2023:
1238:
129:
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2006:
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1991:
1381:) was appointed to replace him. In 692, the Tibetans lost the Tarim Basin to the Chinese. Gar Tridring Tsendrö defeated the Chinese in battle in 696 and sued for peace. Two years later in 698 emperor Tridu Songtsen reportedly invited the Gar clan (who numbered more than 2000 people) to a hunting party and had them massacred. Gar Tridring Tsendrö then committed suicide, and his troops joined the Chinese. This brought to an end the influence of the Gar.
1770:
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109:
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1079:
612:
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1514:) to the Türgesh Qaghan. The Chinese allied with the Caliphate to attack the Türgesh. After victory and peace with the Türgesh, the Chinese attacked the Tibetan army. The Tibetans suffered several defeats in the east, despite strength in the west. The Türgesh empire collapsed from internal strife. In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za (
3427:
2065:
gold, silver, copper, and tin. The natives generally follow their flocks to pasture and have no fixed dwelling-place. They have, however, some walled cities. The capital of the state is called the city of
Lohsieh. The houses are all flat-roofed and often reach to the height of several tens of feet. The men of rank live in large felt tents, which are called
949:
correspond to the subsequent dissolution of the unified empire period, after which semi-autonomous polities of chieftains, minor kings and queens, and those surviving
Tibetan Buddhist polities evolved once again into autonomous independent polities, similar to those polities also documented in the Tibetan Empire's nearer frontier region of Do Kham (
36:
1623:
negotiated an agreement of friendship with Tibet and other powers to allow free trade in the region. An attempt at a peace treaty between Tibet and China was made in 787, but hostilities were to last until the Sino-Tibetan treaty of 821 was inscribed in Lhasa in 823 (see below). At the same time, the
948:
The empire period then corresponded to the reigns of Tibet's three 'Religious Kings', which includes King
Rapalchen's reign. After Rapalchen's murder, King Lang darma nearly destroyed Tibetan Buddhism through his widespread targeting of Nyingma monasteries and monastic practitioners. His undertakings
2292:
Chen, Zhitong; Liu, Jianbao; Rühland, Kathleen M.; Zhang, Jifeng; Zhang, Ke; Kang, Wengang; Chen, Shengqian; Wang, Rong; Zhang, Haidong; Smol, John P. (2023-10-01). "Collapse of the
Tibetan Empire attributed to climatic shifts: Paleolimnological evidence from the western Tibetan Plateau". Quaternary
1919:
The soldiers of the
Tibetan Empire wore armour such as lamellar and chainmail, and were proficient in the use of swords and lances. According to the Tibetan author Tashi Namgyal, writing in 1524, the history of lamellar armour in Tibet was divided into three distinct periods. The oldest armour dated
891:
to Lhasa by the 33rd king
Songsten Gampo, and into the Red Fort during the imperial period which continued to the 9th century. The beginning of the imperial period is marked in the reign of the 33rd king of the Yarlung dynasty, Songtsen Gampo. The power of Tibet's military empire gradually increased
2064:
They grow no rice but have black oats, red pulse, barley, and buckwheat. The principal domestic animals are the yak, pig, dog, sheep, and horse. There are flying squirrels, sembling in shape those of our own country, but as large as cats, the fur of which is used for clothes. They have abundance of
1499:
became increasingly prominent during 710–720. The
Tibetans were allied with the Türgesh. Tibet and China fought on and off in the late 720s. At first Tibet (with Türgesh allies) had the upper hand, but then they started losing battles. After a rebellion in southern China and a major Tibetan victory
1968:
The
Tibetan Empire's officers were not employed full-time and were only called upon on an ad hoc basis. These warriors were designated by a golden arrow seven inches long which signified their office. The officers gathered once a year to swear an oath of fealty. They assembled every three years to
1937:
The men and horses all wear chain mail armor. Its workmanship is extremely fine. It envelops them completely, leaving openings only for the two eyes. Thus, strong bows and sharp swords cannot injure them. When they do battle, they must dismount and array themselves in ranks. When one dies, another
1584:
in 751, which would last until 763. In contrast, Trisong Detsän's reign was characterised by the reassertion of
Tibetan influence in Central Asia. Early in his reign regions to the West of Tibet paid homage to the Tibetan court. From that time onward the Tibetans pressed into the territory of the
1050:
in the later
Tibetan historical sources, is significant in that it is used to refer to a conquered region. In other words, the ancient name Bod originally referred only to a part of the Tibetan Plateau, a part which, together with Rtsaṅ (Tsang, in Tibetan now spelled Gtsaṅ) has come to be called
1037:
in the early 7th century and eventually conquered it. He gained control of all the area around what is now Lhasa, before his assassination around 618. This new-born regional state would later become known as the "Tibetan Empire". The government of Namri Songtsen sent two embassies to the Chinese
932:
Before the empire period, sacred Buddhist relics were discovered by the Yarlung dynasty's 28th king, Iha-tho-tho-ri (Thori Nyatsen), and then safeguarded. Later, Tibet marked the advent of its empire period under King Songsten Gampo, while Buddhism initially spread into Tibet after the king's
960:
Other unreferenced ideas about the dissolution of the empire period include: The varied terrain of the empire and the difficulty of transportation, coupled with the new ideas that came into the empire as a result of its expansion, helped to create stresses and power blocs that were often in
1824:
Tibet continued to be a major Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century. It was under the reign of Ralpacan that the political power of Tibet was at its greatest extent, stretching as far as Mongolia and Bengal, and entering into treaties with China on a mutual basis.
1905:
A civil war that arose over Langdarma's successor led to the collapse of the Tibetan Empire. The period that followed, known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, was dominated by rebellions against the remnants of imperial Tibet and the rise of regional warlords.
1938:
takes his place. To the end, they are not willing to retreat. Their lances are longer and thinner than those in China. Their archery is weak but their armor is strong. The men always use swords; when they are not at war they still go about carrying swords.
1175:
in what is now Western Tibet. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped her brother to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate Zhangzhung into the Tibetan Empire. In 645, Songtsen Gampo overran the kingdom of Zhangzhung.
1205:
with a very large army (according to Tibetan sources 100,000; according to the Chinese more than 200,000 men). He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused,
2069:. The rooms in which they live are filthily dirty, and they never comb their hair nor wash. They join their hands to hold wine, and make plates of felt, and knead dough into cups, which they fill with broth and cream and eat the whole together.
1164:) departed China in 640 to marry Songtsen Gampo's son. She arrived a year later. This is traditionally credited with being the first time that Buddhism came to Tibet, but it is very unlikely Buddhism extended beyond foreigners at the court.
1628:, nominal allies of the Tang emperors, continued to make difficulties along Tibet's Northern border. Toward the end of this king's reign Uyghur victories in the North caused the Tibetans to lose a number of their allies in the Southeast.
1113:
The Chinese records mention an envoy to Tibet in 634. On that occasion, the Tibetan Emperor requested (demanded according to Tibetan sources) marriage to a Chinese princess but was refused. In 635-36 the Emperor attacked and defeated the
3924:
1525:
By 750, the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian possessions to the Chinese. In 753, even the kingdom of "Little Balur" (modern Gilgit) was captured by the Chinese. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the Caliphate and
1864:), was plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur state to the north collapsed under pressure from the Kyrgyz in 840, and many displaced people fled to Tibet. Langdarma himself was assassinated, apparently by a Buddhist hermit, in 842.
892:
over a diverse terrain. During the reign of Trisong Detsen, the empire became more powerful and increased in size. At this time, a 783 treaty between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty defined the borders, as commemorated by the
900:
through his 821–823 treaty between the Tibetan Empire and Tang dynasty, which was also commemorated by three inscribed stelae. In the opening years of the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire controlled territories extending from the
1485:(Tibetan: Kyimshang Kongjo) arrived in 710, but it is somewhat unclear whether she married the seven-year-old Gyeltsugru or the deposed Lha Balpo. Gyeltsugru also married a lady from Jang (Nanzhao) and another born in Nanam.
128:
929:. The murder of King Rapalchen in 838 by his brother Langdarma, and Langdarma's subsequent enthronement followed by his assassination in 842 marks the simultaneous beginning of the dissolution of the empire period.
1089:
When his father Namri Songtsen died by poisoning (circa 618), Songtsen Gampo took control after putting down a brief rebellion. Songtsen Gampo proved adept at diplomacy as well as combat. The emperor's minister,
1545:) that they were disloyal and causing dissension in the country, and were about to attack him also. Lang and ‘Bal subsequently did revolt; they were killed by the army and their property was confiscated.
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who brought Buddhism to Tibet. He was a generous supporter of Buddhism and invited many craftsmen, scholars and translators from neighbouring countries. He also promoted the development of written
1201:
tribes "altogether submitted to him." Following this, he united with the country of Zhangzhung to defeat the Tuyuhun, then conquered two more Qiang tribes before threatening the Chinese region of
933:
conversion to Buddhism, and during his pursuits in translating Buddhist texts while also developing the Tibetan language. Under King Trisong Detsen, the empire again expanded as the founding of
1187:). Real power was left in the hands of the minister Gar Tongtsen. There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in the reign of
3914:
2576:
1295:), a woman who would be of great importance in Tibetan history. The emperor died in the winter of 676–677, and Zhangzhung revolts occurred thereafter. In the same year the emperor's son
3699:
1252:
was defeated by the Tibetans, and a long string of conflicts ensued with the Chinese Tang dynasty. In the spring of 670, Tibet attacked the remaining Chinese territories in the western
6697:
1613:
and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan control from 750 to 794, when they turned on their Tibetan overlords and helped the Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans.
1470:("Old Hairy"), was born in 704. Upon the death of Tridu Songtsen, his mother Thrimalö ruled as regent for the infant Gyältsugru. The following year the elder son of Tridu Songtsen,
1810:
Tibetans attacked Uyghur territory in 816 and were in turn attacked in 821. After successful Tibetan raids into Chinese territory, Buddhists in both countries sought mediation.
2343:
Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche, "The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava". Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, edited by Padma Shugchang. Turtle Hill: 1992.
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4239:
2615:
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in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 CE during Trisong Detsen's reign. It also contains an account of the conquest of large swathes of northwestern China including the capture of
1960:
was reported to have worn Tibetan armour, which saved him from two arrows before a third penetrated his breast. He survived the ordeal with some discomfort in one arm.
1674:
Trisong Detsen is said to have had four sons. The eldest, Mutri Tsenpo, apparently died young. When Trisong Detsen retired he handed power to the eldest surviving son,
4145:
1828:
A Sino-Tibetan treaty was agreed on in 821/822 under Ralpacan, which established peace for more than two decades. A bilingual account of this treaty is inscribed on a
1392:
and the Tibetan Empire concluded peace. At the end of that year, the Tibetan imperial government turned to consolidating the administrative organisation khö chenpo (
6682:
1384:
From 700 until his death the emperor remained on campaign in the northeast, absent from Central Tibet, while his mother Thrimalö administrated in his name. In 702,
1713:. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Caliphate troops and pressed them into service on the eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far west as
1682:). Most sources say that Muné's reign lasted only about a year and a half. After a short reign, Muné Tsenpo was supposedly poisoned on the orders of his mother.
3856:
1643:(727–823) in 782 calls the Tibetans one of the more significant communities of the eastern church and wrote of the need to appoint another bishop in ca. 794.
6677:
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1534:(751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence began to increase again. Tibet conquered large sections of northern India during this time.
2159:
1202:
4790:
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1920:
from the time of the "Righteous Kings, Uncle, and Nephew" which would place it sometime during the Yarlung dynasty, early seventh to mid ninth century.
773:
6652:
4120:
3704:
3821:
53:
45:
6672:
4860:
4846:
3562:
3505:
3258:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
2815:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages
2022:
722:
1518:), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet. In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general
6662:
6657:
4870:
4850:
1396:) of the northeastern Sumru area, which had been the Sumpa country conquered 75 years earlier. Sumru was organised as a new "horn" of the empire.
1138:）the Chinese emperor agreed (only because of the threat of force, according to Tibetan sources) to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsen Gampo.
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religion and the supporters of the ancient noble families gradually came to find themselves in competition with the "recently" introduced
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1268:, upon which the Chinese abandoned the region, ending two decades of Chinese control. They thus gained control over all of the Chinese
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The early Tibetans worshipped a god of war known as "Yuandi" (Chinese transcription) according to a Chinese transliteration from the
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1569:) and took control of the government when he attained his majority at 13 years of age (12 by Western reckoning) after a one-year
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do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsen Gampo for they say that in 634, Zhangzhung and various
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people ca. 627. Six years later (c. 632–33) Myang Mangpoje was accused of treason and executed. He was succeeded by minister
983:
823:
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Gyältsugru was officially enthroned with the royal name Tride Tsuktsän in 712, the year that dowager empress Thrimalö died.
6560:
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1689:
was next in line to the throne. However, he had been apparently banished to Lhodak Kharchu (lHo-brag or Lhodrag) near the
3846:
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4590:
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4036:
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314:
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1478:) apparently contested the succession of his one-year-old brother, but was "deposed from the throne" at Pong Lag-rang.
1229:
could not sustain their presence in the hostile environment of the Tibetan Plateau and soon returned to China proper."
6692:
6565:
5284:
3997:
3789:
3749:
3495:
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707:
1385:
2361:
Gray Tuttle, "An overview of Amdo (Eastern Tibet) historical polities", University of Virginia, SHANTI Places, 2013.
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4913:
4838:
4277:
4206:
4199:
4157:
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Jann Ronis, "An overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) historical polities", University of Virginia, SHANTI Places, 2011.
1207:
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4282:
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The Chinese reader's manual: A handbook of biographical, historical, mythological, and general literary reference
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in the Tarim Basin in 670 and held them until 692, when the Chinese finally managed to regain these territories.
759:
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591:
185:
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2005:
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and translations, which were greatly aided by the development of a detailed Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicon called the
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border for murdering a senior minister. The youngest brother, Tride Songtsen, was definitely ruling by AD 804.
3415:, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. 1880), pp. 435–541, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1130:
and controlled important trade routes into China. After a series of military campaigns between Tibet and the
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After having incorporated Tuyuhun into Tibetan territory, the powerful minister Gar Tongtsen died in 667.
302:
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3814:
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868:, delineated Tibet as being in possession of an area larger than the Tibetan Plateau, stretching east to
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1033:) was the leader of a clan which one by one prevailed over all his neighbouring clans. He besieged the
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In 785, Wei Kao, a Chinese serving as an official in Shuh, repulsed Tibetan invasions of the area.
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The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey
2482:
Karmey, Samten G. (1975). "'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon", p. 180.
2407:
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1606:
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The bilingual text of peace treaty inscribed on the Tang-Tibetan alliance stele, Jokhang temple.
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Map of the Tibetan Empire's influence at its greatest extent, in the late 8th to mid-9th century
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was offset, to an extent, by that of his mother, Thrimalö and the influence of the Gar clan. (
1276:
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173:
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6012:
1067:) (c. 604 – 650) was the first great emperor who expanded Tibet's power beyond Lhasa and the
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H.E.Richardson, "The Sino-Tibetan Treaty Inscription of AD 821–823 at Lhasa", JRAS, 2, 1978.
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had extensive links with the Tibetans. A strong presence existed by the eighth century when
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competition with the ruler at the center of the empire. Thus, for example, adherents of the
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Manuscripts and Travellers: The Sino-Tibetan Documents of a Tenth-Century Buddhist Pilgrim
2569:
University of London. Contemporary China Institute, Congress for Cultural Freedom (1960).
2145:
1948:
The Tibetans might have exported their armour to the neighbouring steppe nomads. When the
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Map of the Four Horns (administrative divisions) of the Tibetan Empire in the 7th century.
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Marks, Thomas A. (1978). "Nanchao and Tibet in South-western China and Central Asia."
1972:
While on campaign, Tibetan armies carried no provision of grain and lived on plunder.
1537:
In 755, Tride Tsuktsen was killed by the ministers Lang and ‘Bal. Then Takdra Lukong (
1025:
empire under the Lig myi dynasty. The group prevailed against Zingpoje. At this point
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Tears of the lotus: accounts of Tibetan resistance to the Chinese invasion, 1950–1962
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likely referring to the same people or peoples referred to by the Chinese as Man or
1214:, he finally retreated and apologised, after which the emperor granted his request.
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5592:
5587:
5481:
5419:
5400:
5385:
5321:
5097:
5063:
4898:
4880:
4492:
4448:
4438:
4390:
4385:
4368:
4016:
3687:
2171:
2011:
1933:, the Tibetans were less proficient in archery and fought in the following manner:
1888:
1686:
1636:
1632:
1594:
1522:, who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir.
1471:
1432:
1261:
1226:
1218:
1198:
1131:
861:
749:
520:
2302:
Claude Arpi, "Glimpse on the History of Tibet". Dharamsala: The Tibet Museum, p.5.
2293:
Science Reviews. 317: 108280. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108280. ISSN 0277-3791.
3387:
Yamaguchi, Zuiho. (1996). “The Fiction of King Dar-ma’s persecution of Buddhism”
6210:
6195:
6044:
5757:
5666:
5656:
5582:
5230:
5225:
4888:
4473:
4468:
1892:
1659:
1570:
1519:
1451:
1440:
1355:
1288:
1253:
1039:
902:
873:
869:
738:
578:
2241:
1503:
The Tibetans aided the Turgesh in fighting against the Muslim Arabs during the
896:
in Lhasa. Borders were again confirmed during the later reign of the 41st king
6237:
6054:
5928:
5888:
5821:
5102:
5004:
4903:
4667:
4585:
4373:
4179:
4095:
3670:
3534:
3389:
De Dunhuang au Japon: Etudes chinoises et bouddhiques offertes à Michel Soymié
1172:
1022:
626:
492:
17:
2211:
1435:. He then invaded Mywa, which was at least in part Nanzhao (the Tibetan term
6127:
5898:
5782:
5752:
5533:
5407:
5198:
4636:
4341:
4055:
3635:
2259:
1853:
1844:
1818:
1730:
1714:
1706:
1581:
1553:
1467:
1389:
1315:
1042:
in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene.
938:
906:
897:
656:
244:
3324:
History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China
3426:
2242:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
1646:
There is a stone pillar (now blocked off from the public), the Lhasa Shöl
5528:
5311:
5269:
5208:
4011:
3590:
2696:
Petech, Luciano (1988). "The Succession to the Tibetan Throne in 704-5."
1929:
1804:
1782:
1758:
1742:
1662:, the Chinese capital, for a short period in 763 CE, during the reign of
1586:
1127:
1072:
857:
562:
232:
178:
3408:
1149:), the younger brother was burned to death by his own minister Khäsreg (
860:, whose 821–823 treaty was concluded between the Tibetan Empire and the
5441:
5370:
5326:
5242:
5181:
5075:
4746:
4689:
4684:
4479:
4433:
4348:
3640:
2267:
2089:
1949:
1833:
1754:
1738:
1602:
1527:
1496:
1420:
1408:
1359:
918:
852:, in the 7th century. The empire further expanded under the 38th king,
661:
506:
3381:
Buddhism and Empire The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet
2320:
Claude Arpi."Glimpses on The History of Tibet". The Tibet Museum, 2013
1481:
Thrimalö had arranged for a royal marriage to a Chinese princess. The
1342:). (There is evidence that the Gar were descended from members of the
5274:
5149:
4358:
4007:
3890:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3885:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3650:
3413:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1924:
1690:
1655:
1610:
1515:
926:
914:
910:
831:
574:
3285:
Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet
2194:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
1814:
1179:
Songtsen Gampo died in 650. He was succeeded by his infant grandson
962:
887:. The Yarlung capital was moved in the 7th century from the palace
5908:
5009:
4544:
4363:
4353:
4226:
3915:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
3468:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2094:
1953:
1882:
1871:
1843:
1768:
1750:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1635:
in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries, a period when the
1625:
1462:
Gyeltsugru (Rgyal-gtsug-ru), later to become King Tride Tsuktsen (
1450:
1416:
1351:
1314:
1222:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1047:
1034:
922:
884:
570:
566:
558:
478:
142:
3437:
2659:
2657:
4731:
4090:
4085:
3585:
2743:
Beckwith, C. I. "The Revolt of 755 in Tibet", p. 5 note 10. In:
2079:
1997:
954:
950:
893:
5122:
4640:
3441:
2432:
Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo",
1153:) (presumably at the behest of his older brother the emperor).
4321:
1576:
In 755, China had already begun to be weakened because of the
166:
90:
29:
2952:
Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester
1803:
which included standard Tibetan equivalents for thousands of
1585:
Tang emperors, reaching the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern
1561:
In 756, prince Song Detsän was crowned Emperor with the name
2975:. H. E. Richardson. Royal Asiatic Society (1985), pp. 1–25.
2768:
Beckwith, C. I. "The Revolt of 755 in Tibet", pp. 1–14. In:
2712:
The Nan-chao Kingdom and T'ang China's Southwestern Frontier
2184:
Arthur Mandelbaum, "Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje", Treasury of Lives
3097:
Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project
3087:, pp. 49–50. Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
3038:(1967), p. 48. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
3025:(1967), p. 47. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
1399:
During the summer of 703, Tridu Songtsen resided at Öljak (
856:, and expanded to its greatest extent under the 41st king,
5118:
989:
The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the
3222:
3220:
2950:
Hunter, Erica, "The Church of the East in Central Asia,"
1217:
After the death of Songtsen Gampo in 650 AD, the Chinese
1996:
1500-year-old pottery, Gold bottle found in the tomb of
1046:"This first mention of the name Bod, the usual name for
3120:, p. 51. Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
2134:"The Tibetan Empire, late eighth-early ninth centuries"
1721:. Abbasid forces began to gain the upper hand, and the
1510:
In 734, the Tibetans married their princess Dronmalön (
57:
3940:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3925:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1737:
about 812 or 815. The Caliphate then struck east from
1350:
and migrated, sometime after the 3rd century BC, from
1817:
ministers who then placed his anti-Buddhist brother,
1631:
Recent historical research indicates the presence of
844:, formed as a result of imperial expansion under the
2941:
Mackays Limited, Chatham, Kent, Great Britain, 2001)
2903:. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 249.
1557:
Map of Tibetan Empire at its greatest extent in 790
1443:) but died during the prosecution of that campaign.
6584:
6536:
6415:
6053:
5457:
5156:
5044:
4983:
4950:
4912:
4879:
4837:
4807:
4798:
4675:
4459:
4295:
4259:
4225:
4119:
4078:
3963:
3872:
3715:
3519:
3488:
3479:
3099:(1986), pp. 296–97. Dharma Publishing, California.
1593:occupied Chang'an for fifteen days and installed a
1589:) in late 763. Tibetan troops under the command of
554:
436:
425:
414:
407:
393:
383:
369:
352:
339:
324:
308:
296:
284:
272:
255:
238:
226:
214:
201:
184:
172:
158:
148:
138:
81:
3409:"The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources"
2770:Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde
2745:Weiner Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde
3079:
3077:
2444:
2442:
2428:
2426:
1654:, in the ancient village of Shöl in front of the
1500:in 730, the Tibetans and Türgesh sued for peace.
1221:attacked and took control of the Tibetan capital
1145:had a dispute with his younger brother Tsänsong (
1071:, and is traditionally credited with introducing
879:The Yarlung dynasty was founded in 127 BC in the
3276:The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources
2818:. Princeton University Press. pp. 108–121.
2484:Memoirs of Research Department of The Toyo Bunko
1191:, (r. 755 until 797 or 804). The records of the
1082:A statue of Emperor Songtsen Gampo in a cave at
2062:
1935:
6698:States and territories established in the 610s
3318:(1961) Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris
3159:
3051:(1981), p. 44. Royal Asiatic Society, London.
1411:, before proceeding with an invasion of Jang (
1171:) was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of
5134:
4652:
3857:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3453:
2196:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
1455:Copper-plated Sakyamuni Buddha statue during
1423:. In 704, he stayed briefly at Yoti Chuzang (
767:
421:4,600,000 km (1,800,000 sq mi)
8:
6591:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3304:(1981) Eastern Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
2536:. CUP Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 28.
1813:Ralpacan was apparently murdered by two pro-
1541:) presented evidence to prince Song Detsen (
917:into what are now the Chinese provinces of
807:
6412:
5141:
5127:
5119:
4804:
4659:
4645:
4637:
4299:
4265:
4125:
3973:
3969:
3485:
3460:
3446:
3438:
2714:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
978:Namri Songtsen and founding of the dynasty
774:
760:
585:
127:
78:
2700:, Serie Orientale Roma 41.3. pp. 1080–87.
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
1983:Unearthed artifacts of the Tibetan Empire
1927:(735–812) in his encyclopaedic text, the
1407:), which was on the upper reaches of the
1264:. With troops from Khotan they conquered
3199:
3187:
3129:
3068:
2925:
2884:. Vol. 3, No. 4. Winter 1978, pp. 13–16.
2868:
2756:
2698:Orientalia Iosephi Tucci Memoriae Dicata
2675:
2663:
2648:
2636:
2394:
2382:
2370:
1552:
1346:, a people who had originally spoken an
1236:
3226:
3211:
3175:
2121:
1753:from the northeast. Strife between the
1709:), there was a protracted war with the
1466:), generally known now by his nickname
699:
599:
588:
424:
413:
406:
27:Empire in East Asia from 618 to 842/848
6683:9th-century disestablishments in Tibet
3614:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3238:
3049:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions
2973:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions
2495:
2466:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2028:Tin plate with figures painted in gold
3695:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
2996:, p. 101. Stanford University Press.
2274:from the original on 19 November 2018
1021:), who was, in turn, a vassal of the
435:
431:
392:
382:
378:
351:
338:
334:
323:
307:
295:
283:
271:
267:
254:
237:
225:
213:
200:
196:
183:
7:
3822:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
2014:-style long cup made of yellow agate
1233:Reign of Mangsong Mangtsen (650–676)
58:move details into the article's body
6678:7th-century establishments in Tibet
6643:Former countries in Chinese history
5053:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
4822:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2907:from the original on 19 August 2020
2832:from the original on 18 August 2020
2618:from the original on 3 January 2014
2579:from the original on 3 January 2014
2550:from the original on 3 January 2014
1573:during which there was no emperor.
1017:) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (
3800:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3755:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3391:. Genève : Librarie Droz S.A.
3368:(1972) Stanford University Press.
1670:Reign of Muné Tsenpo (c. 797–799?)
1549:Reign of Trisong Detsen (756–797?)
1415:), which may have been either the
1013:, a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (
883:along the Yarlung River, south of
416:
25:
6668:Former monarchies of Central Asia
3837:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3827:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
3256:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987),
2200:Journal of World-Systems Research
2162:from the original on 8 March 2017
1697:Reign of Tride Songtsen (799–815)
1447:Reign of Tride Tsuktsän (704–754)
1311:Reign of Tridu Songtsen (677–704)
1167:Songtsen Gampo’s sister Sämakar (
1056:Reign of Songtsen Gampo (618–650)
6653:Former countries in Central Asia
4789:
3945:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3935:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
3425:
2218:from the original on 20 May 2019
2033:
2021:
2004:
1989:
1969:partake in a sacrificial feast.
1891:over the Tibetan Empire in 848.
1765:Reign of Tritsu Detsen (815–838)
840:) was an empire centered on the
743:
732:
610:
538:
513:
499:
485:
471:
107:
34:
6673:Former monarchies of South Asia
3920:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
3116:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967).
3083:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967).
2247:International Studies Quarterly
1887:Mural commemorating victory of
1860:), regal title Tri Uidumtsaen (
864:. This treaty, carved into the
6663:Former monarchies of East Asia
6658:Former countries in South Asia
4175:Patron and priest relationship
4141:Central Tibetan Administration
3950:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
3287:, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
3260:, Princeton University Press,
1505:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
984:Timeline of the Tibetan Empire
836:
827:
1:
6648:Former countries in East Asia
4540:Historical and cultural sites
3905:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1096:Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang
115:Standard of the Tibetan king
3880:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
3278:, Cambridge University Press
2772:. Nos. 10–11. Vienna, 1983.
2747:. Nos. 10–11. Vienna, 1983.
2572:The China quarterly, Issue 1
1840:Reign of Langdarma (838–842)
1319:The Tibetan Empire in 700 AD
1051:Dbus-gtsaṅ (Central Tibet)."
315:Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang
3900:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3790:British expedition to Tibet
3780:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
3750:Battle of the Salween River
3379:Walter, Michael L. (2009),
3326:, Oxford University Press,
3283:LaRocca, Donald J. (2006),
1379:mgar Khri-‘bring-btsan brod
1009:). There, according to the
848:heralded by its 33rd king,
91:
6714:
4922:against Northwest khanates
4273:Postage and postal history
3725:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3316:Histoire ancienne du Tibet
3160:Schaik & Galambos 2011
3118:Tibet: A Political History
3085:Tibet: A Political History
3036:Tibet: A Political History
3023:Tibet: A Political History
2598:Roger E. McCarthy (1997).
1898:
1136:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
981:
6628:Former monarchies of Asia
4787:
4603:
4302:
4268:
4128:
3976:
3972:
3735:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3141:Beckwith 1987, pp. 168–69
2604:. McFarland. p. 12.
1879:in the post-empire period
1832:which stands outside the
1761:continued for some time.
1741:but were held off by the
1126:), who lived around Lake
937:and the revealing of the
795:
450:
446:
432:
403:
379:
365:
335:
320:
268:
251:
197:
126:
104:
99:
6633:Former kingdoms in Tibet
4715:Western Turkic Khaganate
4710:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
4133:Tibet Autonomous Region
3895:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3847:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2895:William Frederick Mayers
2810:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2710:Backus, Charles (1981).
1848:Tibetan Empire in 820 AD
1373:) died and his brother,
1005:) district of Chonggyä (
687:13th and 14th Dalai Lama
4720:Second Turkic Khaganate
4240:TAR People's Government
4200:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3740:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
3274:Bushell, S. W. (1880),
3034:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D.
3021:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D.
2734:Backus (1981) pp. 43–44
2260:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
2142:Chichester, West Sussex
1745:. In the meantime, the
1371:mgar btsan-snya-ldom-bu
438:• 7th–8th century
346:Nyang Tingngezin Sangpo
6688:840s disestablishments
4705:First Turkic Khaganate
3910:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3864:Special Frontier Force
2666:, pp. 14, 48, 50.
2533:Tibet Past and Present
2434:Bulletin of Tibetology
2071:
1946:
1896:
1880:
1849:
1774:
1701:Under Tride Songtsen (
1591:Nganlam Takdra Lukhong
1558:
1459:
1348:Indo-European language
1320:
1270:Four Garrisons of Anxi
1242:
1086:
395:• Disestablished
303:Nganlam Takdra Lukhong
6561:Medieval great powers
4847:against Western Turks
4283:Qinghai–Tibet railway
4278:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4245:TAR People's Congress
4217:India–Tibet relations
4190:Independence movement
3842:1959 Tibetan uprising
3730:Battle of Dafei River
3578:Era of Fragmentation
3351:, Walter de Gruyter,
3322:Powers, John (2004),
2799:Stein 1972, pp. 62–63
2530:Charles Bell (1992).
2520:Pelliot 1961, pp. 3–4
1886:
1875:
1847:
1779:Khri gtsug lde brtsan
1772:
1705:– generally known as
1703:Khri lde srong brtsan
1619:In the meantime, the
1567:Khri srong lde brtsan
1556:
1464:Khri-lde-gtsug-brtsan
1454:
1323:The power of Emperor
1318:
1305:Khri-'dus-srong-rtsan
1301:Khri 'dus-srong btsan
1248:Between 665 and 670,
1240:
1081:
1011:Old Tibetan Chronicle
872:, west beyond modern
359:Dranga Palkye Yongten
149:Common languages
6571:European colonialism
6556:Ancient great powers
5059:Greater Central Asia
4591:Traditional medicine
3805:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3626:Relations with Ming
3596:Relations with Song
3568:Relations with Tang
3506:European exploration
3434:at Wikimedia Commons
3366:Tibetan Civilization
3364:Stein, Rolf Alfred.
2994:Tibetan Civilization
2992:Stein, R. A. (1972)
2411:, hereafter OTA l. 2
2130:Kapstein, Matthew T.
2105:Tang–Tibet relations
2040:Gold cup with handle
1901:Era of Fragmentation
1877:Era of Fragmentation
1862:Khri 'U'i dum brtsan
1789:as one of the three
1375:Gar Tridring Tsendrö
1285:Khri-mang-slon-rtsan
1258:Battle of Dafeichuan
1065:Srong-brtsan Sgam-po
723:European exploration
677:Ming–Tibet relations
642:Era of Fragmentation
534:Era of Fragmentation
291:Gar Trinring Tsendro
279:Gar Tongtsen Yülsung
6566:Modern great powers
4235:Regional Government
4212:CIA Tibetan program
4195:Serfdom controversy
4079:Traditional regions
3930:Simla Accord (1914)
3852:2008 Tibetan unrest
3676:List of Qing ambans
3621:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3071:, pp. 157–165.
2928:, pp. 144–157.
2790:Beckwith 1983: 276.
2781:Yamaguchi 1996: 232
2651:, pp. 36, 146.
2100:Purang-Guge Kingdom
1641:Patriarch Timothy I
1539:Stag-sgra Klu-khong
1457:First dissemination
1210:. According to the
1134:in 635-8,（see also
1019:Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje
652:Phagmodrupa dynasty
385:• Established
6693:618 establishments
4549:(ceremonial scarf)
4520:Dzong architecture
4337:Imperial Preceptor
4207:Sovereignty debate
4153:Etymology of Tibet
3765:Lhasa riot of 1750
3760:Jinchuan campaigns
3745:Battle of Dartsedo
3663:Qing dynasty rule
3606:Yuan dynasty rule
3580:(9th–13th century)
3214:, p. 410-411.
3132:, pp. 165–67.
3047:Richardson, Hugh.
2850:Beckwith 1983: 273
2639:, pp. 34–-36.
2408:Old Tibetan Annals
2240:(September 1997).
1897:
1881:
1850:
1785:, is important to
1775:
1650:, Doring Chima or
1559:
1460:
1419:or the kingdom of
1321:
1256:after winning the
1243:
1225:. Soldiers of the
1162:Mung-chang Kung-co
1087:
1015:Stag-bu snya-gzigs
1001:) in the Chingba (
943:Guru Padmasambhava
894:Shol Potala Pillar
6610:
6609:
6532:
6531:
6497:Polish–Lithuanian
5672:Gurjara-Pratihara
5116:
5115:
5092:Chinese Turkestan
5040:
5039:
4861:Mongolian Plateau
4634:
4633:
4599:
4598:
4291:
4290:
4255:
4254:
4158:Foreign relations
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
3959:
3958:
3815:Qinghai–Tibet War
3785:Sikkim expedition
3775:Dogra–Tibetan War
3770:Sino-Nepalese War
3705:political leaders
3683:Post-Qing to 1950
3636:Rinpungpa dynasty
3547:(7th–9th century)
3430:Media related to
3358:978-3-11-022565-5
3333:978-0-19-517426-7
2963:Stein 1972, p. 65
2954:, 78, no.3 (1996)
2939:The Jesus Sutras,
2882:The Tibet Journal
2859:Stein 1972, p. 66
2825:978-0-691-02469-1
2759:, pp. 64–65.
2721:978-0-521-22733-9
2611:978-0-7864-0331-8
2543:978-81-208-1048-8
2511:Lee 1981, pp. 7–9
2397:, pp. 19–20.
2155:978-0-631-22574-4
1836:temple in Lhasa.
1821:, on the throne.
1787:Tibetan Buddhists
1781:), best known as
1729:submitted to the
1711:Abbasid Caliphate
1685:After his death,
1652:Lhasa Zhol Pillar
1493:Umayyad Caliphate
1483:Princess Jincheng
1365:In 685, minister
1277:Mangsong Mangtsen
1208:attacked Songzhou
1158:Princess Wencheng
1141:Circa 639, after
784:
783:
657:Rinpungpa dynasty
584:
583:
550:
549:
546:
545:
526:
525:
153:Tibetic languages
75:
74:
54:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
6705:
6413:
6078:Austro-Hungarian
5778:Chagatai Khanate
5143:
5136:
5129:
5120:
4805:
4793:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4638:
4619:
4612:
4550:
4327:Tibetan Buddhism
4300:
4266:
4136:
4126:
3974:
3970:
3832:Battle of Chamdo
3810:Sino-Tibetan War
3666:
3629:
3609:
3599:
3581:
3571:
3558:List of emperors
3548:
3530:
3511:Historical money
3486:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3429:
3384:
3361:
3336:
3297:
3279:
3270:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3150:Shakabpa, p. 54.
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
2990:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2937:Palmer, Martin,
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2486:, No, 33. Tokyo.
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2126:
2058:Old Book of Tang
2050:Old Book of Tang
2037:
2025:
2008:
1993:
1944:
1747:Uyghur Khaganate
1578:An Shi Rebellion
1543:Srong-lde-brtsan
1425:Yo-ti Chu-bzangs
1367:Gar Tsenye Dompu
1281:Trimang Löntsen'
1108:mgar-stong-btsan
1098:), defeated the
1035:Kingdom of Sumpa
967:Tibetan Buddhism
935:Tibetan Buddhism
838:
829:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
797:
776:
769:
762:
750:China portal
748:
747:
746:
737:
736:
713:Historical money
614:
604:
586:
542:
541:
530:
529:
517:
516:
503:
502:
489:
488:
475:
474:
468:
467:
452:
451:
418:
298:• 782?–783
261:(Chief Minister)
163:Tibetan Buddhism
131:
120:
111:
94:
88:
79:
70:
67:
61:
52:Please read the
38:
37:
30:
21:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6638:History of Asia
6613:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6595:American Empire
6580:
6576:African empires
6528:
6411:
6103:Central African
6049:
5867:Romano-Germanic
5453:
5187:Middle Assyrian
5160:
5152:
5147:
5117:
5112:
5088:Western Regions
5081:Chinese Tartary
5071:Eurasian nomads
5036:
4993:against Dzungar
4979:
4960:against Mongols
4946:
4908:
4875:
4833:
4817:against Xiongnu
4800:Chinese empires
4794:
4785:
4677:Nomadic empires
4671:
4665:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4595:
4548:
4455:
4287:
4251:
4221:
4134:
4107:
4074:
4051:Tibetan Plateau
4046:Rongbuk Glacier
4032:Yarlung Tsangpo
3955:
3868:
3795:Batang uprising
3717:
3711:
3664:
3658:Khoshut Khanate
3646:Ganden Phodrang
3641:Tsangpa dynasty
3627:
3607:
3597:
3579:
3569:
3546:
3540:Yarlung dynasty
3528:
3515:
3475:
3466:
3422:
3411:S. W. Bushell,
3405:
3403:Further reading
3400:
3378:
3359:
3341:Schaik, Sam van
3339:
3334:
3321:
3314:Pelliot, Paul.
3295:
3282:
3273:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
2991:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2146:Wiley-Blackwell
2128:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2076:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1966:
1956:, their khagan
1945:
1942:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1870:
1842:
1777:Tritsu Detsen (
1767:
1699:
1672:
1664:Emperor Daizong
1599:Emperor Daizong
1551:
1532:Battle of Talas
1449:
1313:
1235:
1058:
1029:(also known as
988:
986:
980:
975:
945:was occurring.
913:, and from the
846:Yarlung dynasty
842:Tibetan Plateau
819:
816:
813:
810:
780:
744:
742:
739:Asia portal
731:
672:Ganden Phodrang
667:Khoshut Khanate
662:Tsangpa dynasty
632:Yarlung dynasty
622:Neolithic Tibet
602:
595:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
539:
514:
500:
486:
472:
439:
396:
386:
355:
342:
311:
310:• 783–796
299:
287:
286:• 685–699
275:
274:• 652–667
241:
240:• 841–842
229:
228:• 815–838
217:
216:• 753–797
204:
203:• 618–650
134:
122:
116:
113:
112:
95:
89:
86:
84:
71:
65:
62:
51:
48:may be too long
43:This article's
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6711:
6709:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6623:Tibetan Empire
6615:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6377:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5459:Post-classical
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5258:Middle Kingdom
5255:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5214:Neo-Babylonian
5211:
5206:
5204:Old Babylonian
5196:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5045:Related topics
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4965:against Turpan
4962:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:Chief Official
4819:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:history series
4666:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4498:wall paintings
4495:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4429:Tibetan people
4426:
4424:Social classes
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:Nature Reserve
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:PRC annexation
3692:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:List of rulers
3498:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:Tibetan Empire
3421:
3420:External links
3418:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:Nie, Hongyin.
3392:
3385:
3376:
3362:
3357:
3345:Galambos, Imre
3337:
3332:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3293:
3280:
3271:
3266:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3229:, p. 442.
3216:
3204:
3202:, p. 109.
3192:
3190:, p. 110.
3180:
3168:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3122:
3109:
3089:
3073:
3061:
3040:
3027:
3014:
2985:
2965:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2918:
2886:
2873:
2871:, p. 146.
2861:
2852:
2843:
2824:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2761:
2749:
2736:
2727:
2720:
2702:
2680:
2668:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2610:
2590:
2575:. p. 88.
2561:
2542:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2488:
2475:
2459:
2450:
2438:
2422:
2413:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2331:
2322:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2238:Rein Taagepera
2229:
2186:
2177:
2154:
2148:. p. XX.
2120:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1965:
1962:
1940:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1899:Main article:
1869:
1866:
1841:
1838:
1766:
1763:
1698:
1695:
1680:Mu-ne btsan-po
1671:
1668:
1595:puppet emperor
1563:Trisong Detsen
1550:
1547:
1448:
1445:
1388:under Empress
1325:Tridu Songtsen
1312:
1309:
1297:Tridu Songtsen
1234:
1231:
1189:Trisong Detsen
1185:Khri-mang-slon
1143:Songtsen Gampo
1092:Myang Mangpoje
1069:Yarlung Valley
1061:Songtsen Gampo
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1027:Namri Songtsen
979:
976:
974:
971:
881:Yarlung Valley
866:Jokhang Pillar
854:Trisong Detsen
850:Songtsen Gampo
788:Tibetan Empire
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
728:
727:
726:
725:
720:
718:List of rulers
715:
710:
702:
701:
697:
696:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Tibetan Empire
634:
629:
624:
616:
615:
607:
606:
597:
596:
589:
582:
581:
556:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
536:
527:
524:
523:
518:
510:
509:
504:
496:
495:
490:
482:
481:
476:
464:
463:
458:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
423:
422:
419:
412:
411:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
374:Late Antiquity
371:
370:Historical era
367:
366:
363:
362:
356:
353:
350:
349:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
309:
306:
305:
300:
297:
294:
293:
288:
285:
282:
281:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
253:
252:
249:
248:
242:
239:
236:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:
221:Trisong Detsen
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:Songtsen Gampo
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
123:
118:Songtsen Gampo
114:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
85:
83:Tibetan Empire
82:
73:
72:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Tibetan empire
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6710:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6601:
6600:Soviet empire
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:Miscellaneous
6583:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:German Empire
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:Turco-Persian
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5109:
5108:Greater China
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4942:Northern Yuan
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Northern Liao
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:against Tibet
4854:
4852:
4851:Eastern Turks
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4762:Mongol Empire
4760:
4758:
4757:Khamag Mongol
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3374:0-8047-0901-7
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:0-939758-00-8
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:0-300-11153-3
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3267:0-691-02469-3
3263:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3241:, p. 26.
3240:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:Beckwith 1987
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:Beckwith 1987
3184:
3181:
3178:, p. 52.
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:Beckwith 1987
3126:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:0-89800-146-3
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:Beckwith 1987
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:0-947593-00-4
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:0-8047-0901-7
3007:
3003:
3002:0-8047-0806-1
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:0-947593-00-4
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:Beckwith 1987
2922:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:Beckwith 1987
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:Beckwith 1987
2753:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:, p. 50.
2677:
2676:Beckwith 1987
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:Beckwith 1987
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:Beckwith 1987
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:Beckwith 1987
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:2.1. pp. 5–8.
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:Beckwith 1987
2391:
2388:
2385:, p. 16.
2384:
2383:Beckwith 1987
2379:
2376:
2373:, p. 17.
2372:
2371:Beckwith 1987
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Shule Kingdom
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2036:
2024:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:attacked the
1951:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1923:According to
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:The reign of
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:Mahavyutpatti
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:and became a
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:) in Madrom (
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:mkhos chen-po
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Lesser Yuezhi
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:Namri Löntsän
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Phyongs-rgyas
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Taktsé Castle
985:
977:
972:
970:
968:
964:
958:
956:
952:
946:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
825:
805:
801:
793:
789:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
755:
754:
751:
740:
735:
730:
729:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
613:
609:
608:
605:
598:
593:
587:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
555:Today part of
553:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
522:
519:
512:
511:
508:
505:
498:
497:
494:
491:
484:
483:
480:
477:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:
428:
420:
410:
402:
398:
388:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:• ?–838
347:
344:
341:• 798–?
330:
327:
319:
316:
313:
304:
301:
292:
289:
280:
277:
263:
260:
259:
250:
246:
243:
234:
231:
222:
219:
209:
206:
192:
189:
188:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
130:
125:
121:(7th century)
119:
110:
103:
98:
93:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6351:Contemporary
6201:Indo-Persian
6189:Nazi Germany
6133:Contemporary
6035:Vijayanagara
5934:Great Seljuk
5903:
5845:Thessalonica
5773:Golden Horde
5413:Carthaginian
5192:Neo-Assyrian
5177:Neo-Sumerian
5098:China proper
5064:Central Asia
5051:
4899:Eastern Liao
4889:Western Liao
4726:
4566:
4559:
4545:
4493:sand mandala
4485:
4478:
4419:Sinicization
4391:Panchen Lama
4386:Lhamo La-tso
4369:Ganden Tripa
4163:Human rights
4037:Grand Canyon
4017:Namcha Barwa
4010: /
3688:Tibetan Army
3586:Guge kingdom
3544:
3412:
3388:
3380:
3365:
3348:
3323:
3315:
3301:
3300:Lee, Don Y.
3284:
3275:
3257:
3234:
3227:Bushell 1880
3212:Bushell 1880
3207:
3195:
3183:
3176:LaRocca 2006
3171:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3064:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3017:
2993:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2899:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2814:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2671:
2644:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2600:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2571:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2532:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2462:
2453:
2433:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2325:
2298:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2251:
2245:
2232:
2222:14 September
2220:. Retrieved
2203:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2170:– via
2164:. Retrieved
2138:The Tibetans
2137:
2124:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2046:
1971:
1967:
1964:Organization
1947:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1889:Zhang Yichao
1861:
1858:Glang dar ma
1857:
1851:
1830:stone pillar
1827:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1798:
1791:Dharma Kings
1790:
1778:
1776:
1725:governor of
1702:
1700:
1687:Mutik Tsenpo
1684:
1679:
1673:
1647:
1645:
1637:Hephthalites
1633:Christianity
1630:
1618:
1615:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1524:
1512:‘Dron ma lon
1511:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1461:
1436:
1433:Yellow River
1428:
1424:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1307:) was born.
1304:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1262:Tang dynasty
1260:against the
1247:
1244:
1227:Tang dynasty
1219:Tang dynasty
1216:
1211:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1156:The Chinese
1155:
1151:Mkha’s sregs
1150:
1147:Brtsan-srong
1146:
1140:
1132:Tang dynasty
1123:
1112:
1107:
1104:Gar Tongtsen
1095:
1088:
1064:
1059:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
987:
959:
947:
931:
878:
862:Tang dynasty
837:Tǔbō / Tǔfān
835:
803:
787:
785:
636:
521:Tang dynasty
461:Succeeded by
460:
455:
328:(Chief Monk)
325:
256:
186:
76:
63:
46:lead section
44:
5939:Khwarezmian
5872:Carolingian
5677:Rashtrakuta
5381:Shaishunaga
5280:Hellenistic
5263:New Kingdom
5253:Old Kingdom
4871:Tarim Basin
4503:wall murals
4407:Catholicism
3991:Environment
3665:(1720–1912)
3628:(1368–1644)
3608:(1270–1350)
3529:(Neolithic)
3527:Prehistory
3239:Walter 2009
2496:Powers 2004
2469:, pp.
2467:Powers 2004
2448:OTA l. 8–10
1676:Muné Tsenpo
1580:started by
1571:interregnum
1520:Gao Xianzhi
1476:Lha Bal-pho
1403:) in Ling (
1293:Khri-ma-lod
1254:Tarim Basin
1212:Tang Annals
1194:Tang Annals
1181:Trimang Lön
1169:Sad-mar-kar
1075:to Tibet.
1040:Sui dynasty
903:Tarim Basin
889:Yumbulingka
874:Afghanistan
817:Great Tibet
804:bod chen po
601:History of
579:Afghanistan
456:Preceded by
100:618–842/848
92:bod chen po
6617:Categories
6509:Portuguese
6390:Revival Le
6380:Vietnamese
6023:Later Tran
5993:Vietnamese
5889:Singhasari
5877:Holy Roman
5501:Bulgarian
5437:Satavahana
5408:Phoenician
5344:Achaemenid
5305:Indo-Greek
5285:Macedonian
5199:Babylonian
5103:Sinosphere
5005:Lifan Yuan
4904:Later Liao
4668:Inner Asia
4586:Tibetology
4555:Literature
4374:Dalai Lama
4227:Government
4185:Tibet Area
4180:Golden Urn
4146:Parliament
3671:Lifan Yuan
3598:(960–1279)
3535:Zhangzhung
3520:Chronology
3162:, p.
2911:28 October
2498:, p.
2457:OTA l. 607
2420:OTA l. 4–5
2254:(3): 500.
2206:(2): 222.
2111:References
1893:Mogao cave
1386:Zhou China
1287:) married
1173:Zhangzhung
1160:(Tibetan:
1023:Zhangzhung
982:See also:
796:བོད་ཆེན་པོ
627:Zhangzhung
493:Zhangzhung
442:10 million
427:Population
245:U Dum Tsen
174:Government
87:བོད་ཆེན་པོ
6502:Couronian
6140:Ethiopian
6128:Manchukuo
6083:Brazilian
5929:Ghaznavid
5899:Srivijaya
5850:Trebizond
5835:Byzantine
5817:North Sea
5812:Norwegian
5800:Almoravid
5783:Ilkhanate
5753:Majapahit
5726:Muromachi
5635:Solomonic
5620:Ethiopian
5534:Caliphate
5467:Aragonese
5295:Ptolemaic
5017:Manchuria
4970:Manchuria
4927:Manchuria
4568:Chronicle
4530:Festivals
4342:Dpon-chen
4312:Languages
4307:Education
4056:Changtang
3998:Mountains
3965:Geography
3873:Documents
3718:conflicts
3570:(618–907)
3489:Overviews
3004:(cloth);
2212:1076-156X
2116:Citations
1854:Langdarma
1819:Langdarma
1749:attacked
1731:Caliphate
1715:Samarkand
1707:Sadnalegs
1691:Bhutanese
1648:rdo-rings
1582:An Lushan
1472:Lha Balpo
1468:Me Agtsom
1431:) on the
1429:Rma-sgrom
1390:Wu Zetien
1003:Phying-ba
999:Stag-rtse
939:Vajrayana
907:Himalayas
898:Ralpachen
858:Rapalchen
682:Qing rule
647:Yuan rule
326:Banchenpo
233:Ralpachen
159:Religion
66:June 2023
56:and help
6482:Japanese
6445:Scottish
6425:American
6417:Colonial
6346:Imperial
6314:Moroccan
6250:Japanese
6228:Afsharid
6087:Burmese
6073:Austrian
6028:Later Le
6003:Early Le
5988:Venetian
5914:Tiwanaku
5827:Hellenic
5790:Moroccan
5721:Kamakura
5711:Japanese
5694:Saffarid
5647:Georgian
5561:Chalukya
5539:Rashidun
5529:Calakmul
5497:Bruneian
5376:Haryanka
5354:Sasanian
5349:Parthian
5300:Bactrian
5290:Seleucid
5270:Goguryeo
5248:Egyptian
5182:Assyrian
5172:Akkadian
5163:Colonies
5032:Xinjiang
5022:Mongolia
4998:genocide
4932:Mongolia
4767:Chagatai
4700:Göktürks
4626:Category
4510:Calendar
4444:Diaspora
4317:Religion
4121:Politics
4022:Tanggula
4012:Changtse
3716:Wars and
3591:Tsongkha
3553:Timeline
3496:Timeline
3473:articles
3396:西夏文献中的吐蕃
3347:(2011),
2905:Archived
2897:(1874).
2830:Archived
2812:(1993).
2616:Archived
2577:Archived
2548:Archived
2272:Archived
2216:Archived
2172:Reed.edu
2166:8 August
2160:Archived
2132:(2006).
2074:See also
2060:states:
1941:—
1930:Tongdian
1910:Military
1805:Sanskrit
1783:Ralpacan
1759:Tibetans
1743:Tibetans
1660:Chang'an
1401:‘Ol-byag
1289:Thrimalö
1275:Emperor
1203:Songzhou
1128:Koko Nur
1073:Buddhism
870:Chang'an
741:•
708:Timeline
700:See also
692:PRC rule
592:a series
590:Part of
563:Pakistan
179:Monarchy
6549:largest
6544:Empires
6524:Swedish
6519:Spanish
6514:Russian
6477:Italian
6452:Chinese
6440:English
6435:British
6430:Belgian
6405:Vietnam
6395:Tay son
6341:Tsarist
6336:Russian
6331:Ottoman
6297:Dzungar
6292:Khoshut
6265:Mexican
6260:Maratha
6243:Pahlavi
6223:Safavid
6218:Iranian
6145:Haitian
6108:Chinese
6068:Ashanti
6040:Wagadou
5966:Eastern
5961:Western
5944:Timurid
5904:Tibetan
5894:Songhai
5884:Serbian
5805:Almohad
5795:Idrisid
5699:Samanid
5689:Tahirid
5684:Iranian
5662:Kannauj
5642:Genoese
5578:Chinese
5571:Eastern
5566:Western
5554:Fatimid
5549:Abbasid
5544:Umayyad
5517:Burmese
5477:Ayyubid
5472:Angevin
5442:Xianbei
5430:Eastern
5425:Western
5371:Magadha
5334:Iranian
5327:Xiongnu
5312:Hittite
5221:Chinese
5209:Kassite
5158:Ancient
5150:Empires
5076:Tartary
4866:Beiting
4781:Dzungar
4776:Timurid
4727:Tibetan
4690:Xianbei
4685:Xiongnu
4610:Outline
4574:writers
4515:Cuisine
4480:thangka
4461:Culture
4434:Changpa
4349:Nyingma
4296:Society
4261:Economy
4096:Ü-Tsang
4070:Valleys
4028:Rivers
4003:Kailash
3563:Lönchen
3545:Empire
3481:History
3383:, Brill
3249:Sources
2836:7 April
2622:17 July
2583:17 July
2554:17 July
2268:2600793
2090:Nanzhao
1976:Society
1950:Turgesh
1868:Decline
1834:Jokhang
1807:terms.
1795:Tibetan
1755:Uyghurs
1739:Kashmir
1723:Tibetan
1626:Uyghurs
1607:Nanzhao
1603:Luoyang
1601:was in
1530:at the
1528:Karluks
1497:Turgesh
1421:Nanzhao
1409:Yangtze
1360:Kokonur
1354:or the
1334:; also
1120:Tibetan
1116:Tuyuhun
973:History
919:Sichuan
905:to the
824:Chinese
811:
792:Tibetan
507:Tuyuhun
399:842/848
348:(first)
258:Lönchen
210:(first)
190:(Chief)
139:Capital
6487:Mongol
6472:German
6467:French
6457:Danish
6400:Dainam
6375:Tongan
6363:Somali
6358:Sokoto
6324:'Alawi
6302:Kalmyk
6282:Mongol
6275:Second
6255:Korean
6206:Mughal
6196:Indian
6179:German
6172:Second
6162:French
6155:Second
6091:Second
6063:Afghan
6055:Modern
5981:Kyrgyz
5976:Uighur
5971:Second
5951:Turkic
5919:Toltec
5855:Epirus
5840:Nicaea
5763:Mongol
5716:Yamato
5652:Huetar
5510:Second
5447:Rouran
5396:Shunga
5391:Maurya
5366:Kushan
5339:Median
5317:Hunnic
5275:Harsha
4747:Mongol
4742:Kyrgyz
4737:Uyghur
4695:Rouran
4561:Annals
4525:Emblem
4487:tsakli
4359:Jonang
4008:Lhotse
3952:(2008)
3651:Kashag
3471:
3372:
3355:
3330:
3308:
3291:
3264:
3103:
3055:
3008:
3000:
2979:
2822:
2718:
2608:
2540:
2471:168–69
2278:3 July
2266:
2210:
2152:
1943:Du You
1925:Du You
1735:Muslim
1656:Potala
1621:Kyrgyz
1611:Yunnan
1597:while
1516:Gilgit
1250:Khotan
1124:‘A zha
927:Yunnan
915:Pamirs
911:Bengal
834::
832:pinyin
826::
594:on the
575:Bhutan
361:(last)
331:
264:
247:(last)
193:
187:Tsenpo
6537:Lists
6492:Omani
6462:Dutch
6368:Isaaq
6319:Saadi
6287:Oirat
6270:First
6238:Qajar
6167:First
6150:First
6123:China
6096:Third
5956:First
5909:Tikal
5860:Morea
5830:Roman
5748:Latin
5743:Khmer
5738:Kanem
5704:Buyid
5630:Zagwe
5625:Aksum
5615:Chola
5522:First
5505:First
5492:Bornu
5487:Benin
5482:Aztec
5420:Roman
5401:Gupta
5386:Nanda
5322:White
5027:Tibet
5010:Amban
4975:Tibet
4937:Tibet
4752:Tatar
4617:Index
4581:Music
4546:Khata
4449:Names
4439:Yolmo
4412:Islam
4364:Gelug
4354:Kagyu
4332:Sakya
4135:(TAR)
4101:Ngari
3986:Fauna
3981:Flora
3469:Tibet
3012:(pbk)
2264:JSTOR
2095:Sumpa
2012:Sasan
1958:Suluk
1954:Arabs
1915:Armor
1751:Tibet
1727:Kabul
1719:Kabul
1587:Xi'an
1417:Mosuo
1413:‘Jang
1405:Gling
1358:into
1356:Tarim
1352:Gansu
1329:Wylie
1223:Lhasa
1199:Qiang
1100:Sumpa
1084:Yerpa
1048:Tibet
995:Wylie
923:Gansu
885:Lhasa
800:Wylie
603:Tibet
571:Nepal
567:India
559:China
479:Sumpa
409:Area
143:Lhasa
6307:Bogd
6233:Zand
6211:Sikh
6118:Qing
6113:Ming
6045:Wari
6013:Tran
5998:Dinh
5768:Yuan
5758:Mali
5667:Pala
5657:Inca
5608:Yuan
5598:Song
5593:Liao
5588:Tang
5361:Kush
5243:Dʿmt
4985:Qing
4952:Ming
4914:Yuan
4881:Liao
4839:Tang
4732:Zubu
4535:Flag
4474:rugs
4396:list
4379:list
4168:LGBT
4091:Kham
4086:Amdo
3370:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3053:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2913:2010
2838:2016
2820:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2624:2010
2606:ISBN
2585:2010
2556:2010
2538:ISBN
2280:2019
2224:2016
2208:ISSN
2168:2021
2150:ISBN
2080:Guge
2067:fulu
2056:The
1998:Amdo
1757:and
1717:and
1609:(in
1495:and
1491:The
1441:Miao
1437:mywa
1340:′gar
1338:and
1336:sgar
1332:mgar
1266:Aksu
955:Kham
953:and
951:Amdo
925:and
909:and
808:lit.
786:The
417:est.
415:800
6385:Mac
5822:Oyo
5731:Edo
5603:Jīn
5583:Sui
5236:Jin
5231:Han
5226:Qin
4809:Han
4469:Art
4322:Bon
2500:168
2256:doi
1895:156
1815:Bön
1362:.)
1303:or
1283:or
1110:).
963:Bön
957:).
941:by
389:618
167:Bon
6619::
6018:Ho
6008:Ly
4849:/
3343:;
3219:^
3076:^
2828:.
2683:^
2656:^
2614:.
2546:.
2441:^
2425:^
2334:^
2307:^
2270:.
2262:.
2252:41
2250:.
2244:.
2214:.
2204:12
2202:.
2198:.
2158:.
2144::
2140:.
2136:.
2053:.
1666:.
1605:.
1507:.
1122::
997::
969:.
921:,
876:.
830:;
828:吐蕃
822:;
806:,
802::
798:,
794::
165:,
5165:)
5161:(
5142:e
5135:t
5128:v
5094:)
5090:(
4660:e
4653:t
4646:v
3461:e
3454:t
3447:v
3166:.
3164:4
3107:.
3059:.
2983:.
2915:.
2840:.
2724:.
2626:.
2587:.
2558:.
2502:.
2473:.
2282:.
2258::
2226:.
2174:.
1856:(
1678:(
1565:(
1474:(
1377:(
1369:(
1299:(
1291:(
1279:(
1183:(
1118:(
1106:(
1094:(
1063:(
993:(
820:'
814:'
790:(
775:e
768:t
761:v
68:)
64:(
60:.
50:.
20:)
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