2231: 2156: 1466: 1428: 1367: 1329: 1085: 1000:

system of land management, probably influenced by the earlier anti-feudal critiques of

820: 729: 632: 592: 584: 391: 138: 3257: 1691:

was brought in, instead of the old slavery system that Raffles had abolished in Java,

6185: 5380: 4221: 4069: 3948: 3527: 2786: 2685: 2675: 2403: 2370: 2147:

Upon arrival in England in poor health, Sir Stamford and Lady Raffles convalesced in

1996: 1916: 1897: 1805:

under British rule, he noted its civilised state and high production yields of rice.

1778: 1470: 1272: 1264: 953: 733: 725: 690:) and Anne Raffles (née Lyde) (1755 – 8 February 1824, London). Benjamin served as a 3563:"William Farquhar's pragmatism: another perspective on Raffles vision for Singapore" 6017: 4425: 4414: 4131: 3014:"William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review" 2953: 2650: 2629: 2609: 2392: 2251: 1969: 1885: 1868: 1825: 1723: 1715: 1583: 1427:

who claimed to be the "lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending from

1362:

in late 1818, to personally secure a British presence in the Riau area, especially

1218: 1202: 933: 612: 604: 366: 296: 4206: 4195: 2600:

Most natural history specimens collected by Raffles were lost with the sinking of

1820:

continued negotiations with the Dutch regarding the ongoing diplomatic conflicts.

1410:. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore. 991:

During his lieutenant-governorship, Raffles placed some restrictions on the local

3502: 3422: 3187: 5330: 2930: 2759: 2569: 2512: 2428:

of parasitic flowering plants, known for having the largest flowers in the world

2163:

With the Singapore matter settled, Raffles turned to his other great interests:

2042: 2013: 1961: 1957: 1739: 1610: 1522: 1452: 1116: 1092: 997: 890: 758: 706: 695: 691: 683: 655: 651: 628: 441: 333: 37: 1185: 5085: 4410: 4318: 3940: 3291: 3274: 3253: 2381: 2180: 2148: 1793:, replacing Farquhar. Upon his arrival, Travers found the colony a delightful 1591: 1543: 1439: 1052: 901: 889:, who coincidentally had surrendered to the British five years earlier at the 882: 271: 202: 4375: 4133:

The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2

3722: 3137: 2844:

where Muntinghe had an emissary of Raffles, one captain Salmond, deported to

1236:. However, the strategic importance of poorly maintained but well-positioned 736:, the new governor of Penang. At this time, he also made the acquaintance of 698:. Although some biographers have suggested that Benjamin was involved in the 5875: 5427: 4549: 4285: 4140: 3707:. British Library, Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. London: British Library. 3537: 2420: 2349: 2199: 1832: 1676: 1526: 1419: 1077: 1024: 1012: 984: 941: 900:

by Baron Minto before hostilities formally ceased. He took his residence at

867: 596: 588: 577: 351: 206: 3819: 1888:

or Raffles Town Plan, based on instructions by Raffles. The plan was still

1232:

in the area, and could remain consistently profitable, unlike Bencoolen or

4297: 3702: 2155:, but this ambition was never realised. They moved to a London address at 2139: 1915:, raising a protest from Van der Capellen. Eventually, Calcutta appointed 866:, who led a well-organised army against an opposing army of mostly French 2195: 1928: 1743: 1555: 1414:

also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made with the

1291: 1229: 1048: 937: 687: 686:, Jamaica, to Captain Benjamin Raffles (1739, London – 23 November 1811, 362: 3645: 3300: 2968: 6060: 4869: 2550: 2437: 2357: 2215: 2168: 2067: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2017: 1735: 1594:

constructed for the soldiers. Otherwise, no other duties were imposed.

1501: 1497: 1406:, on 29 January 1819, he established a post at the southern tip of the 1359: 1284: 1222: 945: 925: 832: 624: 4183:

Jardine, Sir William (1844). "with a memoir on Sir Stamford Raffles".

1328:

Statue of Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore, based on the original by

1247:

The competition in the area, between Raffles and the aggressive Dutch

694:

for various ships engaged in the direct trade between England and the

576:

in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times. The

5396: 4518: 3057:"Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles" 2164: 1747: 1719: 1692: 1590:

the population, separated by a river; carriage roads were built, and

1505: 1443: 1303: 1268: 1241: 380: 2016:. The British gained dominance in the north, while the entirety of 1680:

reflected very poorly upon the condition of the colony. Unlike the

5458:

Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)

4347: 2425: 2340: 2241: 2211: 2138: 1974: 1908: 1767: 1707: 1703: 1510: 1493: 1432: 1411: 1323: 1184: 1176: 980: 962: 1784:

By early 1820, Tengku Long had firmly established himself as the

2206:

position, he was refused burial inside the local parish church (

1802: 1355:. He noted it as a success, and reported it as such to Raffles. 1214: 847: 555: 5400: 4522: 2628:

NML-VZ D512g collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles, held at

1275:

overlooked the island before settling upon Penang in 1786, the

1221:

and such games. To replace the slaves, he used a contingent of

2649:

NML-VZ D843b collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles held in

2414: 2036: 1604: 1570:, as well as guaranteeing the exclusivity of bilateral trade. 1110: 752: 31: 2799:

Two statues in Singapore, one made of white marble along the

2604:

A few sent earlier, and some collected later, survive at the

1919:, who had followed Raffles for over twenty years, as the new 599:

from local rulers in 1819 to secure British access along the

3275:"Muntinghe's advice to Raffles on the land question in Java" 3973:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

3957:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

1995:

On 2 February 1824, Raffles and his family embarked on the

1027:

was surveyed and cleared of vegetation by H. C. Cornelius.

3633:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3619:. Vol. 1. Singapore: Fraser & Neave. p. 122. 1939:. Raffles personally gave $ 2,000 towards the effort, the 1366:, which was favoured by him both through the readings of 1103:

in Indonesia) to take up his new post with his new wife.

823:, as well as his wit and ability, gained him favour with 3080: 3078: 2744:

Stamford Primary School, formerly Stamford Girls' School

3039:"Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore" 2214:, Theodor Williams, whose family had made its money in 1263:. Raffles looked into alternatives in the area; namely 583:

Raffles also played a role in further establishing the

3384: 3382: 3346:, reprinted in the Cambridge Library Collection, 2010. 6123: 1201:

was a colonial backwater, whose only real export was

740:, who would accompany him for the next twenty years. 3158:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (biographical details)" 1492:

Raffles also planned to start a British presence in

1271:

was also under consideration. Despite the fact that

940:

of the 1820s. Raffles also ordered an expedition to

603:

and the nearby seas in the region, particularly the

595:. He secured control over the strategically located 239:

British Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies

6026: 5924: 5787: 5688: 5581: 5505: 5438: 5262: 5197: 5055: 5008: 4927: 4783: 4651: 4560: 4211:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 2305:is used to indicate this person as the author when 1370:histories, and by Farquhar's explorations. Despite 498: 490: 473: 465: 397: 387: 372: 358: 340: 311: 306: 290: 277: 267: 255: 236: 224: 212: 198: 180: 136: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4200:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 4061: 2740:Raffles Institution (Secondary and Junior College) 2234:by his nephew, Rev William Charles Raffles Flint. 1979:A view of Singapore from the sea, sketched by Lt. 1279:was an attractive choice just to the south of the 1042:ahead of the handover, and officially replaced by 971:, Raffles's first wife, erected by him along the 3988:Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David J. (1988). 3503:"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory" 1038:. Raffles had been removed from his post by the 6267:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 3878:The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East 3685:. No. 5929. London, England. 30 July 1824. 3522: 3520: 2925: 2923: 2803:, while another made of bronze in front of the 2238:Memorial sculpture in Westminster Abbey, London 546:between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was involved in 6252:Presidents of the Zoological Society of London 3616:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 3599:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 2289:Category:Taxa named by Thomas Stamford Raffles 631:was subsequently established in Singapore for 5412: 4534: 4145:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation 2895:Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd 1812:. To remedy the shortages, his employer, the 1554:of Penang sat offshore, awaiting a response, 1343:of Malacca, had been attempting to negotiate 1255:, and later Raffles' former advisor on Java, 1055:, but found him unpleasant and unimpressive. 877:, had built a well-defended fortification at 8: 4452:Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies 4165:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3358:"Lady Sophia Raffles (biographical details)" 3279:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 3090:"Family of Sir Stamford Raffles | Infopedia" 1488:Achin, and the early conflict with the Dutch 1091:On 22 February, he married his second wife, 898:lieutenant-governor of the Dutch East Indies 670:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was born on 6262:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 5473:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 3218:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 2910: 1639:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 975:in the National Botanical Gardens (now the 854:. The war was swiftly conducted by Admiral 787:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5793: 5694: 5587: 5511: 5419: 5405: 5397: 5014: 4933: 4789: 4657: 4541: 4527: 4519: 4433: 4330: 3780:Roger Nicholson; Robert Nicholson (1966). 3151: 3149: 3147: 3132:. London: Nichols & Son. p. 261. 1353:Raja Muda (Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau 133: 6232:British East India Company civil servants 3290: 2127:Learn how and when to remove this message 1659:Learn how and when to remove this message 1165:Learn how and when to remove this message 807:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 6272:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London 5483:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 3533:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005 3189:Raffles and the British Invasion of Java 2879:; Weizenegger, Julie (15 January 2016). 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2329:He also gave the scientific name of the 2258:depicts Raffles in a seated position in 1858: 1714:, which was especially important as the 1566:, the ruler of Achin, which installed a 454: 428: 6130: 4372:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 3813: 3811: 2861: 2833: 2681:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 2614: 2445: 1810:Proceedings of the Agricultural Society 1542:, a powerful divisional chief, fearing 1513:to Singapore to complete the garrison. 5722:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 4158: 3659:"From Lloyd's Marine List – July 20". 3319:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 2748:Stamford American International School 1762:Administration of Bencoolen, 1820–1822 658:onto the population of Singapore that 3696: 3694: 3692: 1088:, who both bore the same first name. 1063:In 1817, Raffles wrote and published 838:In 1811, after the annexation of the 424: 27:British colonial official (1781–1826) 7: 4421:"Raffles and the Golden Opportunity" 4128:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S. 3904:In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles 3332:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817). 2791:Raffles Class – The former name for 2318:Raffles gave the scientific name to 2065:adding citations to reliable sources 1884:to draw up a plan, now known as the 1847:Raffles was elected a member of the 1836:Castlereagh, and the appointment of 1722:. Christian schools were started by 1637:adding citations to reliable sources 1205:, and only the murder of a previous 1143:adding citations to reliable sources 785:adding citations to reliable sources 316:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 60:adding citations to reliable sources 4216:Woodman, Dorothy (September 1954). 3824:Transactions of the Linnean Society 3756:"What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?" 2246:Raffles statue in Westminster Abbey 1550:, Raffles, and fellow commissioner 1465:Sultan Hussein Shah was paid 5,000 1447:being the rightful ruler of Johor. 924:was badly damaged, and extensively 515:Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 4600:French and British era (1806–1816) 4064:Raffles and the Golden Opportunity 3928:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2882:The family of Sir Stamford Raffles 1867:, also known more commonly as the 1730:Consolidation of the Eastern Isles 1476:Farquhar was officially named the 1225:, already sent to him from India. 1217:; abolishing slavery and limiting 503:Founding years of modern Singapore 25: 4406:. Vol. 47. pp. 161–165. 4328:National Portrait Gallery, London 4186:The natural history of game birds 3186:Hannigan, Tim (1 November 2012). 3108:from the original on 22 June 2017 2967:Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2015). 2805:Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 2735:Raffles Girls' School (Secondary) 2171:. He was elected a member of the 2012:finally settled the score in the 1896:to create Commercial Square (now 1710:of his colonies, he also allowed 540:governor of the Dutch East Indies 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 5488:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 4491:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 4403:Dictionary of National Biography 4397:"Raffles, Thomas Stamford" 4308: 4296: 4284: 2724:National University of Singapore 2638: 2617: 2581: 2562: 2543: 2524: 2505: 2486: 2467: 2448: 2041: 1673:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1609: 1195:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1115: 846:against the Dutch and French in 757: 544:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 182:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 157: 36: 6202:19th-century English historians 5468:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 5463:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 4620:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 4338:Firaci, Biagio (10 June 2014). 3796:International Plant Names Index 3665:. No. 16060. 24 July 1824. 3613:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3596:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3474:"Currency converter: 1270–2017" 2052:needs additional citations for 1072:In 1817, Raffles was created a 870:with little proper leadership. 450: 420: 350:Highwood House, Highwood Hill, 47:needs additional citations for 18:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 5478:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 4888:People's Consultative Assembly 4011:Wurtzburg, Charles E. (1986). 3571:National Archives of Singapore 2911:Family of Sir Stamford Raffles 2606:Natural History Museum, London 1546:. As the influential merchant 1529:to the throne, and, since the 678:5 July 1781 on board the ship 1: 4630:Transitional period (1965–66) 4615:National Revolution (1945–49) 4610:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 4605:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 4324:Portraits of Stamford Raffles 4087:Murdoch, Adrian, ed. (2013). 2730:Raffles Girls' Primary School 1865:Plan of the Town of Singapore 1781:in certain parts of Sumatra. 1538:he was able to arrange, with 1347:with the local chiefs of the 1181:Territory of Bencoolen (pink) 873:The previous Dutch governor, 494:Mansion House Boarding School 168: 6242:Fellows of the Royal Society 5493:Republic of Singapore (1965– 4275:Resources in other libraries 4256:Resources in other libraries 4013:Raffles of the Eastern Isles 3511:American Antiquarian Society 2177:Zoological Society of London 1849:American Antiquarian Society 1402:After a brief survey of the 1320:Founding of modern Singapore 1314:Founding of modern Singapore 1290:In his correspondences with 948:to unseat the local sultan, 860:Frederick Augustus Wetherall 615:; war was avoided under the 580:flower was named after him. 566:. It was returned under the 530:July 1781 – 5 5916:Water supply and sanitation 4996:Water supply and sanitation 3990:In Search of Southeast Asia 3782:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall 3043:National Library, Singapore 2970:The History of Java, v. 1–2 2840:This led to an incident in 2413:Taylor, 1990, a species of 2033:Return to Britain and death 932:Although peace returned to 885:). His successor, Governor 6288: 5861:National Courtesy Campaign 4625:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 4590:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 4218:Raffles of Java, 1781–1826 4205:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4194:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4106:British Library Publishing 3994:University of Hawaii Press 3784:. London: A.R. p. 49. 3104:. InfopediaRafflesFamily. 2286: 2010:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1473:287,000 and £172,000 now. 1317: 1261:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1036:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 958:War of the Sixth Coalition 952:, and to seize the nearby 713:in London for the British 642:, who served as the first 617:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 568:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 542:between 1811 and 1816 and 6222:British rule in Singapore 6217:British rule in Indonesia 6078: 5796: 5697: 5590: 5514: 5348: 5017: 4936: 4792: 4739:Provincial highest points 4660: 4497: 4488: 4468: 4458: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4270:Resources in your library 4251:Resources in your library 4036:De Waaier van het Fortuin 3941:10.1017/S0022463420000053 3839:"Stamford Primary School" 3744:(3): 14–18. October 1996. 3701:Noltie, Henry J. (2009). 3390:"Sophia Hull | Infopedia" 3292:10.1163/22134379-90002430 3127:Faulkner, Thomas (1839). 2782:Raffles Place MRT station 2436:Simon, 1899, spider from 2173:Linnean Society of London 1842:governor-general of India 1496:, on the northern tip of 1034:, under the terms of the 829:governor-general of India 635:between Europe and Asia. 534:July 1826) was a British 508: 480:Benjamin Raffles (father) 302: 244: 187: 176: 156: 5595:Administrative divisions 5453:Early history (pre–1819) 5448:Archaeology in Singapore 4797:Administrative divisions 3818:Raffles, Sir TS (1821). 3340:Black, Parbury and Allen 2935:Raffles, Thomas Stamford 2772:Raffles Institution Lane 2208:St Mary's Church, Hendon 2143:Arms of Stamford Raffles 1925:William Gordon MacKenzie 1726:in all of his colonies. 1308:Sultanate of Minangkabau 1253:Cornelis Theodorus Elout 1095:, and later set sail to 749:British invasion of Java 724:In 1805, he was sent to 719:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 409:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 359:Cause of death 5760:Singapore Standard (SS) 4411:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4315:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4017:Oxford University Press 3845:. Roots. Archived from 3507:AmericanAntiquarian.org 3478:NationalArchives.Gov.uk 3402:Government of Singapore 3273:Wright, H.R.C. (1952). 3102:Government of Singapore 2993:Government of Singapore 2891:Government of Singapore 2708:Yantai Raffles Shipyard 1755:Godert van der Capellen 1578:First year of Singapore 1416:Temenggong Abdul Rahman 1283:, for its proximity to 1006:Herman Warner Muntinghe 977:Bogor Botanical Gardens 969:Olivia Mariamne Raffles 6212:British ornithologists 5856:Long hair in Singapore 4971:Science and technology 4812:Regencies & Cities 4445:Robert Rollo Gillespie 4289:Quotations related to 4100:Noltie, H. J. (2009). 4034:de Jong, Joop (2000). 3976:The Zoological Journal 3960:The Zoological Journal 3398:National Library Board 3098:National Library Board 2887:National Library Board 2822:Raffles's Landing Site 2353: 2272: 2265:The inscription reads: 2250:A life-size figure in 2247: 2144: 1984: 1872: 1671:Raffles was still the 1332: 1190: 1182: 1051:, who was in exile at 988: 875:Herman Willem Daendels 864:Robert Rollo Gillespie 726:Prince of Wales Island 648:Raffles's Landing Site 6237:English abolitionists 5745:Proposed developments 4580:Hinduism-Buddhism era 4089:Raffles – Three Lives 4058:Glendinning, Victoria 3482:The National Archives 3394:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 3094:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 2754:Sports and recreation 2703:Raffles Medical Group 2647:Lesser Whistling Duck 2626:Ferruginous Partridge 2399:Nepenthes rafflesiana 2360:are named after him: 2344: 2267: 2245: 2198:at Highwood House in 2142: 1978: 1921:Resident of Singapore 1862: 1855:Singapore (1822–1823) 1791:Resident of Singapore 1601:Bencoolen, once again 1478:Resident of Singapore 1327: 1188: 1180: 1076:by the Prince Regent 966: 844:a military expedition 831:, and he was sent to 819:His knowledge of the 644:Resident of Singapore 483:Anne Raffles (mother) 165:George Francis Joseph 5524:Environmental issues 4714:Environmental issues 4305:at Wikimedia Commons 3882:British Museum Press 3259:Raffles of Singapore 2931:Raffles, Lady Sophia 2877:Bastin, John Sturgus 2817:History of Singapore 2660:Places and landmarks 2536:Tanygnathus everetti 2322:, also known as the 2061:improve this article 1913:British protectorate 1871:or Raffles Town Plan 1633:improve this section 1552:John Monckton Coombs 1525:was claimed to be a 1249:commissioner-general 1139:improve this section 1107:Bencoolen and Malaya 1059:Interlude in England 950:Mahmud Badaruddin II 781:improve this section 660:predated his arrival 427:; died 56:improve this article 5881:Population planning 5866:National Day Parade 5702:Economic statistics 4635:New Order (1966–98) 4595:VOC era (1603–1800) 4476:George John Siddons 4437:Government offices 4364:"Raffles biography" 4264:By Stamford Raffles 4224:. pp. 581–590. 4104:. London, England: 3880:. London, England: 3427:The Annual Register 3364:. London, England: 3335:The History of Java 3164:. London, England: 2944:. London, England: 2915:Singapore Infopedia 2555:Lansium parasiticum 2517:Syzygium malaccense 2410:Protanilla rafflesi 2366:Chaetodon rafflesii 2324:crab-eating macaque 2320:Macaca fascicularis 2296:author abbreviation 2026:Indian subcontinent 1945:Raffles Institution 1890:racially segregated 1689:slave-debtor system 1564:Jauhar al-Alam Shah 1482:Strait of Singapore 1376:Singaporean history 1345:commercial treaties 1238:British possessions 1066:The History of Java 887:Jan Willem Janssens 738:Thomas Otho Travers 682:, off the coast of 601:Strait of Singapore 573:The History of Java 332:, off the coast of 6207:People born at sea 5871:No U-turn syndrome 5765:Telecommunications 5755:Singapore Exchange 5717:Monetary Authority 4981:Telecommunications 4692:Biosphere reserves 4429:. 5 December 2012. 4378:on 9 February 2014 4350:on 28 October 2019 4313:Works by or about 4130:(27 April 2014) . 3908:Monsoon Publishing 3849:on 9 November 2019 3662:Caledonian Mercury 3640:(1 (161)): 43–55. 3577:on 23 October 2019 3344:East India Company 3222:Palgrave Macmillan 3088:(24 August 2016). 3063:. 26 February 2019 3045:. 21 January 2020. 2793:Singapore Airlines 2777:Raffles Lighthouse 2574:Cynogale bennettii 2532:Blue-backed parrot 2460:Myristica fragrans 2433:Theridion rafflesi 2388:Megalaima rafflesi 2377:Dinopium rafflesii 2354: 2346:Rafflesia arnoldii 2248: 2145: 2076:"Stamford Raffles" 2020:became Dutch. The 1985: 1953:British government 1941:East India Company 1937:European languages 1873: 1814:East India Company 1560:governor of Penang 1460:East India Company 1391:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1358:Raffles sailed to 1333: 1191: 1183: 1082:Princess Charlotte 1080:, whose daughter, 1040:East India Company 1002:Dirk van Hogendorp 989: 840:Kingdom of Holland 715:East India Company 538:who served as the 219:Office established 71:"Stamford Raffles" 6121: 6120: 6074: 6073: 5969:Singapore English 5783: 5782: 5684: 5683: 5671:Political parties 5617:Foreign relations 5577: 5576: 5394: 5393: 5344: 5343: 5032:Human trafficking 5004: 5003: 4923: 4922: 4914:Wawasan Nusantara 4898:Political parties 4839:Foreign relations 4779: 4778: 4517: 4516: 4498:Succeeded by 4459:Succeeded by 4301:Media related to 4237:Library resources 4220:. Vol. 4#9. 4124:Finlayson, George 4115:978-0-7123-5084-6 4003:978-0-8248-1110-5 3917:978-981-08-3534-7 3714:978-0-7123-5084-6 3677:"The Marine List" 3362:BritishMuseum.org 3199:978-981-4358-86-6 3192:. Monsoon Books. 3162:BritishMuseum.org 3086:Cornelius, Vernon 2904:978-981-09-7236-3 2331:lesser mouse-deer 2260:Westminster Abbey 2219:marked the spot. 2137: 2136: 2129: 2111: 1712:religious freedom 1669: 1668: 1661: 1175: 1174: 1167: 922:Yogyakarta kraton 852:Dutch East Indies 817: 816: 809: 627:to the Dutch. An 536:colonial official 512: 511: 328:Onboard the ship 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 6279: 6247:Knights Bachelor 6174: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6129: 6101: 6094: 6087: 5801:Communitarianism 5794: 5730: 5695: 5588: 5512: 5496: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5398: 5364: 5357: 5015: 4934: 4876:National capital 4790: 4658: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4469:Preceded by 4462:John Fendall Jr. 4442:Preceded by 4434: 4430: 4407: 4399: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4374:. Archived from 4359: 4357: 4355: 4346:. Archived from 4334: 4312: 4303:Stamford Raffles 4300: 4291:Stamford Raffles 4288: 4242:Stamford Raffles 4225: 4212: 4201: 4190: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4138: 4119: 4096: 4083: 4067: 4053: 4030: 4007: 3984: 3968: 3952: 3921: 3895: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3736:"Picture Quiz". 3733: 3727: 3726: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3551: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3220:(4th ed.). 3210: 3204: 3203: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3153: 3142: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2873: 2849: 2838: 2698:Raffles Holdings 2671:Raffles Hospital 2642: 2621: 2589:Crested fireback 2585: 2566: 2547: 2528: 2509: 2494:Oriental bay owl 2490: 2479:Durio zibethinus 2471: 2452: 2335:Tragulus kanchil 2314: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2256:Francis Chantrey 2132: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2069: 2045: 2037: 1923:, while Captain 1682:salutary neglect 1664: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1613: 1605: 1568:British Resident 1519:Van der Capellen 1435:to Mount Muar". 1387:Lord Castlereagh 1349:Riau Archipelago 1341:British Resident 1337:William Farquhar 1277:Riau Archipelago 1189:Stamford Raffles 1170: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1119: 1111: 1044:John Fendall Jr. 1015:was prepared by 967:The memorial to 879:Meester Cornelis 812: 805: 801: 798: 792: 761: 753: 677: 675: 640:William Farquhar 570:. He also wrote 533: 529: 525: 458: 456: 452: 432: 430: 426: 422: 377:St Mary's Church 365:(stroke) due to 347: 325: 323: 307:Personal details 293: 280: 258: 249: 231:Office abolished 227: 215: 192: 170: 161: 151: 144:Stamford Raffles 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6070: 6022: 5920: 5901:Sex trafficking 5896:Public holidays 5841:Eat Frozen Pork 5779: 5728: 5680: 5573: 5501: 5494: 5434: 5425: 5395: 5390: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5340: 5331:Personification 5258: 5193: 5174:Public holidays 5159:National heroes 5051: 5000: 4919: 4775: 4744:Natural history 4647: 4585:Spread of Islam 4556: 4547: 4513: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4419: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4368:RMBR.NUS.edu.sg 4362: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4261: 4260: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4215: 4208:History of Java 4204: 4197:History of Java 4193: 4182: 4178: 4176:Further reading 4173: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4136: 4122: 4116: 4099: 4093:Rott Publishing 4086: 4080: 4056: 4050: 4033: 4027: 4010: 4004: 3987: 3971: 3955: 3924: 3918: 3898: 3892: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3690: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3429:: 216–232. 1820 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3214:Ricklefs, M. C. 3212: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2950:John Murray III 2929: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2813: 2801:Singapore River 2768: 2756: 2720:Raffles College 2716: 2694: 2662: 2655: 2654: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2596: 2586: 2577: 2567: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2529: 2520: 2510: 2501: 2498:Phodilus badius 2491: 2482: 2472: 2463: 2456:Fragrant nutmeg 2453: 2402:, a species of 2380:, olive-backed 2315: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2283:Natural history 2277: 2240: 2188:pounds sterling 2133: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2070: 2068: 2058: 2046: 2035: 2022:Malay Peninsula 1894:Singapore River 1857: 1851:(AAS) in 1822. 1786:Sultan of Johor 1764: 1742:. He sailed to 1732: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1630: 1614: 1603: 1580: 1490: 1467:Spanish dollars 1408:Malay Peninsula 1404:Karimun Islands 1400: 1322: 1316: 1281:Malay Peninsula 1171: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1136: 1120: 1109: 1074:Knight Bachelor 1061: 1032:Napoleonic Wars 1021:Buddhist temple 1017:Colin Mackenzie 910: 856:Robert Stopford 813: 802: 796: 793: 778: 762: 751: 746: 673: 671: 668: 609:South China Sea 564:Napoleonic Wars 531: 527: 517: 486: 461: 460: 448: 444: 434: 418: 414: 411: 349: 345: 327: 321: 319: 318: 317: 291: 284:Rollo Gillespie 278: 256: 250: 245: 225: 213: 205: 193: 188: 172: 152: 147: 145: 142: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6285: 6283: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Indonesianists 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6166: 6154: 6142: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891:Public housing 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5632:Prime Minister 5629: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Urban planning 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Floral emblems 5313: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5299:Faunal emblems 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4976:Stock Exchange 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4697:National parks 4694: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4680:Climate change 4672: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4499: 4496: 4487: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4417: 4408: 4392:Hamilton, John 4388: 4360: 4335: 4321: 4306: 4294: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231:External links 4229: 4227: 4226: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4147:. EBook #45505 4120: 4114: 4097: 4084: 4079:978-1846686030 4078: 4054: 4048: 4040:SDU publishers 4031: 4025: 4008: 4002: 3985: 3983:(11): 382–400. 3969: 3953: 3935:(4): 540–561. 3922: 3916: 3896: 3890: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3830: 3807: 3787: 3772: 3760:www.sma.org.sg 3747: 3728: 3713: 3688: 3668: 3651: 3622: 3605: 3588: 3553: 3547:978-9971694302 3546: 3528:Turnbull, C.M. 3516: 3494: 3465: 3440: 3414: 3378: 3366:British Museum 3349: 3324: 3306: 3285:(3): 220–247. 3265: 3245: 3227: 3205: 3198: 3178: 3166:British Museum 3143: 3119: 3074: 3048: 3030: 3005: 2976: 2959: 2952:) – via 2941:correspondence 2919: 2903: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2797: 2796: 2795:Business Class 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2616: 2598: 2597: 2593:Lophura ignita 2587: 2580: 2578: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2417: 2406: 2395: 2391:, red-crowned 2384: 2373: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2311:botanical name 2292: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2239: 2236: 2232:British Museum 2179:(ZSL) and the 2157:Berners Street 2135: 2134: 2049: 2047: 2040: 2034: 2031: 1981:Philip Jackson 1882:Philip Jackson 1856: 1853: 1763: 1760: 1731: 1728: 1667: 1666: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1579: 1576: 1540:Panglima Polim 1489: 1486: 1399: 1396: 1335:Major-General 1330:Thomas Woolner 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1296:Thomas Travers 1173: 1172: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1086:Thomas Raffles 1060: 1057: 909: 906: 862:, and Colonel 821:Malay language 815: 814: 765: 763: 756: 750: 747: 745: 742: 667: 664: 654:who projected 633:maritime trade 593:Southeast Asia 585:British Empire 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 496: 495: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 477: 475: 471: 470: 467: 463: 462: 446: 440: 439: 438: 437: 416: 412: 407: 406: 405: 404: 401: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 374: 370: 369: 360: 356: 355: 348:(aged 45) 342: 338: 337: 315: 313: 309: 308: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 281: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 242: 241: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 216: 210: 209: 200: 196: 195: 185: 184: 178: 177: 174: 173: 162: 154: 153: 146: 143: 139:The Honourable 137: 130: 129: 112:September 2023 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6284: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:City founders 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6131: 6127: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5600:Town Councils 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Urban renewal 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Ethnic groups 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704:Deforestation 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:newly created 4467: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4370:. Singapore: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4222:History Today 4219: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070:Profile Books 4066: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4049:90-12-08974-3 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4026:0-19-582605-1 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3906:. Singapore: 3905: 3901: 3900:Barley, Nigel 3897: 3893: 3891:0-7141-2542-3 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874:Barley, Nigel 3871: 3870: 3865: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3801: Raffles 3797: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561:Khoo, Kevin. 3557: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3441: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3396:. Singapore: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3342:for the Hon. 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3179: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156:Anon (n.d.). 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3019: 3018:mothership.sg 3015: 3009: 3006: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885:. Singapore: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2787:Stamford Road 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Raffles Place 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2676:Raffles Hotel 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2404:pitcher plant 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2371:butterflyfish 2368: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2297: 2294:The standard 2290: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2128: 2120: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: – 2077: 2073: 2072:Find sources: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2050:This section 2048: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997:East Indiaman 1993: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1966:opium-smoking 1963: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:John Crawfurd 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1898:Raffles Place 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1779:Sikh religion 1776: 1772: 1769: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1718:were largely 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1663: 1660: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1618:This section 1616: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398:Establishment 1397: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Lord Hastings 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Francis Light 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1158: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1124:This section 1122: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1099:(present-day 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 996:a cash-based 994: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 954:Bangka Island 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 927: 923: 919: 915: 907: 905: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 811: 808: 800: 790: 786: 782: 776: 775: 771: 766:This section 764: 760: 755: 754: 748: 743: 741: 739: 735: 734:Philip Dundas 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 665: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 524: 520: 516: 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 482: 479: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 443: 436: 435: 410: 403: 402: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 375: 373:Resting place 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 343: 339: 335: 331: 314: 310: 305: 301: 298: 295: 289: 285: 282: 276: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262:Earl of Minto 260: 254: 248: 243: 240: 235: 232: 229: 223: 220: 217: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 191: 186: 183: 179: 175: 166: 160: 155: 150: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6099:Bibliography 6041:Coat of arms 6018:Singaporeans 5939:Architecture 5886:Prostitution 5836:Demographics 5654:Conscription 5639:Human rights 5607:Constitution 5229:Homelessness 5199:Demographics 5139:Martial arts 5084: 5065:Architecture 5042:Prostitution 4912: 4880: 4844:Human rights 4829:Constitution 4687:Conservation 4643:(since 1998) 4640: 4500: 4489: 4471: 4450: 4426:The Guardian 4424: 4415:Find a Grave 4401: 4380:. 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Retrieved 2988: 2979: 2969: 2962: 2954:Google Books 2939: 2881: 2836: 2798: 2722:– currently 2666:Raffles City 2651:World Museum 2630:World Museum 2610:World Museum 2601: 2599: 2592: 2573: 2554: 2535: 2516: 2497: 2478: 2459: 2442: 2431: 2419: 2408: 2397: 2386: 2375: 2364: 2356:A number of 2355: 2334: 2319: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2252:white marble 2249: 2228: 2221: 2204:anti-slavery 2193: 2185: 2162: 2146: 2123: 2117:January 2023 2114: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2071: 2059:Please help 2054:verification 2051: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1986: 1970:criminal act 1958:social evils 1949: 1933: 1902: 1886:Jackson Plan 1874: 1869:Jackson Plan 1864: 1846: 1838:Lord Amherst 1830: 1826:Public works 1822: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1783: 1765: 1752: 1740:Cochin China 1733: 1724:missionaries 1716:Malay states 1697: 1686: 1670: 1655: 1649:January 2023 1646: 1631:Please help 1619: 1596: 1584:missionaries 1581: 1572: 1536: 1515: 1491: 1475: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1437: 1425:Hussein Shah 1401: 1384: 1379: 1363: 1357: 1334: 1301: 1289: 1246: 1227: 1219:cockfighting 1192: 1161: 1155:January 2023 1152: 1137:Please help 1125: 1090: 1071: 1064: 1062: 1029: 1019:, while the 1010: 990: 934:Central Java 931: 911: 895: 872: 837: 818: 803: 794: 779:Please help 767: 723: 704: 679: 669: 637: 605:Indian Ocean 587:'s reach in 582: 571: 514: 513: 367:brain tumour 346:(1826-07-05) 329: 297:John Fendall 292:Succeeded by 257:Appointed by 246: 230: 226:Succeeded by 218: 189: 163:Portrait by 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 6197:1826 deaths 6192:1781 births 5911:Social fund 5707:Agriculture 5309:Subdivision 5292:Subdivision 5254:LGBT rights 5189:Video games 4941:Agriculture 4859:Enforcement 4709:Earthquakes 4575:Prehistoric 4504:John Prince 4344:Singlish.it 3738:The Linnean 3458:. pp. 3456:John Murray 3407:22 February 3371:22 February 3254:Hahn, Emily 2985:"Rafflesia" 2946:John Murray 2760:Raffles Cup 2570:Otter civet 2513:Malay apple 2369:, latticed 2194:He died of 2014:East Indies 1962:drunkenness 1878:slave trade 1818:Castlereagh 1795:smörgåsbord 1748:East Indies 1592:cantonments 1548:John Palmer 1523:Tengku Long 1385:In London, 1378:, the name 1211:Thomas Parr 1093:Sophia Hull 998:land tenure 993:slave trade 973:Kanarielaan 960:in Europe. 891:Cape Colony 744:Java Island 707:Hammersmith 700:slave trade 696:West Indies 692:ship master 684:Port Morant 656:colonialism 652:imperialist 562:during the 548:the capture 442:Sophia Hull 388:Nationality 344:5 July 1826 334:Port Morant 326:5 July 1781 279:Preceded by 214:Preceded by 6186:Categories 5998:Mass media 5993:Literature 5821:Disability 5729:(currency) 5661:Parliament 5622:Government 5544:Reservoirs 5287:Historical 5222:Healthcare 5169:Properties 5134:Literature 5086:Rumah adat 4946:Automotive 4854:Censorship 4802:Historical 4495:1818–1824 4456:1811–1816 4319:Wikisource 3992:. Hawaii: 3967:(9): 1–48. 3853:9 November 3567:NAS.Gov.sg 3487:23 January 3454:. London: 3023:16 January 2897:editions. 2856:References 2382:woodpecker 2287:See also: 2181:London Zoo 2153:parliament 2149:Cheltenham 2087:newspapers 1927:took over 1531:succession 1453:subterfuge 1440:Royal Navy 1240:, such as 1053:St. Helena 918:Yogyakarta 902:Buitenzorg 883:Jatinegara 868:conscripts 858:, General 825:Lord Minto 797:March 2021 674:1781-07-05 666:Early life 554:island of 552:Indonesian 322:1781-07-05 272:George III 203:George III 82:newspapers 6176:Biography 6152:Singapore 6140:Indonesia 6056:Lion head 5964:Languages 5876:OB marker 5831:Education 5775:Transport 5676:President 5612:Elections 5564:Waterways 5507:Geography 5428:Singapore 5326:Nusantara 5234:Languages 5207:Education 5154:Mythology 5124:Festivals 4991:Transport 4903:President 4882:Pancasila 4834:Elections 4817:Districts 4807:Provinces 4771:Volcanoes 4734:Mountains 4653:Geography 4641:Reformasi 4550:Indonesia 4511:Bencoolen 4501:abolished 4484:Bencoolen 4161:cite book 4141:Fairbanks 3949:226792993 3723:316836618 3538:NUS Press 3138:940527190 3130:centuries 3067:17 August 3061:France 24 2989:Infopedia 2909:cited in 2842:Palembang 2766:Transport 2714:Education 2421:Rafflesia 2350:Indonesia 2224:Bencoolen 2210:) by the 2200:Mill Hill 1929:Bencoolen 1833:dysentery 1771:cannibals 1700:artifacts 1677:free port 1620:does not 1588:segregate 1544:treachery 1527:pretender 1380:Lion City 1364:Singapura 1257:Muntinghe 1199:Bencoolen 1126:does not 1097:Bencoolen 1078:George IV 1025:Borobudur 1013:Prambanan 985:West Java 942:Palembang 850:, in the 768:does not 621:Bencoolen 597:Singapore 578:Rafflesia 558:from the 499:Known for 491:Education 383:, England 354:, England 352:Middlesex 336:, Jamaica 251:1811–1816 247:In office 207:George IV 194:1818–1824 190:In office 6108:Category 6008:Religion 5959:Gambling 5750:Reserves 5712:Aviation 5649:Military 5583:Politics 5569:Wildlife 5432:articles 5371:Category 5244:Refugees 5239:Religion 5164:Painting 5075:Colonial 5022:Abortion 4951:Aviation 4866:Military 4785:Politics 4570:Timeline 4554:articles 4507:Resident 4480:Resident 4394:(1896). 4060:(2012). 3902:(2009). 3876:(1999). 3843:Roots.sg 3646:41502903 3530:(2009). 3317:(1990). 3301:27859777 3256:(1946). 3238:(2008). 3216:(2008). 3106:Archived 2937:(1830). 2811:See also 2692:Business 2196:apoplexy 2024:and the 1960:such as 1905:Resident 1775:Tapanuli 1744:Calcutta 1556:Calcutta 1420:surveyed 1292:Calcutta 1230:hegemony 1223:convicts 1207:Resident 1101:Bengkulu 1049:Napoleon 938:Java War 914:Javanese 688:Deptford 629:entrepôt 607:and the 466:Children 363:Apoplexy 286:(acting) 199:Monarchs 6164:History 6126:Portals 6085:Outline 6061:Merlion 6028:Symbols 5986:history 5981:culture 5949:Cuisine 5926:Culture 5906:Smoking 5846:Five Cs 5816:Driving 5789:Society 5770:Tourism 5727:Dollar 5690:Economy 5627:Cabinet 5534:Islands 5529:Geology 5519:Beaches 5495:present 5440:History 5381:Gallery 5355:Outline 5277:Costume 5264:Symbols 5184:Theatre 5129:Legends 5114:Cuisine 5109:Costume 5080:Mosques 5057:Culture 5047:Smoking 5010:Society 4986:Tourism 4966:History 4929:Economy 4870:Babinsa 4824:Cabinet 4761:Regions 4724:Islands 4719:Geology 4675:Climate 4665:Borders 4562:History 4326:at the 4151:10 June 3866:Sources 3433:7 April 2913:at the 2846:Batavia 2551:Langsat 2438:Sumatra 2358:species 2301:Raffles 2254:by Sir 2216:Jamaica 2169:zoology 2101:scholar 2018:Sumatra 1989:Batavia 1840:as the 1736:Sumatra 1641:removed 1626:sources 1502:Malacca 1498:Sumatra 1368:Malayan 1360:Malacca 1285:Malacca 1234:Batavia 1147:removed 1132:sources 946:Sumatra 833:Malacca 789:removed 774:sources 625:Sumatra 550:of the 474:Parents 459: 447: 433: 417: 413: 398:Spouses 392:British 268:Monarch 96:scholar 6113:Portal 6066:Pledge 6051:Flower 6036:Anthem 6013:Sports 5944:Cinema 5851:Health 5806:Caning 5740:Labour 5735:Energy 5666:Police 5549:Rivers 5430: 5376:Portal 5282:Emblem 5272:Anthem 5217:Health 5104:Cinema 5037:Piracy 4961:Energy 4893:Police 4766:Rivers 4670:Cities 4552: 4239:about 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