578:
530:), founded by doctor Kwa Tjoan Sioe. She worked with women from the poorest neighborhoods of Batavia who were suffering from malnutrition, poverty, and venereal diseases. She also participated in clinics for infants, instructing women in child care and birth control. While continuing her work with the physician, Thung founded the First Chinese Girls' Boarding School in the upscale neighborhood of Welgelegen. Serving as its director, and with an all-female staff, she strove to overcome the resistance of Chinese parents to educating their daughters. After spending a year and a half in Batavia, she returned to Rotterdam where she completed her doctorate in economics in 1932.
652:(the colonial legislature) which advocated granting the right to vote and hold office to educated women of any race under the same terms as men. To counter the argument that women did not actually want the right to vote, Neuyen-Hakker proposed that women's registration be left to their individual choice to register. The proposal was accepted by the Volksraad and approved by the government in November 1941. That year, Thung also participated in the tenth-anniversary celebrations of the First Chinese Girls' Boarding School and the fifth-anniversary of the school's creation of a professional trade school for women.
400:(Municipal Council) of Batavia, a body to which Thung would also be elected in time. Belonging to one of the 10 wealthiest, Chinese-Indonesian families, her progressive parents encouraged their daughter to study, which – though unusual in the general community at the time – reflected a trend for westernized modernity among the Cabang Atas. Members of her extended family had been pioneers and promoters of higher education, including her father's first cousin, the prominent social activist
645:(Hodge-Podge Club) which provided opportunities for women from different classes and ethnic backgrounds to engage with each other. She was active on the committee to seek the vote for Chinese women and opposed the government's 1940 proposal to withhold the vote from non-Europeans. Collecting "thousands of signatures", Thung and other women protested the proposal.
671:. From 1945 to 1951, Thung was employed by the Ministry of Education to monitor the health of all of the school children in the city. She measured the height and weight of students for the Institute for Public Nutrition and monitored the milk supplements and food provided by the schools to ensure that they were provided in accordance with UNESCO standards.
761:
Salmon states that Thung returned to
Batavia in February 1928 and remained for 13 months leaving in March 1932. If she left in 13 months and arrived in February 1928, she would have returned in March 1929. Van der Plas has Thung leaving in 1929 and returning in 1931, while Kuiken says she returned in
683:
and was elected as the first woman to serve on the
Municipal Council, where her father had also served decades earlier. Thung was sent by the Indonesian Government, as an economist with several other Dutch-trained specialists, on several fact-finding missions abroad between 1949 and 1952. She served
732:
Thung died on 5 January 1996 in
Eindhoven. She has been remembered in books published in China for her social activism and in 2000 her biography was included in a publication about the Thung (Tang) family from the Fujian province. She also has a brief biography in Leo Suryadinata's book,
549:, a physician and feminist, who had been involved in the campaign to found a women's party. Thung believed that until women recognized their need for financial independence, a women's party would not be effective. She began writing articles for the Chinese women's monthly journal,
770:
in
January 1930. If indeed she stayed 13 months, then it is likely that she left as noted by Van der Plas in early 1931. But, in her own account of 1933, Thung states she stayed in Java for 18 months, after completing her master's degree in 1928 and traveling with her
407:
Her privileged and progressive background allowed her to attend Dutch-medium schools, including Prins
Hendrik School, where she passed her final examinations in 1918. As a woman, with few options to continue her education, she qualified as a bookkeeper at the
404:(1857–1937, son of Kapitein Phoa Tjeng Tjoan); and their distant cousin, the colony's first university-educated, Chinese-Indonesian engineer, Ir. Tan Tjoen Liang (1862–1923, like Thung's father, another great-grandnephew of Kapitein Tan Oe Ko).
276:
policies were introduced to force
Chinese citizens to take Indonesian names, Thung permanently immigrated to the Netherlands, where she continued to work as a physician. She formally sought naturalization in 1972 and in 1983 was knighted in the
416:
with an aunt. Though she had a degree, a woman of her social class was not allowed to do office work. Instead, she spent her time sewing, cooking, reading and occasionally being allowed to go out under the supervision of a chaperone.
589:
neighborhood. Modeling a child care course on those she had encountered in the
Netherlands, Thung held classes for mothers, undertaking regular health checks on their children. Simultaneously, she published articles advocating for
268:. From 1949 to 1965, she traveled abroad on numerous occasions on behalf of her country. She served as a translator for trade delegations and as an economist on fact-finding missions to Russia and China. Following the
498:. On graduating in 1927, Thung went on to earn a master's degree the following year. She then traveled in Europe with her sisters before returning home. In December 1929, Thung returned to Batavia aboard the M.S.
256:, Thung continued her private practice, volunteered at a local public hospital and opened a private hospital to treat European patients. When the war ended, she became a medical officer for the school system in
716:. In 1978, she returned to China for a visit and was noted for her contributions to charitable organizations, including a fund for repairs to the primary school in her ancestral village, Yunshan (Chinese:
1552:
712:, where she continued to work as a physician in a public health center and in a children's home. In 1972, she became a naturalized Dutch citizen and then retired in 1974, when she became eligible for the
1884:
249:. When the government proposed only European women be given the vote and the right to stand in elections, she campaigned successfully to secure voting rights for educated women regardless of their race.
663:
to provide medical service to the upper classes. She continued her own private practice and did volunteer work at a local hospital for the duration of World War II. In 1945, when nationalists declared
245:. After completing her degree in 1938, Thung returned to Batavia and opened a medical practice focusing on the health needs of women and children. She continued her feminist involvement and fought for
1719:
1501:
742:
637:(Association for Women's Suffrage in the Dutch East Indies) in reaction to nationalist aims of Indonesian women, pursued enfranchisement only for European women. Thung joined the
1531:
762:
1929 and was back in the
Netherlands in 1932. It seems unlikely that Thung left in February 1928, as she passed an examination in her studies in August 1928 and was aboard the
2126:
738:
214:, but – because social norms prevented women from doing office work – she became a teacher. After teaching briefly in an elementary school, in 1924 Thung enrolled at the
2166:
1714:
2096:
2086:
585:
After graduating in medicine in 1938, Thung returned to
Batavia and on 13 September opened a private practice catering to women and children in her family home in the
2136:
469:(Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship) and became an active campaigner for changes to the legal statutes for matrimonial property and employment.
2146:
2141:
2011:
2091:
2031:
1952:
2131:
2076:
2026:
2171:
2056:
2101:
2071:
241:. She became an activist for improved socio-economic and civil status of women, writing articles for feminist journals in both the Netherlands and the
1523:
2046:
1688:
Seng, Guo-Quan (2017). "Fujianese
Pioneers and Javanese Kings: Peranakan Chinese Lineage and the Politics of Belonging in West Java, 1890s–2000s".
2151:
2036:
210:, she was encouraged to obtain an education, which was unusual for Indonesian women at the time. After completing high school, she qualified as a
2021:
2016:
2061:
1796:
1671:
1642:
1623:
1598:
1458:
1410:
1385:
1496:
2106:
577:
537:, believing, after her experience working in the hospital, that there was a need for women physicians in Java. In 1933, she resigned from
2121:
680:
265:
2111:
2156:
1485:
466:
438:
238:
222:
to study economics. On graduating, she went on to earn a master's degree and a doctorate in economics. In 1932, she enrolled at the
215:
124:
1724:
688:
and Moscow, using her skill with English. She made seven trips to China, the first in September 1951 and, given her admiration for
696:, support for communism was banned and Thung's travels for the government ceased. When in 1968, the new government implemented an
443:
297:, to the landowner and community leader Thung Bouw Kiat (1863–1916) and his wife, Tan Toan Nio (1865–1919), into a family of the
62:
1663:
2116:
2066:
412:(business school) in 1920. That year, her mother died, and as her father had died in 1916, she went to live in western Java in
2081:
664:
630:, on whose board she served, typically provided medical advice on child care and nutrition or addressed education for women.
348:, was a high-ranking government position in the civil bureaucracy of the Dutch East Indies, part of the colony's system of '
700:
policy, requiring Chinese citizens to use an Indonesian name, Thung refused. She emigrated permanently to the Netherlands.
633:
Though Thung was a member of the Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship in the Netherlands, the affiliate
2051:
649:
175:
375:
Thung's mother, Tan Toan Nio, was an elder sister of the rice mill owner Tan Kiat Tjay and the bureaucrat Tan Kiat Goan,
693:
269:
515:
In 1930, Thung began working as a physician's assistant and social worker at the Yang Seng Ie Hospital (Chinese:
1747:(in Dutch) (304–400). The Hague, The Netherlands: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij's-Gravenhage. 1972. reference #410763675.
1451:
Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20
428:(Dutch-Chinese Teachers' College). She earned a teaching certificate in 1924 and then taught briefly at the private
372:
of the fourteenth century, and had been established as community leaders in West Java since the eighteenth century.
2161:
1590:
1402:
569:(Women and Community), one of which related her struggles with schooling and her search for economic independence.
207:
85:
454:. After writing to the author to express her enthusiasm, Thung was invited to visit Jacobs, who introduced her to
1931:
1867:
1535:
546:
413:
534:
223:
692:
and communism, she continued to visit the country regularly between 1955 and 1965. In the aftermath of the
1974:
1825:
1757:
721:
278:
196:-Dutch women's rights activist, physician, economist and politician. Born into a wealthy and progressive
1909:
1420:
Chan, Faye Yik-wei (1991). "Mrs. Tjoa Hin Hoeij: Profile of a Woman Writer in Late Colonial Indonesia".
713:
697:
679:
In addition to her educational duties and her private practice, in 1948 Thung ran as a candidate of the
656:
545:(Study Club of Chinese Students). She continued her involvement in feminist actions and was inspired by
520:
368:, at the start of the nineteenth century; while her paternal grandmother's Tan lineage went back to the
323:
273:
1506:
2041:
2006:
2001:
1477:
615:
314:
1370:"Political relations among women in a multi-racial city: Colonial Batavia in the twentieth century"
591:
246:
193:
1842:
1804:
1774:
379:
of Tjilakoe, West Java. Through her maternal uncle Tan Kiat Tjay, Thung was a first cousin of the
260:
and entered local politics. She was elected as the first woman member of the Municipal Council of
1701:
1586:
Women and the Colonial State: Essays on Gender and Modernity in the Netherlands Indies, 1900–1942
648:
In 1941, an amendment was proposed by another woman physician, Mrs. J. Ch. Neuyen-Hakker, to the
383:
155:
1926:
1904:
1862:
1969:
1948:
1820:
455:
1752:
1693:
1667:
1638:
1619:
1594:
1584:
1564:
1481:
1454:
1437:
1406:
1381:
1369:
1131:
1129:
294:
242:
36:
1740:
1396:
525:
1779:
1429:
495:
357:
1428:. Bandung, Indonesia: Société pour l'étude et la connaissance du monde insulindien: 23–27.
1705:
31:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
285:, Indonesia and the Netherlands for her social activism on behalf of women and children.
442:(Netherlands School of Business), on 15 October 1924, where she studied economics with
380:
369:
272:
and the turn away from communism, she was released from government work. In 1968, when
1995:
1470:
767:
474:
451:
401:
349:
234:
150:
20:
490:(Notes on Chinese Girls' Education in Indonesia) in 1926 and two years later a talk
436:. Wanting to continue her education, Thung decided to go abroad and enrolled at the
1679:
1615:
365:
333:
306:
253:
27:
1609:
659:
and interred all the European physicians in 1943, Thung opened a private clinic,
396:
Thung's father managed a plantation and sat for several years as a member of the
134:
Women's rights activist, physician, economist, politician, translator and teacher
1377:
298:
230:
203:
388:
160:
689:
421:
211:
1697:
1441:
482:) and served on its board during 1926 and 1927. She gave several lectures at
393:(1902–1945), to whom she was engaged for a time by prior family arrangement.
1568:
709:
353:
310:
237:
who encouraged her to become involved in the Dutch women's movement and the
219:
198:
104:
1659:
Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary
1433:
720:) in Hua'an County. On 29 April 1983, Thung was honored as a knight in the
460:
61:
1653:
1635:
The Kwee Family of Ciledug: Family, Status, and Modernity in Colonial Java
685:
668:
586:
494:(The Montessori Education), on the innovative teaching methods used by
261:
257:
562:
361:
328:
from 1866 until 1878; and a maternal great-grandnephew of Tan Oe Ko,
183:
1935:(in Dutch). Surabaya, Dutch East Indies. 9 January 1930. p. 13
1871:(in Dutch). Surabaya, Dutch East Indies. 28 August 1941. p. 9
1761:(in Dutch). Batavia, Dutch East Indies. 10 January 1941. p. 7
847:
845:
576:
433:
302:
282:
1829:(in Dutch). Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 23 August 1928. p. 9
1803:(in Dutch). Tan-Schepers Letters Foundation. 2011. Archived from
1657:
684:
as an interpreter to several trade delegations in cities such as
16:
Dutch East Indies teacher and women's rights activist (1902–1996)
1978:(in Dutch). Batavia, Dutch East Indies. 29 April 1918. p. 2
1783:(in Dutch). The Hague, The Netherlands. 30 March 1926. p. 5
321:
from 1895 until 1911; a nephew by marriage of Phoa Tjeng Tjoan,
1913:(in Dutch). Hilversum, The Netherlands. 2 April 1933. p. 3
1472:
The End of Sukarno: A Coup That Misfired: A Purge That Ran Wild
446:. For her birthday in 1926, fellow students gave her a copy of
1956:(in Dutch). Batavia, Dutch East Indies. 13 May 1916. p. 5
641:(Chinese Women's Association), founded in 1938 and set up the
1849:(in Dutch). Bandung, Dutch East Indies. 8 May 1920. p. 6
863:
808:
806:
804:
953:
467:
Vereniging voor Vrouwenbelangen en Gelijk Staatsburgerschap
1245:
1243:
1167:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
1335:
1333:
1231:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1135:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
724:
for her contributions toward the emancipation of women.
420:
Unsatisfied, Thung returned to school 1922, studying in
313:. Her father, Thung Bouw Kiat, was the elder brother of
565:. She published articles in the Dutch women's magazine
239:
Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship
1285:
1011:
743:
Atria Institute on Gender Equality and Women's History
1087:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
635:
Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht in Nederlands Indie
488:
Het een en ander over de Chinese meisjes in Indonesie
1532:
Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
851:
146:
138:
130:
120:
112:
93:
71:
47:
1723:(in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands. Archived from
1557:Notulen van de Algemeene en Directie-vergaderingen
1546:– via Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland.
1505:(in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands. Archived from
1469:
293:Thung Sin Nio was born on 22 May 1902 in Batavia,
1102:
1026:
557:), founded by Liem Sam Tjiang-Ong (Chinese:
1261:
1219:
981:
739:International Archives for the Women's Movement
88:, Dutch East Indies, Kingdom of the Netherlands
594:and about women's issues in magazines such as
472:Thung joined the Chinese student association,
1745:Staatsblad van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden
432:(Dutch Elementary School for the Chinese) of
8:
1372:. In Grijns, Kees; Nas, Peter J. M. (eds.).
957:
1351:
352:'. Thung's paternal family had migrated to
1953:Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
1324:
996:
60:
44:
2127:20th-century Indonesian women politicians
1273:
1249:
1207:
541:and joined the break-away student group,
502:to attend her sister, Eng Nio's wedding.
2167:20th-century Indonesian women physicians
1117:
606:), founded by Ong Pik Hwa (Chinese:
332:of Buitenzorg from 1829 until 1860. The
2097:20th-century Indonesian women educators
2087:Indonesian emigrants to the Netherlands
1398:Women and the State in Modern Indonesia
824:
812:
795:
788:
754:
533:Thung decided to study medicine at the
192:, 22 May 1902 – 5 January 1996) was an
2147:People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies
1614:. Vol. I: A-L. Armonk, New York:
1374:Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays
1339:
1312:
1183:
1171:
1060:
924:
614:, a Sino-Malay publication founded by
2142:Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
2012:20th-century Dutch East Indies people
1551:Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia (1922).
511:Early career and additional schooling
7:
2092:Indonesian people of Chinese descent
2032:20th-century Dutch women politicians
1713:van der Plas, Eva (23 August 2010).
1530:(in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands:
1300:
1195:
969:
836:
465:and other feminists. She joined the
2137:Indonesian women's rights activists
2132:20th-century Indonesian politicians
2077:Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
2027:20th-century Dutch women physicians
1863:"Het actief kiesrecht voor vrouwen"
543:Studieclub van Chineesche Studenten
2172:20th-century Indonesian physicians
2057:20th-century Dutch women educators
14:
2102:20th-century Indonesian educators
1583:Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth (2000).
1522:Kuiken, Kees (27 November 2017).
864:Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia 1922
737:. Her papers were donated to the
439:Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool
426:Hollandsch Chineesche Kweekschool
125:Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool
444:Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot
2047:Dutch people of Chinese descent
1553:"Vertaling van de overeenkomst"
1495:Kloosterman, Annemarie (1997).
704:Later career in the Netherlands
226:to pursue her medical studies.
2152:University of Amsterdam alumni
2072:Dutch women's rights activists
2037:20th-century Dutch politicians
1891:. J. Hallermann. 13 April 1923
1589:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands:
216:Netherlands School of Business
188:
179:
1:
2022:20th-century Dutch physicians
2017:20th-century Dutch economists
1949:"P. H. S. afdeeling H. B. S."
1656:. In Suryadinata, Leo (ed.).
1497:"Archief Betsy Thung Sin Nio"
655:The following year, when the
573:Medical practice and activism
336:, consisting of the ranks of
2062:20th-century Dutch educators
1637:. Amsterdam: LM Publishers.
1611:Encyclopedia of World Cities
1524:"Thung, Sin Nio (1902–1996)"
735:Prominent Indonesian Chinese
430:Hollandsch Chineesche School
229:During her schooling in the
2107:Indonesian women physicians
1664:ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
1376:. Leiden, The Netherlands:
694:1965 Indonesian coup d'état
581:Salemba, Batavia circa 1940
270:1965 Indonesian coup d'état
2188:
2122:Indonesian women activists
1706:10.5728/indonesia.104.0065
1662:. Vol. 1. Singapore:
1591:Amsterdam University Press
1453:. Utrecht: Steve Haryono.
1403:Cambridge University Press
741:and are now housed in the
264:in 1949, representing the
25:
18:
2112:Indonesian schoolteachers
1932:Soerabaijasch Handelsblad
1868:Soerabaijasch Handelsblad
1652:Salmon, Claudine (2012).
1395:Blackburn, Susan (2004).
1368:Blackburn, Susan (2000).
1233:Soerabaijasch Handelsblad
1137:Soerabaijasch Handelsblad
852:Brieven Tan-Schepers 2011
717:
623:
607:
603:
558:
554:
547:Catharine van Tussenbroek
516:
486:on feminist issues, like
479:
59:
54:
2157:20th-century translators
714:elderly person's pension
492:Het Montessori Onderwijs
301:gentry, originally from
19:Not to be confused with
1683:(subscription required)
1608:Ness, Immanuel (1999).
1449:Haryono, Steve (2017).
665:Indonesian independence
535:University of Amsterdam
281:. She is remembered in
224:University of Amsterdam
2117:Indonesian translators
2067:Dutch women economists
1975:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
1970:"Prins Hendrik school"
1758:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
1678: – via
1666:. pp. 1176–1178.
1654:"Thung Sin Nio, Betsy"
1434:10.3406/arch.1991.2742
1401:. Cambridge, England:
1287:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
1013:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
722:Order of Orange-Nassau
667:, Batavia was renamed
582:
377:Luitenant der Chinezen
370:Chinese scholar-gentry
317:Luitenant der Chinezen
279:Order of Orange-Nassau
2082:Indonesian economists
1910:De Gooi- en Eemlander
1715:"Betsy Thung Sin Nio"
1563:. Batavia: G. Kolff.
1478:Angus & Robertson
1468:Hughes, John (1968).
1186:, pp. 1176–1177.
1089:De Gooi- en Eemlander
657:Japanese invaded Java
580:
330:Kapitein der Chinezen
324:Kapitein der Chinezen
2052:Dutch schoolteachers
1801:Brieven Tan-Schepers
1797:"De familie van Hok"
1633:Post, Peter (2019).
1380:. pp. 175–198.
1262:Locher-Scholten 2000
1220:Locher-Scholten 2000
618:; and the newspaper
616:Njonja Tjoa Hin Hoei
567:Vrouw en Gemeenschap
1476:. London, England:
1276:, pp. 193–194.
1264:, pp. 174–175.
815:, pp. 184–191.
798:, pp. 187–188.
766:, which arrived in
675:Entry into politics
639:Chung Hwa Fu Nu Hui
626:). Her articles in
346:Majoor der Chinezen
334:Chinese officership
172:Betsy Thung Sin Nio
49:Betsy Thung Sin Nio
1821:"Examen Hoofdakte"
1807:on 27 October 2019
1727:on 18 October 2019
1538:on 18 October 2019
1509:on 21 October 2019
681:Persatuan Tionghoa
583:
521:Rumah Sakit Husada
266:Persatuan Tionghoa
66:Thung, circa 1930s
2162:Dutch suffragists
1927:"Passagierslijst"
1673:978-981-4345-21-7
1644:978-94-6022-492-8
1625:978-0-7656-8017-4
1600:978-90-5356-403-5
1460:978-90-90-30249-2
1412:978-1-139-45655-5
1387:978-90-6718-139-6
1210:, pp. 90–91.
1198:, pp. 25–26.
972:, pp. 13–60.
958:van der Plas 2010
839:, pp. 67–71.
827:, pp. 28–31.
708:Thung settled in
295:Dutch East Indies
243:Dutch East Indies
169:
168:
139:Years active
116:Dutch, Indonesian
2179:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:"Ir, T.L. Tan.†"
1880:
1878:
1876:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1847:De Preanger-bode
1838:
1836:
1834:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1780:Haagsche Courant
1770:
1768:
1766:
1748:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1709:
1684:
1677:
1648:
1629:
1604:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:. Archived from
1518:
1516:
1514:
1491:
1475:
1464:
1445:
1416:
1391:
1355:
1352:Kloosterman 1997
1349:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1104:Haagsche Courant
1100:
1094:
1085:
1064:
1058:
1033:
1028:De Preanger-bode
1024:
1018:
1009:
1003:
994:
988:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
928:
922:
867:
861:
855:
849:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
799:
793:
772:
759:
728:Death and legacy
719:
625:
609:
605:
592:women's suffrage
560:
556:
529:
518:
496:Maria Montessori
481:
464:
392:
315:Thung Tjoen Ho,
247:women's suffrage
190:
181:
164:
100:
81:
79:
64:
45:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1889:De Sumatra Post
1883:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1843:"Handelsschool"
1841:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:"Chung Hwa Hui"
1773:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1651:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1528:huygens.knaw.nl
1521:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1488:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1419:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:, p. 1178.
1338:
1331:
1325:Staatsblad 1972
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:, p. 1177.
1170:
1145:
1134:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1067:
1063:, p. 1176.
1059:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1010:
1006:
995:
991:
983:De Sumatra Post
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
931:
923:
870:
862:
858:
850:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
811:
802:
794:
790:
786:
781:
776:
775:
760:
756:
751:
730:
706:
698:assimilationist
677:
628:Maandblad Istri
612:Maandblad Istri
575:
523:
513:
508:
458:
386:
305:(now Bogor), a
291:
274:assimilationist
202:family of the '
158:
154:
108:
102:
98:
89:
83:
77:
75:
67:
50:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1966:
1945:
1923:
1905:"Oost en West"
1901:
1881:
1859:
1839:
1817:
1793:
1771:
1749:
1737:
1710:
1692:(104): 65–89.
1685:
1672:
1649:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1580:
1548:
1519:
1492:
1486:
1465:
1459:
1446:
1417:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1327:, p. 325.
1317:
1315:, p. 138.
1305:
1303:, p. 294.
1293:
1278:
1274:Blackburn 2000
1266:
1254:
1250:Blackburn 2004
1239:
1224:
1222:, p. 174.
1212:
1208:Blackburn 2004
1200:
1188:
1176:
1143:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1065:
1034:
1019:
1004:
989:
974:
962:
929:
868:
856:
841:
829:
817:
800:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:
768:Tandjong Priok
753:
752:
750:
747:
745:in Amsterdam.
729:
726:
705:
702:
676:
673:
661:San Te Ie Juen
622:(Chinese:
602:(Chinese:
596:Fu Nu Tsa Chih
574:
571:
553:(Chinese:
551:Fu Nu Tsa Chih
512:
509:
507:
504:
478:(Chinese:
450:(Memories) by
381:paleontologist
290:
287:
167:
166:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
103:
101:(aged 93)
97:5 January 1996
95:
91:
90:
84:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1487:9780207949715
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:, p. 93.
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:, p. 13.
1140:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1001:
999:
993:
990:
986:
984:
978:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
869:
866:, p. 57.
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
783:
778:
769:
765:
758:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
727:
725:
723:
715:
711:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
621:
617:
613:
601:
597:
593:
588:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
561:) in 1932 in
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Chung Hwa Hui
536:
531:
527:
522:
510:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Chung Hwa Hui
477:
476:
475:Chung Hwa Hui
470:
468:
462:
457:
453:
452:Aletta Jacobs
449:
448:Herinneringen
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
411:
410:Handelsschool
405:
403:
402:Phoa Keng Hek
399:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Hua'an County
355:
351:
350:indirect rule
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:of Buitenzorg
325:
320:
319:of Buitenzorg
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Aletta Jacobs
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
189:Tāng Xīnniáng
185:
177:
173:
162:
157:
152:
151:Phoa Keng Hek
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:Occupation(s)
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:, Netherlands
106:
96:
92:
87:
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
22:
21:Thung Syn Neo
1980:. Retrieved
1973:
1958:. Retrieved
1951:
1937:. Retrieved
1930:
1915:. Retrieved
1908:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1873:. Retrieved
1866:
1851:. Retrieved
1846:
1831:. Retrieved
1824:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1800:
1785:. Retrieved
1778:
1763:. Retrieved
1756:
1744:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1718:
1689:
1680:Project MUSE
1658:
1634:
1616:M. E. Sharpe
1610:
1585:
1572:. Retrieved
1560:
1559:(in Dutch).
1556:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1527:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1500:
1471:
1450:
1425:
1421:
1397:
1373:
1361:Bibliography
1347:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1291:, p. 7.
1286:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1237:, p. 9.
1232:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1136:
1123:, p. 9.
1118:
1113:
1108:, p. 5.
1103:
1098:
1093:, p. 3.
1088:
1032:, p. 6.
1027:
1022:
1017:, p. 2.
1012:
1007:
1002:, p. 5.
997:
992:
982:
977:
965:
859:
832:
825:Haryono 2017
820:
813:Haryono 2017
796:Haryono 2017
791:
763:
757:
734:
731:
707:
678:
660:
654:
647:
643:Hutspot-club
642:
638:
634:
632:
627:
619:
611:
599:
595:
584:
566:
550:
542:
538:
532:
514:
499:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
447:
437:
429:
425:
419:
409:
406:
398:Gemeenteraad
397:
395:
376:
374:
345:
341:
337:
329:
322:
316:
307:hill station
292:
254:World War II
251:
233:, Thung met
228:
206:' gentry in
197:
187:
171:
170:
99:(1996-01-05)
42:
35:
28:Chinese name
2042:Cabang Atas
2007:1996 deaths
2002:1902 births
1895:28 November
1811:28 November
1574:28 November
1378:KITLV Press
1340:Salmon 2012
1313:Hughes 1968
1184:Salmon 2012
1172:Salmon 2012
1061:Salmon 2012
925:Kuiken 2017
524: [
459: [
387: [
384:Tan Sin Hok
299:Cabang Atas
231:Netherlands
204:Cabang Atas
159: [
156:Tan Sin Hok
113:Nationality
82:22 May 1902
32:family name
1996:Categories
1982:19 October
1960:19 October
1939:19 October
1917:20 October
1875:20 October
1853:19 October
1833:19 October
1787:19 October
1765:21 October
1731:19 October
1542:19 October
1513:21 October
998:Dag Nieuws
779:References
764:Indrapoera
690:Mao Zedong
500:Indrapoera
422:Jatinegara
303:Buitenzorg
289:Early life
212:bookkeeper
194:Indonesian
78:1902-05-22
1698:0019-7289
1690:Indonesia
1442:2104-3655
1301:Ness 1999
1196:Chan 1991
970:Post 2019
837:Seng 2017
784:Citations
710:Eindhoven
650:Volksraad
456:Kee Groot
356:from the
354:West Java
338:Luitenant
311:West Java
220:Rotterdam
199:Peranakan
147:Relatives
142:1930–1974
121:Education
105:Eindhoven
1826:Het Volk
1753:"Bazaar"
1569:64216119
1422:Archipel
1119:Het Volk
771:sisters.
686:Helsinki
342:Kapitein
165:(cousin)
153:(cousin)
26:In this
669:Jakarta
587:Salemba
519:) (now
424:at the
414:Cianjur
262:Jakarta
258:Jakarta
252:During
208:Batavia
176:Chinese
86:Batavia
1704:
1696:
1670:
1641:
1622:
1597:
1567:
1484:
1457:
1440:
1409:
1384:
620:Sin Po
600:Fu Len
563:Malang
506:Career
362:Fujian
186::
184:pinyin
178::
30:, the
1741:"325"
1720:Atria
1702:JSTOR
1502:Atria
749:Notes
528:]
463:]
434:Bogor
391:]
366:China
283:China
163:]
37:Thung
1984:2019
1962:2019
1941:2019
1919:2019
1897:2019
1877:2019
1855:2019
1835:2019
1813:2019
1789:2019
1767:2019
1733:2019
1694:ISSN
1668:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1576:2019
1565:OCLC
1544:2019
1515:2019
1482:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1438:ISSN
1407:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1289:1941
1235:1941
1139:1930
1121:1928
1106:1926
1091:1933
1030:1920
1015:1918
1000:1916
985:1923
559:林三昌王
555:妇女杂志
344:and
94:Died
72:Born
1430:doi
610:);
608:王碧华
517:养生院
480:中华会
360:of
309:in
218:in
180:汤新娘
55:汤新娘
34:is
1998::
1972:.
1929:.
1907:.
1887:.
1865:.
1845:.
1823:.
1799:.
1777:.
1755:.
1743:.
1717:.
1700:.
1618:.
1593:.
1561:59
1555:.
1526:.
1499:.
1480:.
1436:.
1426:42
1424:.
1405:.
1332:^
1242:^
1146:^
1128:^
1068:^
1037:^
932:^
871:^
844:^
803:^
718:云山
624:新报
604:妇人
598:;
526:id
461:nl
389:id
364:,
340:,
182:;
161:id
1986:.
1964:.
1943:.
1921:.
1899:.
1879:.
1857:.
1837:.
1815:.
1791:.
1769:.
1735:.
1708:.
1676:.
1647:.
1628:.
1603:.
1578:.
1517:.
1490:.
1463:.
1444:.
1432::
1415:.
1390:.
1354:.
987:.
960:.
927:.
854:.
174:(
80:)
76:(
40:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
