3666:"Beginning in the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, clay tokens are widely attested as a system of counting and identifying specific amounts of specified livestock or commodities. The tokens, enclosed in clay envelopes after being impressed on their rounded surface, were gradually replaced by impressions on flat or plano-convex tablets, and these in turn by more or less conventionalized pictures of the tokens incised on the clay with a reed stylus. The transition to writing was complete
3596:
3572:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3584:
3560:
35:
3548:
3404:. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. ACE 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the
4023:, Abstract: "...tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece...marine sediments and pumices from the ~1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini."
4449:
Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; et al. (2009). "The
Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357.
4600:
Paul Lane, Ceri Ashley & Gilbert Oteyo (2006) New Dates for
Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya, AZANIA: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, 41:1, 123-138, DOI: 10.1080/00672700609480438
3784:
versions survive, from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE: "Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived" (Beaulieu in
Clifford
3722:
Hildebrand, Elisabeth; et al. (2018). "A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa's first herders near Lake
Turkana, Kenya". PNAS. 115 (36): 8942–8947. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721975115. PMC 6130363.
4125:
Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Dee, Michael W.; Rowland, Joanne M.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Harris, Stephen A.; Brock, Fiona; Quiles, Anita; Wild, Eva M.; Marcus, Ezra S.; Shortland, Andrew J. (2010).
4609:
Schmidt, P.; Avery, D.H. (1978). "Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in
Tanzania". Science. 201 (4361): 1085–89. Bibcode:1978Sci...201.1085S. doi:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085.
3424:
spanning roughly five centuries from CE 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century.
1213:
is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the
Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It refers to the
3462:
211:
4629:
Chap
Kusimba and Randal Pouwells. The Rise and Fall of Swahili States. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 33(2):437. DOI: 10.2307/220701. Available from:
214:
3481:
218:
4630:
52:
3466:
3463:
3753:
199:
4653:
4253:
3894:
3840:
3806:
208:
3710:
Augustin F. C. Holl. The
Origins of African Metallurgies. Anthropology. Oxford research encyclopaedias. Published online 30 June 2020. DOI:
198:
99:
4980:
215:
200:
71:
3617:
210:
4929:
4906:
4878:
4803:
4781:
4703:
4678:
4591:
Clist, Bernard. (1987). A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the early Urewe Iron Age industry. Muntu. 6. 35-62.
4579:
4504:
4198:
3962:
3871:
3765:
209:
118:
213:
78:
3996:"Therea and the Aegean World III", Volume III—Chronology (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Hardy DA, editor)
205:
195:
188:
3476:
3429:
2343:
3318:
194:
2510:
Burebista is assassinated in the same year like Julius Caesar and his empire breaks into 4 and later 5 kingdoms in modern-day
506:
4812:
4345:
4320:
3937:
3471:
3070:
2653:
216:
85:
56:
4631:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274126407_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Swahili_States/link/58cBC7c458515b6361d58ee/download
207:
203:
202:
187:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
4975:
4528:
3468:
3465:
3460:
2636:
3909:
De
Mieroop, Marc Van. (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East: c. 3000-323BC. (pp.67) Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing
201:
197:
190:
4033:
Antonopoulos, J. (1992). "The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek
Archipelago".
1922:
67:
3472:
3461:
448:
3757:
3622:
3448:
2683:
1579:
878:
196:
192:
175:
1435:
and begins issuing citizenship and judicial reforms, giving Athenian citizens the right to participate in government.
3467:
212:
4970:
4532:
3464:
2452:
2289:
between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day
1262:
577:
191:
189:
23:
3595:
3571:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
2990:
2096:
948:
45:
3612:
2763:
2041:(Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam)
1759:
761:
665:
600:
551:
3884:
3396:
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the
206:
4965:
3477:
3157:
2057:
1623:
1254:
1233:). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC and the beginning of the
3479:
3113:
3061:
2932:
2583:
2550:
Formation of Roman Empire: Augustus is given titles of Princeps and Augustus by Roman Senate – beginning of
2109:
997:
860:
3469:
2108:
sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka)
500:
construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.
4407:
Ehret, Christopher (2001). "Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History".
4016:
2320:
907:
488:
462:
204:
193:
19:
4231:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
92:
3369:
3354:
2156:
2061:
2029:
1702:
1527:
1245:
1033:
931:
917:
713:
3583:
3559:
3478:
4719:
4138:
4042:
3421:
3314:
3198:
3100:
3011:
3007:
2986:
2369:
1904:
1848:
1405:
1333:
1126:
980:
703:
646:
426:
4524:
3441:
1947:
1908:
1900:
1281:
1210:
1205:
1085:
1025:
952:
622:
573:
4017:"A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece"
3547:
4832:
4736:
Thorndike 1923, Becker 1931, MacMullen 1966, MacMullen 1990, Thomas & Wick 1993, Loftus 1996.
4432:
4162:
4058:
3350:
3270:
3254:
3176:
3096:
2973:
2644:
2324:
1991:
1965:
1769:
1726:
1679:
1659:
1649:
1635:
1602:
1441:
1350:
970:
927:
790:
565:
3918:
Movses Khorenatsi, History of Armenia. Ed. by G. Sargsyan. Yerevan: Hayastan, 1997, (pp. 83,286)
4925:
4902:
4874:
4824:
4777:
4699:
4674:
4649:
4610:
4575:
4500:
4451:
4424:
4341:
4316:
4249:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4154:
4107:
3958:
3933:
3890:
3867:
3836:
3830:
3802:
3781:
3761:
3723:
3413:
3397:
2915:
2852:
2591:
2537:
2434:
2237:
2159:; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the
2038:
1871:
1839:
1795:
1687:
1476:
1319:
1055:
1029:
898:
888:
757:
699:
241:
237:
233:
229:
148:
3796:
4816:
4416:
4146:
4097:
4089:
4050:
3405:
3274:
3189:
2955:
2810:
2555:
2520:
2487:
2277:
2216:
2173:
1432:
1415:
1346:
1342:
671:
609:
435:
144:
4853:
4485:(1968, 1969) at 28–35 - Picard specifically favors 750-25 BC, closer to Apion than Timaeus.
4292:
Reinecke, Paul (1922). "Chronologische Übersicht der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeiten".
3740:
3437:
3425:
3362:
3202:
2969:
2891:
2670:
2574:
2286:
2065:
1961:
1545:
1535:
1480:
1369:
1234:
1192:
1122:
1099:
944:
869:
822:
753:
681:
587:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
140:
4386:"Determining Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Through Astronomical Records in Historical Texts"
4142:
4046:
3711:
3033:
The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day
4918:
3401:
3376:
3372:
3185:
3166:
3149:
3122:
3087:
3078:
2994:
2941:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2442:
2438:
2365:
2224:
1852:
1669:
1593:
1218:
1176:
1065:
744:
523:
422:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
245:
3994:
1648:
incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the
1615:
4959:
4940:
4749:
4520:
4180:
4166:
4062:
3211:
3145:
3109:
3052:
2735:
2667:
2613:
2497:
2483:
2391:
2387:
2356:
2268:
2259:
2199:
2152:
2078:
1979:
1975:
1829:
1383:
1295:
1226:
1103:
1016:
966:
935:
810:
794:
726:
541:
4801:
Libourel, Jan M. (1973). "A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War".
3287:
3223:
3214:
3135:
3131:
3074:
2731:
2640:
2609:
2501:
2395:
2377:
2316:
2306:
2047:
1746:
1706:
1466:
1309:
1272:
1258:
1222:
1095:
802:
717:
660:
3886:
Assassins' Deeds: A History of Assassination from Ancient Egypt to the Present Day
3829:
Jeremy A. Black; Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson (13 April 2006).
2064:
built 2560 BC Egypt stands 146.5 meters, making it 91.5 meters taller), begins in
4643:
4545:
1359:
An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying
3433:
3337:
3333:
2965:
2945:
2195:
2164:
2143:
2087:
1809:
1683:
1631:
1554:
1373:
1112:
826:
814:
806:
569:
555:
401:
397:
393:
389:
171:
34:
4244:
Thapar, Romila; Witzel, Michael; Menon, Jaya; Friese, Kai; Khan, Razib (2019).
1288:. With time he conquers neighboring countries and turns Assyria into an empire.
3153:
3024:
3020:
3003:
2707:
2657:
2564:
2551:
2473:
2233:
2160:
2139:
2025:
1918:
1891:
1862:
1736:
836:
798:
497:
475:
152:
136:
4828:
4771:
4428:
4385:
4126:
4111:
3090:
declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship.
4150:
3409:
3251:
3238:
2928:
2773:
2533:
2461:
2430:
2416:
2403:
2207:
2203:
2186:
1999:
1983:
1881:
1804:
1779:
1751:
1517:
1462:
1305:
1214:
1162:
781:
419:
4614:
4455:
4158:
3727:
4093:
4077:
2977:
2925:
2906:
2791:
2745:
2721:
2717:
2697:
2693:
2674:
2605:
2399:
2220:
1987:
1716:
1627:
1571:
1489:
1445:
1230:
1158:
720:
in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.
685:
596:
479:
4890:
Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire
3643:
3125:
is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire.
4436:
4362:
4102:
4054:
3744:
3358:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3283:
2842:
2832:
2824:
2787:
2569:
2511:
2465:
2407:
2347:
2290:
2119:
2021:
1951:
1932:
1755:
1645:
1619:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1453:
1360:
1285:
1166:
1147:
1044:
1007:
846:
740:
626:
537:
514:
510:
4836:
4519:
It is used to refer to various other periods of ancient history, like
3417:
3365:
3044:
2820:
2626:
2469:
2373:
2182:
2129:
2105:
2074:
2009:
1995:
1709:
king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords.
1606:
1575:
1558:
1449:
1428:
1401:
1130:
993:
439:
4420:
4270:
3795:
Mogens Herman Hansen; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2002).
4820:
155:
civilizations were pre-literate and did not have written language.
4920:
Decoding Ancient History: A Toolkit for the Historian as Detective
4720:
https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html
4645:
The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meriotic Civilization
4497:
The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization
4471:. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 20–23.
3955:
Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others
3384:
3341:
3034:
2801:
2777:
2623:
2601:
2587:
2541:
2524:
2420:
2294:
2250:
2246:
1865:
as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya.
1820:
1583:
1562:
1424:
1329:
1141:
1038:
989:
956:
926:
Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the
818:
730:
689:
656:
613:
416:
2885:. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war.
3798:
A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation
3242:
3048:
2828:
2759:
2749:
2334:
1531:
1075:
850:
771:
636:
527:
466:
452:
3459:
186:
28:
4246:
Which of us are Aryans? rethinking the concept of our origins
3486:
Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details
3387:; most frequently cited date for the end of ancient history.
2804:
dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him.
2376:
develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce
2206:
state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the
1048:
epic poems (which were composed about four centuries later).
969:
in China; evidence of a fully developed writing system, see
891:
constitutes the earliest complete version of that narrative.
774:
is thought to be the earliest known victim of assassination.
2993:
providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating
4844:
3428:
scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the
813:. Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the
3006:
becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into
2122:(Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia.
3169:
is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers.
2176:- Rome defeated in major battle in the second Punic War.
784:, the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas.
4409:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3226:
outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity.
684:
phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day
4873:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1336:. It was one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres.
4901:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
4892:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
4718:
The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea Available from:
3712:
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63
1592:
Expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, founding of
1349:, considered one of the earliest developments of the
4754:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
3801:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 40–.
3672:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 25.
2845:
succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia.
4899:
Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary
4765:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
3217:
declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical.
2643:manuscript is written. It describes an established
1363:
and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4917:
4792:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005).
4773:Directory of Ancient Historians in the USA, 2nd ed
4363:"Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History"
4078:"Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History"
3055:. Local industry and international trade flourish.
2980:of Persia (Valerian was captured by the Persians).
4527:(such as, Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer) or other
4127:"Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt"
3099:executed, with northern China then controlled by
1574:(Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern
845:Traditional date for the legendary foundation of
4340:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
3273:usurps the Jin in southern China, beginning the
2871:Hadrian dies of natural causes. His adopted son
2500:and others; End of Roman Republic; beginning of
2323:collapses. Remnants move southwards to form the
4924:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
3327:Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia.
2841:Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son
2720:is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle
2536:ends her reign as the last active ruler of the
1036:region. This period is also the setting of the
4186:The Olmecs : America's First Civilization
3103:. The Jin dynasty continues to rule the south.
2455:leads to the conquest of Judea by the Romans.
2099:takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc).
2060:, the world's largest pyramid by volume (the
1658:Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at
1634:. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as
8:
4559:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome
2954:Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the
2202:; China in this period officially becomes a
1974:Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of
1139:Approximate date for the composition of the
756:is founded, dating depends upon whether the
4546:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
4531:. It is less commonly used in reference to
3241:and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman-
2622:Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of
1788:Construction of the Parthenon is completed.
1185:Iron Age begins in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah).
4625:
4623:
3835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–.
3368:; Odoacer returns the imperial regalia to
3101:various kingdoms founded by non-Han people
2748:dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew
2577:, leads Kushite armies against the Romans.
801:, which was registered throughout most of
157:
4942:History of Magic and Experimental Science
4101:
2944:period begins in China after the fall of
2900:Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends.
2673:(Octavian), ascension of his adopted son
2198:established in China, after the death of
992:civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4021:Marine Geology, Volume 452, October 2022
3299:have conquered the land stretching from
1917:Alexander the Great defeats Indian king
1261:'s power is diminishing; the era of the
1225:. Ancient history includes the recorded
920:is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt.
3982:. The British Museum Press. p. 70.
3957:. Oxford University Press. p. 45.
3634:
3495:
2394:appear on the archaeological record in
4673:. New York: Viking. pp. 221–226.
4189:. London: Thames and Hudson. pp.
1400:Evidence of writing system appears in
1345:replaces oral law with written law in
4845:"Livius. Articles on Ancient History"
4671:A History of the World in 100 Objects
3317:unites northern China, beginning the
2819:Roman Empire at largest extent under
2600:Earliest theorized date for birth of
1582:submits voluntarily, and annexes the
1133:, creating a major population centre.
7:
4916:Thomas, Carol G.; D.P. Wick (1994).
4852:Lobell, Jarrett (July–August 2002).
4529:early civilizations of the Near East
3432:in CE 476, the death of the emperor
3160:as the emperors of the Roman empire.
3062:Diocletian's edict on maximum prices
3023:begins a large-scale persecution of
2894:becomes emperor of the Roman Empire.
1911:, completing his conquest of Persia.
1106:; Zhou dynasty established in China.
57:adding citations to reliable sources
4858:Archaeological Institute of America
4776:. Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books.
4574:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4570:Adkins, Lesley; Roy Adkins (1998).
4271:"Why Did the World End in 1200 BCE"
3930:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
3746:Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh
1586:, Persian Empire at largest extent.
1312:, in modern Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
655:Oldest known surviving literature:
550:Earliest evidence of autochthonous
4788:Web edition is constantly updated.
4499:. Leiden, NL: Brill Academic Pub.
4495:Török, László (November 1, 1997).
3866:, Chicago University Press, 1971,
3697:Caroline Alexander, "Stonehenge,"
3618:Timeline of post-classical history
2823:after having conquered modern-day
2350:in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom.
1851:culture flourishes around city of
586:Domestication of the horse in the
14:
4804:The American Journal of Philology
3232:Romans are expelled from Britain.
1968:. The empire existed until 63 BC.
1229:beginning in about 776 BC (First
4698:. London: Palgrave. p. 54.
4572:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
4390:Journal of East Asian Archeology
4015:Paris, Raphael, et al., (2022).
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3430:fall of the Western Roman Empire
3392:End of ancient history in Europe
3257:for the first time since 390 BC.
3201:, Roman army is defeated by the
2464:conquers territories from south
2132:; Decline of the Mauryan Empire.
1950:overthrows the Nanda dynasty of
1931:Death of Alexander the Great at
33:
4396:(1): 347–357 – via Brill.
3980:The Bible in the British Museum
3883:Withington, John (2020-11-05).
3832:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
3416:are a period in the history of
3319:Northern and Southern dynasties
2800:After a two-year rule, Emperor
2762:commits suicide, prompting the
2558:to provide security to Emperor.
44:needs additional citations for
4813:Johns Hopkins University Press
4794:The Rise of Bronze Age Society
4730:Carr, E. H. (Edward Hallett).
4561:(London: Penguin Books, 1995).
3290:from Spain for the first time.
2654:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
2002:, in return for 500 elephants.
1798:between the Greek city-states.
1678:Persian invasion of Greece by
1102:, overthrows the last king of
780:Oldest known depiction of the
1:
4796:. Cambridge University Press.
4763:The Greeks and the Irrational
4533:civilizations of the Far East
4373:(1): 15–42 – via JSTOR.
4233:. Princeton University Press.
4218:. Cambridge University Press.
3668:W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971).
3601:Eastern Hemisphere in CE 486.
3577:Eastern Hemisphere in CE 200.
3541:Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.
3529:Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.
3517:Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.
3505:Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.
2637:Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
797:phase, likely connected to a
151:. Prior to this time period,
68:"Timeline of ancient history"
3263:Germanic tribes enter Spain.
2813:forms in the Horn of Africa.
2472:, reaching the coast of the
1923:Battle of the Hydaspes River
1516:as the dominant power under
4939:Thorndike, Lynn (1923–58).
4740:Collingwood, R. G. (1946).
4694:Shillington, Kevin (2012).
4216:An Introduction to Hinduism
3932:. Oxford University Press.
3758:University of Chicago Press
3623:Timelines of modern history
3449:Timeline of the Middle Ages
3379:in return for the title of
3134:becomes the emperor of the
2684:Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
2554:. Formation of influential
2077:becomes the emperor of the
1502:Cyrus the Great overthrows
1456:, one of the Mahajanapadas.
1448:is born as a prince of the
629:reaches 80,000 inhabitants.
176:astronomical year numbering
133:timeline of ancient history
4999:
4981:Timelines of world history
4897:MacMullen, Ramsay (1993).
4888:MacMullen, Ramsay (1966).
4744:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4483:Life and Death of Carthage
4294:Bayer. Vorgeschichtsfreund
4229:Anthony, David W. (2007).
3953:Dalley, Stephanie (2000).
3687:. Oxford University Press.
3648:World History Encyclopedia
3446:
3420:following the fall of the
2696:, ascension of his nephew
2496:Julius Caesar murdered by
1832:comes to power in Magadha.
1263:Hundred Schools of Thought
1203:
951:and causes damage to some
910:begins in mainland Greece.
578:Lothagam North Pillar Site
507:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
24:Timelines of world history
17:
4869:Loftus, Elizbeth (1996).
4770:Kinzl, Konrad H. (1998).
4336:Markoe, Glenn E. (2000).
3613:Timeline of Roman history
3357:is forced to abdicate by
2764:Year of the Four Emperors
2303:Roman conquest of Greece,
747:in Siberia, goes extinct.
712:King Khufu completes the
666:Instructions of Shuruppak
601:Indus Valley Civilisation
4669:MacGregor, Neil (2011).
4214:Flood, Gavin D. (1996).
3440:in CE 632 as the end of
2645:Indian Ocean Trade route
2523:. The Roman conquest of
2482:Roman Civil War between
2344:First Chinese domination
2058:Great Pyramid of Cholula
1284:becomes the new king of
1255:Spring and Autumn period
572:'s earliest and largest
164:Brief ancient chronology
18:For earlier events, see
4275:Ancient Near East Today
4151:10.1126/science.1189395
3683:Gardiner, Alan (1961).
3148:dies, leaving his sons
3114:First Council of Nicaea
2933:Maritime Southeast Asia
2616:groomed for the throne.
2110:Mahinda (Buddhist monk)
1705:begins in China as the
1452:, which ruled parts of
996:, during Mesoamerica's
449:Caral–Supe civilization
414:Late 4th millennium BC:
4945:. New York: Macmillan.
4642:Török, László (1997).
4361:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002).
4269:Millek, Jesse (2021).
4076:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002).
3447:For later events, see
3158:Emperor Constantine II
2931:Empire established in
2909:becomes Roman Emperor.
2861:Hadrian completes the
2321:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2155:unifies China, end of
1607:the Republic of Athens
1530:and liberation of the
1332:dominates the African
1115:begins in West Africa.
908:Mycenaean civilization
489:First Dynasty of Egypt
143:from the beginning of
20:Timeline of prehistory
4761:Dodds, E. R. (1964).
4467:Serge Lancel (1995).
4384:Peiyu, Zhang (2002).
4311:Gurney, O.R. (1966).
4094:10.1353/asi.2002.0006
3685:Egypt of the Pharoahs
3670:The Ancient Near East
3370:Eastern Roman Emperor
3361:, a chieftain of the
3355:Western Roman Emperor
2686:, exact date unknown.
2157:Warring States period
2062:Great Pyramid of Giza
2030:binary numeral system
1960:Establishment of the
1754:, the only surviving
1703:Warring States period
1528:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1444:(Buddha), founder of
1246:Ancient Olympic Games
1121:The second stream of
1034:Eastern Mediterranean
932:Poverty Point culture
918:Proto-Sinaitic script
751:Late 24th century BC:
714:Great Pyramid of Giza
4976:Historical timelines
4871:Eyewitness Testimony
4248:. New Delhi: Aleph.
3978:Mitchell, T (1988).
3862:Samuel Noah Kramer,
3422:Western Roman Empire
3315:Northern Wei dynasty
3199:Battle of Adrianople
2660:'s bloodiest defeat.
2608:. Roman succession:
2419:becomes the king of
2398:in Kenya, Misasa in
2359:rises in prominence.
2056:Construction of the
1905:Darius III of Persia
1644:King Aristagoras of
1406:Zapotec civilization
1304:The construction of
625:ancient palace city
427:Egyptian hieroglyphs
53:improve this article
4952:Citations and notes
4756:. New York: Norton.
4742:The Idea of History
4525:ancient Mesopotamia
4300:(1921–1922): 18–25.
4143:2010Sci...328.1554R
4137:(5985): 1554–1557.
4047:1992NatHa...5..153A
3699:National Geographic
3455:Horizontal timeline
3442:classical antiquity
3245:for the first time.
3051:settlements in the
2738:for the first time.
2390:settlements in the
2368:communities in the
2337:for the first time.
2333:Roman armies enter
2189:to North Việt Nam .
1990:(Baluchistan) from
1948:Chandragupta Maurya
1941:Death of Aristotle.
1909:Battle of Gaugamela
1901:Alexander the Great
1813:is first performed.
1760:ancient Greek plays
1696:Death of Confucius.
1596:(traditional date).
1394:") emerge in India.
1282:Tiglath-Pileser III
1275:(traditional date).
1211:Classical antiquity
1206:Classical antiquity
1200:Classical antiquity
1086:Phoenician alphabet
1026:Bronze Age collapse
1006:Composition of the
930:; The beginning of
887:The Old Babylonian
623:Minoan civilization
574:monumental cemetery
536:First known use of
4854:"Etruscan Pompeii"
4367:Asian Perspectives
4082:Asian Perspectives
4055:10.1007/BF00127003
3928:Shaw, Ian (2000).
3889:. Reaktion Books.
3754:Oriental Institute
3436:in CE 565, or the
3351:Romulus Augustulus
3177:Augustine of Hippo
3097:Emperor Min of Jin
2453:Siege of Jerusalem
2370:great lakes region
2325:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2048:Chola Empire forms
1992:Seleucus I Nicator
1966:Seleucus I Nicator
1782:at Athens started.
1770:Greco-Persian Wars
1660:Battle of Marathon
1650:Greco-Persian Wars
1636:Classical Sanskrit
1603:Athenian democracy
1475:Foundation of the
1442:Siddhartha Gautama
1351:Athenian Democracy
1334:Great Lakes region
1320:Achaemenid dynasty
1127:great lakes region
1064:Disintegration of
1023:1200 BC – 1150 BC:
971:Oracle bone script
928:Cemetery H culture
914:1700 BC – 1400 BC:
879:Alphabetic writing
791:4.2-kiloyear event
788:2200 BC – 2100 BC:
724:2500 BC – 1500 BC:
566:Pastoral Neolithic
562:3000 BC – 2300 BC:
548:3000 BC – 2500 BC:
509:is established in
139:of the documented
4971:Ancient timelines
4696:History of Africa
4655:978-90-04-10448-8
4548:. J. Murray, 1891
4255:978-93-88292-38-2
4181:Diehl, Richard A.
3993:Hardy DA (1989).
3896:978-1-78914-352-2
3842:978-0-19-929633-0
3808:978-87-7876-316-7
3414:Early Middle Ages
3398:Early Middle Ages
3188:dies, his cousin
2991:First Jin dynasty
2987:Emperor Wu of Jin
2916:Kingdom of Champa
2776:by the armies of
2692:Death of Emperor
2594:is reconstructed.
2586:period begins in
2538:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2459:c. 60 BC – 44 BC:
2435:Third Servile War
2240:city, flourishes.
2183:Kingdom of Nanyue
2128:Death of Emperor
2039:Sangam literature
1994:, the Macedonian
1872:Death of Socrates
1840:Peloponnesian War
1796:Peloponnesian War
1794:Beginning of the
1618:standardizes the
1477:Achaemenid Empire
1257:begins in China;
1056:Hallstatt culture
1030:Southwestern Asia
1017:Oldest known song
987:1500 BC – 400 BC:
965:The beginning of
955:sites in eastern
897:Oldest Record of
889:Epic of Gilgamesh
758:Middle chronology
704:Yucatán Peninsula
242:1st millennium BC
238:2nd millennium BC
234:3rd millennium BC
230:4th millennium BC
223:
222:
179:
149:Early Middle Ages
137:historical events
129:
128:
121:
103:
4988:
4946:
4935:
4923:
4912:
4893:
4884:
4865:
4848:
4840:
4797:
4787:
4766:
4757:
4745:
4735:
4732:What is History?
4722:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4618:
4617:. S2CID 37926350
4607:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4568:
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4549:
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4105:
4073:
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3990:
3984:
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3950:
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3907:
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3900:
3880:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3792:
3786:
3780:Two fragmentary
3778:
3772:
3771:
3751:
3741:Biggs, Robert D.
3737:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3642:Mark, Joshua J.
3639:
3598:
3589:World in CE 300.
3586:
3574:
3565:World in CE 100.
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3406:Byzantine Empire
3275:Liu Song dynasty
3255:sack Rome in 410
2989:established the
2974:Emperor Valerian
2956:Sassanian Empire
2851:Construction of
2811:Kingdom of Aksum
2633:c. 1 AD – 50 AD:
2556:Praetorian Guard
2521:Battle of Actium
2488:Pompey the Great
2384:100 BC – 300 AD:
2363:100 BC – 100 AD:
2284:149 BC – 146 BC:
2278:Maccabean Revolt
2275:167 BC – 160 BC:
2236:, largest early
2217:Scipio Africanus
2174:Battle of Cannae
1986:(Qanadahar) and
1778:Building of the
1713:470 BC / 469 BC:
1526:The fall of the
1506:, King of Lydia.
1433:Classical Athens
1416:Sao civilization
1347:Classical Athens
1326:650 BC – 550 BC:
983:begins in Egypt.
899:Hammurabi's Code
872:begins in China.
863:begins in Egypt.
809:and continental
762:Short chronology
672:Kesh temple hymn
663:, including the
649:begins in Egypt.
610:Longshan culture
465:Civilization in
436:Cycladic culture
169:
158:
145:recorded history
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4966:Ancient history
4956:
4955:
4954:
4938:
4932:
4915:
4909:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4868:
4851:
4843:
4800:
4791:
4784:
4769:
4760:
4748:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4621:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4544:William Smith,
4543:
4539:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4448:
4444:
4421:10.2307/3097285
4406:
4405:
4401:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4035:Natural Hazards
4032:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3590:
3587:
3578:
3575:
3566:
3563:
3554:
3551:
3542:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3518:
3515:
3506:
3503:
3494:
3482:
3480:
3457:
3452:
3438:coming of Islam
3394:
3203:Germanic tribes
3073:first to adopt
2972:(244–249), and
2970:Philip the Arab
2892:Marcus Aurelius
2790:by the volcano
2786:Destruction of
2772:Destruction of
2671:Augustus Caesar
2656:, the Imperial
2575:Kingdom of Kush
2573:(Queen) of the
2525:Ptolemaic Egypt
2287:Third Punic War
2262:in South India.
2251:the Han dynasty
2249:is invented in
2066:Cholula, Puebla
2050:in South India.
1962:Seleucid Empire
1762:, is performed.
1546:Cyrus the Great
1536:Cyrus the Great
1481:Cyrus the Great
1418:near Lake Chad.
1370:Pandyan kingdom
1244:First recorded
1235:history of Rome
1208:
1202:
1193:Kingdom of Kush
1123:Bantu expansion
1100:King Wu of Zhou
945:Minoan eruption
870:Erlitou culture
823:Akkadian Empire
754:Akkadian Empire
743:population, on
702:culture in the
682:Mature Harappan
588:Yamnaya culture
568:culture builds
552:iron production
410:
405:
219:
217:
180:
165:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:Eight volumes.
4936:
4930:
4913:
4907:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4866:
4849:
4841:
4821:10.2307/294039
4798:
4789:
4782:
4767:
4758:
4750:Diamond, Jared
4746:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4711:
4704:
4686:
4679:
4661:
4654:
4634:
4619:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4563:
4557:Chris Scarre,
4550:
4537:
4512:
4505:
4487:
4474:
4459:
4442:
4399:
4376:
4353:
4346:
4328:
4321:
4303:
4284:
4261:
4254:
4236:
4221:
4206:
4199:
4172:
4117:
4068:
4025:
4008:
3985:
3970:
3963:
3945:
3938:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3895:
3875:
3855:
3841:
3821:
3807:
3787:
3773:
3766:
3756:Publications.
3732:
3715:
3703:
3690:
3675:
3659:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3553:World in CE 1.
3552:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3402:Late Antiquity
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3377:Constantinople
3345:
3328:
3322:
3308:
3291:
3278:
3264:
3258:
3246:
3233:
3227:
3218:
3206:
3193:
3190:Emperor Julian
3186:Constantius II
3180:
3170:
3167:Constantius II
3161:
3150:Constantius II
3139:
3126:
3123:Constantinople
3117:
3112:organizes the
3104:
3091:
3088:Edict of Milan
3082:
3079:state religion
3065:
3056:
3038:
3028:
3015:
3014:Roman Empires.
2998:
2995:Three Kingdoms
2981:
2976:(253–260), by
2959:
2949:
2942:Three Kingdoms
2936:
2919:
2918:in Tay Nguyen.
2910:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2883:Antoninus Pius
2876:
2873:Antoninus Pius
2866:
2863:Roman Pantheon
2856:
2853:Hadrian's Wall
2846:
2836:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2781:
2767:
2753:
2739:
2725:
2711:
2706:Rome conquers
2701:
2700:to the throne.
2687:
2681:26 AD – 34 AD:
2678:
2677:to the throne.
2661:
2648:
2630:
2617:
2595:
2592:Herod's Temple
2584:Three Kingdoms
2578:
2562:27 BC – 22 BC:
2559:
2545:
2528:
2518:31 BC – 30 BC:
2515:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2456:
2446:
2443:Roman Republic
2439:slave uprising
2424:
2411:
2381:
2366:Bantu speaking
2360:
2351:
2338:
2328:
2311:
2298:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2225:Battle of Zama
2211:
2190:
2177:
2168:
2147:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2100:
2097:An Dương Vương
2091:
2082:
2069:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2016:
2008:Completion of
2003:
1969:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1912:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1843:
1833:
1824:
1814:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1697:
1691:
1673:
1670:Gautama Buddha
1663:
1653:
1639:
1610:
1605:instituted at
1597:
1594:Roman Republic
1587:
1584:Libyan Kingdom
1566:
1549:
1539:
1521:
1507:
1497:
1484:
1470:
1457:
1436:
1419:
1409:
1395:
1392:Great Kingdoms
1377:
1372:is founded in
1364:
1354:
1337:
1323:
1313:
1299:
1289:
1276:
1266:
1249:
1219:Ancient Greece
1204:Main article:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1157:Foundation of
1152:
1134:
1116:
1107:
1098:force, led by
1089:
1079:
1069:
1066:Hittite Empire
1059:
1049:
1020:
1019:with notation.
1011:
1001:
984:
974:
960:
939:
921:
911:
902:
892:
882:
873:
864:
861:Middle Kingdom
854:
840:
835:Completion of
830:
785:
775:
765:
748:
745:Wrangel Island
734:
721:
707:
693:
676:
650:
640:
630:
617:
604:
591:
581:
559:
545:
531:
524:Jiroft culture
518:
501:
492:
483:
470:
456:
443:
430:
429:are first used
423:writing system
409:
406:
246:1st millennium
224:
221:
220:
185:
182:
181:
168:
167:
166:
163:
127:
126:
109:September 2022
41:
39:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4994:
4993:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4931:0-13-200205-1
4927:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4908:0-691-03601-2
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4880:0-674-28777-0
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:0-941690-87-3
4779:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4705:9780230308473
4701:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4680:9780670022700
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:0-19-512332-8
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:Ancient Egypt
4516:
4513:
4508:
4506:9789004104488
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4200:0-500-28503-9
4196:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:(2): 153–68.
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3964:9780199538362
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3872:0-226-45238-7
3869:
3865:
3864:The Sumerians
3859:
3856:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3822:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3767:0-226-62202-9
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3660:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:by this time.
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:Roman Emperor
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:succeeds him.
3191:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Constantine I
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:Constantine I
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:Swahili coast
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:succeeds him.
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:Great Britain
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:succeeds him.
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:Roman Emperor
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:Lucius Caesar
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:Marcus Brutus
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:Julius Caesar
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:. End of the
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:Swahili coast
2389:
2386:The earliest
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:Chola dynasty
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:Shunga Empire
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:Chera dynasty
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Qin Shi Huang
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:extends from
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:Qin Shi Huang
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:Emergence of
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:Maurya Empire
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:Paropamisadae
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:Nanda dynasty
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:; Battles of
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:Ancient Egypt
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:, founder of
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:, founder of
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Mahajanapadas
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:Urewe culture
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:Median Empire
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Greek history
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:Shang dynasty
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:is completed.
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:Shang dynasty
964:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:North America
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:North America
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:aridification
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:Kerma culture
725:
722:
719:
715:
711:
708:
705:
701:
698:Emergence of
697:
694:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:phase of the
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
464:
463:Proto-Elamite
460:
457:
454:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
408:Early history
407:
404:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
184:
183:
177:
173:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
25:
21:
16:
4941:
4919:
4898:
4889:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4808:
4802:
4793:
4772:
4762:
4753:
4741:
4731:
4714:
4695:
4689:
4670:
4664:
4644:
4637:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4540:
4515:
4496:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4462:
4445:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4337:
4331:
4313:The Hittites
4312:
4306:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4185:
4175:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4088:(1): 15–42.
4085:
4081:
4071:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4020:
4011:
4000:. Retrieved
3995:
3988:
3979:
3973:
3954:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3885:
3878:
3863:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3831:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3797:
3790:
3776:
3745:
3735:
3718:
3706:
3701:, June 2008.
3698:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3662:
3651:. Retrieved
3647:
3637:
3485:
3400:is known as
3395:
3380:
3347:
3330:
3324:
3310:
3293:
3288:North Africa
3280:
3269:The general
3266:
3260:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3224:Theodosius I
3220:
3215:Theodosius I
3208:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3163:
3141:
3136:Gupta empire
3132:Samudragupta
3128:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3084:
3075:Christianity
3067:
3058:
3040:
3030:
3017:
3000:
2983:
2961:
2951:
2938:
2921:
2912:
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2878:
2868:
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2848:
2838:
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2807:
2797:
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2769:
2755:
2741:
2732:Roman Empire
2727:
2713:
2703:
2689:
2680:
2663:
2650:
2641:Graeco-Roman
2632:
2619:
2610:Gaius Caesar
2597:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2547:
2530:
2517:
2507:
2502:Roman Empire
2493:
2479:
2458:
2448:
2441:against the
2426:
2413:
2396:Kwale County
2383:
2378:carbon steel
2362:
2353:
2340:
2330:
2317:Eucratides I
2313:
2307:Roman Greece
2304:
2300:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2213:
2192:
2179:
2170:
2149:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2071:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2018:
2013:
2005:
1971:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1914:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1868:
1861:Rise of the
1858:
1845:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1747:The Oresteia
1745:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1641:
1630:in the text
1612:
1599:
1589:
1568:
1551:
1541:
1523:
1509:
1499:
1486:
1472:
1467:Confucianism
1459:
1438:
1421:
1414:Rise of the
1411:
1404:used by the
1397:
1391:
1388:Great Realms
1387:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1339:
1325:
1315:
1310:Arabia Felix
1301:
1294:Rise of the
1291:
1278:
1271:Founding of
1268:
1259:Zhou dynasty
1251:
1241:
1223:Ancient Rome
1209:
1191:Rise of the
1188:
1182:
1179:city-states.
1172:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1125:reaches the
1118:
1109:
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884:
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866:
856:
842:
832:
803:North Africa
787:
777:
767:
750:
736:
723:
718:Land of Punt
709:
695:
678:
670:
664:
661:Abu Salabikh
652:
642:
632:
619:
606:
593:
583:
561:
547:
533:
520:
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494:
485:
478:is built in
472:
458:
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432:
413:
250:
249:
226:
225:
141:ancient past
132:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
15:
4415:(1): 5–41.
4338:Phoenicians
4315:. Penguin.
4103:10125/17161
3434:Justinian I
3338:Huna people
3334:Skandagupta
3041:300 – 1000:
2968:(238–244),
2966:Gordian III
2946:Han dynasty
2196:Han dynasty
2165:Qin dynasty
2144:South India
2088:Kalinga War
1853:Monte Albán
1838:End of the
1810:Oedipus Rex
1684:Thermopylae
1632:Ashtadhyayi
1555:Cambyses II
1450:Shakya clan
1374:South India
1163:Phoenicians
1113:Nok culture
1092:c. 1046 BC:
1088:is created.
1082:c. 1050 BC:
1062:c. 1180 BC:
1032:and in the
1014:c. 1400 BC:
981:New Kingdom
977:c. 1550 BC:
905:c. 1750 BC:
827:Mesopotamia
815:Old Kingdom
807:Middle East
793:: a severe
659:texts from
647:Old Kingdom
570:East Africa
556:West Africa
504:c. 3000 BC:
495:c. 3000 BC:
4960:Categories
4347:0520226135
4322:0140202595
4002:2008-03-16
3939:0192804588
3653:2024-09-07
3629:References
3340:attack on
3236:407 – 409:
3154:Constans I
3043:Growth of
3025:Christians
3021:Diocletian
3004:Diocletian
2964:Defeat of
2904:180 – 181:
2817:106 – 117:
2808:100 – 940:
2708:Mauretania
2658:Roman Army
2565:Amanirenas
2552:Pax Romana
2474:Aegean sea
2437:, a major
2354:c. 100 BC:
2314:c. 145 BC:
2257:c. 200 BC:
2234:El Mirador
2161:Great Wall
2140:Satavahana
2019:c. 300 BC:
2006:c. 300 BC:
1892:Democritus
1863:Garamantes
1859:c. 400 BC:
1737:Democritus
1725:Murder of
1624:morphology
1569:c. 512 BC:
1496:, is born.
1469:, is born.
1427:appointed
1412:c. 600 BC:
1189:c. 785 BC:
1028:occurs in
837:Stonehenge
799:Bond event
729:begins in
612:begins in
526:begins in
498:Stonehenge
476:Skara Brae
451:begins in
251:Centuries:
227:Millennia:
172:Common Era
153:prehistory
147:until the
79:newspapers
4829:1086-3168
4648:. Brill.
4582:. page 3.
4429:0361-7882
4167:206526496
4112:1535-8283
4063:129836887
3644:"Writing"
3410:Heraclius
3336:repels a
3252:Visigoths
3239:Visigoths
3175:Birth of
2929:Srivijaya
2881:Death of
2774:Jerusalem
2666:Death of
2534:Cleopatra
2462:Burebista
2449:c. 63 BC:
2431:Spartacus
2429:Death of
2417:Burebista
2414:c. 82 BC:
2404:Ras Hafun
2208:Silk Road
2204:Confucian
2187:Guangzhou
2068:, Mexico.
2014:Elements.
2000:Babylonia
1984:Arachosia
1982:(Herat),
1978:(Kabul),
1890:Death of
1882:Aristotle
1880:Birth of
1819:Birth of
1805:Sophocles
1780:Parthenon
1752:Aeschylus
1735:Birth of
1715:Birth of
1668:Death of
1580:Macedonia
1561:conquers
1544:Death of
1518:Bimbisara
1463:Confucius
1306:Marib Dam
1215:timeframe
998:Formative
947:destroys
782:Staff God
739:The last
692:) begins.
542:Egyptians
420:cuneiform
174:years in
4815:: 71–8.
4752:(1999).
4615:17830304
4481:Picard,
4469:Carthage
4456:19407144
4183:(2004).
4159:20558717
3785:2007:4).
3782:Akkadian
3743:(1974).
3728:30127016
3607:See also
3363:Germanic
3144:Emperor
2978:Shapur I
2926:Buddhist
2907:Commodus
2792:Vesuvius
2766:in Rome.
2758:Emperor
2746:Claudius
2744:Emperor
2722:Claudius
2718:Caligula
2716:Emperor
2698:Caligula
2694:Tiberius
2675:Tiberius
2606:Nazareth
2400:Tanzania
2271:founded.
2221:Hannibal
2219:defeats
2118:Rise of
1988:Gedrosia
1903:defeats
1807:'s play
1727:Xerxes I
1717:Socrates
1680:Xerxes I
1628:Sanskrit
1572:Darius I
1512:Rise of
1490:Mahavira
1446:Buddhism
1382:Sixteen
1318:Rise of
1231:Olympiad
1175:Rise of
1159:Carthage
1145:and the
1119:1000 BC:
1110:1000 BC:
1078:spreads.
1072:1100 BC:
1052:1200 BC:
1042:and the
1004:1500 BC:
963:1600 BC:
949:Akrotiri
942:1600 BC:
924:1700 BC:
895:1780 BC:
885:1800 BC:
881:emerges.
876:1800 BC:
867:1900 BC:
857:2055 BC:
843:2115 BC:
833:2200 BC:
821:and the
778:2250 BC:
770:Pharaoh
768:2291 BC:
764:is used.
737:2500 BC:
710:2560 BC:
696:2600 BC:
686:Pakistan
679:2600 BC:
669:and the
657:Sumerian
653:2600 BC:
643:2700 BC:
639:in Iran.
635:Rise of
633:2700 BC:
620:2700 BC:
607:2800 BC:
597:Kot Diji
594:2800 BC:
584:3000 BC:
534:3000 BC:
521:3000 BC:
486:3100 BC:
480:Scotland
473:3200 BC:
461:Rise of
459:3200 BC:
446:3200 BC:
433:3200 BC:
417:Sumerian
4437:3097285
4139:Bibcode
4131:Science
4043:Bibcode
3426:Western
3359:Odoacer
3353:, last
3331:c. 455:
3321:period.
3305:Tunisia
3301:Morocco
3297:Vandals
3284:Vandals
3071:Armenia
3045:Azanian
3012:Western
3008:Eastern
2997:period.
2855:begins.
2843:Hadrian
2833:Armenia
2825:Romania
2788:Pompeii
2734:enters
2570:kandake
2512:Romania
2466:Germany
2408:Somalia
2348:Việtnam
2341:111 BC:
2331:121 BC:
2301:146 BC:
2291:Tunisia
2266:185 BC:
2244:200 BC:
2231:200 BC:
2214:202 BC:
2193:206 BC:
2180:207 BC:
2171:216 BC:
2167:begins.
2163:by the
2150:221 BC:
2136:230 BC:
2126:232 BC:
2120:Parthia
2116:250 BC:
2103:255 BC:
2094:257 BC:
2085:261 BC:
2072:273 BC:
2054:300 BC:
2045:300 BC:
2036:300 BC:
2022:Pingala
1972:305 BC:
1958:321 BC:
1952:Magadha
1945:321 BC:
1939:322 BC:
1933:Babylon
1929:323 BC:
1921:in the
1915:326 BC:
1907:in the
1898:331 BC:
1888:370 BC:
1878:384 BC:
1869:399 BC:
1849:Zapotec
1846:400 BC:
1836:404 BC:
1827:424 BC:
1817:427 BC:
1802:429 BC:
1792:431 BC:
1786:432 BC:
1776:447 BC:
1766:449 BC:
1756:trilogy
1743:458 BC:
1733:460 BC:
1723:465 BC:
1700:475 BC:
1694:479 BC:
1688:Salamis
1676:480 BC:
1666:483 BC:
1656:490 BC:
1646:Miletus
1642:499 BC:
1620:grammar
1613:500 BC:
1600:508 BC:
1590:509 BC:
1552:525 BC:
1542:529 BC:
1524:539 BC:
1514:Magadha
1510:544 BC:
1504:Croesus
1500:546 BC:
1494:Jainism
1487:549 BC:
1473:550 BC:
1460:551 BC:
1454:Magadha
1439:563 BC:
1422:594 BC:
1398:600 BC:
1380:600 BC:
1367:600 BC:
1361:Nineveh
1357:612 BC:
1340:621 BC:
1316:653 BC:
1302:700 BC:
1292:728 BC:
1286:Assyria
1279:745 BC:
1269:753 BC:
1252:771 BC:
1242:776 BC:
1183:788 BC:
1173:800 BC:
1167:Tunisia
1161:by the
1155:814 BC:
1148:Odyssey
1137:890 BC:
1074:Use of
1058:begins.
1045:Odyssey
1008:Rigveda
1000:period.
847:Armenia
760:or the
741:mammoth
627:Knossos
603:begins.
538:papyrus
515:Ukraine
511:Romania
350:10th BC
346:11th BC
342:12th BC
338:13th BC
334:14th BC
330:15th BC
326:16th BC
322:17th BC
318:18th BC
314:19th BC
310:20th BC
306:21st BC
302:22nd BC
298:23rd BC
294:24th BC
290:25th BC
286:26th BC
282:27th BC
278:28th BC
274:29th BC
270:30th BC
266:31st BC
262:32nd BC
258:33rd BC
254:34th BC
93:scholar
4928:
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2784:79 AD:
2770:70 AD:
2756:68 AD:
2742:54 AD:
2728:43 AD:
2714:41 AD:
2704:40 AD:
2690:37 AD:
2664:14 AD:
2627:Christ
2581:18 BC:
2567:, the
2548:27 BC:
2531:30 BC:
2508:44 BC:
2494:44 BC:
2480:49 BC:
2470:Thrace
2427:71 BC:
2374:Africa
2319:dies;
2130:Ashoka
2106:Ashoka
2075:Ashoka
2010:Euclid
1996:satrap
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1576:Thrace
1559:Persia
1429:Archon
1402:Oaxaca
1390:" or "
1131:Africa
994:Mexico
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440:Greece
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398:3rd AD
394:2nd AD
390:1st AD
386:1st BC
382:2nd BC
378:3rd BC
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366:6th BC
362:7th BC
358:8th BC
354:9th BC
135:lists
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4433:JSTOR
4163:S2CID
4059:S2CID
3750:(PDF)
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3342:India
3035:Milan
2922:200s:
2802:Nerva
2778:Titus
2651:9 AD:
2624:Jesus
2620:4 BC:
2602:Jesus
2598:6 BC:
2588:Korea
2542:Egypt
2421:Dacia
2388:Bantu
2295:Libya
2247:Paper
2024:uses
1919:Porus
1821:Plato
1425:Solon
1343:Draco
1177:Greek
1142:Iliad
1039:Iliad
990:Olmec
957:Crete
819:Egypt
731:Nubia
700:Mayan
690:India
614:China
131:This
100:JSTOR
86:books
4926:ISBN
4903:ISBN
4875:ISBN
4864:(4).
4825:ISSN
4778:ISBN
4700:ISBN
4675:ISBN
4650:ISBN
4611:PMID
4576:ISBN
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4425:ISSN
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4317:ISBN
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4250:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4191:9–25
4155:PMID
4108:ISSN
3959:ISBN
3934:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3850:2011
3837:ISBN
3816:2011
3803:ISBN
3762:ISBN
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3373:Zeno
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1980:Aria
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