Thoroughbred - Knowledge (XXG)

1187: 247: 594:, but the others are open to racehorses of either sex aged three years. The distances of these races, ranging from one mile (1.6 km) to 1.75 miles (2.82 km), led to a change in breeding practices, as breeders concentrated on producing horses that could race at a younger age than in the past and that had more speed. In the early 18th century, the emphasis had been on longer races, up to 4 miles (6.4 km), that were run in multiple heats. The older style of race favored older horses, but with the change in distances, younger horses became preferred. 1417:

rates are higher in 4- and 5-year-olds than in 2- and 3-year-olds. Some believe that correct, slow training of a young horse (including foals) may actually be beneficial to the overall soundness of the animal. This is because, during the training process, microfractures occur in the leg followed by bone remodeling. If the remodeling is given sufficient time to heal, the bone becomes stronger. If proper remodeling occurs before hard training and racing begins, the horse will have a stronger musculoskeletal system and will have a decreased chance of injury.

1147:, who was only 15.1, the best racehorses are generally of average size. Larger horses mature more slowly and have more stress on their legs and feet, predisposing them to lameness. Smaller horses are considered by some to be at a disadvantage due to their shorter stride and a tendency of other horses to bump them, especially in the starting gate. Historically, Thoroughbreds have steadily increased in size: the average height of a Thoroughbred in 1700 was about 13.3 hands high. By 1876 this had increased to 15.3. 1074: 1030:, for an average of 18,468 guineas. Also in 2007, Doncaster Bloodstock Sales, another British sales firm, sold 2,248 horses for a total value of 43,033,881 guineas, making an average of 15,110 guineas per horse. Australian prices at auction during the 2007–2008 racing and breeding season were as follows: 1,223 Australian weanlings sold for a total of $ 31,352,000, an average of $ 25,635 each. Four thousand, nine hundred and three yearlings sold for a total value of 382: 601:, a winner of the Epsom Derby, stood over 16 hands high, a full hand higher than the Darley Arabian. Winning times had improved to such a degree that many felt further improvement by adding additional Arabian bloodlines was impossible. This was borne out in 1885, when a race was held between a Thoroughbred, Iambic, considered a mid-grade runner, and the best Arabian of the time, Asil. The race was over 3 miles (4,800 m), and although Iambic was 621:

horses possessed at least one or two crosses to horses not registered in the GSB. The act was not repealed until 1949, after which a horse was only required to show that all its ancestors to the ninth generation were registered in a recognized Stud Book. Many felt that the Jersey Act hampered the development of the British Thoroughbred by preventing breeders in the United Kingdom from using new bloodlines developed outside the British Isles.

5980: 1386: 910: 1045:. Record prices at auction often grab headlines, though they do not necessarily reflect the animal's future success; in the case of The Green Monkey, injuries limited him to only three career starts before being retired to stud in 2008, and he never won a race. Conversely, even a highly successful Thoroughbred may be sold by the pound for a few hundred dollars to become 871:, the first true racing club in Australia, was formed. Throughout the 1830s, the Australian colonies began to import Thoroughbreds, almost exclusively for racing purposes, and to improve the local stock. Each colony formed its own racing clubs and held its own races. Gradually, the individual clubs were integrated into one overarching organization, now known as the 491: 1372:, the fault is likely to be passed to the next generation. Additionally, some breeders will have a veterinarian perform straightening procedures on a horse with crooked legs. This can help increase the horse's price at a sale and perhaps help the horse have a sounder racing career, but the genes for poor legs will still be passed on. 1450:, and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot remain lying in the equivalent of a human's " 630: 1612:

Some promotional materials from The Jockey Club state that there were slightly under 1.3 million Thoroughbreds in the United States registered with The Jockey Club as of 2006, but combining this information with figures on foal registrations gives an average lifespan for registered Thoroughbreds

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sold for $ 44,407, the average yearling sold for $ 55,300, average sale price for two-year-olds was $ 61,843, broodmares averaged $ 70,150, and horses over two and broodmare prospects sold for an average of $ 53,243. For Europe, the July 2007 Tattersall's Sale sold 593 horses at auction, with a total

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However, in modern Thoroughbred pedigrees, most horses have more crosses to the Godolphin Arabian (13.8%) than to the Darley Arabian (6.5%) when all lines of descent (maternal and paternal) are considered. Further, as a percentage of contributions to current Thoroughbred bloodlines, Curwen's Bay Barb

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A high accident rate may also occur because Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as 2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superb muscular condition, their bones are not fully formed. However, catastrophic injury

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Organized racing in Italy started in 1837, when race meets were established in Florence and Naples and a meet in Milan was founded in 1842. Modern flat racing came to Rome in 1868. Later importations, including the Derby Stakes winners Ellington (1856) and Melton (1885), came to Italy before the end

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Thoroughbreds began to be imported to France in 1817 and 1818 with the importation of a number of stallions from England, but initially the sport of horse racing did not prosper in France. The first Jockey Club in France was not formed until 1833, and in 1834 the racing and regulation functions were

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of 1913. It prohibited the registration of any horse in the General Stud Book (GSB) if they could not show that every ancestor traced to the GSB. This excluded most American-bred horses, because the 100-year gap between the founding of the GSB and the American Stud Book meant that most American-bred

1337:), 10% with low fertility, and 5% with abnormally small hearts. Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass than other breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass, which contributes to foot soreness, the most common source of lameness in racehorses. 549:

and other bloodlines, although most researchers conclude that the number of Eastern mares imported into England during the 100 years after 1660 was small. The 19th-century researcher Bruce Lowe identified 50 mare "families" in the Thoroughbred breed, later augmented by other researchers to 74.

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One tenth of all Thoroughbreds suffer orthopedic problems, including fractures. Current estimates indicate that there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1,000 horses starting a race in the United States, an average of two horses per day. The state of California reported a particularly high

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However, the value of a Thoroughbred may also be influenced by the purse money it wins. In 2007, Thoroughbred racehorses earned a total of $ 1,217,854,602 in all placings, an average earnings per starter of $ 16,924. In addition, the track record of a race horse may influence its future value as a

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and blood testing eliminate many of those concerns, artificial insemination still requires more detailed record keeping. The main reason, however, may be economic; a stallion has a limited number of mares who can be serviced by live cover. Thus the practice prevents an oversupply of Thoroughbreds,

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and was won by Lecompte. Lexington's owner then challenged Lecompte's owner to a rematch, held in 1855 in New Orleans and won by Lexington. Both of these horses were sons of Boston, a descendant of Sir Archy. Lexington went on to a career as a breeding stallion, and led the sires list of number of

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groups have denounced the Thoroughbred racing industry. On the other hand, advocates of racing argue that without horse racing, far less funding and incentives would be available for medical and biomechanical research on horses. Although horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science has advanced.

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The level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financial value but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and other major leg injuries. Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be

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Averages, however, can be deceiving. For example, at the 2007 Fall Yearling sale at Keeneland, 3,799 young horses sold for a total of $ 385,018,600, for an average of $ 101,347 per horse. However, that average sales price reflected a variation that included at least 19 horses that sold for only $

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registered each year in North America varies greatly, chiefly linked to the success of the auction market which in turn depends on the state of the economy. The foal crop was over 44,000 in 1990, but declined to roughly 22,500 by 2014. The largest numbers are registered in the states of Kentucky,

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mares of mostly English breeding. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Thoroughbred breed spread throughout the world; they were imported into North America starting in 1730 and into Australia, Europe, Japan and South America during the 19th century. Millions of Thoroughbreds exist, and around

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was founded at the same time by the government. By 1876, French-bred Thoroughbreds were regularly winning races in England, and in that year a French breeder-owner earned the most money in England on the track. World War I almost destroyed French breeding because of war damage and lack of races.

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Thoroughbreds have been exported to many other areas of the world since the breed was created. Oriental horses were imported into South Africa from the late 17th century in order to improve the local stock through crossbreeding. Horse racing was established there in the late 18th and early 19th

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coat color in Thoroughbreds. In all, about 160 stallions have been traced in the historical record as contributing to the creation of the Thoroughbred. The addition of horses of Eastern bloodlines, whether Arabian, Barb, or Turk, to the native English mares ultimately led to the creation of the

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in 1853, but the first mares did not arrive until 1865. The Argentine Stud Book was first published in 1893. Thoroughbreds were imported into Japan from 1895, although it was not until after World War II that Japan began a serious breeding and racing business involving Thoroughbreds.

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In 2007, there were 71,959 horses who started in races in the United States, and the average Thoroughbred racehorse in the United States and Canada ran 6.33 times in that year. In Australia, there were 31,416 horses in training during 2007, and those horses started 194,066 times for

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Horses finished with a racing career that are not suitable for breeding purposes often become riding horses or other equine companions. A number of agencies exist to help make the transition from the racetrack to another career, or to help find retirement homes for ex-racehorses.

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in 1788 along with the earliest colonists. Although horses of part-Thoroughbred blood were imported into Australia during the late 18th century, it is thought that the first pureblood Thoroughbred was a stallion named Northumberland who was imported from England in 1802 as a

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in the population can be traced to 30 foundation animals, 27 of which are male. Ten foundation mares account for 72% of maternal (tail-female) lineages, and, as noted, one stallion appears in 95% of tail male lineages. Thoroughbred pedigrees are generally traced through the

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up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km). This development meant a change in breeding practices, as well as the age that horses were raced, with younger horses and sprinters coming to the fore. It was also after the Civil War that the American Thoroughbred returned to England to race.

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by carrying 4.5 stone (29 kg; 63 lb) more than Asil, he still managed to beat Asil by 20 lengths. The improvement of the breed for racing in this way was said by noted 19th century racing writer, Nimrod, to have created "the noblest animal in the creation".

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with toe grabs, use of certain legal medications, and high-intensity racing schedules may also contribute to a high injury rate. One promising trend is the development of synthetic surfaces for racetracks, and one of the first tracks to install such a surface,

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Florida and California. Australia is the second largest producer of Thoroughbreds in the world with almost 30,000 broodmares producing about 18,250 foals annually. Britain produces about 5,000 foals a year, and worldwide, there are more than 195,000 active

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Thoroughbreds in the United States have historically been used not only for racing but also to improve other breeds. The early import Messenger was the foundation of the Standardbred, and Thoroughbred blood was also instrumental in the development of the

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covered 227 mares. By allowing a stallion to cover only a couple of hundred mares a year rather than the couple of thousand possible with artificial insemination, it also preserves the high prices paid for horses of the finest or most popular lineages.

1021:, a United States-based sales company, sold 9,124 horses at auction, with a total value of $ 814,401,000, which gives an average price of $ 89,259. As a whole for the United States in 2007, The Jockey Club auction statistics indicated that the average 1602:

The identification of exact breeding for most of the foundation stallions is complicated by the practice in the 17th and 18th centuries of calling a horse an Arab or a Barb based on where the horse was acquired, rather than from its actual

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Stud fees for stallions that enter breeding can range from $ 2,500 to $ 500,000 per mare in the United States, and from £2000 to £75,000 or more in Britain. The record stud fee to date was set in the 1980s, when the stud fee of the late

957:(ET), though commonly used and allowable in many other horse breed registries, cannot be used with Thoroughbreds. One reason is that a greater possibility of error exists in assigning parentage with artificial insemination, and although 441:

Under Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, and Anne, royal support was given to racing and the breeding of race horses. With royal support, horse racing became popular with the public, and by 1727, a newspaper devoted to racing, the

1433:, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 2004–05 to three in the year following Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, and some areas report problems related to winter weather, but studies are continuing. 755:, the emphasis in American racing changed from the older style of four-mile (6 km) races in which the horses ran in at least two heats. The new style of racing involved shorter races not run in heats, over distances from five 238:, abnormally small hearts, and a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence of accidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, and research on the subject is ongoing. 764:

became the first American-bred winner of the Epsom Derby in 1881. The success of American-bred Thoroughbreds in England led to the Jersey Act in 1913, which limited the importation of American Thoroughbreds into England. After

680:. John F. Wall, a racing historian, said that Sir Archy was the "first outstanding stallion we can claim as native American." He was retired from the racetrack because of lack of opponents. Medley and Shark, who arrived in the 1131:, or distance runners, tend to be smaller and slimmer. The size of the horse is one consideration for buyers and trainers when choosing a potential racehorse. Although there have been champion racehorses of every height, from 5105:

MacKey, Valorie S.; Trout, Donald R.; Meagher, Dennis M.; Hornof, William J. (1987). "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius, and tibia in horses: clinical features and radiographic and/or scintigraphic appearance".

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breeds, (classified as "cold bloods" for their more phlegmatic temperament) are known as "warmbloods," which are commonly seen in competitive events such as show jumping and dressage. Examples include the

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sire. By 1810, the first formal race meets were organized in Sydney, and by 1825 the first mare of proven Thoroughbred bloodlines arrived to join the Thoroughbred stallions already there. In 1825, the

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Soon after the start of the 20th century, fears that the English races would be overrun with American-bred Thoroughbreds because of the closing of US racetracks in the early 1910s, led to the

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of horses. According to Peter Willett, about 50% of the foundation stallions appear to have been of Arabian bloodlines, with the remainder being evenly divided between Turkoman and Barb breeding.

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857,446,268 of prize money. In Britain, the British Racing Authority states there were 8,556 horses in training for flat racing for 2007, and those horses started 60,081 times in 5,659 races.

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breeds due to their refinement and performance capabilities. Crossbred horses developed from Thoroughbreds, (informally categorized as "hot bloods" because of temperament) crossed on sturdy

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Thoroughbreds are often crossed with horses of other breeds to create new breeds or to enhance or introduce specific qualities into existing ones. They have been influential on many modern

715:, was a breeder and racer of Thoroughbreds in Tennessee. Match races held in the early 19th century helped to popularize horse racing in the United States. One took place in 1823, in 317:

officially are one year older on the first of August. These artificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races and other competitions for horses in certain age groups.

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372,003,961, an average of A$ 75,853. Five hundred two-year-olds sold for A$ 13,030,150, an average of A$ 26,060, and 2,118 broodmares totalled A$ 107,720,775, an average of A$ 50,860.

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importations of horses from England practically stopped but were restarted after the signing of a peace treaty. Two important stallions were imported around the time of the Revolution;

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Cunningham, EP; Dooley, JJ; Splan, RK; Bradley, DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses".

1333:, producing a rate of 0.44 injuries/1,000 starts (1989–2004). Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone to bleeding from the lungs ( 529:(4.2%) appears more often than the Byerley Turk (3.3%). The majority of modern Thoroughbreds alive trace to a total of only 27 or 28 stallions from the 18th and 19th centuries. 558:

revealed that they traced to only 15 unique foundation mares, suggesting either a common ancestor for foundation mares thought to be unrelated or recording errors in the GSB.

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Cunningham EP, Dooley JJ, Splan RK, Bradley DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses".

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reached $ 1 million. During the 2008 Australian breeding season seven stallions stood at a stud fee of A$ 110,000 or more, with the highest fee in the nation at A$ 302,500.

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rate of injury, 3.5 per 1000 starts. Other countries report lower rates of injury, with the United Kingdom having 0.9 injuries/1,000 starts (1990–1999) and the courses in

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of Thoroughbred mares indicate that some of the mare lines thought to be genetically distinct may actually have had a common ancestor; in 19 mare lines studied, the

831:, French Thoroughbred breeding did not suffer as it had during the first World War, and thus was able to compete on an equal footing with other countries after the war. 1867: 962:

although modern management still allows a stallion to live cover more mares in a season than was once thought possible. As an example, in 2008, the Australian stallion

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world and in other disciplines, modern Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for speed, and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents as well as other health problems.

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referring to this specific breed, though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications, and outside the US. For example, the Australian Stud Book,

769:, the breeders in America continued to emphasize speed and early racing age but also imported horses from England, and this trend continued past World War II. After 521:, who was the dominant racehorse of his day and never defeated. One genetic study indicates that 95% of all male Thoroughbreds trace their direct male line (via the 6009: 5775: 454:

All modern Thoroughbreds trace their origin to one of three stallions imported into England from the Middle East in the late 17th and early 18th centuries: the

422:, a system of adding weight to attempt to equalize a horse's chances of winning as well as improved training procedures, began to be used. During the reigns of 355:

except for horses belonging to the Thoroughbred breed. Nonetheless, breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably, though

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breeding. All modern Thoroughbreds can trace their pedigrees to three stallions imported into England in the 17th and 18th centuries, and to a larger number of

3836: 1953: 3686: 3485: 1649: 6285: 930:, generating around $ 34 billion in revenue annually in the United States and providing about 470,000 jobs through a network of farms, training centers, and 505:

was, coincidentally, the ancestor of a grandson or great-great-grandson who was the only male descendant to perpetuate each respective horse's male line:

6002: 5406: 4463: 875:. Thoroughbreds from Australia were imported into New Zealand in the 1840s and 1850s, with the first direct importation from England occurring in 1862. 6025: 1097:

horses, and youth show horses. The larger horses are sought for hunter/jumper and dressage competitions, whereas the smaller horses are in demand as

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Race horses competing on turf (grass racetrack) in Germany. Most races in Europe are run on turf, while most races in North America are run on dirt.

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Selective breeding for speed and racing ability led to improvements in the size of horses and winning times by the middle of the 19th century.

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divisions employ them in non-competitive work, and recreational riders also use them. Thoroughbreds are one of the most common breeds for use in

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Poor breeding may be encouraged by the fact that many horses are sent to the breeding shed following an injury. If the injury is linked to a

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Oikawa, M; et al. (1994). "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses".

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breed. Diomed, who won the Derby Stakes in 1780, had a significant impact on American Thoroughbred breeding, mainly through his son

3178: 1361:. Thus, according to one postulation, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support. Veterinarian 1155:

375,512,579 of prize money. During 2007, in Japan, there were 23,859 horses in training and those horses started 182,614 times for

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breeds in North America. Other common crosses with the Thoroughbred include crossbreeding with Arabian bloodlines to produce the

466:(1729). Other imported stallions were less influential, but still made noteworthy contributions to the breed. These included the 4413: 3810: 5770: 3898: 3087: 1443: 302:, are not recognized by mainstream breed registries. Good-quality Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high 294:

with white, but white will generally not appear on the body. Coat patterns that have more than one color on the body, such as

6300: 3929: 1875: 1491: 926:, or females being used for breeding, and 118,000 newly registered foals in 2006 alone. The Thoroughbred industry is a large 898: 712: 517:(or King Herod), a great-great-grandson; and the male line of the Darley Arabian owes its existence to great-great-grandson 258:(62 to 68 inches, 157 to 173 cm) high, averaging 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). They are most often 5348: 2159: 5975: 5803: 3573: 545:, had developed in northern Europe prior to the 13th century. Other mares were of oriental breeding, including Barb, 33: 5008: 4487: 6295: 5798: 5642: 5386: 4272: 720: 431: 5307: 4534: 4503: 4443: 1349:

is the culprit. It has also been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising

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However, it is probable that fewer genetically unique mare lines existed than Lowe identified. Recent studies of the

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The highest price paid at auction for a Thoroughbred was set in 2006 at $ 16,000,000 for a two-year-old colt named

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An aspect of the modern British breeding establishment is that they breed not only for flat racing, but also for

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Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the major leg fractures that led to the

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Other countries in Europe have Thoroughbred breeding programs, including Germany, Russia, Poland, and Hungary.

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After the American Revolution, the center of Thoroughbred breeding and racing in the United States moved west.

613:. Up until the end of the 19th century, Thoroughbreds were bred not only for racing but also as saddle horses. 438:, the foundation of the Thoroughbred was laid. The term "thro-bred" to describe horses was first used in 1713. 4170: 884:

centuries, and Thoroughbreds were imported in increasing numbers. The first Thoroughbred stallions arrived in

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Previously hopeless cases can now be treated, and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniques like

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Oikawa "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses"

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Australian Stud Book: Encosta De Lago (AUS), Australian Jockey Club Limited and Victoria Racing Club Limited

1538: 1309:. Some warmblood registries note the percentage of Thoroughbred breeding, and many warmblood breeds have an 1110: 1082: 950: 872: 602: 1924: 1557: 474:. Another was the Brownlow Turk, who, among other attributes, is thought to be largely responsible for the 5818: 5750: 1254: 1004: 786: 427: 208: 3164: 1365:

states that "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always cope with."

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because of its athleticism, and many retired and retrained race horses become fine family riding horses,

446:, was founded. Devoted exclusively to the sport, it recorded race results and advertised upcoming meets. 6290: 6280: 6250: 5945: 5813: 5533: 4064: 3088:"Improving Security in the United States Pari-Mutuel Wagering System: Status Report and Recommendations" 1285: 1027: 995:

line. The line that a horse comes from is a critical factor in determining the price for a young horse.

598: 567: 502: 423: 386: 176: 96: 3550: 3436: 3037: 1053:, exported to Japan to stand at stud, but was ultimately slaughtered in 2002, presumably for pet food. 937:

Unlike a significant number of registered breeds, a horse cannot be registered as a Thoroughbred (with

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breed is held by some to have been sired by a Thoroughbred. Between World War I and World War II, the

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Messenger left little impact on the American Thoroughbred, but is considered a foundation sire of the

6261: 6109: 5837: 5434:(Reprint edition from Kessinger Publishing (2007) ed.). Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press. 5089: 4192: 3402: 1330: 868: 819: 587: 583: 471: 129: 3333: 2758: 86: 5587: 4892: 4829: 4144: 4007: 2239: 2224: 1369: 1140: 1124: 1014: 658: 467: 314: 310: 133: 4912: 4849: 4786: 4766: 2427: 2259: 827:

After the war, the premier French race, the Grand Prix, resumed and continues to this day. During

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life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent

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Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as

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NTRA Wagering Technology Working Group in conjunction with Giuliani Partners LLC (August 2003).

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Statistically, fewer than 50% of all race horses ever win a race, and less than 1% ever win a

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of the 19th century. Modern Thoroughbred breeding in Italy is mostly associated with the

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in 1838 that featured bets of $ 20,000 from each side. The last major match races before the

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used as foundation breeding stock came from a variety of breeds, some of which, such as the

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are officially considered a year older on the first of January each year; those born in the

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Arthur, RM; et al. (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (ed.).

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usually reflects what they have been bred to do. Sprinters are usually well muscled, while

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is very rare, but is a recognized color separate from gray. The face and lower legs may be

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horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are considered "

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created, in modern usage horse breeders consider it incorrect to refer to any animal as a

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Champion Horses: An Illustrated History of Flat Racing, Steeplechasing and Trotting Races

847:, one of the dominant sires of Thoroughbreds in the later part of the 20th century. 3186: 1399:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6154: 6114: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5647: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5119: 4986: 3270: 3233: 3123: 2879:"Decline in Thoroughbred foal crop hurting racetracks while strengthening sales market" 1747: 1462: 1310: 1230: 1222: 1167: 946: 904: 840: 728: 708: 654: 546: 510: 484: 459: 348: 291: 172: 5272: 3368: 1769: 913:

Twilight, the Thoroughbred mare who serves as the subject of the Equine Genome Project

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Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians

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Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians

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were founded in 1809 and 1814. The 1,000 Guineas and the Oaks are restricted to

514: 495: 287: 271: 216: 164: 5994: 5129: 4913:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation" 4850:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation" 4787:"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation" 3972: 3906: 3293: 3098: 3060: 1691: 325:

The Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a

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is less often used for describing purebred animals of other species. The term is a

343:. While the term probably came into general use because the English Thoroughbred's 279: 275: 188: 46: 4030: 3937: 2785: 4955: 6235: 6197: 6134: 6076: 6056: 5867: 5862: 5847: 5842: 5828: 5662: 4661:

Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study".

1293: 1238: 1214: 1171: 909: 859: 766: 744: 716: 579: 542: 411: 403: 295: 259: 255: 204: 5280:

Oke, Stacey (July 2008). "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries".

1818:. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Merriam Webster. p. 195. 509:

was the only descendant of his grandsire, the Godolphin Arabian, to maintain a

6189: 6159: 6119: 6091: 5910: 5877: 5729: 5724: 5657: 5602: 1346: 1120: 979: 931: 774: 724: 642: 617: 575: 168: 156: 151:

The Thoroughbred was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native

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Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in

17: 6139: 5872: 5518: 4542: 4511: 4447: 1454:" because of the risk of developing sores, internal damage, and congestion. 1447: 1421: 1322: 1289: 1073: 1046: 885: 704: 685: 677: 555: 381: 299: 235: 220: 5377: 4939: 4876: 4813: 4719: 2210: 1186: 974:

and tightly regulated population of the Thoroughbred is at risk of loss of

816:

Société d'Encouragement pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chevaux en France

5291:

The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses

4954:

Evans, Warren J; Anthony Borton; L. Dale Van Vleck; Harold Hintz (1990).

4641: 1451: 1345:

One argument for the health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that

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inevitable in such a small population. According to a 2001 study, 78% of

700: 650: 646: 339: 326: 283: 196: 192: 141: 406:

existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile races took place at

6222: 5935: 5920: 1692:"Approved Veterinarian Identification of the Thoroughbred in Australia" 1266: 802: 778: 756: 506: 303: 73:

Athletic riding horse breed, used for racing and many equestrian sports

4729:

Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800–1920

4087: 6174: 5672: 5667: 4563:

Mackey "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses"

1897: 1350: 1116: 988: 983: 844: 843:, who started his breeding program in 1898. Tesio was the breeder of 693: 666: 1654:

Interactive RegistrationTM Help Desk: How to Identify a Thoroughbred

1049:. The best-known example of this was the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner 3486:"Horse Racing; 1986 Derby Winner Was Slaughtered, Magazine Reports" 490: 6033: 5556: 5498: 1209:

at the highest levels of international competition, including the

1185: 1072: 908: 629: 628: 591: 489: 410:, in London. Racing continued at fairs and markets throughout the 380: 334: 245: 111: 494:

Matchem, a grandson of the Godolphin Arabian, from a painting by

6101: 5508: 4975:

Finley, Bill (October 6, 2006). "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths".

4171:"Why Are Some Horses Called Warmbloods? Definition & Breeds" 1234: 1098: 923: 918: 692:, and their daughters and granddaughters were bred primarily to 538: 360: 200: 181: 152: 5998: 5529: 3002:. Australia Racing Board. 2009–2010. p. 72. Archived from 653:

were the centers of Colonial Thoroughbred breeding, along with

333:. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a single 5513: 4243: 1379: 958: 513:

to the present; the Byerley Turk's male line was preserved by

370: 5503: 4510:. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Archived from 4420:. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Archived from 1746:. The Jockey Club. pp. Section V, part C. Archived from 278:. Less common colors recognized in the United States include 1174:. Any horse who has yet to win a race is known as a maiden. 1156: 1152: 633:

Diomed, an important sire in American Thoroughbred breeding.

4291:

Oke, "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries",

1613:

of almost 35 years, which is well beyond normal for horses.

1539:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: D'Arcy's White Turk" 773:, Thoroughbred breeding remained centered in Kentucky, but 5067:

Jones, Caroline (October 1973). "Fox Hunting in America".

3097:. National Thoroughbred Racing Association. Archived from 5525: 5407:"Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances" 4461:"Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances" 1578:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: Curwen's Bay Barb" 1038:

1,000 each and 34 that sold for over $ 1,000,000 apiece.

5029:

Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance

4504:"Barbaro's Tragic Injury: A Symptom of a Cruel Industry" 3998:

Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science.

3971:

Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science.

2826:"Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Breeding in South Africa" 1115:

Thoroughbred horses are primarily bred for racing under

1009:

Prices of Thoroughbreds vary greatly, depending on age,

148:" horses that are known for agility, speed, and spirit. 4599:

Barakat, Christine (October 2007). "Why Size Matters".

3654:"Northern Dancer, One of Racing's Great Sires, Is Dead" 3318:

Traditionally, the obsolete guinea, £1.05, formerly 21

2932:"Distribution of Registered Foal US Foal Crop by State" 1925:"Search of the New York Times Website for Thoroughbred" 1744:

The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements

781:

also emerged as important racing and breeding centers.

254:

The typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0

5432:

Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants

4414:"The Horseracing Industry: Drugs, Deception and Death" 748:

winners for sixteen years, fourteen of them in a row.

5405:

Walker, Childs & Bill Ordine (January 30, 2007).

3322:, is retained as the unit of account for these sales. 5233:

Blood will tell: Orthodox breeding theories examined

5172:

The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line

1313:

that continues to allow Thoroughbred crossbreeding.

6221: 6188: 6100: 6032: 5886: 5827: 5789: 5743: 5631: 5563: 5308:"Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown schedule" 4444:"Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown Schedule" 2991: 2989: 1874:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from 77: 69: 64: 56: 5469: 5329:Track Talk: An Introduction to Thoroughbred Racing 5190: 5128: 4985: 3160: 3158: 1807: 1805: 1803: 4681:Fort Robinson and the American century, 1900–1948 4643:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies 4582:Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse 4334:Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse 3936:. American Polo Horse Association. Archived from 3401:. Australian Racing Board Limited. Archived from 3095:National Thoroughbred Racing Association Web Site 1679:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies 1237:in the United States. They are often seen in the 385:The Darley Arabian, one of the three traditional 4960:(Second ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. 4121:. American Trakehner Association. Archived from 4035:The National Museum of the Morgan Horse Web Site 3429:"Keeneland September 2007 Yearling Sale Results" 3256: 3254: 1535:Articles on the mentioned horses are located at 1265:, a breed that went on to influence many of the 1197:In addition to racing, Thoroughbreds compete in 1081:Although the Thoroughbred is primarily bred for 5453:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 5131:The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage 4672:The American Stud Book, Vol. 1, Revised Edition 4387:Bourke "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria" 4113:Von Velsen, Eberhard (September–October 1981). 3809:. British Horseracing Authority. Archived from 3508: 3506: 3456: 3454: 3036:. British Horseracing Authority. Archived from 1852:The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage 5349:"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud" 4683:. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society. 4541:. Horserace Levy Betting Board. Archived from 2160:"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud" 2048: 2046: 684:before Messenger and Diomed, became important 6010: 5541: 5370:The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America 4614:The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing 4145:"Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold Blood in Horses" 2786:"History of the Australian Stud Book: Part 1" 2736: 2734: 2184: 2182: 801:, which was designed to improve the stock of 797:used Thoroughbred stallions as part of their 8: 4893:"Who's Your Momma III: Some Lines Misplaced" 4535:"Advancing Veterinary Science and Education" 4345:Kluger "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble" 3367:. Doncaster Bloodstock Sales. Archived from 3061:"Thoroughbred Racing and Breeding Worldwide" 2905:"Annual North American Registered Foal Crop" 2752: 2750: 2414: 2412: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1954:"Search of the BBC Website for Thoroughbred" 743:and Lecompte. The first was held in 1854 in 566:By the end of the 18th century, the English 39: 4767:"New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees" 4063:. Arabian Horse Association. Archived from 4061:Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Registration 4006:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from 3755: 3753: 2260:"New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees" 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2032: 2030: 483:(GSB) in 1791 and the practice of official 470:, D'Arcy's White Turk, Leedes Arabian, and 140:is sometimes used to refer to any breed of 6017: 6003: 5995: 5548: 5534: 5526: 5387:"Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses" 4830:"Who's Your Momma II: Some Lines Converge" 4368: 4366: 4115:"The Trakehner Breed and the Thoroughbred" 2447: 2445: 45: 38: 4750:. Grand Prairie, Texas: Equine Research. 4037:. The National Museum of the Morgan Horse 2378:History of Thoroughbred Racing in America 2254: 2252: 2250: 1996:Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing 1775:. Australian Jockey Club. 2007. p. 7 1673: 1671: 1558:"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: L" 1357:that has created animals designed to win 5708:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics 4748:Breeding Management and Foal Development 4731:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4584:. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872. 4287: 4285: 4283: 3934:American Polo Horse Association Web Site 3687:"Large and in charge: The Zenyatta file" 3232:. University of Maryland. Archived from 3150:Breeding Management and Foal Development 3124:"Rules and Regulations of Thoroughbreds" 2759:"Thoroughbred Horse Racing in Australia" 1977: 1975: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1420:Studies have shown that track surfaces, 250:Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head. 5332:. Washington, D.C.: Robert B. Luce Co. 4482: 4480: 4478: 4303: 4301: 3928:American Polo Horse Association staff. 3574:"Storm Cat Stud Fee Rises to $ 500,000" 2426:. Thoroughbred Heritage. Archived from 1644: 1642: 1625: 1528: 1512:List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses 1497:Glossary of North American horse racing 1482:can keep at-risk horses off the track. 1321:Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the 5519:Royal Ascot Bloodline Interactive Tool 5385:Rosenblatt, Richard (April 23, 2007). 5027:Hedge, Juliet; Don M. Wagoner (2004). 4357:Finley "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths" 4310:"The Detrimental Effects of Toe Grabs" 4267: 4265: 3868:Thomas, Heather Smith (May 10, 2008). 3800:"British Horseracing Review 2006–2007" 3179:"Frequently Asked Questions: Breeding" 2299: 1862: 1860: 1143:who both stood at 16.2 hands, down to 893:Registration, breeding, and population 5108:Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 4539:Horserace Levy Betting Board Web Site 3807:British Horseracing Authority Website 3185:. Russell Meerdink Co. Archived from 3034:British Horseracing Authority Website 1335:exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage 1017:, and other market factors. In 2007, 858:Horses arrived in Australia with the 7: 5261:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 5216:. Swidon, Wiltshire: Crowood Press. 5135:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 5082:"Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble" 4988:The World's Finest Horses and Ponies 4533:Horserace Levy Betting Board staff. 4401:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 4092:Irish Draught Horse Society Web Site 3930:"What is a Polo Pony or Polo Horse?" 3652:Thomas, Robert (November 17, 1990). 3600:"Stud Advertisement for Desideratum" 3461:Biles, Deirdre (February 13, 2008). 2420:"Turf Hallmarks: Epsom Derby Stakes" 2158:Pickrell, John (September 6, 2005). 1582:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred 1562:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred 1543:Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred 978:because of the level of inadvertent 637:The first Thoroughbred horse in the 570:had been established. These are the 234:. Other health concerns include low 184:are registered each year worldwide. 6286:Horse breeds originating in England 4616:. Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing. 4031:"Morgan Horses in American History" 3845:. Business Week: 92. Archived from 1770:"Rules of the Australian Stud Book" 1740:"Eligibility for Foal Registration" 1469:, or 2008 Kentucky Derby runner-up 5120:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1987.tb01719.x 5009:"State of the Art to Save Barbaro" 4488:"State of the Art to Save Barbaro" 3695:. October 31, 2010. Archived from 3365:Doncaster Bloodstock Sales Website 1507:Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand 25: 6026:Horse breeds of the British Isles 5858:Mountain and moorland pony breeds 5476:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 5347:Pickrell, John (September 2005). 4911:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). 4848:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). 4785:Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). 3905:. The Jockey Club. Archived from 3435:. Keeneland Sales. Archived from 3390:Australian Racing Board Limited. 3269:. Keeneland Sales. Archived from 789:. The foundation stallion of the 5979: 5978: 5080:Kluger, Jeffrey (May 28, 2006). 4932:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x 4869:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x 4806:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x 4727:Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006). 4712:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x 3631:Weatherby's Online Stallion Book 3627:"Stud Advertisement for Dansili" 3604:Weatherby's Online Stallion Book 3223:"Price Factors and Sales Trends" 2203:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x 1694:. Australian Stud Book. May 2008 1502:Thoroughbred racing in Australia 1384: 814:split off to a new society, the 27:Horse breed developed for racing 5152:"And They Call Us Horse Lovers" 5150:Miller, Robert M. (Fall 2006). 4374:"And They Call Us Horse Lovers" 4088:"The Irish Draught Sport Horse" 3958:Jones "Fox Hunting in America" 3835:Gutner, Toddi (June 16, 2003). 3798:British Horseracing Authority. 3028:British Horseracing Authority. 2936:The Jockey Club Online Factbook 947:mating of a mare and a stallion 5368:Robertson, William P. (1964). 5189:Montgomery, Edward E. (1971). 5007:Grady, Denise (May 23, 2006). 4746:Equine Research, Inc. (1982). 3572:Liebman, Dan (March 6, 2002). 3484:Finley, Bill (July 23, 2003). 3230:Maryland Cooperative Extension 1650:"Coat Colors Of Thoroughbreds" 1492:Thoroughbred breeding theories 941:registry) unless conceived by 899:Thoroughbred breeding theories 713:President of the United States 1: 5976:Lists of horse-related topics 5353:NewScientist.com news service 5326:Phifer, Kate Gilbert (1978). 5306:Pedulla, Tom (June 4, 2006). 5273:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81951-9 5197:. New York: Arco Publishing. 4674:. New York: Sanders D. Bruce. 4612:Barrett, Norman, ed. (1995). 4094:. Irish Draught Horse Society 4086:Irish Draught Horse Society. 3837:"So You Want to Race a Horse" 3334:"Tattersall's July Sale 2007" 1085:, the breed is also used for 34:Thoroughbred (disambiguation) 5643:Glossary of equestrian terms 4640:Bongianni, Maurizio (1987). 4621:Bongianni, Maurizio (1983). 4193:""Warmblood" Is Not a Breed" 3359:Doncaster Bloodstock Sales. 3030:"British Breeding: Overview" 2967:. p. 14. Archived from 1902:Australian Stud Book Website 1190:A Thoroughbred competing in 854:In Australia and New Zealand 707:became significant centers. 562:Later development in Britain 373:do not capitalize the word. 230:and health problems such as 5372:. New York: Bonanza Books. 5293:. New York: Bonanza Books. 4679:Buecker, Thomas R. (2002). 4625:. New York: Bonanza Books. 4308:Casner, Bill (April 2007). 3979:. Oklahoma State University 3870:"Options for Ex-racehorses" 3772:Barakat "Why Size Matters" 2930:The Jockey Club (c. 2007). 2784:Ford, Michael (June 2006). 1026:for the sale of 10,951,300 917:The number of Thoroughbred 688:and dam sires by producing 414:and into the reign of King 6317: 5766:Ancient and Imperial China 5069:American Heritage Magazine 5046:Henry, Marguerite (1967). 3960:American Heritage Magazine 3463:"The Green Monkey Retired" 3392:"Australian Sales Results" 2824:Herringer, Philip (2004). 2757:Herringer, Philip (2006). 1108: 1002: 902: 896: 309:Thoroughbreds born in the 31: 6259: 5971: 5653:List of equestrian sports 5170:Milner, Mordaunt (1990). 4466:October 11, 2008, at the 3294:"2007 Auction Statistics" 2958:"Thoroughly Thoroughbred" 1872:Horse Breeds of the World 1517:List of historical horses 1393:This section needs to be 1135:who stood 17.2 hands, to 657:and New York. During the 584:2,000 Guineas Stakes 525:) to the Darley Arabian. 105: 82: 44: 5289:Patten, John W. (1960). 5127:Merriam-Webster (1989). 4149:Kentucky Equine Research 3903:The Jockey Club Web Site 3877:The Blood-Horse Magazine 3578:The Blood-Horse magazine 3546:The Blood-Horse magazine 3519:The Jockey Club Factbook 3515:"2007 Racing Statistics" 3298:The Jockey Club Factbook 2956:The Jockey Club (2006). 1812:Merriam-Webster (1994). 1284:Thoroughbreds have been 1213:. They are also used as 970:Concern exists that the 945:, the witnessed natural 719:, between Sir Henry and 501:Each of the three major 329:horse of any breed as a 5509:Thoroughbred Bloodlines 5468:Willett, Peter (1970). 5449:Willett, Peter (1982). 5254:. London: Gay and Bird. 5235:. London: J. A. Allen. 5174:. London: J. A. Allen. 4899:. Thoroughbred Heritage 4836:. Thoroughbred Heritage 4773:. Thoroughbred Heritage 3692:Lexington Herald-Leader 3433:Keeneland Sales Website 3267:Keeneland Sales Website 3128:The Jockey Club Website 3065:The Jockey Club Website 2965:The Jockey Club Website 2909:The Jockey Club Website 2883:Lexington Herald-Leader 2877:Wincze Hughes, Alicia. 2832:. Thoroughbred Heritage 2792:. Thoroughbred Heritage 2765:. Thoroughbred Heritage 1584:. Thoroughbred Heritage 1564:. Thoroughbred Heritage 1545:. Thoroughbred Heritage 1111:Thoroughbred horse race 951:Artificial insemination 873:Australian Racing Board 578:, founded in 1779, and 232:bleeding from the lungs 70:Distinguishing features 5430:Wall, John F. (1949). 5231:Napier, Miles (1977). 5214:Thoroughbred Stallions 4984:Glyn, Richard (1971). 4646:. New York: Fireside. 3183:HorseInfo.com Web Site 2391:The American Stud Book 2225:"Who's Your Momma III" 2067:Thoroughbred Stallions 1898:"Thoroughbred Welfare" 1255:American Quarter Horse 1194: 1078: 1005:Thoroughbred valuation 914: 818:, better known as the 787:American Quarter Horse 634: 498: 390: 251: 6301:Contexts for auctions 6251:Yorkshire Coach Horse 5504:The Jockey Club (USA) 5451:The Classic Racehorse 5212:Morris, Tony (1990). 3177:Russell Meerdink Co. 2830:Breeders and Breeding 2790:Breeders and Breeding 2726:The Classic Racehorse 2713:The Classic Racehorse 2635:The Classic Racehorse 2505:Famous Running Horses 2453:Famous Running Horses 2365:The Classic Racehorse 2352:The Classic Racehorse 2339:The Classic Racehorse 2313:The Classic Racehorse 2288:The Classic Racehorse 2275:The Classic Racehorse 2240:"Who's Your Momma II" 2111:The Godolphin Arabian 2022:Famous Running Horses 2009:The Godolphin Arabian 1983:Famous Running Horses 1286:foundation bloodstock 1225:speed events such as 1189: 1076: 912: 717:Long Island, New York 632: 493: 394:Beginnings in England 384: 347:was one of the first 249: 242:Breed characteristics 6262:List of horse breeds 6110:British Spotted Pony 5514:Australian Stud Book 4670:Bruce, S.D. (1884). 4565:Veterinary Radiology 4125:on February 20, 2008 3541:"2008 Leading Sires" 3408:on February 20, 2011 3338:Tattersall's Website 3263:"Yearly Sales Recap" 3104:on February 28, 2008 3009:on December 14, 2010 1370:conformational fault 1273:as well as with the 1253:breeds, such as the 820:Jockey-Club de Paris 645:, imported in 1730. 588:1,000 Guineas Stakes 582:in 1780. Later, the 450:Foundation stallions 136:. Although the word 112:Equus ferus caballus 92:Australian Stud Book 87:The Jockey Club (US) 32:For other uses, see 6296:Thoroughbred horses 5776:Indian subcontinent 5417:on October 11, 2008 4977:New York Daily News 4891:Erigero, Patricia. 4828:Erigero, Patricia. 4765:Erigero, Patricia. 4545:on November 2, 2007 4514:on February 9, 2008 4359:New York Daily News 4029:Curler, Elizabeth. 4010:on December 8, 2007 4004:Breeds of Livestock 3977:Breeds of Livestock 3816:on October 31, 2008 3699:on November 7, 2012 3439:on January 25, 2008 3239:on October 31, 2008 3189:on November 7, 2007 3167:Retrieved 2009-1-25 1750:on January 12, 2008 1331:Victoria, Australia 1261:, and possibly the 659:American Revolution 574:, founded in 1776, 418:. It was then that 389:of the Thoroughbred 315:Southern Hemisphere 311:Northern Hemisphere 228:high accident rates 41: 5809:American Civil War 5564:Equine science and 5013:The New York Times 4992:. London: Harrap. 4508:PETA.org Campaigns 4491:The New York Times 4273:"Barbaro's Legacy" 4173:. December 5, 2020 3940:on August 12, 2007 3899:"The Thoroughbred" 3761:Horse Conformation 3659:The New York Times 3361:"Sales Statistics" 2997:"Racing Fact Book" 1930:The New York Times 1904:. Racing Australia 1815:Thoroughbred entry 1634:Light Horse Breeds 1437:Medical challenges 1431:Florence, Kentucky 1355:selective breeding 1341:Selective breeding 1195: 1079: 915: 753:American Civil War 739:were both between 737:American Civil War 635: 499: 416:James I of England 391: 366:The New York Times 252: 51:Thoroughbred horse 6268: 6267: 6246:Old English Black 6072:Irish Sport Horse 6042:British Warmblood 5992: 5991: 4418:PETA Media Center 3897:The Jockey Club. 3849:on April 15, 2009 3521:. The Jockey Club 3513:The Jockey Club. 3427:Keeneland Sales. 3371:on March 17, 2008 3300:. The Jockey Club 3292:The Jockey Club. 3261:Keeneland Sales. 3221:Commer, Malcolm. 3130:. The Jockey Club 3067:. The Jockey Club 3059:The Jockey Club. 2911:. The Jockey Club 2903:The Jockey Club. 2596:Horses in Society 2326:Horses in Society 1825:978-0-87779-132-4 1656:. The Jockey Club 1414: 1413: 1279:Irish Sport Horse 1182:Other disciplines 1091:combined training 1057:breeding animal. 991:line, called the 976:genetic diversity 639:American Colonies 481:General Stud Book 472:Curwen's Bay Barb 464:Godolphin Arabian 345:General Stud Book 193:combined training 122: 121: 97:General Stud Book 57:Country of origin 16:(Redirected from 6308: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5996: 5982: 5981: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5499:Jockey Club (UK) 5487: 5475: 5472:The Thoroughbred 5464: 5445: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5413:. Archived from 5401: 5399: 5397: 5381: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5343: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5302: 5285: 5276: 5255: 5246: 5227: 5208: 5196: 5193:The Thoroughbred 5185: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5146: 5134: 5123: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5092:on April 6, 2008 5088:. Archived from 5076: 5063: 5052:. Random House. 5049:All About Horses 5042: 5031:. Globe Pequot. 5023: 5021: 5019: 5003: 4991: 4980: 4971: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4917: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4761: 4742: 4723: 4694: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4636: 4617: 4608: 4595: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4473: 4457: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4424:on March 6, 2008 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4067:on June 12, 2008 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3722: 3719:The Thoroughbred 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3553:on June 13, 2008 3549:. Archived from 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3465:. Bloodhorse.com 3458: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3396: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3148:Equine Research 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2974:on April 8, 2008 2973: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2865:The Thoroughbred 2861: 2855: 2852:The Thoroughbred 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2821: 2815: 2812:The Thoroughbred 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2754: 2745: 2742:The Thoroughbred 2738: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2700:The Thoroughbred 2696: 2690: 2687:The Thoroughbred 2683: 2677: 2674:The Thoroughbred 2670: 2664: 2661:The Thoroughbred 2657: 2651: 2648:The Thoroughbred 2644: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2622:The Thoroughbred 2618: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2544:The Thoroughbred 2540: 2534: 2531:The Thoroughbred 2527: 2521: 2518:The Thoroughbred 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2492:The Thoroughbred 2488: 2482: 2479:The Thoroughbred 2475: 2469: 2466:The Thoroughbred 2462: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2430:on March 2, 2008 2416: 2407: 2404:The Thoroughbred 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2155: 2140: 2137:The Thoroughbred 2133: 2127: 2124:The Thoroughbred 2120: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098:The Thoroughbred 2094: 2088: 2085:The Thoroughbred 2081: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2038:The Thoroughbred 2034: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1923:New York Times. 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1878:on July 26, 2018 1864: 1855: 1850:Merriam-Webster 1848: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1809: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1736: 1730: 1727:All About Horses 1723: 1717: 1714:The Thoroughbred 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1637: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1533: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1363:Robert M. Miller 1353:mass, a form of 1043:The Green Monkey 972:closed stud book 869:Sydney Turf Club 837:breeding program 824:French Stud Book 777:, New York, and 723:. Another was a 721:American Eclipse 690:foundation stock 572:St. Leger Stakes 533:Foundation mares 503:foundation sires 468:Alcock's Arabian 462:(1704), and the 387:foundation sires 349:breed registries 114: 49: 42: 21: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6255: 6241:Norfolk Trotter 6217: 6184: 6096: 6028: 6023: 5993: 5988: 5967: 5882: 5823: 5804:Napoleonic Wars 5785: 5739: 5635: 5627: 5565: 5559: 5554: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5467: 5461: 5448: 5442: 5429: 5420: 5418: 5404: 5395: 5393: 5391:Washington Post 5384: 5367: 5358: 5356: 5355:. New Scientist 5346: 5340: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5305: 5288: 5279: 5258: 5250:Nimrod (1901). 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5205: 5188: 5182: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5156:Cowboy Magazine 5149: 5143: 5126: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5079: 5066: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5026: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4920:Animal Genetics 4915: 4910: 4902: 4900: 4897:Genetic Markers 4890: 4881: 4879: 4857:Animal Genetics 4852: 4847: 4839: 4837: 4834:Genetic Markers 4827: 4818: 4816: 4794:Animal Genetics 4789: 4784: 4776: 4774: 4771:Genetic Markers 4764: 4758: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4700:Animal Genetics 4697: 4691: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4620: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4485: 4476: 4468:Wayback Machine 4458: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377:Cowboy Magazine 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4276:Washington Post 4270: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4199:. 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June 17, 2014 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4119:Trakehner Hefte 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3973:"Quarter Horse" 3970: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3909:on July 3, 2013 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3745:Champion Horses 3742: 3738: 3732:Champion Horses 3729: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3273:on May 13, 2008 3260: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3209:Blood will tell 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2263:Animal Genetics 2257: 2248: 2243:Animal Genetics 2237: 2233: 2228:Animal Genetics 2222: 2218: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2156: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2044: 2035: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1488: 1439: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1343: 1319: 1299:Dutch Warmblood 1277:to produce the 1247: 1241:field as well. 1184: 1113: 1107: 1071: 1063:Northern Dancer 1019:Keeneland Sales 1007: 1001: 964:Encosta De Lago 955:embryo transfer 939:The Jockey Club 907: 901: 895: 881: 856: 811: 799:Remount Service 627: 564: 535: 452: 444:Racing Calendar 401: 396: 379: 323: 244: 159:with imported 118: 110: 101: 78:Breed standards 52: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5698:Horse training 5695: 5690: 5688:Western riding 5685: 5683:English riding 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Horse industry 5645: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5493:External links 5491: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5465: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5427: 5402: 5382: 5365: 5344: 5338: 5323: 5303: 5286: 5277: 5267:(5): 262–268. 5256: 5247: 5241: 5228: 5222: 5209: 5203: 5186: 5180: 5167: 5147: 5141: 5124: 5102: 5077: 5064: 5058: 5043: 5037: 5024: 5004: 4998: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4951: 4926:(4): 287–294. 4888: 4863:(4): 287–294. 4825: 4800:(4): 287–294. 4762: 4756: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4695: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4618: 4609: 4596: 4590: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4525: 4494: 4474: 4452: 4435: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4325: 4297: 4279: 4261: 4235: 4210: 4184: 4162: 4136: 4105: 4078: 4048: 4021: 4000:"Standardbred" 3990: 3963: 3951: 3920: 3889: 3860: 3827: 3790: 3777: 3765: 3749: 3736: 3723: 3710: 3678: 3665: 3644: 3617: 3590: 3564: 3532: 3502: 3490:New York Times 3476: 3450: 3419: 3382: 3351: 3340:. Tattersall's 3324: 3311: 3284: 3250: 3213: 3200: 3169: 3154: 3141: 3115: 3078: 3051: 3040:on May 9, 2008 3020: 2985: 2948: 2922: 2895: 2869: 2856: 2843: 2816: 2803: 2776: 2763:Turf Hallmarks 2746: 2730: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2600: 2587: 2574: 2561: 2548: 2535: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2457: 2441: 2424:Turf Hallmarks 2408: 2395: 2393:Volume 1 p. 10 2382: 2369: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2304: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2246: 2231: 2216: 2178: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2102: 2089: 2071: 2058: 2042: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1971: 1944: 1915: 1889: 1868:"Thoroughbred" 1856: 1838: 1824: 1799: 1786: 1761: 1731: 1718: 1705: 1683: 1667: 1638: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1595: 1576:Peters, Anne. 1537:Peters, Anne. 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1484: 1463:Kentucky Derby 1438: 1435: 1412: 1411: 1405:September 2024 1392: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1342: 1339: 1318: 1315: 1311:open stud book 1307:Selle Français 1246: 1243: 1231:Mounted police 1223:Western riding 1219:steeplechasers 1183: 1180: 1168:Kentucky Derby 1109:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1070: 1067: 1003:Main article: 1000: 997: 905:Horse breeding 897:Main article: 894: 891: 880: 879:In other areas 877: 855: 852: 841:Federico Tesio 810: 807: 709:Andrew Jackson 669:before that. 655:South Carolina 626: 623: 611:steeplechasing 563: 560: 534: 531: 460:Darley Arabian 451: 448: 400: 397: 395: 392: 378: 375: 322: 319: 262:, dark bay or 243: 240: 219:, and various 132:developed for 120: 119: 117: 116: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 83: 80: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6313: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:Galloway pony 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 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Weatherby's 3632: 3628: 3625:Weatherby's. 3621: 3618: 3606:. 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