1123:. Common thresher sharks are found along the continental shelves of North America and Asia of the North Pacific, but are rare in the Central and Western Pacific. In the warmer waters of the Central and Western Pacific, bigeye and pelagic thresher sharks are more common. A thresher shark was seen on the live video feed from one of the ROVs monitoring BP's Macondo oil well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. This is significantly deeper than the 500 m (1,600 ft) previously thought to be their limit. A bigeye has also been found in the western Mediterranean, and so distribution may be wider than previously believed, or environmental factors may be forcing sharks to search for new territories.
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1203:. With the exception of the bigeye thresher, these sharks have relatively small eyes positioned to the forward of the head. Coloration ranges from brownish, bluish or purplish gray dorsally with lighter shades ventrally. The three species can be roughly distinguished by the primary color of the dorsal surface of the body. Common threshers are dark green, bigeye threshers are brown and pelagic threshers are generally blue. Lighting conditions and
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1331:(family Lamnidae) have a similar homologous structure to this which is more extensively developed. This structure is a strip of red muscle along each of its flanks, which has a tight network of blood vessels that transfer metabolic heat inward towards the core of the shark, allowing it to maintain and regulate its body heat.
1168:(which can be as long as the total body length), thresher sharks are active predators; the tail is used as a weapon to stun prey. The thresher shark has a short head and a cone-shaped nose. The mouth is generally small, and the teeth range in size from small to large. By far the largest of the three species is the
1310:
habits. When hunting schooling fish, thresher sharks are known to "whip" the water. The elongated tail is used to swat smaller fish, stunning them before feeding. Thresher sharks are one of the few shark species known to jump fully out of the water, using their elongated tail to propel them out of
1361:
or live-bearing mode of reproduction results in a small litter (usually two to four) of large well-developed pups, up to 150 cm (59 in) at birth in thintail threshers. The young fish exhaust their yolk sacs while still inside the mother, at which time they begin feasting on the mother's
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are separated by depth and space according to sex. Some species however do occasionally hunt in a group of two or three contrary to their solitary nature. All species are noted for their highly migratory or
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Thresher sharks are slow to mature; males reach sexual maturity between seven and thirteen years of age and females between eight and fourteen years in bigeye threshers. They may live for 20 years or more.
1327:
Two species of the thresher have been identified as having a modified circulatory system that acts as a counter-current heat exchanger, which allows them to retain metabolic heat.
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1119:; they prefer the open ocean, characteristically preferring water 550 metres (1,800 ft) and less. Common threshers tend to be more prevalent in coastal waters over
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1990:
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Shimada, K. (2005). "Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics".
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1072:) was placed as the next-closest relative to these taxa, though the phylogenetic position of that species has yet to be resolved with confidence.
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in the United States and South Africa. Common thresher sharks are the target of a popular recreational fishery off Baja, Mexico.
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can affect how any one shark appears to an observer, but the color test is generally supported when other features are examined.
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comprising the bigeye and pelagic threshers. However, the position of the undescribed fourth species was only based on a single
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No distinct breeding season is observed by thresher sharks. Fertilization and embryonic development occur internally; this
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Tsikliras, Athanassios C.; Oliver, Simon P.; Turner, John R.; Gann, Klemens; Silvosa, Medel; D'Urban
Jackson, Tim (2013).
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In
October 2013, the first picture of a thresher shark giving birth was taken off the coast of the Philippines.
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Thresher sharks are solitary creatures that keep to themselves. It is known that thresher populations of the
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1176:, which may reach a length of 6.1 metres (20 ft) and a mass of over 500 kilograms (1,100 lb). The
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Within the family, an analysis of allozyme variation by Eitner (1995) found the common thresher is the most
601:. The possible existence of a hitherto unrecognized fourth species was revealed during the course of a 1995
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are also eaten. The thresher shark stuns its prey by using its elongated tail as a whipping weapon.
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1738:"Un barco pesquero de Port de la Selva captura un gran tiburón de 4,5 metros de longitud"
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group-defining character) in one specimen, so some uncertainty in its placement remains.
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Although occasionally sighted in shallow, inshore waters, thresher sharks are primarily
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613:. So far, it is only known from muscle samples from one specimen, and no aspect of its
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analysis by Blaise Eitner. This species is apparently found in the eastern
Pacific off
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1615:(Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with Evidence for the Existence of an Unrecognized Species".
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member, with a sister relationship to a group containing the unrecognized fourth
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1502:. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on October 6, 2009.
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1080:(1991) based on morphological characters, and Shimada (2005) based on
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Oliver SP, Turner JR, Gann K, Silvosa M and D'Urban
Jackson T (2013)
1623:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 562–571.
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Stunning tail: Thresher sharks evolved to slap and kill their prey
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1234:, which they are known to follow into shallow waters, as well as
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1048:, Martin and Naylor (1997) concluded the thresher sharks form a
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1752:"Dead vulnerable shark species washes up on Bournemouth beach"
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The three extant thresher shark species are all in the genus
550:
1401:. All three thresher shark species have been listed as
1964:"Thresher sharks use tail-slaps as a hunting strategy"
1778:"Thresher Sharks Use Tail-Slaps as a Hunting Strategy"
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which can be as long as the body of the shark itself.
1927:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 48 ff.
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All three thresher shark species have been listed as
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1991:"Rare shark birth photographed for the first time"
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581:. The common name is derived from a distinctive,
1516:"More oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Red List"
1873:"Family Alopiidae: Thresher Sharks – 3 species"
1195:Thresher sharks are fairly slender, with small
609:, and has previously been misidentified as the
1084:, have both corroborated this interpretation.
2081:
1611:Eitner, B. (1995). "Systematics of the Genus
8:
2836:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1397:, thresher sharks are highly vulnerable to
27:Genus of fishes (Alopias, family Alopiidae)
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545:The genus and family name derive from the
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1381:Thresher sharks are classified as prized
483:since 2007 (IUCN). All three are popular
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2017:"Disappearing Silky and Thresher Sharks"
1606:
1604:
1602:
533:, thresher sharks do not appear to be a
2015:The PEW Charitable Trusts (July 2014).
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1452:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1288:Thresher Shark Stun Prey With Tail-Slap
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1921:McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998).
1648:
1646:
1510:
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1875:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
1853:"THRESHER SHARKS KILL PREY WITH TAIL"
1655:Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 54
7:
2765:735C87F1-8A40-FFB8-9BF6-FBA658458DA2
2726:2dd8f2e7-1035-4d57-a786-5841c9d7912a
1362:unfertilized eggs; this is known as
1154:Named for their exceptionally long,
490:, and additionally they are hunted
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1215:The thresher shark mainly feeds on
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2826:Extant Ypresian first appearances
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1657:. Academic Press. p. 175.
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1311:the water, making turns like
805:Dartevelle & Casier, 1959
1979:10.1371/journal.pone.0067380
1803:10.1371/journal.pone.0067380
557:
2061:FishBase entry on Alopiidae
1589:"fox shark - shark species"
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2043:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1495:Bourdon, J. (April 2009).
1315:; this behavior is called
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244:Scientific classification
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1680:Paleontological Research
1653:Sims, D.W., ed. (2008).
1483:. February 2011 version.
1469:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1407:World Conservation Union
1403:vulnerable to extinction
1111:Distribution and habitat
1056:containing the families
795:serrated giant thresher)
481:World Conservation Union
2463:Smalltooth sand tiger (
1593:Encyclopædia Britannica
1064:(mackerel sharks). The
1032:Phylogeny of Alopiidae
812:Phylogeny and evolution
793:Kent & Ward, 2018 (
577:, is also known as the
2831:Fish described in 1810
1354:
1151:
1127:Anatomy and appearance
459:contains three extant
430:
395:Müller and Henle, 1837
2747:Paleobiology Database
2286:Shortfin mako shark (
1393:Because of their low
1348:A. superciliosus
1342:
1182:A. superciliosus
1134:
638:Alopias superciliosus
617:has been documented.
529:Despite being active
418:
2295:Longfin mako shark (
1199:and large, recurved
1060:(basking shark) and
1052:sister group to the
711:Alopias denticulatus
689:Alopias carolinensis
54:improve this article
2472:Bigeye sand tiger (
2262:Great white shark (
1794:2013PLoSO...867380O
1409:since 2007 (IUCN).
1192:, is the smallest.
1121:continental shelves
1070:Megachasma pelagios
678:Alopias alabamensis
565:. As a result, the
2816:Ovoviviparous fish
2490:Pseudocarchariidae
2439:Sand tiger shark (
2170:Pelagic thresher (
1714:"Alopias vulpinus"
1692:10.2517/prpsj.9.55
1565:"Alopias vulpinus"
1541:"Alopias vulpinus"
1471:"Species in genus
1355:
1152:
633:(pelagic thresher)
455:of the world; the
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2811:Cosmopolitan fish
2788:
2787:
2734:Open Tree of Life
2534:Taxon identifiers
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2509:Crocodile shark (
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2483:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2376:
2365:Megamouth shark (
2340:
2339:
2237:
2236:
2200:
2199:
2188:Common thresher (
2179:Bigeye thresher (
1934:978-0-292-75206-1
1664:978-0-12-374351-0
1518:(Press release).
1299:
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1246:and occasionally
1190:A. pelagicus
1141:A. vulpinus
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1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
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801:Alopias subexigua
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760:
749:
738:
727:
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705:
700:Alopias crochardi
694:
683:
672:
667:Alopias acutidens
661:(common thresher)
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647:(bigeye thresher)
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632:
624:Alopias pelagicus
463:, all within the
424:A. pelagicus
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236:A. pelagicus
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1899:. Archived from
1897:"Thresher Shark"
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1186:pelagic thresher
1174:Alopias vulpinus
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910:A. superciliosus
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789:Alopias palatasi
783:(giant thresher)
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766:Alopias leeensis
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652:Alopias vulpinus
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575:Alopias vulpinus
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535:threat to humans
420:Pelagic thresher
377:Bonnaterre, 1788
372:Alopias vulpinus
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232:Pelagic thresher
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140:Temporal range:
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69:"Thresher shark"
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611:bigeye thresher
607:Baja California
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444:found in all
443:
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426:) jumping in
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407:Jarocki, 1822
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2541:
2511:P. kamoharai
2510:
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2226:
2214:
2206:Cetorhinidae
2189:
2180:
2172:A. pelagicus
2171:
2160:
2159:
2139:Subdivision
2027:. Retrieved
2023:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1923:
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1877:. Retrieved
1867:
1856:
1844:Ghostarchive
1842:Archived at
1838:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1686:(1): 55–72.
1683:
1679:
1673:
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1616:
1612:
1592:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1535:
1524:. Retrieved
1522:. 2007-02-22
1498:
1491:
1478:
1472:
1455:. Retrieved
1392:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1356:
1347:
1335:Reproduction
1326:
1303:Indian Ocean
1300:
1293:Live Science
1291:
1275:
1220:pelagic fish
1214:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1163:
1160:heterocercal
1153:
1143:) caught at
1140:
1114:
1101:synapomorphy
1092:
1086:
1076:analyses by
1069:
1058:Cetorhinidae
1050:monophyletic
1041:
1037:
987:
974:Cetorhinidae
972:
925:A. pelagicus
924:
923:
909:
908:
887:
886:undescribed
885:
864:
863:
833:
799:
787:
775:
764:
753:
748:Kozlov, 1999
742:
731:
726:Probst, 1879
720:
709:
698:
687:
676:
671:Casier, 1958
665:
650:
636:
622:
598:
596:
578:
574:
566:
544:
528:
518:(for use in
492:commercially
474:
468:
467:
441:
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432:
423:
404:
398:
392:
370:
364:Type species
348:
347:
330:
235:
131:
116:
110:October 2022
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2659:iNaturalist
2566:Wikispecies
2474:O. noronhai
2393:Mitsukurina
2367:M. pelagios
2328:Porbeagle (
2321:L. ditropis
2253:Carcharodon
2190:A. vulpinus
1995:www.msn.com
1399:overfishing
1244:Crustaceans
1226:, juvenile
1197:dorsal fins
1165:caudal fins
1040:cytochrome
888:Alopias sp.
865:A. vulpinus
693:White, 1956
682:White, 1956
629:H. Nakamura
321:Lamniformes
2795:Categories
2454:Odontaspis
2430:Carcharias
2404:M. owstoni
2356:Megachasma
2227:C. maximus
2216:Cetorhinus
2123:Vertebrata
2121:Subphylum
1907:2009-04-11
1879:2011-10-17
1762:2022-05-15
1723:2024-07-17
1574:2024-07-11
1550:2024-07-17
1526:2015-03-11
1441:References
1435:Shark meat
1323:Endothermy
1240:cuttlefish
1149:California
853:Alopiidae
770:Ward, 1978
704:Ward, 1978
657:Bonnaterre
643:R. T. Lowe
615:morphology
587:caudal fin
561:, meaning
520:delicacies
494:for their
488:sport fish
477:vulnerable
436:are large
428:Costa Rica
355:Rafinesque
297:Subclass:
143:49–0
80:newspapers
2821:Game fish
2801:Alopiidae
2586:Alopiidae
2441:C. taurus
2297:I. paucus
2151:Alopiidae
2133:Subclass
1812:1932-6203
1448:"Alopias"
1395:fecundity
1383:game fish
1377:Fisheries
1317:breaching
1217:schooling
1082:dentition
1074:Cladistic
1038:Based on
579:fox shark
446:temperate
442:Alopiidae
405:Vulpecula
393:Alopecias
336:Bonaparte
331:Alopiidae
267:Kingdom:
261:Eukaryota
215:to Recent
2551:Wikidata
2465:O. ferox
2330:L. nasus
2243:Lamnidae
2141:Selachii
2117:Chordata
2111:Animalia
2109:Kingdom
2039:cite web
2029:July 17,
1967:PLoS ONE
1943:38468784
1846:and the
1830:23874415
1782:PLOS ONE
1700:84715232
1480:FishBase
1413:See also
1313:dolphins
1276:NBC News
1254:Behavior
1248:seabirds
1232:mackerel
1224:bluefish
1222:such as
1162:tail or
1156:thresher
1078:Compagno
1062:Lamnidae
989:Lamnidae
603:allozyme
583:thresher
541:Taxonomy
522:such as
512:shagreen
485:big-game
450:tropical
384:Synonyms
327:Family:
281:Chordata
277:Phylum:
271:Animalia
257:Domain:
213:Lutetian
2739:1077214
2677:1198680
2651:2420796
2599:Alopias
2572:Alopias
2557:Q627902
2542:Alopias
2161:Alopias
2115:Phylum
2100:species
2096:Extant
2000:7 April
1948:13 July
1858:YouTube
1821:3707734
1790:Bibcode
1637:1446753
1613:Alopias
1499:Alopias
1473:Alopias
1405:by the
1364:oophagy
1352:embryos
1117:pelagic
1105:derived
1093:Alopias
599:Alopias
593:Species
479:by the
469:Alopias
461:species
399:Alopius
349:Alopias
344:Genus:
317:Order:
287:Class:
94:scholar
2778:105740
2723:NZOR:
2690:159915
2638:1ALPIG
2277:Isurus
2127:Class
1941:
1931:
1828:
1818:
1810:
1698:
1661:
1635:
1617:Copeia
1389:Status
1158:-like
1135:Small
659:, 1788
645:, 1841
631:, 1935
558:alṓpēx
552:ἀλώπηξ
514:) and
500:livers
457:family
453:oceans
357:, 1810
338:, 1838
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2773:WoRMS
2760:Plazi
2752:34599
2672:IRMNG
2664:68055
2310:Lamna
2020:(PDF)
1696:S2CID
1633:JSTOR
1457:4 May
1236:squid
1097:clade
1089:basal
1054:clade
1046:genes
571:shark
549:word
547:Greek
510:(for
502:(for
465:genus
101:JSTOR
87:books
2716:7851
2711:NCBI
2685:ITIS
2646:GBIF
2633:EPPO
2612:3007
2607:BOLD
2045:link
2031:2024
2002:2018
1950:2021
1939:OCLC
1929:ISBN
1826:PMID
1808:ISSN
1659:ISBN
1621:1995
1520:IUCN
1459:2006
1238:and
1230:and
1228:tuna
1211:Diet
516:fins
508:skin
496:meat
448:and
151:PreꞒ
73:news
2698:NBN
2625:STR
2620:CoL
2594:AFD
2581:ADW
1975:doi
1816:PMC
1798:doi
1688:doi
1625:doi
563:fox
526:).
506:),
56:by
2797::
2775::
2762::
2749::
2736::
2713::
2700::
2687::
2674::
2661::
2648::
2635::
2622::
2609::
2596::
2583::
2568::
2553::
2041:}}
2037:{{
2022:.
1993:.
1969:,
1937:.
1888:^
1855:.
1850::
1824:.
1814:.
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