410:
398:
1015:
421:
1104:, a British civil servant who was posted to Tibet, recommended the militarisation of Tibet and the recruitment of 15,000 soldiers to guard against "foreign foes and internal disturbances". The Tibetans eventually resolved to build a 20,000 man army, at a rate of 500 new recruits per year. Bell told the Tibetan government that when China governed Tibet, it did so on terms not favourable to Tibet, and had tried to extend its influence over the Himalayan states (
60:
333:
251:
89:
316:. The Dalai and Panchen Lamas exchanged many hostile letters during the latter's exile about the authority of the central Tibetan government. Many monks perceived the Panchen's exile as a consequence of the Dalai Lama's militarisation and secularisation of Tibet. The Dalai Lama himself grew gradually more distrustful of the military upon hearing rumours in 1924 of a
1120:. Also, Britain wanted a "barrier against Bolshevist influence". Under this reasoning, Bell proposed to the British government that Tibet be able to import munitions from India yearly; that the British government would provide training and equipment to Tibet; that British mining prospectors could inspect Tibet; and that an English school be established in
532:, the PLA attack could have been to either put pressure on the Kashag or to test the Tibetan defence forces. Following repeated Tibetan refusals to negotiate, the PLA advanced toward Chamdo, where most of the Tibetan Army was garrisoned. The army's ability to resist the PLA was severely limited by its inadequate equipment, the hostility of the local
1064:
However, the
British were loath to create a too powerful Tibetan army, because of Tibet's irredentistic claims on British Indian territory. The Indians were also irritated with Tibet's large outstanding debts for purchased arms, and hesitated to fulfill additional Tibetan requests for arms until
286:
sect of
Tibetan Buddhism, who feared British Christian and secular influence in the army, and who fought the defunding and taxing of the monasteries to feed military expenditures. The monasteries had populations rivaling Tibet's largest cities, and had their own armies of
428:
The
Tibetan Army held the dominant military strength within political Tibet from 1912, owing to Chinese weakness because of the Japanese occupation of part of eastern China. With the assistance of British training, it aimed to conquer territories inhabited by
496:
rifles. In addition to these troops, who were mostly located along Tibet's eastern border, there was also Lhasa's garrison. The garrison included the Dalai Lhama's
Bodyguard Regiment of 600 soldiers, who were trained by British advisors, 400
2351:
270:
in 1911. During the revolutionary turmoil, the Dalai Lama had attempted to raise a volunteer army to expel all the ethnic
Chinese from Lhasa, but failed, in large part because of the opposition of pro-Chinese monks, especially from the
1155:. The army, in particular, had Japanese, Chinese, and British influence, although the British influence was of such an extent that the Tibetan officers gave their commands in English, and the Tibetan band played tunes including "
1225:
The 5th Dmag-Sgar, though it remained after 1951, was disbanded in 1957 because of the financial crisis of the
Tibetan administration. The 9th Dmag-Sgar, which fought in the Battle of Chamdo, was incorporated into the
233:
shortly after he proclaimed the independence of Tibet in 1912, and was modernised with the assistance of
British training and equipment. It was dissolved by the Chinese government following the failed
2316:
2311:
449:
with
Britain was designed to settle Tibet's internal and external border issues, but for various reasons, including the refusal by the Chinese to accept it, warfare continued over territory in Kham.
2966:
1041:
treasury into its military, buying arms and ammunition from the
British government, as well as the service of Indian military instructors. For an additional 100,000 rupees, the Kashag purchased 38
312:, who refused the Dalai Lama's requests to fund the Tibetan Army from the monasteries in the Panchen's domain. In 1923, the Dalai Lama deployed troops to capture him, and so he secretly fled to
2341:
3078:
2126:
1215:
254:
Before the reforms of the 13th Dalai Lama, Tibetan warfare was still antiquated. This armoured horseman, photographed in 1903 or 1904, wields a spear, sword, and matchlock musket.
536:, and the behavior of the Tibetan government. At first, government officials did not react at all upon being informed of the Chinese advance, and then commanded Chamdo commander
324:
assumed the head of government. The
Tibetan Army was bolstered in 1937 by the perceived threat of the return of the Panchen Lama, who had brought arms back from eastern China.
362:
on Tibet's high mountains, and sought to resolve Tibet's political status by negotiations. The Tibetan government stalled and delayed negotiations while bolstering its army.
1005:
11th to 17th Dmag-Sgar were formed from 1932 to 1949 and equipped with outdated weapons, e.g. swords, spears, pistols, Russian muskets, and a few submachineguns and rifles
2666:
2572:
1250:
The 9th Mdav-Dpon Infantry Regiment remained in the PLA order of battle until April 1970, when the regiment was officially disbanded. The regiment took part in the
409:
2283:
1026:
During the army's initial formation, the Tibetan government established domestic arms industries as part of a series of modernization reforms. However, by the
509:. Furthermore, the Tibetan Army had access to great numbers of locally raised village militias. These militias were often only armed with medieval weapons or
2671:
358:
had consolidated control over most of eastern China, and sought to bring peripheral areas such as Tibet back into the fold. China was aware of the threat of
397:
365:
In 1950, the Kashag embarked on a series of internal reforms, led by Indian-educated officials. One of these reforms allowed the Kashag's military chiefs,
2699:
2263:
2547:
2131:
1014:
464:, allowing the Tibetan army to defeat the Sichuan forces and conquer the region. The Tibetan Army was involved in numerous border battles against the
2248:
1989:
1932:
1202:
people from Lhasa. The expulsion prompted Chinese accusations of a plot to turn Tibet into a British colony, and a consequent vow to "liberate" it.
420:
373:, to act independently of the government. Although the Kashag appointed a "Governor of Kham", the Tibetan Army did not have effective control over
293:("warrior monks"). As a result, those monks who feared modernisation (associated with Britain) turned to China, which being the residence of the
2929:
2040:
1886:
3088:
1757:
2611:
2121:
445:, however, strained its vital relations with Britain and then independent India, and then China's relationship with the latter. The 1914
305:
of 1921, fearing violent confrontation between the monks and the Tibetan Army, which was eventually barred from Lhasa to keep the peace.
1092:. By 1949, 2500 Tibetan Army troops were stationed in Chamdo alone, and enlistment there increased by recruiting from Khampa militias.
3073:
2226:
2181:
1842:
1808:
1557:
1520:
1473:
1438:
1405:
513:, and of negligible military value. Nevertheless, they could hold their ground against the Chinese militias employed by the warlords.
473:
3083:
2253:
1733:
1380:
1340:
1076:(Qiangtang) and Chamdo. In 1937, the Tibetan Army had 20 detachments along its eastern frontier comprising 10,000 troops with 5000
2166:
488:. The Tibetan Army continued to expand its modern forces in the following years, and had about 5,000 regular soldiers armed with
2206:
3043:
2924:
2758:
1899:
2601:
2567:
2376:
1979:
1665:
1637:
1597:
1190:(Kashag) with a list of demands for the restoration of effective Chinese sovereignty. Following the advice of British consul
313:
2616:
2417:
1140:
2273:
381:
had long resisted central control from Lhasa. As a result, Tibetan officials feared the local people, in addition to the
3017:
2621:
2463:
2102:
351:
2424:
2216:
2176:
1922:
263:
1244:
1227:
382:
31:
1746:
Travers, Alice. "A New Visual Identity: the Modernisation of the Tibetan army under British Influence (1913–1938)".
2704:
2633:
2626:
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2151:
1879:
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3093:
2496:
2487:
2371:
2361:
2161:
1984:
1937:
1171:
1046:
528:
ordered a contingent of 500 armed monks and 200 Khampa militiamen to recapture Dengo. According to the historian
2052:
2022:
1994:
2833:
2346:
1653:
320:, which was supposedly designed to strip him of his temporal power. In 1933, the 13th Dalai Lama died, and two
424:
Tibetan army officers enjoying a break with Tibetan salted-butter tea during a 1938 New Year's military parade
1859:
1128:
1061:, and 100,000 rounds of Sten gun ammunition. From India, the Kashag bought 3.5 million rounds of ammunition.
366:
297:, portrayed itself as an ally to the Tibetan conservatives. Residents evacuated the city of Lhasa during the
3000:
2661:
2559:
2412:
2407:
1927:
1247:. After the uprising, all remaining Tibetan Army units were disbanded, marking the end of the Tibetan Army.
355:
35:
1747:
2331:
2290:
1830:
1191:
298:
2241:
2201:
2109:
226:
139:
94:
2994:
2850:
2845:
2822:
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2268:
2156:
2089:
2032:
1872:
1834:
1251:
1240:
1069:
234:
218:
161:
2594:
2326:
2231:
2004:
537:
370:
344:
321:
302:
267:
2805:
2638:
2336:
2278:
2047:
1426:
1267:
1101:
525:
446:
517:
2981:
2946:
2763:
2733:
2579:
2448:
2391:
2191:
2186:
2171:
1144:
149:
1152:
2956:
2743:
2738:
2321:
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2211:
2196:
1838:
1804:
1753:
1729:
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1633:
1593:
1553:
1516:
1469:
1434:
1401:
1376:
1336:
1167:
1156:
1105:
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rifles in 1936. These troops were supported by an equal number of militiamen armed with older
480:
by the KMT forces limited all meaningful political control of the Tibetan government over the
359:
317:
272:
3036:
2936:
2887:
2870:
2753:
2687:
2527:
2356:
2258:
2236:
1907:
1461:
1328:
1211:
1027:
987:
976:
964:
541:
477:
309:
294:
157:
153:
1218:, the Tibetan Army kept its remaining force. By 1958 the Tibetan Army was composed of five
1077:
1019:
651:
520:, ninety miles from Chamdo. 50 PLA soldiers captured Dengo, which gave strategic access to
493:
489:
2951:
2941:
2838:
2477:
2472:
2458:
2221:
2084:
2072:
1966:
1953:
1545:
1255:
1183:
1148:
259:
230:
188:
1121:
505:
regulars who were supposed to act as artillerymen, though they only had two functioning
3052:
3007:
2987:
2913:
2855:
1971:
1818:
1508:
1160:
1132:
995:
529:
457:
430:
413:
Tibetan soldiers and an army officer at a 1938 New Year's military parade near Lhasa's
337:
210:
3067:
2961:
2429:
1373:
Tears of the Lotus: Accounts of Tibetan Resistance to the Chinese Invasion, 1950-1962
1136:
1042:
1038:
485:
461:
414:
386:
681:
332:
279:, to counter "the internal threats to his government as well as the external ones".
275:. The Dalai Lama proceeded to raise a professional army, led by his trusted advisor
2919:
2875:
2865:
2817:
2812:
2795:
2443:
1058:
506:
59:
1773:
2900:
2895:
1590:
The History of Tibet: The modern period: 1895-1959, the encounter with modernity
1199:
1195:
1117:
773:
591:
498:
442:
434:
250:
3012:
2800:
2606:
2522:
2097:
1961:
948:
906:
860:
465:
176:
1127:
The government of Tibet had many foreigners in its employ, including Britons
2768:
2482:
2062:
1081:
1073:
687:
657:
627:
623:
510:
469:
1194:, the Kashag summoned Tibetan Army troops on 8 July 1949 from Shigatse and
751:
729:
456:(Qamdo) from 1918, after it fell to Tibetan forces; during this time, the
441:
from the Chinese in 1917. Its claim to adjacent territories controlled by
17:
2438:
2017:
1178:. The mission repeatedly attempted to reestablish the office of the Qing
1054:
1050:
927:
795:
661:
631:
597:
521:
402:
340:
1335:. University of California Press. pp. 104, 113, 120, 131–135, 138.
756:
4 mountain guns, 2 heavy machineguns, 40 LMGs, 400 British-built rifles
2906:
2860:
2775:
2067:
817:
378:
289:
276:
193:
1749:
Marching into View: The Tibetan Army in Historic Photographs 1895–1959
1515:. Columbia University Press. pp. 5–6, 8–9, 11–15, 26, 31, 38–40.
2785:
2434:
2317:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2312:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2077:
1826:
1800:
1513:
The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1949
1333:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
1187:
1113:
1109:
1089:
453:
516:
The Tibetan Army's first encounter with the PLA was in May 1950 at
2971:
2790:
2780:
2653:
2342:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1895:
1179:
1175:
1085:
1034:
1030:, British imports largely trumped over domestically-made weapons.
885:
864:
839:
617:
587:
419:
408:
396:
331:
283:
249:
135:
1864:
2517:
2512:
2012:
707:
533:
502:
481:
438:
374:
1868:
2748:
1466:
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
1084:. Smaller battalions were stationed in Lhasa, and adjacent to
1049:; 14,000 2-inch mortar bombs; 14,000 3-inch mortar bombs, 294
1222:(regiments); the 1st to 4th Dmag-Sgar and the 6th Dmag-Sgar.
734:
6 cannons, 2 heavy machineguns, 10 LMGs, 15 SMGs, 400 rifles
1611:
1609:
343:
of the Tibetan Army taken in the 1930s (before 1935) by
1304:
1302:
1300:
1124:. By October 1921, all of the proposals were accepted.
2367:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2352:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1468:. University of California Press. pp. 41, 44–45.
1216:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2886:
2722:
2686:
2652:
2546:
2505:
2390:
2299:
2142:
1946:
1915:
1906:
596:8 mountain guns, 4 heavy machineguns, 46 LMGs, 200
182:
172:
167:
145:
131:
109:
101:
81:
73:
45:
1433:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 185–188, 190–191.
282:The internal threats were mainly officials of the
3079:Military units and formations established in 1912
1660:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 83–90.
1170:, which had effectively controlled Tibet, to the
800:42 light/heavy machineguns, 15 SMGs, 500 rifles
258:The Tibetan Army was established in 1913 by the
452:The military authority of Tibet was located in
1774:http://roll.sohu.com/20110521/n308165420.shtml
1230:(PLA) as the 9th Mdav-Dpon Infantry Regiment (
1002:), means "illness", so the number was dropped.
2284:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
1880:
1715:
1713:
1231:
229:from 1913 to 1959. It was established by the
8:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1033:In 1950, the government also poured 400,000
600:, 600 British-built rifles, several pistols
1797:The Bitter Peace. Conflict in China 1928–37
1719:巴桑罗布: 藏军若千问题初探, 《中国藏学》 , 1992 (S1) :160-174
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1239:All but the 3rd Dmag-Sgar took part in the
308:The Army also received opposition from the
2726:
2692:
2552:
2400:
2396:
1912:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1704:
1692:
1632:. Wuzhou Chuanbo Publishing. p. 136.
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1182:, interfered with the enthronement of the
58:
983:) means the commander of a military unit.
712:2 heavy machineguns, 40 LMGs, 325 rifles
540:to flee. At this point, the Tibetan Army
1583:
1581:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1013:
551:
1284:
971:) is equivalent to a regiment, while a
822:42 light/heavy machineguns, 500 rifles
778:42 light/heavy machineguns, 500 rifles
437:, and it successfully captured western
27:Armed forces of Tibet from 1913 to 1959
2041:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1680:
1630:The Historical Status of China's Tibet
1615:
1572:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1308:
1291:
42:
2122:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1068:In infrastructure, Lhasa established
262:, who had fled Tibet during the 1904
7:
2249:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1375:. McFarland. pp. 31–34, 38–39.
1252:suppression on 1959 Tibetan uprising
64:Purported flag of the Tibetan Army,
656:14 cannons, 4 heavy machineguns, 4
2227:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2182:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
25:
2264:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2254:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1065:previous supplies were paid for.
2372:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2362:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1552:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 79–81.
1236:) of the Tibet Military Region.
1174:, a Chinese mission remained in
1072:across the borderlands, such as
460:were occupied with fighting the
87:
2347:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1592:. Routledge. pp. 275–276.
1400:. Macmillan. pp. 183–184.
1188:Tibetan aristocratic government
622:8 mountain guns, 8 mortars, 12
268:fall of the Qing power in Tibet
2602:Patron and priest relationship
2568:Central Tibetan Administration
2377:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1658:Resistance and Reform in Tibet
686:1 heavy machinegun, 9 LMGs, 1
1:
2967:Historical and cultural sites
2332:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
542:disintegrated and surrendered
121:
113:
65:
3089:1912 establishments in Tibet
2307:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
352:Chinese Communist Revolution
266:and returned only after the
2327:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2217:British expedition to Tibet
2207:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2177:Battle of the Salween River
1398:Tibet: The Secret Continent
634:, 900 British-built rifles
264:British expedition to Tibet
3110:
2700:Postage and postal history
2152:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1795:Jowett, Philip S. (2017).
1550:The Making of Modern Tibet
1047:Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortars
478:defeat of the Tibetan Army
225:) was the armed forces of
118:(including militias, 1934)
29:
3074:Military history of Tibet
3030:
2729:
2695:
2555:
2403:
2399:
2162:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1772:宋继琢：在起义藏军九代本担任军代表的日子(图),
1656:; Akiner, Shirin (1994).
1243:and were defeated by the
1232:
999:
980:
968:
214:
57:
50:
3084:Former armies by country
2560:Tibet Autonomous Region
2322:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2274:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1396:Peissel, Michel (2003).
1371:McCarthy, Roger (1997).
1245:People's Liberation Army
1228:People's Liberation Army
1168:fall of the Qing Dynasty
484:region beyond the Upper
383:People's Liberation Army
350:By the time of the 1949
32:People's Liberation Army
2667:TAR People's Government
2627:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2167:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
1803:: Amberley Publishing.
1172:1949 Chinese Revolution
1018:Tibetan soldier with a
986:The 12th letter in the
664:, 32 SMGs, 1000 rifles
385:(PLA) across the Upper
367:Surkhang Wangchen Gelek
356:Chinese Communist Party
36:Tibet Military District
34:garrison in Tibet, see
2337:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2291:Special Frontier Force
1831:New Haven, Connecticut
1431:Tibet Past and Present
1070:wireless base stations
1057:; 1,500,000 rounds of
1023:
690:, 15 SMGs, 500 rifles
425:
417:
406:
347:
299:Monlam Prayer Festival
255:
194:Tsarong Dazang Dramdul
2710:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2705:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2672:TAR People's Congress
2644:India–Tibet relations
2617:Independence movement
2269:1959 Tibetan uprising
2157:Battle of Dafei River
2005:Era of Fragmentation
1835:Yale University Press
1628:Wang, Jiawei (1997).
1241:1959 Tibetan uprising
1017:
942:Cavalry and Infantry
921:Cavalry and Infantry
900:Cavalry and Infantry
879:Cavalry and Infantry
854:Cavalry and Infantry
811:Cavalry and Infantry
789:Cavalry and Infantry
767:Cavalry and Infantry
745:Cavalry and Infantry
701:Cavalry and Infantry
675:Cavalry and Infantry
645:Cavalry and Infantry
611:Cavalry and Infantry
548:Order of Battle, 1950
423:
412:
400:
335:
253:
235:1959 Tibetan uprising
173:Ceremonial chief
162:1959 Tibetan uprising
105:Armed forces of Tibet
3018:Traditional medicine
2232:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2053:Relations with Ming
2023:Relations with Song
1995:Relations with Tang
1933:European exploration
1707:, pp. 211, 212.
1683:, pp. 243, 246.
1588:McKay, Alex (2003).
1186:, and presented the
538:Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
401:Tibetan soldiers in
371:Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
345:Frederick Williamson
303:Butter Lamp Festival
2662:Regional Government
2639:CIA Tibetan program
2622:Serfdom controversy
2506:Traditional regions
2357:Simla Accord (1914)
2279:2008 Tibetan unrest
2103:List of Qing ambans
2048:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1695:, pp. 209–212.
1268:Dogan Penjor Rabgye
1102:Charles Alfred Bell
1053:, 1260 rifles; 168
526:Lhalu Tsewang Dorje
2976:(ceremonial scarf)
2947:Dzong architecture
2764:Imperial Preceptor
2634:Sovereignty debate
2580:Etymology of Tibet
2192:Lhasa riot of 1750
2187:Jinchuan campaigns
2172:Battle of Dartsedo
2090:Qing dynasty rule
2033:Yuan dynasty rule
2007:(9th–13th century)
1752:. pp. 55–99.
1151:; and the Russian
1145:Peter Aufschnaiter
1024:
524:. After ten days,
433:but controlled by
426:
418:
407:
348:
256:
150:Bai Lang Rebellion
3061:
3060:
3026:
3025:
2718:
2717:
2682:
2681:
2585:Foreign relations
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2386:
2385:
2242:Qinghai–Tibet War
2212:Sikkim expedition
2202:Dogra–Tibetan War
2197:Sino-Nepalese War
2132:political leaders
2110:Post-Qing to 1950
2063:Rinpungpa dynasty
1974:(7th–9th century)
1759:978-3-942527-14-9
1705:van Schaik (2013)
1693:van Schaik (2013)
1462:Goldstein, Melvyn
1329:Goldstein, Melvyn
1198:to expel all the
1157:God Save the King
956:
955:
474:Republic of China
360:guerrilla warfare
273:Drepung Monastery
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
3101:
3094:Disbanded armies
3046:
3039:
2977:
2754:Tibetan Buddhism
2727:
2693:
2563:
2553:
2401:
2397:
2259:Battle of Chamdo
2237:Sino-Tibetan War
2093:
2056:
2036:
2026:
2008:
1998:
1985:List of emperors
1975:
1957:
1938:Historical money
1913:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1848:
1823:Tibet: A History
1814:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1728:廖立: 中国藏军, 2007,
1726:
1720:
1717:
1708:
1702:
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1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
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1059:.303 ammunition
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613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
507:mountain guns
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
486:Yangtze River
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:British India
440:
436:
432:
422:
416:
415:Potala Palace
411:
404:
399:
392:
390:
388:
387:Yangtze River
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
346:
342:
339:
336:Photo of the
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
252:
245:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:དམག་དཔུང་བོད་
212:
208:
202:Military unit
195:
190:
187:
181:
178:
175:
171:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
84:
80:
76:
72:
61:
56:
52:དམག་དཔུང་བོད་
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2993:
2986:
2972:
2920:sand mandala
2912:
2905:
2846:Sinicization
2818:Panchen Lama
2813:Lhamo La-tso
2796:Ganden Tripa
2590:Human rights
2464:Grand Canyon
2444:Namcha Barwa
2437: /
2115:Tibetan Army
2114:
2013:Guge kingdom
1822:
1796:
1768:
1748:
1741:
1724:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1657:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1589:
1568:
1549:
1512:
1465:
1430:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1332:
1287:
1249:
1238:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1165:
1143:; Austrians
1129:Reginald Fox
1126:
1099:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1025:
991:
972:
960:
561:Combat Arms
558:Designation
515:
451:
447:Simla Accord
427:
364:
349:
307:
288:
281:
257:
222:
207:Tibetan Army
206:
204:
46:Tibetan Army
40:
2930:wall murals
2834:Catholicism
2418:Environment
2092:(1720–1912)
2055:(1368–1644)
2035:(1270–1350)
1956:(Neolithic)
1954:Prehistory
1829:, England;
1788:Cited works
1736:, p.353-355
1200:Han Chinese
1078:Lee–Enfield
1020:Lee–Metford
592:Norbulingka
499:Gendarmerie
494:Lee–Metford
490:Lee–Enfield
196:(1912–1925)
191:(1912–1933)
146:Engagements
132:Garrison/HQ
3068:Categories
3013:Tibetology
2982:Literature
2801:Dalai Lama
2654:Government
2612:Tibet Area
2607:Golden Urn
2573:Parliament
2098:Lifan Yuan
2025:(960–1279)
1962:Zhangzhung
1947:Chronology
1667:1850651612
1639:7801133048
1599:0415308445
1274:References
1220:dmag-sgars
1210:After the
1206:After 1951
1153:Nedbailoff
1082:Lewis guns
949:Sog County
907:Sog County
861:Lhari Town
723:Artillery
658:Lewis guns
628:Maxim guns
624:Lewis guns
564:Personnel
511:matchlocks
501:, and 600
466:Kuomintang
241:Objectives
185:commanders
177:Dalai Lama
168:Commanders
18:Tibet Army
2995:Chronicle
2957:Festivals
2769:Dpon-chen
2739:Languages
2734:Education
2483:Changtang
2425:Mountains
2392:Geography
2300:Documents
2145:conflicts
1997:(618–907)
1916:Overviews
1279:Citations
1166:From the
1100:In 1914,
1074:Changtang
1055:Sten guns
1051:Bren guns
1037:from the
1010:Armaments
973:mdav-dpon
961:dmag-sgar
833:Security
688:Lewis gun
662:Bren LMGs
632:Sten SMGs
598:Sten SMGs
570:Armament
567:Garrison
555:Codename
470:Ma Clique
77:1913–1959
3053:Category
2937:Calendar
2871:Diaspora
2744:Religion
2548:Politics
2449:Tanggula
2439:Changtse
2143:Wars and
2018:Tsongkha
1980:Timeline
1923:Timeline
1900:articles
1821:(2013).
1548:(1996).
1511:(1999).
1464:(1999).
1429:(1992).
1331:(1991).
1262:See also
1254:and the
1214:and the
1096:Advisors
928:Shigatse
796:Mangkang
774:Zhag'yab
581:Cavalry
403:Shigatse
379:warlords
341:regiment
328:External
314:Mongolia
290:dob-dobs
246:Internal
3037:Outline
3001:writers
2942:Cuisine
2907:thangka
2888:Culture
2861:Changpa
2776:Nyingma
2723:Society
2688:Economy
2523:Ü-Tsang
2497:Valleys
2455:Rivers
2430:Kailash
1990:Lönchen
1972:Empire
1908:History
1860:TibArmy
1783:Sources
1233:第9代本步兵团
1159:" and "
1122:Gyangze
996:Tibetan
977:Chinese
965:Chinese
936:Tsadam
873:Phadam
818:Jiangda
805:Thadam
761:Nyadam
717:Chadam
682:Dêngqên
669:Ngadam
605:Khadam
534:Khampas
338:Drapchi
322:regents
277:Tsarong
211:Tibetan
183:Notable
124:10,000
116:40,000
82:Country
2988:Annals
2952:Emblem
2914:tsakli
2786:Jonang
2435:Lhotse
2379:(2008)
2078:Kashag
1898:
1841:
1827:London
1807:
1801:Stroud
1756:
1732:
1664:
1636:
1596:
1556:
1519:
1472:
1437:
1404:
1379:
1339:
1196:Dingri
1139:, and
1114:Ladakh
1110:Bhutan
1106:Sikkim
1090:Ladakh
1039:Potala
1035:rupees
979::
967::
915:Madam
894:Badam
848:Padam
827:Dadam
783:Tadam
752:Riwoqê
739:Jadam
730:Riwoqê
695:Cadam
639:Gadam
575:Kadam
454:Chamdo
405:(1938)
354:, the
126:(1936)
92:
74:Active
3044:Index
3008:Music
2973:Khata
2876:Names
2866:Yolmo
2839:Islam
2791:Gelug
2781:Kagyu
2759:Sakya
2562:(TAR)
2528:Ngari
2413:Fauna
2408:Flora
1896:Tibet
1180:Amban
1176:Lhasa
1086:Nepal
1045:; 63
886:Lhasa
865:Lhasa
857:1500
840:Lhasa
652:Sibda
648:1000
618:Lhasa
614:1000
588:Lhasa
584:1000
522:Jiegu
518:Dengo
284:Gelug
227:Tibet
219:Wylie
140:Tibet
136:Lhasa
95:Tibet
2962:Flag
2901:rugs
2823:list
2806:list
2595:LGBT
2518:Kham
2513:Amdo
1839:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1147:and
1088:and
945:500
924:500
903:500
882:500
863:and
836:500
814:500
792:500
770:500
748:500
726:500
708:Naqu
704:500
678:500
626:, 4
590:and
503:Kham
482:Kham
468:and
439:Kham
375:Kham
369:and
301:and
205:The
110:Size
102:Role
68:1945
2896:Art
2749:Bon
1163:".
3070::
1837:.
1833::
1825:.
1799:.
1712:^
1608:^
1580:^
1531:^
1484:^
1449:^
1416:^
1351:^
1316:^
1299:^
1258:.
1135:,
1131:,
1112:,
1108:,
998::
992:Na
990:,
981:代本
969:玛噶
959:A
544:.
389:.
237:.
221::
217:,
213::
138:,
122:c.
114:c.
66:c.
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1847:.
1813:.
1762:.
1670:.
1642:.
1602:.
1562:.
1525:.
1478:.
1443:.
1410:.
1385:.
1345:.
1000:ན
994:(
975:(
963:(
209:(
38:.
20:)
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