1187:
247:
594:, but the others are open to racehorses of either sex aged three years. The distances of these races, ranging from one mile (1.6 km) to 1.75 miles (2.82 km), led to a change in breeding practices, as breeders concentrated on producing horses that could race at a younger age than in the past and that had more speed. In the early 18th century, the emphasis had been on longer races, up to 4 miles (6.4 km), that were run in multiple heats. The older style of race favored older horses, but with the change in distances, younger horses became preferred.
1417:
rates are higher in 4- and 5-year-olds than in 2- and 3-year-olds. Some believe that correct, slow training of a young horse (including foals) may actually be beneficial to the overall soundness of the animal. This is because, during the training process, microfractures occur in the leg followed by bone remodeling. If the remodeling is given sufficient time to heal, the bone becomes stronger. If proper remodeling occurs before hard training and racing begins, the horse will have a stronger musculoskeletal system and will have a decreased chance of injury.
1147:, who was only 15.1, the best racehorses are generally of average size. Larger horses mature more slowly and have more stress on their legs and feet, predisposing them to lameness. Smaller horses are considered by some to be at a disadvantage due to their shorter stride and a tendency of other horses to bump them, especially in the starting gate. Historically, Thoroughbreds have steadily increased in size: the average height of a Thoroughbred in 1700 was about 13.3 hands high. By 1876 this had increased to 15.3.
1074:
1030:, for an average of 18,468 guineas. Also in 2007, Doncaster Bloodstock Sales, another British sales firm, sold 2,248 horses for a total value of 43,033,881 guineas, making an average of 15,110 guineas per horse. Australian prices at auction during the 2007β2008 racing and breeding season were as follows: 1,223 Australian weanlings sold for a total of $ 31,352,000, an average of $ 25,635 each. Four thousand, nine hundred and three yearlings sold for a total value of
382:
601:, a winner of the Epsom Derby, stood over 16 hands high, a full hand higher than the Darley Arabian. Winning times had improved to such a degree that many felt further improvement by adding additional Arabian bloodlines was impossible. This was borne out in 1885, when a race was held between a Thoroughbred, Iambic, considered a mid-grade runner, and the best Arabian of the time, Asil. The race was over 3 miles (4,800 m), and although Iambic was
621:
horses possessed at least one or two crosses to horses not registered in the GSB. The act was not repealed until 1949, after which a horse was only required to show that all its ancestors to the ninth generation were registered in a recognized Stud Book. Many felt that the Jersey Act hampered the development of the
British Thoroughbred by preventing breeders in the United Kingdom from using new bloodlines developed outside the British Isles.
5975:
1386:
910:
1045:. Record prices at auction often grab headlines, though they do not necessarily reflect the animal's future success; in the case of The Green Monkey, injuries limited him to only three career starts before being retired to stud in 2008, and he never won a race. Conversely, even a highly successful Thoroughbred may be sold by the pound for a few hundred dollars to become
871:, the first true racing club in Australia, was formed. Throughout the 1830s, the Australian colonies began to import Thoroughbreds, almost exclusively for racing purposes, and to improve the local stock. Each colony formed its own racing clubs and held its own races. Gradually, the individual clubs were integrated into one overarching organization, now known as the
491:
1372:, the fault is likely to be passed to the next generation. Additionally, some breeders will have a veterinarian perform straightening procedures on a horse with crooked legs. This can help increase the horse's price at a sale and perhaps help the horse have a sounder racing career, but the genes for poor legs will still be passed on.
1450:, and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot remain lying in the equivalent of a human's "
630:
1612:
Some promotional materials from The Jockey Club state that there were slightly under 1.3 million
Thoroughbreds in the United States registered with The Jockey Club as of 2006, but combining this information with figures on foal registrations gives an average lifespan for registered Thoroughbreds
1025:
sold for $ 44,407, the average yearling sold for $ 55,300, average sale price for two-year-olds was $ 61,843, broodmares averaged $ 70,150, and horses over two and broodmare prospects sold for an average of $ 53,243. For Europe, the July 2007 Tattersall's Sale sold 593 horses at auction, with a total
528:
However, in modern
Thoroughbred pedigrees, most horses have more crosses to the Godolphin Arabian (13.8%) than to the Darley Arabian (6.5%) when all lines of descent (maternal and paternal) are considered. Further, as a percentage of contributions to current Thoroughbred bloodlines, Curwen's Bay Barb
1416:
A high accident rate may also occur because
Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as 2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superb muscular condition, their bones are not fully formed. However, catastrophic injury
834:
Organized racing in Italy started in 1837, when race meets were established in
Florence and Naples and a meet in Milan was founded in 1842. Modern flat racing came to Rome in 1868. Later importations, including the Derby Stakes winners Ellington (1856) and Melton (1885), came to Italy before the end
813:
Thoroughbreds began to be imported to France in 1817 and 1818 with the importation of a number of stallions from
England, but initially the sport of horse racing did not prosper in France. The first Jockey Club in France was not formed until 1833, and in 1834 the racing and regulation functions were
620:
of 1913. It prohibited the registration of any horse in the
General Stud Book (GSB) if they could not show that every ancestor traced to the GSB. This excluded most American-bred horses, because the 100-year gap between the founding of the GSB and the American Stud Book meant that most American-bred
1337:), 10% with low fertility, and 5% with abnormally small hearts. Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass than other breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass, which contributes to foot soreness, the most common source of lameness in racehorses.
549:
and other bloodlines, although most researchers conclude that the number of
Eastern mares imported into England during the 100 years after 1660 was small. The 19th-century researcher Bruce Lowe identified 50 mare "families" in the Thoroughbred breed, later augmented by other researchers to 74.
1328:
One tenth of all
Thoroughbreds suffer orthopedic problems, including fractures. Current estimates indicate that there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1,000 horses starting a race in the United States, an average of two horses per day. The state of California reported a particularly high
1056:
However, the value of a
Thoroughbred may also be influenced by the purse money it wins. In 2007, Thoroughbred racehorses earned a total of $ 1,217,854,602 in all placings, an average earnings per starter of $ 16,924. In addition, the track record of a race horse may influence its future value as a
961:
and blood testing eliminate many of those concerns, artificial insemination still requires more detailed record keeping. The main reason, however, may be economic; a stallion has a limited number of mares who can be serviced by live cover. Thus the practice prevents an oversupply of Thoroughbreds,
747:
and was won by Lecompte. Lexington's owner then challenged Lecompte's owner to a rematch, held in 1855 in New Orleans and won by Lexington. Both of these horses were sons of Boston, a descendant of Sir Archy. Lexington went on to a career as a breeding stallion, and led the sires list of number of
1477:
groups have denounced the Thoroughbred racing industry. On the other hand, advocates of racing argue that without horse racing, far less funding and incentives would be available for medical and biomechanical research on horses. Although horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science has advanced.
1441:
The level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financial value but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and other major leg injuries. Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be
1037:
Averages, however, can be deceiving. For example, at the 2007 Fall Yearling sale at Keeneland, 3,799 young horses sold for a total of $ 385,018,600, for an average of $ 101,347 per horse. However, that average sales price reflected a variation that included at least 19 horses that sold for only $
921:
registered each year in North America varies greatly, chiefly linked to the success of the auction market which in turn depends on the state of the economy. The foal crop was over 44,000 in 1990, but declined to roughly 22,500 by 2014. The largest numbers are registered in the states of Kentucky,
179:
mares of mostly English breeding. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Thoroughbred breed spread throughout the world; they were imported into North America starting in 1730 and into Australia, Europe, Japan and South America during the 19th century. Millions of Thoroughbreds exist, and around
826:
was founded at the same time by the government. By 1876, French-bred Thoroughbreds were regularly winning races in England, and in that year a French breeder-owner earned the most money in England on the track. World War I almost destroyed French breeding because of war damage and lack of races.
883:
Thoroughbreds have been exported to many other areas of the world since the breed was created. Oriental horses were imported into South Africa from the late 17th century in order to improve the local stock through crossbreeding. Horse racing was established there in the late 18th and early 19th
478:
coat color in Thoroughbreds. In all, about 160 stallions have been traced in the historical record as contributing to the creation of the Thoroughbred. The addition of horses of Eastern bloodlines, whether Arabian, Barb, or Turk, to the native English mares ultimately led to the creation of the
888:
in 1853, but the first mares did not arrive until 1865. The Argentine Stud Book was first published in 1893. Thoroughbreds were imported into Japan from 1895, although it was not until after World War II that Japan began a serious breeding and racing business involving Thoroughbreds.
1150:
In 2007, there were 71,959 horses who started in races in the United States, and the average Thoroughbred racehorse in the United States and Canada ran 6.33 times in that year. In Australia, there were 31,416 horses in training during 2007, and those horses started 194,066 times for
1177:
Horses finished with a racing career that are not suitable for breeding purposes often become riding horses or other equine companions. A number of agencies exist to help make the transition from the racetrack to another career, or to help find retirement homes for ex-racehorses.
862:
in 1788 along with the earliest colonists. Although horses of part-Thoroughbred blood were imported into Australia during the late 18th century, it is thought that the first pureblood Thoroughbred was a stallion named Northumberland who was imported from England in 1802 as a
986:
in the population can be traced to 30 foundation animals, 27 of which are male. Ten foundation mares account for 72% of maternal (tail-female) lineages, and, as noted, one stallion appears in 95% of tail male lineages. Thoroughbred pedigrees are generally traced through the
759:
up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km). This development meant a change in breeding practices, as well as the age that horses were raced, with younger horses and sprinters coming to the fore. It was also after the Civil War that the American Thoroughbred returned to England to race.
605:
by carrying 4.5 stone (29 kg; 63 lb) more than Asil, he still managed to beat Asil by 20 lengths. The improvement of the breed for racing in this way was said by noted 19th century racing writer, Nimrod, to have created "the noblest animal in the creation".
1424:
with toe grabs, use of certain legal medications, and high-intensity racing schedules may also contribute to a high injury rate. One promising trend is the development of synthetic surfaces for racetracks, and one of the first tracks to install such a surface,
47:
922:
Florida and California. Australia is the second largest producer of Thoroughbreds in the world with almost 30,000 broodmares producing about 18,250 foals annually. Britain produces about 5,000 foals a year, and worldwide, there are more than 195,000 active
784:
Thoroughbreds in the United States have historically been used not only for racing but also to improve other breeds. The early import Messenger was the foundation of the Standardbred, and Thoroughbred blood was also instrumental in the development of the
966:
covered 227 mares. By allowing a stallion to cover only a couple of hundred mares a year rather than the couple of thousand possible with artificial insemination, it also preserves the high prices paid for horses of the finest or most popular lineages.
1021:, a United Statesβbased sales company, sold 9,124 horses at auction, with a total value of $ 814,401,000, which gives an average price of $ 89,259. As a whole for the United States in 2007, The Jockey Club auction statistics indicated that the average
1602:
The identification of exact breeding for most of the foundation stallions is complicated by the practice in the 17th and 18th centuries of calling a horse an Arab or a Barb based on where the horse was acquired, rather than from its actual
306:, a deep chest, a short back, good depth of hindquarters, a lean body, and long legs. Thoroughbreds are classified among the "hot-blooded" breeds, which are animals bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited and bold.
1060:
Stud fees for stallions that enter breeding can range from $ 2,500 to $ 500,000 per mare in the United States, and from Β£2000 to Β£75,000 or more in Britain. The record stud fee to date was set in the 1980s, when the stud fee of the late
957:(ET), though commonly used and allowable in many other horse breed registries, cannot be used with Thoroughbreds. One reason is that a greater possibility of error exists in assigning parentage with artificial insemination, and although
441:
Under Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, and Anne, royal support was given to racing and the breeding of race horses. With royal support, horse racing became popular with the public, and by 1727, a newspaper devoted to racing, the
1433:, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 2004β05 to three in the year following Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, and some areas report problems related to winter weather, but studies are continuing.
755:, the emphasis in American racing changed from the older style of four-mile (6 km) races in which the horses ran in at least two heats. The new style of racing involved shorter races not run in heats, over distances from five
238:, abnormally small hearts, and a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence of accidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, and research on the subject is ongoing.
764:
became the first American-bred winner of the Epsom Derby in 1881. The success of American-bred Thoroughbreds in England led to the Jersey Act in 1913, which limited the importation of American Thoroughbreds into England. After
680:. John F. Wall, a racing historian, said that Sir Archy was the "first outstanding stallion we can claim as native American." He was retired from the racetrack because of lack of opponents. Medley and Shark, who arrived in the
1131:, or distance runners, tend to be smaller and slimmer. The size of the horse is one consideration for buyers and trainers when choosing a potential racehorse. Although there have been champion racehorses of every height, from
5105:
MacKey, Valorie S.; Trout, Donald R.; Meagher, Dennis M.; Hornof, William J. (1987). "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius, and tibia in horses: clinical features and radiographic and/or scintigraphic appearance".
1296:
breeds, (classified as "cold bloods" for their more phlegmatic temperament) are known as "warmbloods," which are commonly seen in competitive events such as show jumping and dressage. Examples include the
867:
sire. By 1810, the first formal race meets were organized in Sydney, and by 1825 the first mare of proven Thoroughbred bloodlines arrived to join the Thoroughbred stallions already there. In 1825, the
616:
Soon after the start of the 20th century, fears that the English races would be overrun with American-bred Thoroughbreds because of the closing of US racetracks in the early 1910s, led to the
487:
of horses. According to Peter Willett, about 50% of the foundation stallions appear to have been of Arabian bloodlines, with the remainder being evenly divided between Turkoman and Barb breeding.
6011:
1159:
857,446,268 of prize money. In Britain, the British Racing Authority states there were 8,556 horses in training for flat racing for 2007, and those horses started 60,081 times in 5,659 races.
1292:
breeds due to their refinement and performance capabilities. Crossbred horses developed from Thoroughbreds, (informally categorized as "hot bloods" because of temperament) crossed on sturdy
1249:
Thoroughbreds are often crossed with horses of other breeds to create new breeds or to enhance or introduce specific qualities into existing ones. They have been influential on many modern
715:, was a breeder and racer of Thoroughbreds in Tennessee. Match races held in the early 19th century helped to popularize horse racing in the United States. One took place in 1823, in
317:
officially are one year older on the first of August. These artificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races and other competitions for horses in certain age groups.
1034:
372,003,961, an average of A$ 75,853. Five hundred two-year-olds sold for A$ 13,030,150, an average of A$ 26,060, and 2,118 broodmares totalled A$ 107,720,775, an average of A$ 50,860.
661:
importations of horses from England practically stopped but were restarted after the signing of a peace treaty. Two important stallions were imported around the time of the Revolution;
2189:
Cunningham, EP; Dooley, JJ; Splan, RK; Bradley, DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses".
1333:, producing a rate of 0.44 injuries/1,000 starts (1989β2004). Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone to bleeding from the lungs (
529:(4.2%) appears more often than the Byerley Turk (3.3%). The majority of modern Thoroughbreds alive trace to a total of only 27 or 28 stallions from the 18th and 19th centuries.
558:
revealed that they traced to only 15 unique foundation mares, suggesting either a common ancestor for foundation mares thought to be unrelated or recording errors in the GSB.
4698:
Cunningham EP, Dooley JJ, Splan RK, Bradley DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses".
1065:
reached $ 1 million. During the 2008 Australian breeding season seven stallions stood at a stud fee of A$ 110,000 or more, with the highest fee in the nation at A$ 302,500.
3799:
1329:
rate of injury, 3.5 per 1000 starts. Other countries report lower rates of injury, with the United Kingdom having 0.9 injuries/1,000 starts (1990β1999) and the courses in
554:
of Thoroughbred mares indicate that some of the mare lines thought to be genetically distinct may actually have had a common ancestor; in 19 mare lines studied, the
831:, French Thoroughbred breeding did not suffer as it had during the first World War, and thus was able to compete on an equal footing with other countries after the war.
1867:
962:
although modern management still allows a stallion to live cover more mares in a season than was once thought possible. As an example, in 2008, the Australian stallion
1325:
world and in other disciplines, modern Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for speed, and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents as well as other health problems.
363:
referring to this specific breed, though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications, and outside the US. For example, the Australian Stud Book,
769:, the breeders in America continued to emphasize speed and early racing age but also imported horses from England, and this trend continued past World War II. After
521:, who was the dominant racehorse of his day and never defeated. One genetic study indicates that 95% of all male Thoroughbreds trace their direct male line (via the
6004:
5770:
454:
All modern Thoroughbreds trace their origin to one of three stallions imported into England from the Middle East in the late 17th and early 18th centuries: the
422:, a system of adding weight to attempt to equalize a horse's chances of winning as well as improved training procedures, began to be used. During the reigns of
355:
except for horses belonging to the Thoroughbred breed. Nonetheless, breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably, though
175:
breeding. All modern Thoroughbreds can trace their pedigrees to three stallions imported into England in the 17th and 18th centuries, and to a larger number of
3836:
1953:
3686:
3485:
1649:
6280:
930:, generating around $ 34 billion in revenue annually in the United States and providing about 470,000 jobs through a network of farms, training centers, and
505:
was, coincidentally, the ancestor of a grandson or great-great-grandson who was the only male descendant to perpetuate each respective horse's male line:
5997:
5406:
4463:
875:. Thoroughbreds from Australia were imported into New Zealand in the 1840s and 1850s, with the first direct importation from England occurring in 1862.
6020:
1097:
horses, and youth show horses. The larger horses are sought for hunter/jumper and dressage competitions, whereas the smaller horses are in demand as
1077:
Race horses competing on turf (grass racetrack) in Germany. Most races in Europe are run on turf, while most races in North America are run on dirt.
5910:
5803:
5702:
597:
Selective breeding for speed and racing ability led to improvements in the size of horses and winning times by the middle of the 19th century.
4056:
5707:
3653:
3540:
3428:
3029:
1511:
1496:
1233:
divisions employ them in non-competitive work, and recreational riders also use them. Thoroughbreds are one of the most common breeds for use in
5081:
3391:
5547:
3999:
2419:
1823:
1368:
Poor breeding may be encouraged by the fact that many horses are sent to the breeding shed following an injury. If the injury is linked to a
1334:
231:
5760:
5712:
2996:
4114:
2957:
1506:
798:
207:. They are also commonly crossbred to create new breeds or to improve existing ones, and have been influential in the creation of the
5259:
Oikawa, M; et al. (1994). "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses".
5852:
5481:
5458:
5439:
5337:
5240:
5221:
5202:
5179:
5140:
5057:
5036:
4997:
4965:
4755:
4736:
4688:
4651:
4630:
4589:
1210:
676:
breed. Diomed, who won the Derby Stakes in 1780, had a significant impact on American Thoroughbred breeding, mainly through his son
3178:
1361:. Thus, according to one postulation, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support. Veterinarian
1155:
375,512,579 of prize money. During 2007, in Japan, there were 23,859 horses in training and those horses started 182,614 times for
3262:
3222:
1739:
3360:
1813:
1501:
1269:
breeds in North America. Other common crosses with the Thoroughbred include crossbreeding with Arabian bloodlines to produce the
466:(1729). Other imported stallions were less influential, but still made noteworthy contributions to the breed. These included the
4413:
3810:
5765:
3898:
3087:
1443:
302:, are not recognized by mainstream breed registries. Good-quality Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high
294:
with white, but white will generally not appear on the body. Coat patterns that have more than one color on the body, such as
6295:
3929:
1875:
1491:
926:, or females being used for breeding, and 118,000 newly registered foals in 2006 alone. The Thoroughbred industry is a large
898:
712:
517:(or King Herod), a great-great-grandson; and the male line of the Darley Arabian owes its existence to great-great-grandson
258:(62 to 68 inches, 157 to 173 cm) high, averaging 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). They are most often
5348:
2159:
5970:
5798:
3573:
545:, had developed in northern Europe prior to the 13th century. Other mares were of oriental breeding, including Barb,
33:
5008:
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6290:
5793:
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5386:
4272:
720:
431:
5307:
4534:
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1349:
is the culprit. It has also been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising
5925:
5920:
5847:
5775:
1218:
610:
1397:. The reason given is: Synthetic racetrack installation developments since 2007 and their impact on fatal breakdowns.
550:
However, it is probable that fewer genetically unique mare lines existed than Lowe identified. Recent studies of the
3846:
5750:
5540:
3696:
1041:
The highest price paid at auction for a Thoroughbred was set in 2006 at $ 16,000,000 for a two-year-old colt named
5935:
5755:
5647:
3462:
3319:
1516:
609:
An aspect of the modern British breeding establishment is that they breed not only for flat racing, but also for
435:
1577:
1457:
Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the major leg fractures that led to the
5900:
3545:
850:
Other countries in Europe have Thoroughbred breeding programs, including Germany, Russia, Poland, and Hungary.
699:
After the American Revolution, the center of Thoroughbred breeding and racing in the United States moved west.
613:. Up until the end of the 19th century, Thoroughbreds were bred not only for racing but also as saddle horses.
438:, the foundation of the Thoroughbred was laid. The term "thro-bred" to describe horses was first used in 1713.
4170:
884:
centuries, and Thoroughbreds were imported in increasing numbers. The first Thoroughbred stallions arrived in
5414:
4460:
1478:
Previously hopeless cases can now be treated, and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniques like
5729:
4399:
Oikawa "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses"
3691:
3165:
Australian Stud Book: Encosta De Lago (AUS), Australian Jockey Club Limited and Victoria Racing Club Limited
1538:
1309:. Some warmblood registries note the percentage of Thoroughbred breeding, and many warmblood breeds have an
1110:
1082:
950:
872:
602:
1924:
1557:
474:. Another was the Brownlow Turk, who, among other attributes, is thought to be largely responsible for the
5813:
5745:
1254:
1004:
786:
427:
208:
3164:
1365:
states that "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always cope with."
1093:
because of its athleticism, and many retired and retrained race horses become fine family riding horses,
446:, was founded. Devoted exclusively to the sport, it recorded race results and advertised upcoming meets.
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6275:
6245:
5940:
5808:
5533:
4064:
3088:"Improving Security in the United States Pari-Mutuel Wagering System: Status Report and Recommendations"
1285:
1027:
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line. The line that a horse comes from is a critical factor in determining the price for a young horse.
598:
567:
502:
423:
386:
176:
96:
3550:
3436:
3037:
1053:, exported to Japan to stand at stud, but was ultimately slaughtered in 2002, presumably for pet food.
937:
Unlike a significant number of registered breeds, a horse cannot be registered as a Thoroughbred (with
793:
breed is held by some to have been sired by a Thoroughbred. Between World War I and World War II, the
672:
Messenger left little impact on the American Thoroughbred, but is considered a foundation sire of the
6256:
6104:
5832:
5434:(Reprint edition from Kessinger Publishing (2007) ed.). Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press.
5089:
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1330:
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819:
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86:
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4007:
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133:
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827:
After the war, the premier French race, the Grand Prix, resumed and continues to this day. During
246:
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1929:
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life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent
1430:
1354:
1258:
1163:
794:
752:
736:
673:
415:
407:
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227:
212:
187:
Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as
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NTRA Wagering Technology Working Group in conjunction with Giuliani Partners LLC (August 2003).
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1819:
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1306:
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Statistically, fewer than 50% of all race horses ever win a race, and less than 1% ever win a
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of the 19th century. Modern Thoroughbred breeding in Italy is mostly associated with the
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in 1838 that featured bets of $ 20,000 from each side. The last major match races before the
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used as foundation breeding stock came from a variety of breeds, some of which, such as the
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are officially considered a year older on the first of January each year; those born in the
160:
4580:
Arthur, RM; et al. (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (ed.).
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usually reflects what they have been bred to do. Sprinters are usually well muscled, while
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is very rare, but is a recognized color separate from gray. The face and lower legs may be
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horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are considered "
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5952:
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1123:. Thoroughbreds are often known for being either distance runners or sprinters, and their
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created, in modern usage horse breeders consider it incorrect to refer to any animal as a
267:
4623:
Champion Horses: An Illustrated History of Flat Racing, Steeplechasing and Trotting Races
847:, one of the dominant sires of Thoroughbreds in the later part of the 20th century.
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1399:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2879:"Decline in Thoroughbred foal crop hurting racetracks while strengthening sales market"
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Twilight, the Thoroughbred mare who serves as the subject of the Equine Genome Project
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4663:
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians
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Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians
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were founded in 1809 and 1814. The 1,000 Guineas and the Oaks are restricted to
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5129:
4913:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"
4850:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"
4787:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"
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The Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a
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is less often used for describing purebred animals of other species. The term is a
343:. While the term probably came into general use because the English Thoroughbred's
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6192:
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5862:
5857:
5842:
5837:
5823:
5657:
4661:
Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study".
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259:
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5280:
Oke, Stacey (July 2008). "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries".
1818:. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Merriam Webster. p. 195.
509:
was the only descendant of his grandsire, the Godolphin Arabian, to maintain a
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5872:
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1120:
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156:
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The Thoroughbred was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native
5298:
4218:
226:
Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in
6134:
5867:
5518:
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4511:
4447:
1454:" because of the risk of developing sores, internal damage, and congestion.
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555:
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235:
220:
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4939:
4876:
4813:
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1186:
974:
and tightly regulated population of the Thoroughbred is at risk of loss of
816:
SociΓ©tΓ© d'Encouragement pour l'AmΓ©lioration des Races de Chevaux en France
5291:
The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses
4954:
Evans, Warren J; Anthony Borton; L. Dale Van Vleck; Harold Hintz (1990).
4641:
1451:
1345:
One argument for the health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that
1206:
1198:
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inevitable in such a small population. According to a 2001 study, 78% of
700:
650:
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326:
283:
196:
192:
141:
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existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile races took place at
6217:
5930:
5915:
1692:"Approved Veterinarian Identification of the Thoroughbred in Australia"
1266:
802:
778:
756:
506:
303:
73:
Athletic riding horse breed, used for racing and many equestrian sports
4729:
Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800β1920
4087:
6169:
5667:
5662:
4563:
Mackey "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses"
1897:
1350:
1116:
988:
983:
844:
843:, who started his breeding program in 1898. Tesio was the breeder of
693:
666:
1654:
Interactive RegistrationTM Help Desk: How to Identify a Thoroughbred
1049:. The best-known example of this was the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner
3486:"Horse Racing; 1986 Derby Winner Was Slaughtered, Magazine Reports"
490:
6028:
5556:
5498:
1209:
at the highest levels of international competition, including the
1185:
1072:
908:
629:
628:
591:
489:
410:, in London. Racing continued at fairs and markets throughout the
380:
334:
245:
111:
494:
Matchem, a grandson of the Godolphin Arabian, from a painting by
6096:
5508:
4975:
Finley, Bill (October 6, 2006). "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths".
4171:"Why Are Some Horses Called Warmbloods? Definition & Breeds"
1234:
1098:
923:
918:
692:, and their daughters and granddaughters were bred primarily to
538:
360:
200:
181:
152:
5993:
5529:
3002:. Australia Racing Board. 2009β2010. p. 72. Archived from
653:
were the centers of Colonial Thoroughbred breeding, along with
333:. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a single
5513:
4243:
1379:
958:
513:
to the present; the Byerley Turk's male line was preserved by
370:
5503:
4510:. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Archived from
4420:. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Archived from
1746:. The Jockey Club. pp. Section V, part C. Archived from
278:. Less common colors recognized in the United States include
1174:. Any horse who has yet to win a race is known as a maiden.
1156:
1152:
633:
Diomed, an important sire in American Thoroughbred breeding.
4291:
Oke, "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries",
1613:
of almost 35 years, which is well beyond normal for horses.
1539:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: D'Arcy's White Turk"
773:, Thoroughbred breeding remained centered in Kentucky, but
5067:
Jones, Caroline (October 1973). "Fox Hunting in America".
3097:. National Thoroughbred Racing Association. Archived from
5525:
5407:"Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances"
4461:"Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances"
1578:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: Curwen's Bay Barb"
1038:
1,000 each and 34 that sold for over $ 1,000,000 apiece.
5029:
Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance
4504:"Barbaro's Tragic Injury: A Symptom of a Cruel Industry"
3998:
Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science.
3971:
Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science.
2826:"Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Breeding in South Africa"
1115:
Thoroughbred horses are primarily bred for racing under
1009:
Prices of Thoroughbreds vary greatly, depending on age,
148:" horses that are known for agility, speed, and spirit.
4599:
Barakat, Christine (October 2007). "Why Size Matters".
3654:"Northern Dancer, One of Racing's Great Sires, Is Dead"
3318:
Traditionally, the obsolete guinea, Β£1.05, formerly 21
2932:"Distribution of Registered Foal US Foal Crop by State"
1925:"Search of the New York Times Website for Thoroughbred"
1744:
The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements
781:
also emerged as important racing and breeding centers.
254:
The typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0
5432:
Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants
4414:"The Horseracing Industry: Drugs, Deception and Death"
748:
winners for sixteen years, fourteen of them in a row.
5405:
Walker, Childs & Bill Ordine (January 30, 2007).
3322:, is retained as the unit of account for these sales.
5233:
Blood will tell: Orthodox breeding theories examined
5172:
The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line
1313:
that continues to allow Thoroughbred crossbreeding.
6216:
6183:
6095:
6027:
5881:
5822:
5784:
5738:
5626:
5563:
5308:"Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown schedule"
4444:"Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown Schedule"
2991:
2989:
1874:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from
77:
69:
64:
56:
5469:
5329:Track Talk: An Introduction to Thoroughbred Racing
5190:
5128:
4985:
3160:
3158:
1807:
1805:
1803:
4681:Fort Robinson and the American century, 1900β1948
4643:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
4582:Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse
4334:Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse
3936:. American Polo Horse Association. Archived from
3401:. Australian Racing Board Limited. Archived from
3095:National Thoroughbred Racing Association Web Site
1679:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
1237:in the United States. They are often seen in the
385:The Darley Arabian, one of the three traditional
4960:(Second ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
4121:. American Trakehner Association. Archived from
4035:The National Museum of the Morgan Horse Web Site
3429:"Keeneland September 2007 Yearling Sale Results"
3256:
3254:
1535:Articles on the mentioned horses are located at
1265:, a breed that went on to influence many of the
1197:In addition to racing, Thoroughbreds compete in
1081:Although the Thoroughbred is primarily bred for
5453:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
5131:The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage
4672:The American Stud Book, Vol. 1, Revised Edition
4387:Bourke "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria"
4113:Von Velsen, Eberhard (SeptemberβOctober 1981).
3809:. British Horseracing Authority. Archived from
3508:
3506:
3456:
3454:
3036:. British Horseracing Authority. Archived from
1852:The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage
5349:"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud"
4683:. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society.
4541:. Horserace Levy Betting Board. Archived from
2160:"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud"
2048:
2046:
684:before Messenger and Diomed, became important
6005:
5541:
5370:The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America
4614:The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing
4145:"Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold Blood in Horses"
2786:"History of the Australian Stud Book: Part 1"
2736:
2734:
2184:
2182:
801:, which was designed to improve the stock of
797:used Thoroughbred stallions as part of their
8:
4893:"Who's Your Momma III: Some Lines Misplaced"
4535:"Advancing Veterinary Science and Education"
4345:Kluger "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble"
3367:. Doncaster Bloodstock Sales. Archived from
3061:"Thoroughbred Racing and Breeding Worldwide"
2905:"Annual North American Registered Foal Crop"
2752:
2750:
2414:
2412:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1954:"Search of the BBC Website for Thoroughbred"
743:and Lecompte. The first was held in 1854 in
566:By the end of the 18th century, the English
39:
4767:"New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees"
4063:. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from
4061:Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Registration
4006:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
3755:
3753:
2260:"New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees"
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2032:
2030:
483:(GSB) in 1791 and the practice of official
470:, D'Arcy's White Turk, Leedes Arabian, and
140:is sometimes used to refer to any breed of
6012:
5998:
5990:
5548:
5534:
5526:
5387:"Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses"
4830:"Who's Your Momma II: Some Lines Converge"
4368:
4366:
4115:"The Trakehner Breed and the Thoroughbred"
2447:
2445:
45:
38:
4750:. Grand Prairie, Texas: Equine Research.
4037:. The National Museum of the Morgan Horse
2378:History of Thoroughbred Racing in America
2254:
2252:
2250:
1996:Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing
1775:. Australian Jockey Club. 2007. p. 7
1673:
1671:
1558:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: L"
1357:that has created animals designed to win
5703:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
4748:Breeding Management and Foal Development
4731:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
4584:. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872.
4287:
4285:
4283:
3934:American Polo Horse Association Web Site
3687:"Large and in charge: The Zenyatta file"
3232:. University of Maryland. Archived from
3150:Breeding Management and Foal Development
3124:"Rules and Regulations of Thoroughbreds"
2759:"Thoroughbred Horse Racing in Australia"
1977:
1975:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1420:Studies have shown that track surfaces,
250:Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head.
5332:. Washington, D.C.: Robert B. Luce Co.
4482:
4480:
4478:
4303:
4301:
3928:American Polo Horse Association staff.
3574:"Storm Cat Stud Fee Rises to $ 500,000"
2426:. Thoroughbred Heritage. Archived from
1644:
1642:
1625:
1528:
1512:List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
1497:Glossary of North American horse racing
1482:can keep at-risk horses off the track.
1321:Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the
5519:Royal Ascot Bloodline Interactive Tool
5385:Rosenblatt, Richard (April 23, 2007).
5027:Hedge, Juliet; Don M. Wagoner (2004).
4357:Finley "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths"
4310:"The Detrimental Effects of Toe Grabs"
4267:
4265:
3868:Thomas, Heather Smith (May 10, 2008).
3800:"British Horseracing Review 2006β2007"
3179:"Frequently Asked Questions: Breeding"
2299:
1862:
1860:
1143:who both stood at 16.2 hands, down to
893:Registration, breeding, and population
5108:Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound
4539:Horserace Levy Betting Board Web Site
3807:British Horseracing Authority Website
3185:. Russell Meerdink Co. Archived from
3034:British Horseracing Authority Website
1335:exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
1017:, and other market factors. In 2007,
858:Horses arrived in Australia with the
7:
5261:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
5216:. Swidon, Wiltshire: Crowood Press.
5135:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
5082:"Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble"
4988:The World's Finest Horses and Ponies
4533:Horserace Levy Betting Board staff.
4401:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
4092:Irish Draught Horse Society Web Site
3930:"What is a Polo Pony or Polo Horse?"
3652:Thomas, Robert (November 17, 1990).
3600:"Stud Advertisement for Desideratum"
3461:Biles, Deirdre (February 13, 2008).
2420:"Turf Hallmarks: Epsom Derby Stakes"
2158:Pickrell, John (September 6, 2005).
1582:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred
1562:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred
1543:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred
978:because of the level of inadvertent
637:The first Thoroughbred horse in the
570:had been established. These are the
234:. Other health concerns include low
184:are registered each year worldwide.
6281:Horse breeds originating in England
4616:. Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing.
4031:"Morgan Horses in American History"
3845:. Business Week: 92. Archived from
1770:"Rules of the Australian Stud Book"
1740:"Eligibility for Foal Registration"
1469:, or 2008 Kentucky Derby runner-up
5120:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1987.tb01719.x
5009:"State of the Art to Save Barbaro"
4488:"State of the Art to Save Barbaro"
3695:. October 31, 2010. Archived from
3365:Doncaster Bloodstock Sales Website
1507:Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand
25:
6021:Horse breeds of the British Isles
5853:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
5476:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
5347:Pickrell, John (September 2005).
4911:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002).
4848:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002).
4785:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002).
3905:. The Jockey Club. Archived from
3435:. Keeneland Sales. Archived from
3390:Australian Racing Board Limited.
3269:. Keeneland Sales. Archived from
789:. The foundation stallion of the
5974:
5973:
5080:Kluger, Jeffrey (May 28, 2006).
4932:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x
4869:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x
4806:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x
4727:Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006).
4712:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x
3631:Weatherby's Online Stallion Book
3627:"Stud Advertisement for Dansili"
3604:Weatherby's Online Stallion Book
3223:"Price Factors and Sales Trends"
2203:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x
1694:. Australian Stud Book. May 2008
1502:Thoroughbred racing in Australia
1384:
814:split off to a new society, the
27:Horse breed developed for racing
5152:"And They Call Us Horse Lovers"
5150:Miller, Robert M. (Fall 2006).
4374:"And They Call Us Horse Lovers"
4088:"The Irish Draught Sport Horse"
3958:Jones "Fox Hunting in America"
3835:Gutner, Toddi (June 16, 2003).
3798:British Horseracing Authority.
3028:British Horseracing Authority.
2936:The Jockey Club Online Factbook
947:mating of a mare and a stallion
5368:Robertson, William P. (1964).
5189:Montgomery, Edward E. (1971).
5007:Grady, Denise (May 23, 2006).
4746:Equine Research, Inc. (1982).
3572:Liebman, Dan (March 6, 2002).
3484:Finley, Bill (July 23, 2003).
3230:Maryland Cooperative Extension
1650:"Coat Colors Of Thoroughbreds"
1492:Thoroughbred breeding theories
941:registry) unless conceived by
899:Thoroughbred breeding theories
713:President of the United States
1:
5971:Lists of horse-related topics
5353:NewScientist.com news service
5326:Phifer, Kate Gilbert (1978).
5306:Pedulla, Tom (June 4, 2006).
5273:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81951-9
5197:. New York: Arco Publishing.
4674:. New York: Sanders D. Bruce.
4612:Barrett, Norman, ed. (1995).
4094:. Irish Draught Horse Society
4086:Irish Draught Horse Society.
3837:"So You Want to Race a Horse"
3334:"Tattersall's July Sale 2007"
1085:, the breed is also used for
34:Thoroughbred (disambiguation)
5638:Glossary of equestrian terms
4640:Bongianni, Maurizio (1987).
4621:Bongianni, Maurizio (1983).
4193:""Warmblood" Is Not a Breed"
3359:Doncaster Bloodstock Sales.
3030:"British Breeding: Overview"
2967:. p. 14. Archived from
1902:Australian Stud Book Website
1190:A Thoroughbred competing in
854:In Australia and New Zealand
707:became significant centers.
562:Later development in Britain
373:do not capitalize the word.
230:and health problems such as
5372:. New York: Bonanza Books.
5293:. New York: Bonanza Books.
4679:Buecker, Thomas R. (2002).
4625:. New York: Bonanza Books.
4308:Casner, Bill (April 2007).
3979:. Oklahoma State University
3870:"Options for Ex-racehorses"
3772:Barakat "Why Size Matters"
2930:The Jockey Club (c. 2007).
2784:Ford, Michael (June 2006).
1026:for the sale of 10,951,300
917:The number of Thoroughbred
688:and dam sires by producing
414:and into the reign of King
6312:
5761:Ancient and Imperial China
5069:American Heritage Magazine
5046:Henry, Marguerite (1967).
3960:American Heritage Magazine
3463:"The Green Monkey Retired"
3392:"Australian Sales Results"
2824:Herringer, Philip (2004).
2757:Herringer, Philip (2006).
1108:
1002:
902:
896:
309:Thoroughbreds born in the
31:
6254:
5966:
5648:List of equestrian sports
5170:Milner, Mordaunt (1990).
4466:October 11, 2008, at the
3294:"2007 Auction Statistics"
2958:"Thoroughly Thoroughbred"
1872:Horse Breeds of the World
1517:List of historical horses
1393:This section needs to be
1135:who stood 17.2 hands, to
657:and New York. During the
584:2,000 Guineas Stakes
525:) to the Darley Arabian.
105:
82:
44:
5289:Patten, John W. (1960).
5127:Merriam-Webster (1989).
4149:Kentucky Equine Research
3903:The Jockey Club Web Site
3877:The Blood-Horse Magazine
3578:The Blood-Horse magazine
3546:The Blood-Horse magazine
3519:The Jockey Club Factbook
3515:"2007 Racing Statistics"
3298:The Jockey Club Factbook
2956:The Jockey Club (2006).
1812:Merriam-Webster (1994).
1284:Thoroughbreds have been
1213:. They are also used as
970:Concern exists that the
945:, the witnessed natural
719:, between Sir Henry and
501:Each of the three major
329:horse of any breed as a
5509:Thoroughbred Bloodlines
5468:Willett, Peter (1970).
5449:Willett, Peter (1982).
5254:. London: Gay and Bird.
5235:. London: J. A. Allen.
5174:. London: J. A. Allen.
4899:. Thoroughbred Heritage
4836:. Thoroughbred Heritage
4773:. Thoroughbred Heritage
3692:Lexington Herald-Leader
3433:Keeneland Sales Website
3267:Keeneland Sales Website
3128:The Jockey Club Website
3065:The Jockey Club Website
2965:The Jockey Club Website
2909:The Jockey Club Website
2883:Lexington Herald-Leader
2877:Wincze Hughes, Alicia.
2832:. Thoroughbred Heritage
2792:. Thoroughbred Heritage
2765:. Thoroughbred Heritage
1584:. Thoroughbred Heritage
1564:. Thoroughbred Heritage
1545:. Thoroughbred Heritage
1111:Thoroughbred horse race
951:Artificial insemination
873:Australian Racing Board
578:, founded in 1779, and
232:bleeding from the lungs
70:Distinguishing features
18:Thoroughbred race horse
5430:Wall, John F. (1949).
5231:Napier, Miles (1977).
5214:Thoroughbred Stallions
4984:Glyn, Richard (1971).
4646:. New York: Fireside.
3183:HorseInfo.com Web Site
2391:The American Stud Book
2225:"Who's Your Momma III"
2067:Thoroughbred Stallions
1898:"Thoroughbred Welfare"
1255:American Quarter Horse
1194:
1078:
1005:Thoroughbred valuation
914:
818:, better known as the
787:American Quarter Horse
634:
498:
390:
251:
6296:Contexts for auctions
6246:Yorkshire Coach Horse
5504:The Jockey Club (USA)
5451:The Classic Racehorse
5212:Morris, Tony (1990).
3177:Russell Meerdink Co.
2830:Breeders and Breeding
2790:Breeders and Breeding
2726:The Classic Racehorse
2713:The Classic Racehorse
2635:The Classic Racehorse
2505:Famous Running Horses
2453:Famous Running Horses
2365:The Classic Racehorse
2352:The Classic Racehorse
2339:The Classic Racehorse
2313:The Classic Racehorse
2288:The Classic Racehorse
2275:The Classic Racehorse
2240:"Who's Your Momma II"
2111:The Godolphin Arabian
2022:Famous Running Horses
2009:The Godolphin Arabian
1983:Famous Running Horses
1286:foundation bloodstock
1225:speed events such as
1189:
1076:
912:
717:Long Island, New York
632:
493:
394:Beginnings in England
384:
347:was one of the first
249:
242:Breed characteristics
6257:List of horse breeds
6105:British Spotted Pony
5514:Australian Stud Book
4670:Bruce, S.D. (1884).
4565:Veterinary Radiology
4125:on February 20, 2008
3541:"2008 Leading Sires"
3408:on February 20, 2011
3338:Tattersall's Website
3263:"Yearly Sales Recap"
3104:on February 28, 2008
3009:on December 14, 2010
1370:conformational fault
1273:as well as with the
1253:breeds, such as the
820:Jockey-Club de Paris
645:, imported in 1730.
588:1,000 Guineas Stakes
582:in 1780. Later, the
450:Foundation stallions
136:. Although the word
112:Equus ferus caballus
92:Australian Stud Book
87:The Jockey Club (US)
32:For other uses, see
6291:Thoroughbred horses
5771:Indian subcontinent
5417:on October 11, 2008
4977:New York Daily News
4891:Erigero, Patricia.
4828:Erigero, Patricia.
4765:Erigero, Patricia.
4545:on November 2, 2007
4514:on February 9, 2008
4359:New York Daily News
4029:Curler, Elizabeth.
4010:on December 8, 2007
4004:Breeds of Livestock
3977:Breeds of Livestock
3816:on October 31, 2008
3699:on November 7, 2012
3439:on January 25, 2008
3239:on October 31, 2008
3189:on November 7, 2007
3167:Retrieved 2009-1-25
1750:on January 12, 2008
1331:Victoria, Australia
1261:, and possibly the
659:American Revolution
574:, founded in 1776,
418:. It was then that
389:of the Thoroughbred
315:Southern Hemisphere
311:Northern Hemisphere
228:high accident rates
41:
5804:American Civil War
5564:Equine science and
5013:The New York Times
4992:. London: Harrap.
4508:PETA.org Campaigns
4491:The New York Times
4273:"Barbaro's Legacy"
4173:. December 5, 2020
3940:on August 12, 2007
3899:"The Thoroughbred"
3761:Horse Conformation
3659:The New York Times
3361:"Sales Statistics"
2997:"Racing Fact Book"
1930:The New York Times
1904:. Racing Australia
1815:Thoroughbred entry
1634:Light Horse Breeds
1437:Medical challenges
1431:Florence, Kentucky
1355:selective breeding
1341:Selective breeding
1195:
1079:
915:
753:American Civil War
739:were both between
737:American Civil War
635:
499:
416:James I of England
391:
366:The New York Times
252:
51:Thoroughbred horse
6263:
6262:
6241:Old English Black
6067:Irish Sport Horse
6037:British Warmblood
5987:
5986:
4418:PETA Media Center
3897:The Jockey Club.
3849:on April 15, 2009
3521:. The Jockey Club
3513:The Jockey Club.
3427:Keeneland Sales.
3371:on March 17, 2008
3300:. The Jockey Club
3292:The Jockey Club.
3261:Keeneland Sales.
3221:Commer, Malcolm.
3130:. The Jockey Club
3067:. The Jockey Club
3059:The Jockey Club.
2911:. The Jockey Club
2903:The Jockey Club.
2596:Horses in Society
2326:Horses in Society
1825:978-0-87779-132-4
1656:. The Jockey Club
1414:
1413:
1279:Irish Sport Horse
1182:Other disciplines
1091:combined training
1057:breeding animal.
991:line, called the
976:genetic diversity
639:American Colonies
481:General Stud Book
472:Curwen's Bay Barb
464:Godolphin Arabian
345:General Stud Book
193:combined training
122:
121:
97:General Stud Book
57:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
6303:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5977:
5976:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5499:Jockey Club (UK)
5487:
5475:
5472:The Thoroughbred
5464:
5445:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5413:. Archived from
5401:
5399:
5397:
5381:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5343:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5302:
5285:
5276:
5255:
5246:
5227:
5208:
5196:
5193:The Thoroughbred
5185:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5146:
5134:
5123:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5092:on April 6, 2008
5088:. Archived from
5076:
5063:
5052:. Random House.
5049:All About Horses
5042:
5031:. Globe Pequot.
5023:
5021:
5019:
5003:
4991:
4980:
4971:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4917:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4854:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4791:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4761:
4742:
4723:
4694:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4636:
4617:
4608:
4595:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4499:
4493:
4484:
4473:
4457:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4424:on March 6, 2008
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4289:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4067:on June 12, 2008
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3719:The Thoroughbred
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3553:on June 13, 2008
3549:. Archived from
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3465:. Bloodhorse.com
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3148:Equine Research
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2974:on April 8, 2008
2973:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2865:The Thoroughbred
2861:
2855:
2852:The Thoroughbred
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2812:The Thoroughbred
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2745:
2742:The Thoroughbred
2738:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2700:The Thoroughbred
2696:
2690:
2687:The Thoroughbred
2683:
2677:
2674:The Thoroughbred
2670:
2664:
2661:The Thoroughbred
2657:
2651:
2648:The Thoroughbred
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2622:The Thoroughbred
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2544:The Thoroughbred
2540:
2534:
2531:The Thoroughbred
2527:
2521:
2518:The Thoroughbred
2514:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2492:The Thoroughbred
2488:
2482:
2479:The Thoroughbred
2475:
2469:
2466:The Thoroughbred
2462:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:on March 2, 2008
2416:
2407:
2404:The Thoroughbred
2400:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2155:
2140:
2137:The Thoroughbred
2133:
2127:
2124:The Thoroughbred
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2098:The Thoroughbred
2094:
2088:
2085:The Thoroughbred
2081:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2038:The Thoroughbred
2034:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1923:New York Times.
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1878:on July 26, 2018
1864:
1855:
1850:Merriam-Webster
1848:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1809:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1727:All About Horses
1723:
1717:
1714:The Thoroughbred
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1363:Robert M. Miller
1353:mass, a form of
1043:The Green Monkey
972:closed stud book
869:Sydney Turf Club
837:breeding program
824:French Stud Book
777:, New York, and
723:. Another was a
721:American Eclipse
690:foundation stock
572:St. Leger Stakes
533:Foundation mares
503:foundation sires
468:Alcock's Arabian
462:(1704), and the
387:foundation sires
349:breed registries
114:
49:
42:
21:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6250:
6236:Norfolk Trotter
6212:
6179:
6091:
6023:
6018:
5988:
5983:
5962:
5877:
5818:
5799:Napoleonic Wars
5780:
5734:
5630:
5622:
5565:
5559:
5554:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5467:
5461:
5448:
5442:
5429:
5420:
5418:
5404:
5395:
5393:
5391:Washington Post
5384:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5355:. New Scientist
5346:
5340:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5288:
5279:
5258:
5250:Nimrod (1901).
5249:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5211:
5205:
5188:
5182:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5156:Cowboy Magazine
5149:
5143:
5126:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5079:
5066:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5026:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5000:
4983:
4974:
4968:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4920:Animal Genetics
4915:
4910:
4902:
4900:
4897:Genetic Markers
4890:
4881:
4879:
4857:Animal Genetics
4852:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4834:Genetic Markers
4827:
4818:
4816:
4794:Animal Genetics
4789:
4784:
4776:
4774:
4771:Genetic Markers
4764:
4758:
4745:
4739:
4726:
4700:Animal Genetics
4697:
4691:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4639:
4633:
4620:
4611:
4598:
4592:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4485:
4476:
4468:Wayback Machine
4458:
4454:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4377:Cowboy Magazine
4371:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4276:Washington Post
4270:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4199:. July 24, 2012
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4151:. June 17, 2014
4143:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4119:Trakehner Hefte
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3973:"Quarter Horse"
3970:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3909:on July 3, 2013
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3751:
3745:Champion Horses
3742:
3738:
3732:Champion Horses
3729:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3273:on May 13, 2008
3260:
3259:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3209:Blood will tell
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2263:Animal Genetics
2257:
2248:
2243:Animal Genetics
2237:
2233:
2228:Animal Genetics
2222:
2218:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1488:
1439:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1343:
1319:
1299:Dutch Warmblood
1277:to produce the
1247:
1241:field as well.
1184:
1113:
1107:
1071:
1063:Northern Dancer
1019:Keeneland Sales
1007:
1001:
964:Encosta De Lago
955:embryo transfer
939:The Jockey Club
907:
901:
895:
881:
856:
811:
799:Remount Service
627:
564:
535:
452:
444:Racing Calendar
401:
396:
379:
323:
244:
159:with imported
118:
110:
101:
78:Breed standards
52:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6309:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5700:
5695:
5693:Horse training
5690:
5685:
5683:Western riding
5680:
5678:English riding
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Horse industry
5640:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5494:
5493:External links
5491:
5489:
5488:
5482:
5465:
5459:
5446:
5440:
5427:
5402:
5382:
5365:
5344:
5338:
5323:
5303:
5286:
5277:
5267:(5): 262β268.
5256:
5247:
5241:
5228:
5222:
5209:
5203:
5186:
5180:
5167:
5147:
5141:
5124:
5102:
5077:
5064:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5024:
5004:
4998:
4981:
4972:
4966:
4951:
4926:(4): 287β294.
4888:
4863:(4): 287β294.
4825:
4800:(4): 287β294.
4762:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4724:
4695:
4689:
4676:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4618:
4609:
4596:
4590:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4525:
4494:
4474:
4452:
4435:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4325:
4297:
4279:
4261:
4235:
4210:
4184:
4162:
4136:
4105:
4078:
4048:
4021:
4000:"Standardbred"
3990:
3963:
3951:
3920:
3889:
3860:
3827:
3790:
3777:
3765:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3678:
3665:
3644:
3617:
3590:
3564:
3532:
3502:
3490:New York Times
3476:
3450:
3419:
3382:
3351:
3340:. Tattersall's
3324:
3311:
3284:
3250:
3213:
3200:
3169:
3154:
3141:
3115:
3078:
3051:
3040:on May 9, 2008
3020:
2985:
2948:
2922:
2895:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2816:
2803:
2776:
2763:Turf Hallmarks
2746:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2441:
2424:Turf Hallmarks
2408:
2395:
2393:Volume 1 p. 10
2382:
2369:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2178:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2071:
2058:
2042:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1971:
1944:
1915:
1889:
1868:"Thoroughbred"
1856:
1838:
1824:
1799:
1786:
1761:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1683:
1667:
1638:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1576:Peters, Anne.
1537:Peters, Anne.
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1463:Kentucky Derby
1438:
1435:
1412:
1411:
1405:September 2024
1392:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1342:
1339:
1318:
1315:
1311:open stud book
1307:Selle Français
1246:
1243:
1231:Mounted police
1223:Western riding
1219:steeplechasers
1183:
1180:
1168:Kentucky Derby
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1070:
1067:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
905:Horse breeding
897:Main article:
894:
891:
880:
879:In other areas
877:
855:
852:
841:Federico Tesio
810:
807:
709:Andrew Jackson
669:before that.
655:South Carolina
626:
623:
611:steeplechasing
563:
560:
534:
531:
460:Darley Arabian
451:
448:
400:
397:
395:
392:
378:
375:
322:
319:
262:, dark bay or
243:
240:
219:, and various
132:developed for
120:
119:
117:
116:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6308:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Galloway pony
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Suffolk Punch
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:Irish Draught
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Cleveland Bay
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5980:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Gaited horses
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5776:North America
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:Domestication
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:Equestrianism
5625:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5483:0-297-00225-2
5479:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5460:0-8131-1477-2
5456:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5441:1-4325-9386-2
5437:
5433:
5428:
5416:
5412:
5411:Baltimore Sun
5408:
5403:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5339:0-88331-098-8
5335:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5242:0-85131-254-3
5238:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5223:1-85223-331-1
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5204:0-668-02824-6
5200:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5183:
5181:0-85131-476-7
5177:
5173:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5142:0-87779-132-5
5138:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5091:
5087:
5086:Time Magazine
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5059:0-394-80243-8
5055:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5038:1-59228-487-6
5034:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4999:0-245-59267-9
4995:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4967:0-7167-1811-1
4963:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4757:0-935842-04-7
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4738:0-8020-9112-1
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4690:0-933307-29-2
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4653:0-671-66068-3
4649:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4632:0-517-43933-6
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4591:0-7216-8342-8
4587:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:Baltimore Sun
4469:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:Time Magazine
4342:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:"Quick Facts"
4052:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3842:Business Week
3838:
3831:
3828:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3633:. Weatherby's
3632:
3628:
3625:Weatherby's.
3621:
3618:
3606:. Weatherby's
3605:
3601:
3598:Weatherby's.
3594:
3591:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3399:Sales Website
3393:
3386:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3332:Tattersalls.
3328:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2915:September 29,
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2888:September 29,
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:Fort Robinson
2604:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2513:
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2500:
2497:
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2255:
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2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2171:September 21,
2167:
2166:
2165:New Scientist
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
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2125:
2119:
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2076:
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2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
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1843:
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1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:, pp. 60, 66.
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
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1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:animal rights
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:euthanization
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1376:Excess stress
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1323:hunter-jumper
1317:Health issues
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:Irish Draught
1272:
1271:Anglo-Arabian
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:Crossbreeding
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:barrel racing
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1179:
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985:
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948:
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900:
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890:
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861:
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848:
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821:
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808:
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804:
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788:
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768:
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734:
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726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:United States
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
624:
622:
619:
614:
612:
607:
604:
600:
599:Bay Middleton
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Classic races
561:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
496:George Stubbs
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:(1680s), the
457:
449:
447:
445:
439:
437:
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429:
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421:
417:
413:
409:
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398:
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273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
217:Anglo-Arabian
214:
210:
209:Quarter Horse
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
180:100,000
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
115:
113:
108:
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104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
81:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
6286:Horse racing
6276:Horse breeds
6208:Windsor Grey
6082:Thoroughbred
6081:
5941:Winged horse
5936:White horses
5833:Horse breeds
5824:Horse breeds
5814:World War II
5698:Horse racing
5588:Conformation
5523:
5471:
5450:
5431:
5421:February 17,
5419:. Retrieved
5415:the original
5410:
5396:February 17,
5394:. Retrieved
5390:
5369:
5359:February 17,
5357:. Retrieved
5352:
5328:
5317:February 17,
5315:. Retrieved
5311:
5290:
5281:
5264:
5260:
5251:
5232:
5213:
5192:
5171:
5161:February 17,
5159:. Retrieved
5155:
5130:
5114:(1): 26β31.
5111:
5107:
5096:February 17,
5094:. Retrieved
5090:the original
5085:
5072:
5068:
5048:
5028:
5018:February 17,
5016:. Retrieved
5012:
4987:
4976:
4956:
4945:February 17,
4943:. Retrieved
4923:
4919:
4909:which cites
4903:February 17,
4901:. Retrieved
4896:
4882:February 17,
4880:. Retrieved
4860:
4856:
4846:which cites
4840:February 17,
4838:. Retrieved
4833:
4819:February 17,
4817:. Retrieved
4797:
4793:
4783:which cites
4777:February 17,
4775:. Retrieved
4770:
4747:
4728:
4706:(6): 360β4.
4703:
4699:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4642:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4600:
4581:
4564:
4559:
4549:February 17,
4547:. Retrieved
4543:the original
4538:
4528:
4518:February 17,
4516:. Retrieved
4512:the original
4507:
4497:
4490:
4470:
4455:
4446:
4438:
4428:February 17,
4426:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4417:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4318:February 17,
4316:. Retrieved
4292:
4275:
4254:December 31,
4252:. Retrieved
4247:
4244:"HorseTelex"
4238:
4228:December 31,
4226:. Retrieved
4223:Horse Canada
4222:
4213:
4203:December 31,
4201:. Retrieved
4196:
4187:
4177:December 31,
4175:. Retrieved
4165:
4155:December 31,
4153:. Retrieved
4148:
4139:
4129:February 27,
4127:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4118:
4108:
4098:February 17,
4096:. Retrieved
4091:
4081:
4071:February 27,
4069:. Retrieved
4065:the original
4060:
4051:
4041:February 17,
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4014:February 17,
4012:. Retrieved
4008:the original
4003:
3993:
3983:February 17,
3981:. Retrieved
3976:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3933:
3923:
3913:February 17,
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3902:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3840:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3806:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:the original
3690:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3657:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3630:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3603:
3593:
3583:December 29,
3581:. Retrieved
3577:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3544:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3518:
3495:December 28,
3493:. Retrieved
3489:
3479:
3469:December 19,
3467:. Retrieved
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3432:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3398:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3364:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3337:
3327:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3297:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:the original
3266:
3241:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3229:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3193:February 17,
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3182:
3172:
3149:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3108:February 17,
3106:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3064:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:the original
3033:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3004:the original
2976:. Retrieved
2969:the original
2964:
2951:
2941:February 17,
2939:. Retrieved
2935:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2836:February 27,
2834:. Retrieved
2829:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2796:February 27,
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2779:
2769:February 27,
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2741:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2434:February 17,
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2423:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2302:, p. 5.
2295:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2197:(6): 360β4.
2194:
2190:
2169:. Retrieved
2163:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2037:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1962:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1871:
1851:
1831:February 17,
1829:. Retrieved
1814:
1794:
1789:
1779:February 17,
1777:. Retrieved
1764:
1754:February 17,
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1698:February 25,
1696:. Retrieved
1686:
1678:
1660:February 17,
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1633:
1628:
1608:
1598:
1588:February 17,
1586:. Retrieved
1581:
1568:February 17,
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:February 17,
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1531:
1480:scintigraphy
1471:Eight Belles
1456:
1440:
1427:Turfway Park
1419:
1415:
1402:
1394:
1367:
1344:
1327:
1320:
1288:for various
1283:
1259:Standardbred
1251:riding horse
1248:
1215:show hunters
1203:show jumping
1196:
1176:
1166:such as the
1161:
1149:
1128:
1125:conformation
1114:
1105:Horse racing
1087:show jumping
1080:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1015:conformation
1008:
992:
969:
942:
936:
928:agribusiness
916:
882:
857:
849:
833:
829:World War II
823:
815:
812:
783:
771:World War II
750:
698:
674:Standardbred
671:
665:in 1788 and
636:
615:
608:
596:
565:
536:
527:
523:Y chromosome
500:
485:registration
456:Byerley Turk
453:
443:
440:
420:handicapping
402:
399:Early racing
364:
357:thoroughbred
356:
353:thoroughbred
352:
338:
331:thoroughbred
330:
324:
308:
253:
225:
213:Standardbred
189:show jumping
186:
150:
138:thoroughbred
137:
134:horse racing
126:Thoroughbred
125:
123:
109:
40:Thoroughbred
29:
6231:Irish Hobby
5863:Stock horse
5858:Sport horse
5843:Feral horse
5838:Draft horse
5809:World War I
5756:Middle Ages
4271:Rosenblatt
4219:"Warmblood"
4197:Horse Sport
3734:pp. 112β113
3721:pp. 183β186
3717:Montgomery
3412:January 18,
3013:December 3,
2854:pp. 233β235
2814:pp. 213β215
2744:pp. 202β205
2728:pp. 202β211
2715:pp. 162β169
2702:pp. 182β187
2676:pp. 139β143
2650:pp. 125β128
2624:pp. 119β122
2598:pp. 136β137
2546:pp. 175β176
2533:pp. 165β171
2520:pp. 159β163
2494:pp. 152β154
2490:Montgomery
2481:pp. 143β147
2477:Montgomery
2468:pp. 142β143
2464:Montgomery
2455:pp. 114β115
2406:pp. 131β136
2402:Montgomery
2341:pp. 111β113
2300:Nimrod 1901
2191:Anim. Genet
1958:BBC Website
1908:January 16,
1716:pp. 338β354
1712:Montgomery
1636:pp. 191β195
1444:circulatory
1359:horse races
1294:draft horse
1239:fox hunting
1172:Epsom Derby
1164:stakes race
1141:Secretariat
932:race tracks
865:coach horse
860:First Fleet
767:World War I
745:New Orleans
603:handicapped
543:Irish Hobby
428:William III
412:Middle Ages
404:Flat racing
361:proper noun
321:Terminology
205:fox hunting
146:hot-blooded
130:horse breed
6270:Categories
6160:New Forest
6047:Clydesdale
5906:Hippomancy
5873:Wild horse
5725:Equitation
5720:Horse show
5653:Horse tack
5608:Management
5593:Coat color
5566:management
4573:References
4250:(in Dutch)
4248:HorseTelex
3786:Track Talk
3743:Bongianni
3730:Bongianni
3674:Track Talk
2867:pp. 238β40
2689:pp. 180β82
2376:Robertson
2054:Track Talk
1795:Track Talk
1681:section 12
1677:Bongianni
1446:problems,
1422:horseshoes
1347:inbreeding
1303:Hanoverian
1137:Man o' War
980:inbreeding
943:live cover
924:broodmares
903:See also:
775:California
751:After the
725:match race
643:Bulle Rock
625:In America
618:Jersey Act
556:haplotypes
424:Charles II
408:Smithfield
369:, and the
177:foundation
6150:Kerry Bog
6110:Connemara
6087:Welsh Cob
6052:Gypsy Cob
5953:Symbolism
5948:Sacrifice
5911:Mythology
5868:Warmblood
5826:and types
5794:East Asia
5746:Evolution
5708:medalists
5631:and sport
5618:Slaughter
5613:Nutrition
5312:USA Today
5299:403717047
5282:The Horse
4957:The Horse
4448:USA Today
4293:The Horse
3944:March 30,
3320:shillings
3211:pp. 17β18
3071:March 30,
2978:August 1,
2611:pp. 27β29
2583:The Horse
2572:pp. 23β27
2570:The Horse
2559:pp. 28β29
2557:The Horse
2354:pp. 71β74
2290:pp. 39β41
2277:pp. 34β36
2126:pp. 38β39
2087:pp. 22-23
1621:Footnotes
1603:breeding.
1448:laminitis
1290:Warmblood
1221:, and in
1051:Ferdinand
1047:horsemeat
953:(AI) and
886:Argentina
809:In Europe
795:U.S. Army
741:Lexington
705:Tennessee
686:broodmare
678:Sir Archy
663:Messenger
580:The Derby
511:male line
300:Appaloosa
236:fertility
221:warmblood
161:stallions
157:crossbred
6165:Shetland
6145:Highland
6120:Dartmoor
5979:Category
5583:Breeding
5578:Behavior
5252:The Turf
4940:12139508
4877:12139508
4814:12139508
4720:11736806
4607:: 36β42.
4464:Archived
4442:Pedulla
4295:, 26β36.
3207:Napier
2863:Willett
2850:Willett
2810:Willett
2740:Willett
2724:Willett
2711:Willett
2698:Willett
2685:Willett
2672:Willett
2659:Willett
2646:Willett
2633:Willett
2620:Willett
2607:Buecker
2542:Willett
2529:Willett
2516:Willett
2363:Willett
2350:Willett
2337:Willett
2311:Willett
2286:Willett
2273:Willett
2258:Erigero
2238:Erigero
2223:Erigero
2211:11736806
2135:Willett
2122:Willett
2096:Willett
2083:Willett
2036:Willett
1994:Barrett
1882:April 1,
1486:See also
1461:of 2006
1452:bed rest
1211:Olympics
1207:dressage
1199:eventing
1192:eventing
1145:Hyperion
1133:Zenyatta
1101:ponies.
1095:dressage
1023:weanling
1011:pedigree
989:maternal
805:mounts.
762:Iroquois
757:furlongs
727:between
711:, later
701:Kentucky
651:Virginia
647:Maryland
586:and the
576:The Oaks
436:George I
340:purebred
337:line is
327:purebred
284:palomino
268:chestnut
223:breeds.
197:dressage
173:Turkoman
142:purebred
6218:Extinct
6140:Hackney
6125:Eriskay
6057:Hackney
5958:Worship
5931:Unicorn
5921:Chinese
5916:Centaur
5901:Fiction
5883:Culture
5786:Warfare
5766:Britain
5739:History
5730:Therapy
5688:Driving
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3882:June 5,
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1937:June 7,
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1129:stayers
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1028:guineas
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2173:2019
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