24:
224:
1228:
AlphaFold 2 (2021), A team that used AlphaFold 2 (2020) repeated the placement in the CASP competition in
November 2020. The team achieved a level of accuracy much higher than any other group. It scored above 90 for around two-thirds of the proteins in CASP's global distance test (GDT), a test that
1609:
Delving into the text of
Alexander Pushkin's novel in verse Eugene Onegin, Markov spent hours sifting through patterns of vowels and consonants. On January 23, 1913, he summarized his findings in an address to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. His analysis did not alter the
145:
Work on
Machine learning shifts from a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach. Scientists begin creating programs for computers to analyze large amounts of data and draw conclusions – or "learn" – from the results.
2791:
Canini, Kevin; Chandra, Tushar; Ie, Eugene; McFadden, Jim; Goldman, Ken; Gunter, Mike; Harmsen, Jeremiah; LeFevre, Kristen; Lepikhin, Dmitry; Llinares, Tomas Lloret; Mukherjee, Indraneel; Pereira, Fernando; Redstone, Josh; Shaked, Tal; Singer, Yoram.
743:
proves that standard multilayer feedforward networks are capable of approximating any Borel measurable function from one finite dimensional space to another to any desired degree of accuracy, provided sufficiently many hidden units are available.
967:. The aim of the competition was to use machine learning to beat Netflix's own recommendation software's accuracy in predicting a user's rating for a film given their ratings for previous films by at least 10%. The prize was won in 2009.
568:
publishes the general method for automatic differentiation (AD) of discrete connected networks of nested differentiable functions. This corresponds to the modern version of backpropagation, but is not yet named as such.
552:, describing some of the limitations of perceptrons and neural networks. The interpretation that the book shows that neural networks are fundamentally limited is seen as a hindrance for research into neural networks.
988:
from
Stanford University, who realized that the best machine learning algorithms wouldn't work well if the data didn't reflect the real world. For many, ImageNet was the catalyst for the AI boom of the 21st century.
1229:
measures the degree to which a computational program predicted structure is similar to the lab experiment determined structure, with 100 being a complete match, within the distance cutoff used for calculating GDT.
208:(image based). Machine learning and AI enter the wider public consciousness. The commercial potential of AI based on machine learning causes large increases in valuations of companies linked to AI.
288:
3043:
185:
becomes feasible, which leads to machine learning becoming integral to many widely used software services and applications. Deep learning spurs huge advances in vision and text processing.
1144:
detail their work on Sibyl, a proprietary platform for massively parallel machine learning used internally by Google to make predictions about user behavior and provide recommendations.
1127:, a system that uses neural networks that identifies faces with 97.35% accuracy. The results are an improvement of more than 27% over previous systems and rivals human performance.
436:
3105:
2912:
Vaswani, Ashish; Shazeer, Noam; Parmar, Niki; Uszkoreit, Jakob; Jones, Llion; Gomez, Aidan N.; Kaiser, Lukasz; Polosukhin, Illia (2017). "Attention Is All You Need".
628:
Gerald Dejong introduces
Explanation Based Learning, where a computer algorithm analyses data and creates a general rule it can follow and discard unimportant data.
3213:
1610:
understanding or appreciation of
Pushkin's poem, but the technique he developed—now known as a Markov chain—extended the theory of probability in a new direction.
2077:
Fukushima, Kunihiko (April 1980). "Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position".
2304:
3130:
2955:
2766:
3231:
3035:
3160:
1166:
program to beat an unhandicapped professional human player using a combination of machine learning and tree search techniques. Later improved as
2714:
3273:
3268:
3387:
2689:
3098:
1193:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
1084:
paper and algorithm achieves breakthrough results in image recognition in the ImageNet benchmark. This popularizes deep neural networks.
455:
joins IBM's
Poughkeepsie Laboratory and begins working on some of the first machine learning programs, first creating programs that play
3193:
2830:
2793:
1246:
667:
814:(hence the 'TD' in the name). TD-Gammon is able to rival, but not consistently surpass, the abilities of top human backgammon players.
1934:
1241:
452:
2221:
Rumelhart, David E.; Hinton, Geoffrey E.; Williams, Ronald J. (October 1986). "Learning representations by back-propagating errors".
3263:
3246:
3074:
3024:
2580:
2381:
2740:
1795:
3402:
3236:
3165:
1102:
revolutionizes the processing of text in machine learnings. It shows how each word can be converted into a sequence of numbers (
3352:
3091:
1251:
728:
481:
2496:
3301:
3291:
3170:
1059:
2605:
231:
415:
proposes a 'learning machine' that could learn and become artificially intelligent. Turing's specific proposal foreshadows
3251:
3241:
171:
3558:
3256:
3114:
2062:[Neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position — Neocognitron —].
811:
612:
3198:
1853:
The representation of the cumulative rounding error of an algorithm as a Taylor expansion of the local rounding errors
1715:
Rosenblatt, F. (1958). "The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain".
1021:
523:
3457:
1622:
McCulloch, Warren S.; Pitts, Walter (December 1943). "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity".
3412:
2882:
872:
654:
900:(LSTM) recurrent neural networks, greatly improving the efficiency and practicality of recurrent neural networks.
3553:
807:
694:
604:
3296:
3203:
2549:
943:
714:
650:
388:
155:
151:
926:
925:
employees and
American high school students. The MNIST database has since become a benchmark for evaluating
484:. The invention of the perceptron generated a great deal of excitement and was widely covered in the media.
3322:
3188:
2623:
2121:
1724:
1062:, create a neural network that learns to recognize cats by watching unlabeled images taken from frames of
922:
897:
854:
763:
502:
147:
1481:
1196:
architecture, which allows for faster parallel training of neural networks on sequential data like text.
3122:
2927:
2522:
2276:
2135:
314:
2014:
1950:
893:
2973:
Eisenstein, Michael (23 November 2021). "Artificial intelligence powers protein-folding predictions".
2230:
2175:
2030:
1972:
1368:
340:
2654:
2126:
1729:
526:
was created, which is the start of basic pattern recognition. The algorithm was used to map routes.
1410:
Ben-Hur, Asa; Horn, David; Siegelmann, Hava; Vapnik, Vladimir (2001). "Support vector clustering".
784:, the first software package to commercialize the use of genetic algorithms on personal computers.
3362:
3317:
2990:
2913:
2695:
2455:
2346:
2246:
2102:
1996:
1962:
1890:
1750:
1525:
1462:
1442:
1392:
781:
733:
710:
596:
548:
416:
110:
582:
Students at
Stanford University develop a cart that can navigate and avoid obstacles in a room.
1569:
3482:
3367:
3070:
3058:
3020:
2685:
2447:
2377:
2203:
2094:
1988:
1930:
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1384:
1029:
646:
396:
383:
348:
335:
278:
197:
2804:
292:
is published two years after his death, having been amended and edited by a friend of Bayes,
3467:
3452:
3397:
3180:
2982:
2677:
2672:
Le, Quoc V. (2013). "Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning".
2439:
2410:
2369:
2338:
2238:
2193:
2183:
2086:
2038:
1980:
1882:
1870:
1846:
1842:
1734:
1658:
1631:
1600:
1515:
1452:
1376:
1339:
1285:
690:
565:
473:
205:
95:
59:
2059:
1848:
Algoritmin kumulatiivinen pyoristysvirhe yksittaisten pyoristysvirheiden taylor-kehitelmana
368:
first describes techniques he used to analyse a poem. The techniques later become known as
3517:
3487:
3442:
3417:
3407:
3382:
3372:
3327:
2940:
2535:
2289:
2148:
889:
850:
702:
673:
134:
106:
2234:
2179:
2034:
1976:
1372:
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3497:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3447:
3437:
3012:
2164:"Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities"
1769:
1103:
918:
846:
543:
395:
develop a mathematical model that imitates the functioning of a biological neuron, the
2198:
2163:
1289:
1006:, a website that serves as a platform for machine learning competitions, is launched.
154:(RNNs) become popular. The fields of computational complexity via neural networks and
3547:
3527:
3522:
3422:
2994:
2699:
2250:
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3392:
3357:
3342:
3062:
2503:
2459:
2430:
Hochreiter, Sepp; Schmidhuber, Jürgen (1 November 1997). "Long Short-Term Memory".
2350:
1189:
1167:
1051:
706:
672:
A program that learns to pronounce words the same way a baby does, is developed by
608:
600:
392:
322:
283:
2265:
1544:
1984:
1924:
1380:
1276:
Solomonoff, R.J. (June 1964). "A formal theory of inductive inference. Part II".
3532:
3502:
3337:
3332:
2681:
2366:
Proceedings of 3rd
International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
1163:
1106:), the use of these vectors revolutionized text processing in machine learning.
698:
506:
412:
2986:
2856:
2443:
2043:
2018:
1908:
Griewank, Andreas (2012). "Who Invented the Reverse Mode of Differentiation?".
1821:
1662:
1457:
1430:
738:
3512:
3507:
3377:
2765:
Taigman, Yaniv; Yang, Ming; Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio; Wolf, Lior (24 June 2014).
2373:
985:
914:
803:
759:
477:
347:, in which he expands upon the work of Bayes and defines what is now known as
2674:
2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
1693:
3347:
2329:
Tesauro, Gerald (March 1995). "Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon".
1171:
1055:
1033:
799:
435:
and Dean Edmonds build the first neural network machine, able to learn, the
122:
2767:"DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification"
2305:"BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; What's the Best Answer? It's Survival of the Fittest"
2188:
1992:
1746:
1649:
Turing, A. M. (1 October 1950). "I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE".
1520:
1503:
1388:
1344:
1327:
2451:
2342:
2207:
2098:
1572:. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland
3283:
3223:
3083:
2890:
1124:
1120:
1099:
981:
456:
1466:
501:
creates a 'machine' consisting of 304 match boxes and beads, which uses
58:. Major discoveries, achievements, milestones and other major events in
2415:
2398:
2090:
1886:
1635:
1604:
1159:
1081:
1063:
964:
201:
1529:
2831:"Inside Sibyl, Google's Massively Parallel Machine Learning Platform"
2495:
Collobert, Ronan; Benigo, Samy; Mariethoz, Johnny (30 October 2002).
2242:
1738:
1447:
1170:
and then in 2017 generalized to Chess and more two-player games with
1141:
1003:
317:
describes the "méthode des moindres carrés", known in English as the
2557:
2474:
1210:
AlphaFold 1 (2018) placed first in the overall rankings of the 13th
200:
both proprietary and open source, notably enabling products such as
2918:
3036:"A Short History of Machine Learning -- Every Manager Should Read"
1967:
1429:
Hofmann, Thomas; Schölkopf, Bernhard; Smola, Alexander J. (2008).
1212:
Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction
1546:
Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes
1359:
Siegelmann, Hava (1995). "Computation Beyond the Turing Limit".
1211:
3087:
2631:
2741:"The data that transformed AI research—and possibly the world"
2581:"ImageNet: the data that spawned the current AI boom — Quartz"
1873:(1976). "Taylor expansion of the accumulated rounding error".
1796:"Menace: the Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine Read"
1504:"An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chance"
1025:
984:
is created. ImageNet is a large visual database envisioned by
946:, a software library for machine learning, is first released.
218:
17:
2794:"Sibyl: A system for large scale supervised machine learning"
1768:
Mason, Harding; Stewart, D; Gill, Brendan (6 December 1958).
762:, which greatly improves the practicality and feasibility of
289:
An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances
125:' caused by pessimism about machine learning effectiveness.
777:
Commercialization of Machine Learning on Personal Computers
399:
which is considered to be the first neural model invented.
196:
leads to revolutionary models, creating a proliferation of
2857:"Google achieves AI 'breakthrough' by beating Go champion"
1953:(2015). "Deep learning in neural networks: An overview".
1926:
Principles and Techniques of Algorithmic Differentiation
921:, a dataset comprising a mix of handwritten digits from
235:
3017:
AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence
2771:
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
2497:"Torch: a modular machine learning software library"
2397:
Cortes, Corinna; Vapnik, Vladimir (September 1995).
3310:
3282:
3222:
3179:
3121:
2473:LeCun, Yann; Cortes, Corinna; Burges, Christopher.
1591:Langston, Nancy (2013). "Mining the Boreal North".
321:method. The least squares method is used widely in
2956:"Google's DeepMind predicts 3D shapes of proteins"
137:causes a resurgence in machine learning research.
2655:"Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not"
1692:McCarthy, J.; Feigenbaum, E. (1 September 1990).
1326:Siegelmann, H.T.; Sontag, E.D. (February 1995).
86:Statistical methods are discovered and refined.
2168:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2060:"位置ずれに影響されないパターン認識機構の神経回路のモデル --- ネオコグニトロン ---"
98:research is conducted using simple algorithms.
2715:"How Many Computers to Identify a Cat? 16,000"
2364:Tin Kam Ho (1995). "Random decision forests".
1549:(in French). Paris: Firmin Didot. p. viii
3099:
1679:
8:
2019:"Deep Learning (Section on Backpropagation)"
1328:"On the Computational Power of Neural Nets"
562:Automatic Differentiation (Backpropagation)
3106:
3092:
3084:
3067:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
2606:"Reasons to Believe the A.I. Boom Is Real"
2475:"THE MNIST DATABASE of handwritten digits"
296:. The essay presents work which underpins
253:
69:
2917:
2414:
2197:
2187:
2125:
2042:
1966:
1728:
1519:
1456:
1446:
1343:
1020:Using a combination of machine learning,
1489:Proceedings of KDD Cup and Workshop 2007
828:Tin Kam Ho publishes a paper describing
1923:Griewank, Andreas; Walther, A. (2008).
1910:Documenta Matematica, Extra Volume ISMP
1694:"In memoriam—Arthur Samuel (1901–1990)"
1675:
1624:The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics
1361:Journal of Computer and System Sciences
1332:Journal of Computer and System Sciences
1268:
2936:
2925:
2531:
2520:
2285:
2274:
2144:
2133:
1480:Bennett, James; Lanning, Stan (2007).
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1024:and information retrieval techniques,
697:(first applied to neural networks by
509:(also known as noughts and crosses).
166:Support-Vector Clustering and other
7:
2058:Fukushima, Kunihiko (October 1979).
1859:(Thesis) (in Finnish). pp. 6–7.
1431:"Kernel methods in machine learning"
1412:Journal of Machine Learning Research
1313:
3214:Quantum computing and communication
2264:Watksin, Christopher (1 May 1989).
2066:(in Japanese). J62-A (10): 658–665.
1247:Timeline of artificial intelligence
875:beats the world champion at chess.
345:Théorie Analytique des Probabilités
3034:Marr, Bernard (19 February 2016).
2653:Markoff, John (16 February 2011).
1242:History of artificial intelligence
1123:researchers publish their work on
14:
2801:Jack Baskin School of Engineering
2368:. Vol. 1. pp. 278–282.
2579:Gershgorn, Dave (26 July 2017).
2303:Markoff, John (29 August 1990).
1502:Bayes, Thomas (1 January 1763).
599:first publishes his work on the
222:
22:
3046:from the original on 2022-12-05
2954:Sample, Ian (2 December 2018).
2803:. UC Santa Cruz. Archived from
2604:Hardy, Quentin (18 July 2016).
2266:"Learning from Delayed Rewards"
2120:Le Cun, Yann. "Deep Learning".
1794:Child, Oliver (13 March 2016).
1568:O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F.
1543:Legendre, Adrien-Marie (1805).
1252:Timeline of machine translation
1098:A widely cited paper nicknamed
1032:beats two human champions in a
729:Universal approximation theorem
482:Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
2713:Markoff, John (26 June 2012).
940:Torch Machine Learning Library
536:Limitations of Neural Networks
1:
3232:Free and open-source software
3069:. London: Pearson Education.
2829:Woodie, Alex (17 July 2014).
1290:10.1016/S0019-9958(64)90131-7
758:Christopher Watkins develops
613:convolutional neural networks
172:unsupervised machine learning
2889:. Google Inc. Archived from
2630:. Kaggle Inc. Archived from
2162:Hopfield, J J (April 1982).
1985:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003
1381:10.1126/science.268.5210.545
1225:Protein Structure Prediction
1207:Protein Structure Prediction
868:IBM Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
812:temporal-difference learning
701:) is used in experiments by
495:Machines Playing Tic-Tac-Toe
429:First Neural Network Machine
56:timeline of machine learning
2682:10.1109/ICASSP.2013.6639343
1047:Recognizing Cats on YouTube
1022:natural language processing
963:competition is launched by
795:Machines Playing Backgammon
524:nearest neighbour algorithm
174:methods become widespread.
3575:
3269:Virtualization development
2987:10.1038/d41586-021-03499-y
2444:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
2044:10.4249/scholarpedia.32832
1508:Philosophical Transactions
1458:10.1214/009053607000000677
1162:program becomes the first
1017:Beating Humans in Jeopardy
655:content-addressable memory
625:Explanation Based Learning
2556:. Netflix. Archived from
2550:"The Netflix Prize Rules"
2399:"Support-vector networks"
2374:10.1109/ICDAR.1995.598994
2331:Communications of the ACM
1929:(Second ed.). SIAM.
1875:BIT Numerical Mathematics
1680:Russell & Norvig 2003
1214:(CASP) in December 2018.
808:artificial neural network
695:automatic differentiation
605:artificial neural network
449:Machines Playing Checkers
409:Turing's Learning Machine
152:recurrent neural networks
31:This article needs to be
3019:. New York: BasicBooks.
1663:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
1435:The Annals of Statistics
1117:Leap in Face Recognition
798:Gerald Tesauro develops
715:internal representations
651:recurrent neural network
639:Recurrent Neural Network
156:super-Turing computation
3194:Artificial intelligence
1278:Information and Control
927:handwriting recognition
855:support-vector machines
843:Support-Vector Machines
830:random decision forests
825:Random Forest Algorithm
780:Axcelis, Inc. releases
148:Support-vector machines
111:probabilistic inference
3323:John Vincent Atanasoff
3115:Timelines of computing
2935:Cite journal requires
2863:. BBC. 27 January 2016
2837:. Tabor Communications
2676:. pp. 8595–8598.
2530:Cite journal requires
2284:Cite journal requires
2189:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554
2143:Cite journal requires
2079:Biological Cybernetics
1570:"Pierre-Simon Laplace"
1521:10.1098/rstl.1763.0053
1345:10.1006/jcss.1995.1013
923:American Census Bureau
898:long short-term memory
853:publish their work on
764:reinforcement learning
755:Reinforcement Learning
503:reinforcement learning
3458:Klára Dán von Neumann
3264:Programming languages
2343:10.1145/203330.203343
1678:, pp. 34–35 and
806:program that uses an
480:while working at the
315:Adrien-Marie Legendre
277:The Underpinnings of
113:in machine learning.
3237:Hypertext technology
1717:Psychological Review
1155:Beating Humans in Go
341:Pierre-Simon Laplace
236:adding missing items
3559:Computing timelines
2235:1986Natur.323..533R
2180:1982PNAS...79.2554H
2035:2015SchpJ..1032832S
2015:Schmidhuber, Jürgen
1977:2014arXiv1404.7828S
1951:Schmidhuber, Jürgen
1482:"The netflix prize"
1373:1995Sci...268..545S
1077:Visual Recognition
693:'s reverse mode of
546:publish their book
109:are introduced for
3363:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3318:Kathleen Antonelli
3302:Web search engines
3292:Internet conflicts
3171:Women in computing
2893:on 30 January 2016
2659:The New York Times
2610:The New York Times
2432:Neural Computation
2416:10.1007/BF00994018
2091:10.1007/BF00344251
1887:10.1007/BF01931367
1800:Chalkdust Magazine
1636:10.1007/BF02478259
1605:10.1511/2013.101.1
1593:American Scientist
1000:Kaggle Competition
894:Jürgen Schmidhuber
711:Ronald J. Williams
653:that can serve as
597:Kunihiko Fukushima
417:genetic algorithms
234:; you can help by
3541:
3540:
3483:Bjarne Stroustrup
3388:Margaret Hamilton
3368:J. Presper Eckert
3242:Operating systems
2981:(7886): 706–708.
2810:on 15 August 2017
2691:978-1-4799-0356-6
2229:(6088): 533–536.
1871:Linnainmaa, Seppo
1843:Linnainmaa, Seppo
1233:
1232:
1140:Researchers from
956:The Netflix Prize
774:Commercialization
647:Hopfield networks
397:artificial neuron
384:Artificial Neuron
252:
251:
212:
211:
204:(text-based) and
198:foundation models
52:
51:
3566:
3554:Machine learning
3468:Guido van Rossum
3453:John von Neumann
3398:David A. Huffman
3209:Machine learning
3181:Computer science
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3080:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3030:
2999:
2998:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2634:on 18 March 2016
2620:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2509:on 6 August 2016
2508:
2502:. Archived from
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2438:(8): 1735–1780.
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2403:Machine Learning
2394:
2388:
2387:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2243:10.1038/323533a0
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2174:(8): 2554–2558.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1970:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:"The Perceptron"
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1739:10.1037/h0042519
1732:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1657:(236): 433–460.
1646:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1441:(3): 1171–1220.
1426:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1095:Word Embeddings
742:
691:Seppo Linnainmaa
566:Seppo Linnainmaa
519:Nearest Neighbor
474:Frank Rosenblatt
389:Warren McCulloch
254:
247:
244:
226:
225:
219:
206:Stable Diffusion
107:Bayesian methods
96:machine learning
70:
60:machine learning
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3518:Stephen Wolfram
3488:Ruth Teitelbaum
3443:Douglas McIlroy
3418:Semyon Korsakov
3408:Brian Kernighan
3383:Betty Holberton
3373:Adele Goldstine
3328:Charles Babbage
3306:
3278:
3218:
3199:Binary prefixes
3175:
3117:
3112:
3077:
3059:Russell, Stuart
3057:
3049:
3047:
3033:
3027:
3013:Crevier, Daniel
3011:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2934:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2887:Google DeepMind
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2560:on 3 March 2012
2548:
2547:
2543:
2529:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2142:
2132:
2127:10.1.1.297.6176
2119:
2118:
2114:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1955:Neural Networks
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:Cohen, Harvey.
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1730:10.1.1.588.3775
1714:
1713:
1709:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1367:(28): 632–637.
1358:
1357:
1353:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1297:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1238:
1104:word embeddings
890:Sepp Hochreiter
851:Vladimir Vapnik
736:
703:David Rumelhart
687:Backpropagation
674:Terry Sejnowski
611:later inspires
248:
242:
239:
223:
217:
135:backpropagation
133:Rediscovery of
82:
68:
54:This page is a
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Linus Torvalds
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Frances Spence
3475:
3473:Claude Shannon
3470:
3465:
3463:Dennis Ritchie
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Marlyn Meltzer
3445:
3440:
3438:Joseph Kruskal
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3311:Notable people
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3055:
3031:
3025:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2965:
2946:
2937:|journal=
2904:
2874:
2848:
2821:
2783:
2757:
2732:
2719:New York Times
2705:
2690:
2664:
2645:
2615:
2596:
2571:
2541:
2532:|journal=
2487:
2465:
2422:
2409:(3): 273–297.
2389:
2382:
2356:
2321:
2309:New York Times
2295:
2286:|journal=
2256:
2213:
2154:
2145:|journal=
2112:
2085:(4): 193–202.
2069:
2050:
2006:
1942:
1936:978-0898716597
1935:
1915:
1900:
1881:(2): 146–160.
1862:
1834:
1812:
1786:
1774:The New Yorker
1760:
1723:(6): 386–408.
1707:
1684:
1668:
1641:
1630:(4): 115–133.
1614:
1583:
1560:
1535:
1494:
1472:
1421:
1402:
1351:
1338:(1): 132–150.
1318:
1295:
1284:(2): 224–254.
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1186:
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1180:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
990:
979:
976:
973:
969:
968:
957:
954:
952:
948:
947:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
919:MNIST database
913:A team led by
911:
910:MNIST database
908:
906:
902:
901:
887:
884:
881:
877:
876:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
847:Corinna Cortes
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
810:trained using
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
778:
775:
772:
768:
767:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
731:
726:
723:
719:
718:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
621:
617:
616:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
575:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
554:
553:
544:Seymour Papert
537:
534:
532:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
511:
510:
496:
493:
490:
486:
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471:
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407:
405:
401:
400:
386:
381:
378:
374:
373:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:Bayes' Theorem
338:
336:Bayes' Theorem
333:
331:
327:
326:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
281:
279:Bayes' Theorem
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
250:
249:
229:
227:
216:
213:
210:
209:
191:
187:
186:
180:
176:
175:
168:kernel methods
164:
160:
159:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
92:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
67:
64:
62:are included.
50:
49:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Steve Wozniak
3526:
3524:
3523:Niklaus Wirth
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Nancy Leveson
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Andrew Koenig
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3076:0-137-90395-2
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:Norvig, Peter
3060:
3056:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3026:0-465-02997-3
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2929:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2661:. p. A1.
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2554:Netflix Prize
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2524:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2383:0-8186-7128-9
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
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2336:
2332:
2325:
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2257:
2252:
2248:
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2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:(11): 32832.
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
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1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1682:, p. 17.
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
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1637:
1633:
1629:
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1300:
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1213:
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1199:
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1177:
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1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:team, led by
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:competition.
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
966:
962:
961:Netflix Prize
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
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3428:Ada Lovelace
3393:Grace Hopper
3358:Stephen Cook
3343:George Boole
3297:Web browsers
3208:
3204:Cryptography
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3048:. Retrieved
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1185:Transformer
1168:AlphaGo Zero
1052:Google Brain
975:Achievement
707:Geoff Hinton
649:, a type of
645:popularizes
609:Neocognition
603:, a type of
601:neocognitron
593:Neocognitron
547:
476:invents the
393:Walter Pitts
344:
323:data fitting
311:Least Square
287:
284:Thomas Bayes
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32:
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3533:Konrad Zuse
3503:Alan Turing
3338:Jean Bartik
3333:John Backus
3131:Before 1950
3006:Works cited
2064:Trans. IECE
1704:(3): 10–11.
1698:AI Magazine
1514:: 370–418.
1222:Achievement
1204:Achievement
1194:transformer
1192:invent the
1164:Computer Go
1152:Achievement
1114:Achievement
1044:Achievement
1014:Achievement
865:Achievement
792:Achievement
737: [
734:Kurt Hornik
699:Paul Werbos
684:Application
549:Perceptrons
507:Tic-tac-toe
492:Achievement
413:Alan Turing
150:(SVMs) and
94:Pioneering
43:August 2021
3548:Categories
3513:Larry Wall
3508:Paul Vixie
3378:Lois Haibt
3353:John Cocke
3247:DOS family
3189:Algorithms
3166:Scientific
3050:2022-12-25
2919:1706.03762
2751:2023-09-12
2590:2018-03-30
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1912:: 389–400.
1258:References
1188:A team at
1182:Discovery
1092:Discovery
1074:Discovery
986:Fei-Fei Li
915:Yann LeCun
804:backgammon
760:Q-learning
478:perceptron
470:Perceptron
380:Discovery
343:publishes
260:Event type
232:incomplete
3348:Vint Cerf
3136:1950–1979
3123:Computing
2995:244528561
2883:"AlphaGo"
2700:206741597
2251:205001834
2122:CiteSeerX
2107:206775608
1968:1404.7828
1895:122357351
1725:CiteSeerX
1314:Marr 2016
1263:Citations
1172:AlphaZero
1158:Google's
1060:Jeff Dean
1056:Andrew Ng
1034:Jeopardy!
978:ImageNet
883:Discovery
873:Deep Blue
840:Discovery
822:Discovery
800:TD-Gammon
752:Discovery
725:Discovery
713:to learn
657:systems.
636:Discovery
590:Discovery
467:Discovery
359:Discovery
308:Discovery
274:Discovery
158:started.
123:AI winter
3403:Bob Kahn
3284:Internet
3224:Software
3065:(2003).
3044:Archived
3015:(1993).
2861:BBC News
2835:Datanami
2017:(2015).
2001:11715509
1993:25462637
1845:(1970).
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1747:13602029
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1125:DeepFace
1121:Facebook
1100:word2vec
1066:videos.
982:ImageNet
615:(CNNs).
505:to play
457:checkers
286:'s work
215:Timeline
76:Summary
66:Overview
3274:Malware
3252:Windows
2638:16 June
2624:"About"
2564:16 June
2480:16 June
2460:1915014
2452:9377276
2351:8763243
2231:Bibcode
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1973:Bibcode
1770:"Rival"
1576:15 June
1553:13 June
1369:Bibcode
1160:AlphaGo
1082:AlexNet
1064:YouTube
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965:Netflix
937:Project
896:invent
782:Evolver
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607:(ANN).
263:Caption
202:ChatGPT
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2975:Nature
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2867:5 June
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3257:Linux
3161:2020s
3156:2010s
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3146:1990s
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2914:arXiv
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2797:(PDF)
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1963:arXiv
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1751:S2CID
1526:JSTOR
1485:(PDF)
1463:JSTOR
1443:arXiv
1393:S2CID
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