Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

365:. At that time police officers Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) were only required to have a grade eight education. Humphrey tried to bring "professional standards" to the "inbred, under-educated police force," and raised "hiring standards and annual pay." As mayor, he started sending police officers to the University of Minnesota for training in what was then called "human relations." In August, MPD officers "arrested, jailed and interrogated" two black women who had refused to comply with police orders for men to "produce their draft cards" and for women to "open up their purses" at Dreamland Café. Humphrey personally drove directly to the police station and had the women released that evening. One of the jailed women worked for the 173:(1842 – 1911) began his final term as mayor of Minneapolis. He appointed his brother, Colonel Fred W. Ames as chief of police and a former gambler, Norman W. King as detective. The Minneapolis Police force was transformed into Ames' army. The police would put pressure on criminal organizations and Ames' people would take money from various criminal activities in the city all with the knowledge of local citizens. By 1902, Ames was drinking heavily and people working under him were fighting among themselves. Extortion schemes increased. Attempts by the Hennepin County sheriff to crack down on the widespread criminal activities were quashed, but even average citizens were aware of the city's descent into corruption. 480:, Bouza share stories of "alleged deceit, misconduct and corruption" by what he described as the "2-percenters"—the "misfits in every agency I have worked," that he described as the "thumpers, grafters, malingerers, psychos, alcoholics, women beaters, and bullies." He focused his "reform efforts" on the 2-percenters and apologized to the 98 percenters—the police officers who "try to do their job" and who are at times, "heroic and brilliant." Bouza said that the police "control the underclass," which is "reflected in their relationship to blacks." Bouza said that African Americans are "targets of stop and frisk and other abuses." 1025:: During an incident described as an "Officer Involved Shooting" situation in which Chiasher Fong Vue, 52, of 3114 Thomas Avenue North died, MPD Sergeant Troy Carlson and MPD Officers Donnell Crayton, Daniel Ledman, Kyle Pond, Travis Williams, Jason Wolff, Aaron Womble, Toua Yang discharged their firearms and Officer Andrew Reed discharged less lethal munitions. The incident was investigated by the Minnesota Department of Public Safety Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) and all officers involved were placed on administrative leave. 179:: A grand jury was drawn composed of "unselected citizens" with Hovey C. Clarke, local businessman, as foreman. They "received no special instructions from the bench" and the county prosecutor put only routine work before the grand jury. Clarke dismissed the county prosecutor when he refused to investigate A. A. Ames and his brother, Fred. Clarke hired private investigators to gather evidence on Ames, his brother, and those who worked with them. Initially Ames was convicted, but the case was overturned by the Minnesota Supreme Court. 1133:: Governor Walz announced that the Minnesota Human Rights Department will launch a probe into the "Minneapolis police policies and procedures over the past 10 years to determine whether the department has engaged in discriminatory practices toward people of color." Human Rights Commissioner Rebecca Lucero, who will lead the investigation, said the Commission "will work with city leaders to try to make some quick changes." A potential consent decree which will be "enforced by the courts" will be part of a longer process. 1067:: After an "in custody death" involving MPD officers on the 3700 block of Chicago Avenue South, the Minnesota Department of Public Safety Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) and the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office investigated. The results of their review will be examined by the Hennepin County Attorney's Office and by the FBI, which is "conducting a separate federal civil rights investigation at the request of the Minneapolis Police Department." 777:: In Minneapolis, the "duty to intervene" policy was enacted as one of the police reforms introduced following the 2015 police shooting of Clark. "Duty to intervene" – when an officer saw a colleague doing something to endanger a member of the public – was one of the newly introduced policies considered to be "key to the swift firing and arrest of the four officers" in the 2020 Floyd case. Minneapolis city council member, 629:(2005 - 2009). The legislature had created the state-level Gang and Drug Oversight Council, the "Council" (2005 - 2010) to "establish and supervise multi-jurisdictional task forces and strike forces" across Minnesota. The Minnesota Gang Strike Force was dissolved at this time. The council had 32 voting members including the Attorney General, chiefs of police selected by the Minnesota Chiefs of Police Association, sheriffs, representative from the 499:

to this incidents, Laux "instituted race-sensitivity training, including some things that had never been tried before." He also worked on improving the MPD's "bad image" by focusing on talking to local community groups in many "church basements." Laux also consulted other police chiefs in other cities to learn from their expertise. During his five-year term race relations did not improve in spite of his efforts. Laux told a

787:: Two St. Paul police officers Dan Peck and Jeremy Doverspike shot and killed 24-year-old Marcus Golden. In response, there were protests by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and also called for a federal investigation. A "secret grand jury" decided that they would not lay any charges against the police officers. The grand jury did not present a police report or autopsy results. 379:. Newman contacted Hubert Humphrey, the newly elected mayor of Minneapolis who had promised "action on civil rights," Newman had was Humphrey's friend and had supported his bid for election. By the time he left the office of mayor after three years, he had "made great progress in Minneapolis in parts of his civil rights agenda," he but he had "never came close to reforming the police department," according to 1250:, an innocent bystander, was killed in a car crash caused by Minneapolis police officer Brian Cummings. The night of July 6, Cummings was pursuing a suspected thief at a high-rate of speed when he crashed into Frazier's vehicle. Cummings faced several criminal charges for operating his vehicle negligently, and in 2023 he pleaded guilty to vehicular homicide and received nine-month prison sentence. 1334:, said that George Floyd’s "death has had an irrevocable impact on the Minneapolis community, on our country and around the world." He said that the federal investigation revealed "patterns and practices" that "made what happened to George Floyd possible." At the June 16 news conference, Minneapolis officials said that they would work with the federal Justice Department to reach a 1289:, who was convicted of murder in the spring of 2021. Investigators examined "traffic stops, searches, arrests and uses of force" and reviewed police department policies and training programs. Minneapolis policing practices are also under investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice. Mayor Jacob Frey said the report's findings were "repugnant" and "horrific" and evoked "outrage". 251:

associations that united in the belief that organized labor was "evil and un-American." In a 1903 address at the Minneapolis Commercial Club, David M. Parry, the first president of the Citizens' Industrial Alliance, said that "we should endeavor to strike at the root of the matter, and that is to be found in the wide spread socialistic sentiment among certain classes of people."

185:: Alderman Percy Jones as acting mayor removed all of police officers that Ames had hired and replaced them with the police officers that Ames had previously fired. Jones appointed a "church deacon and personal friend to be chief of police." Jones also stated that There would "be no gambling, with police connivance, in the city of Minneapolis during his term of office." 1216:: A temporary Hennepin County District Court court order requested by the Minnesota Department of Human Rights resulted in both the City of Minneapolis and the MPD incorporating all the changes "identified in the court order into their policies, ordinances, and procedures." This included a "complete ban, without exception, on the use of chokeholds and neck restraints." 662:: By 2007 the Minneapolis-based Hennepin County Sheriff's Office with its headquarters in downtown Minneapolis, was one of the "largest law enforcement agencies in Minnesota." The Sheriff's Office had "division and unit facilities spread" throughout Hennepin County. At the time, the Office had a $ 69 million operational budget. 348:: Prior to his election as mayor of Minneapolis, Hubert Humphrey appointed Bradshaw Mintener as chair of a 12-person committee to choose a new police chief who would "act decisively against organized crime, enforce the law evenly, bring down the high rate of crime and juvenile delinquency, and reform the corrupt police department." 355:, that he was "determined to rid Minneapolis of its Syndicate and Corruption, who along with Chicago gangsters, ran the city's flourishing gambling, prostitution, and illegal liquor sales operations and fed the culture of corruption in the police department." During his mayoral campaign he had promised "action on civil rights." 531:. The incident was videotaped and widely shared in TV broadcasts. At the time of Haaf's killing, gangs in Minneapolis were trading "gunfire daily" and "rumors of Minneapolis police misconduct were rampant." According to MPR, "the police administration was at a loss for how to gain the trust of the city's minority residents." 192:, while Mayor Ames was still in office, the MPD had become infamous in the United States for the boldness of its corruption and crimes. By 1902 The MPD had five precincts and one paddy wagon. When the Citizens' Alliance was established, the MPD would "harass, infiltrate, and attack labor unions" on behalf of the Alliance. 474:, who was mayor of Minneapolis from 1980 until 1994,. responded to scandals that took place during the tenure of then Police Chief Elmer C. Nordlund (1978–79). Fraser hired Bouza, who was an "outsider", as a reformer and Bouza "frequently butted heads with members of the Minneapolis force". In his 2013 book— 1194:

successfully deployed in Eugene Oregon since 1989. Cahoots is a "nonprofit mobile crisis intervention program" in Eugene that handles 24,000 "mental health calls" a year representing 20 percent of Eugene's 911 calls. It costs about $ 2 million, which is much less than a police department would cost.

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reported that a number of Minneapolis "elected officials"—including four members of City Council, "civic leaders and residents" called on the city to dismantle the MPD and "re-imagine the way policing works" in the wake of the George Floyd's murder by police and the ensuing protests. According to the

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that he was having difficulty understanding "what prompted so much crazy behavior by so many officers in such a short period of time." Incidents included "an altercation between an officer and black college students at a motel," and a "botched drug raid that killed an older black couple." In response

294:

announced a "Citizens Meeting For Public Safety" at the Elks’ Hall on June 25 inviting "the clergy and all prominent Negroes." The headline read "Negroes Protest against Police Atrocities in the City." By 1922, "popular support for the Ku Klux Klan was surging" in Minneapolis. Following the meeting,

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on May 27 to request the National Guard to assist the municipality, after peaceful protests evolved into a dangerous situation, resulting in extensive damage to private property. The office of the Governor said these initial phone calls from the Mayor's office were insufficient, as the activation of

897:

Black activists in Minneapolis released a report in 2018 that said that the "oppression of poor people and black people was baked into the very founding of the department in 1867." Police reform has roiled politics in the city for years, and politicians who have been seen as slow to reform have been

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announced that no charges would be filed against Ringgenberg and Schwarze. Freeman said that cases concerning officer-involved shootings would no longer be heard before grand juries. Minneapolis activist, Tyrone Williams "helped coordinate the 18-day occupation of Minneapolis' Fourth Precinct police

671:

Five African-American police officers, including Medaria Arradondo, who had served as a MPD officer since 1989, starting in the Fourth Precinct to become inspector for the First Precinct, sued the department alleging discrimination in promotions, pay, and discipline, and won. The city settled for $

1232:

the previous May; the police department had mischaracterized Chauvin's murder of Floyd as a death following "medical distress" in early statements about the incident. Demonstrators reacting to news of a new shooting death, that video later showed was a suicide, did not trust initial police accounts

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reporter in a 2013 interview that the racial distrust was largely out of the control of the chief of police. In response to criticism that Laux had been "too lax in disciplining officers," Layx said that he had been "hamstrung by process" in which discipline was reduced to the "artificial means" of

549:'s (DOJ) Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). The Chief of the Minneapolis Police Department, Robert Olson, Pat Hughes and the Minneapolis Police Civilian Review Authority (CRA) staff members, as well Minneapolis Mediation Program mediators participated in the development of the 250:

had formed. They were armed with bayonets and rifle against the strikers. The Alliance army was supported by the local police. The local Minneapolis Alliance was sponsored by the Commercial Club and other business leaders, The Citizens' Alliance groups in Minneapolis were composed of smaller local

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said that elected officials have very "few levers" over the police, as they are "frequently shielded by powerful unions and labor arbitrators who reinstate officers fired for misconduct." Minneapolis City Council said that a possible solution would be to implement a program, like Cahoots, already

591:: Communities United Against Police Brutality (CUAPB), which was established, was critical of the 2003 Mediation Agreement between the City of Minneapolis and federal mediators, who had come together to "discuss police misconduct." Initially, the city refused to do so in spite of the Jordan riot. 443:

said that in their "investigation of the 1967 riot cities establishes that virtually every major episode of violence was foreshadowed by an accumulation of unresolved grievances and by widespread dissatisfaction among Negroes with the unwillingness or inability of local government to respond.

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while on his morning coffee break. The men who killed him had allegedly been "looking for revenge against the Minneapolis Police Department." They received life sentences. A September 9, 2002 Minnesota Public Radio report in Haaf's memory, said that "Haaf's killing came during a low point in

86:

An investigative division within the Minneapolis Department of Civil Rights—the Office of Police Conduct Review (OPCR)—reviews cases of alleged violation of MPD policies by police officers including "use of excessive force, inappropriate language or attitude, harassment, and discrimination."

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captured evidence that raised concerns that 28-year old David Smith had died of suffocation during a struggle with MPD officers, that took place at the downtown YMCA in 2010. Smith had a history of mental illness. Smith's family's lawyers—the Minneapolis law firm of Gaskins Bennett Birrell

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Our house was observed by uniformed police officers 24 hours a day, our phones were tapped by the FBI because of phone calls, our mail was gone through because of hate mail. My wife endured calls that threatened her life and my life and our children's life, just because I wanted to be

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The Office of Police Conduct Review (OPCR), a division within the Minneapolis Department of Civil Rights began a process of investigating cases where police have allegedly violated MPD policy, such as "use of excessive force, inappropriate language or attitude, harassment, and

1094:: Governor Walz signed Executive Order 20-65 which activated the National Guard in response to the civil unrest. The EO implemented a temporary nighttime curfew and authorized the National Guard to assist local law enforcement in protecting public safety and maintaining peace. 946:: Thirty-three year old Minneapolis activist, Tyrone Williams, was killed in front of his mother's home by Strickland-Green in Minneapolis' north side. Williams, a father of four, was the "brother of former City Council candidate and NAACP activist Raeisha Williams." 811:

organized protests outside the Fourth Precinct police station that lasted for 18 days, as well as other protests and demonstrations in and around Minneapolis. Kroll, as the newly elected president of the Police Officers Federation, criticized the way in which Mayor

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took place. The Minneapolis Police Department shot at truck drivers who were on strike. They injured 67 picketers and killing two strikers, John Belor and Henry Ness. The MPD had allegedly "mobilized 700 private citizens and confronted thousands of striking truck

232:: The MPD celebrated its 50th anniversary. By 1910, the population of Minneapolis was 301,408 making it the 18th largest city in the United States. Historian Michael Fossum, described the MPD in 1917 as 300 officers "without training exerting control over 300,000." 1285:: Following a two-year long state investigation, Minnesota's Department of Human Rights found that the municipal police department "engages in a pattern of race discrimination". The probe began on May 25, 2020 following the murder of George Floyd by then-Officer 857:: Medaria Arradondo began his term as Chief of MPD, who is a fifth-generation Minnesota resident, is the first African American to serve as chief of the Minneapolis Police Department. It was during his tenure that the use of officer body camera became mandatory 305:: Hennepin County, Minnesota jurors were "essentially creatures" of the Citizens Alliance. Grand jurors were selected from a list of 200, that had been provided by district court judges. CCA members and their wives predominated. The Citizens Alliance promoted 1088:

the National Guard required a detailed official written request on the part of the municipality. Frey maintains he provided timely information and requests to state officials. Troops were not fully deployed until May 28, after significant damage had occurred.

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who was Sheriff for 12 years. The Sheriff's office, which is at Minneapolis City Hall, has an annual budget of about $ 125 million. The Office works with "three dozen state legislators, two members of Congress and 45 city mayors" and has 840 staff

781:, said that the reforms had not worked since "none of the officers took the initiative to follow the policy to intervene." Cano said in 2020, that "it just became really clear to me that this system wasn't going to work, no matter how much we threw at it." 23: 454:(1923–2006)—a civil rights leader and activist, who had served on the "Minneapolis school board for 20 years, and founded the Minneapolis Urban Coalition"—ran for mayor of Minneapolis, his "house was observed by uniformed police officers 24 hours a day." 1110:'s murder, MPD Chief Arradondo fired all four officers involved. He directly addressed the family of George Floyd, stating that his position is that all four officers involved are at fault and he was awaiting charges from the county attorney and/or FBI. 619:: The MPD "entered into a federal mediation agreement with the U.S. Justice Department" to address a number of police issues including "use of force, diversity and race relations." The mediation agreement was intended to "soothe community tensions". 4697:"We are going to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department. And when we're done, we're not simply gonna glue it back together. We are going to dramatically rethink how we approach public safety and emergency response. It's really past due" 956:

as inspector of the Fourth Precinct. Delmonico had served as President of the police union. Mayor Hodges described Delmonico as "untrustworthy" and "racist." Delmonica was passed over for the appointment, sued Hodges for defamation and

214:, the steel plant lured "blacks from the cotton fields of the South" with the offer of good wages. Working-class immigrants and whites felt that their jobs were threatened, as large numbers of newly arrived African Americans from the 975:: A MPD officer of the 4th Precinct Inspector decorated a Christmas tree "with a pack of Newport cigarettes, beer cans, police tape and a cup from Popeyes fast-food chain," mocking "precinct's largely African-American population." 728:" or "positional asphyxia", in which officers "forced Smith onto his stomach, then placed a knee in his back and held him down for about four minutes, which the family attorneys said made it impossible for him to breathe." 1116:: In a letter to the rank and file members of the MPD union, the Federation president, Kroll, said that police officers had been made "scapegoats" and criticized the way the city's "liberal leadership" had handled the 104:: In response to a request from the Mayor of Minneapolis for a police force, on March 9, 1867, four officers were appointed to the Minneapolis Police Department. The MPD was established shortly after the end of the 1375: 724:

Schupp—successfully sued Minneapolis for $ 3.075 million in 2013, the "second-largest for police misconduct" in the history of Minneapolis. The officers used the "controversial" police technique called "

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troops to quell the violence including looting and fires, that had erupted in areas of north Minneapolis. Across the United States, the most destructive riots of the summer of 1967 took place in July, in

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Mintener's committee chose Ed Ryan as Chief of Police, replacing Elmer F. Hillner, who had served from 1943 to 1944. Ryan remained as Chief of Police for one year and was replaced by G.W. MacLean in 1946.

5277: 4103: 710:

Issues identified by the Minnesota Office of Justice Programs (OJP) staff, the Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) and the Luger-Egelhof Report were addressed by the Gang and Drug Oversight Council

4047: 5192: 1380: 707:

were tasked by Michael Campion, Commissioner of the Department of Public Safety, to form a review panel on the Metro Gang Strike Force (MGSF) in response to the negative May 20, 2009 OLA review.

510:: MPD officer, Jerry Haaf, who had served on the force for thirty years and was retiring from in three months, was shot in the back "execution-style" by four gang members in a south Minneapolis 4139: 1327:

In response to George Floyd's murder, a multiyear federal investigation was undertaken, resulting in a "scathing 89-page report" made public on June 16, 2023. Speaking to the media on June 16

991:, the Minneapolis City Council's Budget Committee voted 9–2 to make changes to the city's budget by shifting "$ 1 million from MPD to violence prevention and other community initiatives." 201: 5214: 1360: 4668: 5318: 2804: 5131: 1370: 625:: The Minnesota Legislature 2005 introduced laws to "improve coordination of gang and drug enforcement efforts" throughout Minnesota. As part of this "reorganization" the state-level 254:

The union for the MPD—Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis (the Federation)—was established, in spite of the MPD's opposition to labor unions. The Federation became part of the

4774: 1534: 651:, who has been a police officer with the Minneapolis Police Department since 1989, was appointed as Federation vice president after having served on the board of directors in 1996. 1997: 1152:: Council member Jeremiah Ellison said on Twitter that it is "past due to "dismantle" the MPD, and to "dramatically rethink how we approach public safety and emergency response." 1233:

of the incident. Many stores and business were looted and vandalized, and several fires were reported. Two Minneapolis police officers were seriously injured during the unrest.

1117: 4893: 881:: Minneapolis "paid out $ 2.1 million" from 2007 to 2017, to "settle misconduct lawsuits involving police officers from the Third Precinct station in south Minneapolis. 578:: John Delmonico served as president of the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis (the Federation) from 1999 to 2015, representing the "city's rank-and-file officers." 4837: 4077: 2887: 2860: 83:—the first African American to serve as chief of the Minneapolis Police Department. O’Hara was the first police chief to be appointed after the murder of George Floyd. 4566: 3835: 1010:: Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman led the prosecution of former MPD officer Mohamed Noor who was convicted in April of the July 2017 murder and manslaughter of 1017:

Steve Fletcher, a Minneapolis City Council member, successfully pushed redirecting "funding for eight new police officers into a new office for violence prevention."

3029: 3969: 2671:

Keys, Barbara (November 2010). "Congress, Kissinger, and the Origins of Human Rights Diplomacy" (PDF). Diplomatic History. 34 (4): 830–832. Retrieved 28 May 2018.

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by a white mob of thousands. Although there was no evidence, the three had been accused and arrested for an alleged rape and robbery of a nineteen-year-old woman.

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December 2012: As newly appointed head of the Internal Affairs Unit, Medaria Arradondo was responsible for investigation of allegations of officer misconduct.

4198: 4172: 4256: 1014:. Damond had called 911 to report a possible rape, and had approached Noor in his squad car minutes later. Damond's murder "made international headlines". 138:: In the early years newly elected mayors would fire MPD officers and replace them with "friends, family, and their supporters," according to Fossum's 1996 5124: 4818: 4055: 1049:

which spread quickly to over 2,000 cities across the country and more than 60 countries worldwide—the scale and impact of which have been compared to the

5333: 4364: 3779: 4493: 361:: Humphrey began his 3-year term as mayor. When he left his mayoral office in 1948, he served as Senator and later vice-president of the United States, 3902: 1501: 476: 5323: 4149: 1180: 1171: 4949: 4642: 3727: 1210:

described how defunding police departments can refer to reinvesting funds elsewhere to protect people with mental health issues and people of colour.

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In the wake of Floyd's murder, calls were raised to "change the funding mechanisms for police departments." Minneapolis City Council member,

4587: 65:. A union for rank and file officers in Minneapolis—the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis (the Federation)—was established in 1917. 57:, is one of the "largest law enforcement agencies in Minnesota" with division and unit facilities throughout Hennepin County. Twin cities, 5343: 5148: 4456: 3810: 3124: 2522: 1472: 1365: 569: 69: 4338: 3920:"'Body-Worn Cameras Must Be On': Mpls. Officials Announce MPD Policy Changes: Officers Must Turn On Camera For Every Call They Respond To" 1228:

on August 26–27. At the time, the homicide was the 52nd of the year in the city. Many of the city's residents were still on edge from the

2499: 1350: 761:: Then president of the Federation of police, Delmonico said in an ABC interview that a photo of Mayor Hodges with a black constituent, 546: 50: 3500: 2921: 2626: 210:: According to the Twin Cities PBS May 4, 2007 report, with the rise of the steel industry in Minnesota and the lack of workers during 3849: 2756: 720: 334: 219: 4864: 4230: 3399: 820:

handled the protests. Kroll defended the officers' actions during the shooting, adding that they had no previous disciplinary issues.

2440: 2193: 1980: 1872: 1732: 1602: 4800: 3601: 3471: 3276: 2652: 2183: 638: 4755: 3525: 320: 4309: 5328: 4977: 3995: 630: 1137: 743:

began her term as MPD Chief. She was the first "female, openly gay, and Native American" chief in the history of Minneapolis.

156:: The first Minnesota African-American police officer was James H. Burrell, who joined the St. Paul Police Department in 1892. 2895: 2430: 61:

and Minneapolis, have their own police departments, the Minneapolis Police Department, which was established in 1867 and the

4722: 4540: 3682: 3217: 765:, shows her "throwing up gang signs" of a "north-side gang" and questioned if this "could incite gang violence in the city?" 19: 5140: 4282: 2494: 1355: 1276: 1225: 602: 524: 117: 3876: 2379: 2121:, Minneapolis Near Northside circa 1920s Map, Phyllis Wheatley House Organizational Records, Minnesota Historical Society 626: 27: 2993: 803:, a 24-year-old African-American man who died as a result of the shooting. Ringgenberg and Schwarze were placed on paid 367: 255: 121: 62: 3628: 1100:: Protesters entered the MPD's Third Precinct station, which had been vacated by police. A fire destroyed the building. 684:

was chairman of the Metro Gang Strike Force Advisory Board. They submitted their final annual report in February 2009.

5287: 2657: 835: 494:. In the summer of 1994, following a "series of racial incidents involving Minneapolis police officers," Laux told a 338: 3708: 3370: 3055: 2730: 2209: 1120:. Kroll says the city's leaders are "anti-police" and have not provided the MPD with "needed resources and manpower". 1045:

by Minneapolis police officers was clearly captured in a bystander's viral video shared globally. His murder sparked

460:: Minneapolis City Council established a "civil rights commission to investigate civilian discrimination complaints". 38: 3342: 918:: Arradondo ended the practice of low-level marijuana stings—"pot stings"—that allegedly targeted African Americans. 5199: 1945: 1011: 864: 648: 2830: 1338:—an MPD police department "overhaul agreement" monitored by the federal court that would "force specific changes". 1144:— to "disband the MPD and start fresh with a community-oriented, non-violent public safety and outreach capacity." 5254: 5236: 4410:"The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world - CBS News" 3096: 3014: 898:

defeated. But only recently have calls to dismantle the police been widely embraced by white leaders in the city.

4669:"Commentary: Instead of more cop shows, what if networks greenlit shows that tried to explore police abolition?" 1189:

New York Times, the unrest is national with many "calling" to "defund, downsize or abolish police departments."

828:: By 2016, the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis had approximately 800 members and Kroll was president. 327:

disallowed convictions of alcohol possessions, with the exception of those directly involved in selling alcohol.

2153: 1303: 1176: 932: 598: 403: 5087: 4894:"Mourners block streets where Minneapolis police car crashed into car during pursuit, killing innocent driver" 1627: 565: 3900: 3654: 2680:

Keys, Barbara J. (2014). Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s. pp. 140–148.

324: 5050: 5016: 4775:"How the first statement from Minneapolis police made George Floyd's murder seem like George Floyd's fault" 1443: 537:: Minneapolis had the most successful citizen complaint mediation program according to the 2002 edition of 132:

and the American Civil War, had ended in 1862. At that time, the population of Minneapolis was about 5,000.

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Robertson, Tatsha (October 24, 1993). "Officers say citizens don't realize law allows some use of force".

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man, by a member of the Minneapolis Police Department, inside his apartment while police were executing a

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after pulling over his car. The St. Anthony police officer, Jeronimo Yanez, was acquitted of manslaughter.

516: 491: 223: 215: 113: 109: 3919: 2789: 952:: In a series of texts, Mayor Betsy Hodges blocked then police Chief Janeé Harteau's decision to appoint 887:: Staff report on Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) involvement in pre-hospital sedation (2018-00754). 665: 5260: 2005: 1865:

Union Against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight Against Organized Labor, 1903–1947

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was sworn in as MPD chief of police during a period when the city was experiencing a high homicide rate.

432: 395: 270: 58: 4409: 247: 4756:"Unrest Grows In Downtown Minneapolis After Police Say Murder Suspect Killed Himself On Nicollet Mall" 793:: Bob Kroll won his first two-year term as president of the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis. 5248: 4588:"Minneapolis mayor denies claim that he allowed unrest to overrun neighborhood, defends police chief" 1224:: False rumors about the suicide of a homicide suspect who was being pursued by police forces led to 804: 428: 4432:"Sharp divisions persist over Walz's response to the riots that followed the murder of George Floyd" 953: 5224: 4838:"Ex-Minneapolis police officer sentenced to workhouse for high-speed chase that caused fatal crash" 2335: 1328: 817: 762: 740: 725: 444:

Overcoming these conditions is essential for community support of law enforcement and civil order."

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History of the Fire and Police Departments of Minneapolis: Their Origin, Progress, and Development.

4819:"Minneapolis Police: 2 officers injured during Wednesday night unrest, 1 incident caught on video" 4515:"Governor Walz Signs Executive Order Activating National Guard to Protect the People of Minnesota" 3316: 1724:

History of the Fire and Police Departments of Minneapolis: Their Origin, Progress, and Development

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won in the 2018 election for Hennepin County Sheriff. His term ended January 7, 2019. He replaced

704: 558:: The Minneapolis Star Tribune reported that police officers have the legal right to use of force. 4571: 3243: 1331: 1058: 845: 808: 511: 125: 105: 4696: 3194:(Report). Financial Audit Division Report. Saint Paul, Minnesota: State of Minnesota. p. 38 3158: 2835:

Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 3

799:: Two MPD officers, Mark Ringgenberg and Dustin Schwarze were involved in the shooting death of 681: 351:

During his mayoral campaign, Humphrey assured the influential newspaper and magazine publisher,

539:

Mediating Citizen Complaints Against Police Officers: A Guide For Police and Community Leaders.

487: 5156: 5058: 5024: 4985: 4865:"Former Minneapolis police officer sentenced to nine months after fatally crashing into a man" 4730: 3571: 2958: 2955:

Mediating Citizen Complaints Against Police Officers: A Guide For Police And Community Leaders

2922:

Mediating Citizen Complaints Against Police Officers: A Guide For Police and Community Leaders

2838: 2706: 2681: 2465: 2461: 2436: 2409: 2270: 2235: 2189: 1976: 1868: 1817: 1728: 1702: 1608: 1598: 1574: 1564: 1311: 1204:" has earned widespread support as a rally cry at the protests in the wake of Floyd's murder. 1201: 1141: 1054: 936: 440: 436: 424: 420: 281: 80: 4539:

Elfrink, Tim; Bella, Timothy; Bailey, Holly; Bellware, Kim; Knowles, Hannah; Goyette, Jared.

2486: 1919: 4954: 4869: 1314:, who served in that position during the crises surrounding the 2020 murder of George Floyd. 1272: 471: 274: 3030:"Rejected pick to lead Minneapolis police Fourth Precinct sues Mayor Hodges for defamation" 4673: 4567:"Minneapolis police chief on George Floyd's death: Not intervening to me you're complicit" 3906: 3188: 2548: 411: 407: 362: 352: 296: 5166: 3753: 2458:

The Kerner report: the 1968 report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

1761: 1307: 76: 22:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

5204: 3257: 2032:"A demand for justice and law enforcement: a history of police and the near North Side" 1385: 1335: 1268: 1247: 909: 905: 451: 427:. There were riots in July 1967 in Minneapolis and Birmingham, Chicago, New York City, 415: 2603: 2327: 5307: 5182: 3945:"Officer charged with murder in shooting death of unarmed woman in Minneapolis alley" 1676: 1286: 4387: 4078:"Citing racial disparities, Minneapolis police will stop low-level marijuana stings" 2380:"Jamar Clark shooting, protests continue strained history between community, police" 2154:"Maintaining "law and order" : the Minneapolis Citizen's Alliance in the 1920s" 1279:

declined to file criminal charges against the officer in their April 6, 2022 report.

5017:"Minneapolis Police Used Illegal, Abusive Practices for Years, Justice Dept. Finds" 4898: 4842: 4494:"Mayor Frey: Gov. Walz hesitated to deploy National Guard during Minneapolis riots" 4108: 4104:"Defeated Hennepin County Sheriff Rich Stanek hints at possible run at his old job" 3875:

Shammas, Brittany; Bella, Timothy; Mettler, Katie; Bennett, Dalton (May 26, 2020).

3784: 3455: 1206: 1107: 813: 778: 700: 399: 376: 266: 4723:"What does 'defund the police' mean? The rallying cry sweeping the US – explained" 1408: 611:

Riots broke out in north Minneapolis in response to the March 2002 shooting death.

608:

March 2002: A MPD police officer shot and killed a "machete-wielding Somali man."

4140:"No, really, there's a new sheriff in town. This is what he did on his first day" 1722: 1502:"City Council unanimously confirms Brian O'Hara as next Minneapolis police chief" 5109: 3728:"Mayor Betsy Hodges calls out Bob Kroll for 'jackass remarks' on Minnesota Lynx" 1653: 1535:

Investigation into the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Police Department

800: 528: 520: 310: 243: 211: 54: 4643:"NRCC turns up heat on vulnerable Democrats over Omar's call to abolish police" 3277:"Minneapolis' top cop sued the department in 2007. Here's why it matters today" 601:

began his terms as MPD chief of police. He resigned in 2006 when he joined the

5161: 3073: 2072:"Negroe Citizens Hold Protest Meeting: Charges Made Against Police Officers". 1891: 1163: 1080: 988: 467: 170: 129: 68:

Since its establishment in 1867, the Minneapolis Police Department has had 52

42: 5062: 5028: 5015:

Londoño, Ernesto; Thrush, Glenn; Smith, Mitch; Simmons, Dan (June 16, 2023).

4989: 4978:"Report: Minneapolis police engaged in 'discriminatory, race-based policing'" 4734: 3575: 2239: 1612: 1578: 4022:"Super Bowl security to outlaw Philadelphia-style tailgating in Minneapolis" 306: 75:

The current and 54th Chief of Police—who began his term in November 2022—is

46: 3712: 3125:"Minnesota Human Rights Department launches probe into Minneapolis police" 1628:"Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising" 1057:, a "perfect storm" was created, resulting in unpredented support for the 4144: 3659: 3602:"No charges against 2 St. Paul police officers in Marcus Golden shooting" 1084: 3564:"Cities Ask if It's Time to Defund Police and 'Reimagine' Public Safety" 1949: 1563:. Brooklyn, NY and Berkeley, California: Soft Skull Press. p. 385. 4925: 3930: 1706: 1079:

through public records requests in August 2020, show Minneapolis Mayor

731:

The Minnesota Legislature repealed the Gang and Drug Oversight Council.

490:

began his five-year term as MPD chief. He resigned in 1994 to join the

242:

the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office, in the city of Minneapolis, the

4257:"Minneapolis police release files on alleged rape by tech billionaire" 3996:"Minneapolis' Third Precinct served as 'playground' for renegade cops" 3850:"Minneapolis taps first Black police chief in wake of Damond shooting" 3187:

James Nobles, Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) (May 20, 2009).

2805:"Haaf family fights to keep Minneapolis officer's killers behind bars" 654:

Over 41,593 inmates were book by the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office.

3655:"Conflicting accounts: What happened the night Jamar Clark was shot?" 3425:"Minneapolis Police Were Sued A Decade Ago In Similar Restraint Case" 867:

by Mohammed Noor who was a MPD officer at the time of Damand's death.

277: 3752:

Oatis, Ianna; Boney-Jett, Renee; Gaither, Acoma (August 17, 2021) .

3501:"Hodges: Pointergate has shined light on police misconduct problems" 2328:"About Minnesota spokesman-recorder. (Minneapolis, MN) 2000-current" 2185:

Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City

4310:"Mpls. council moves to shift $ 1.1 million from police department" 3811:"Jury convicts man of killing Minneapolis activist Tyrone Williams" 3298:"Mpls cop who once sued department now heads Internal Affairs Unit" 1631: 4921:"No Charges Filed Against MPD Officer Who Shot, Killed Amir Locke" 4339:"Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman to enter alcohol treatment" 4283:"Mpls. mayor vows to fire cop for racist 4th Precinct decorations" 2929:

Government Printing Office and the Department of Criminal Justice

849:

station" in 2015. The NAACP demanded an independent investigation.

5293:

Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

5051:"Consent Decrees Force Changes to Policing. But Do Reforms Last?" 3877:"George Floyd death: Four Minneapolis officers fired after video" 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2915: 2913: 2523:"20 Years After the Kerner Report: Three Societies, All Separate" 527:(LAPD) for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of 371:, a black newspaper that had been founded in 1934. She contacted 35:

timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

3780:"Anger builds after police shoot assault suspect in Minneapolis" 3015:"Minneapolis police, community reach accord on reducing tension" 2727:"Bloomington Police Chiefs: More than fifty years of leadership" 2627:"Tony Bouza: A former police chief who testifies against police" 2303:"The problem with the Minneapolis police has decades-deep roots" 1376:

Aftermath of the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

337:

which lasted from May 20 to August 22, an incident known as the

5113: 4388:"George Floyd death: Why US protests are so powerful this time" 2228:"Bradshaw Mintener, 86; Helped Eisenhower in Presidential Race" 4365:"Officers Identified in Minneapolis Officer Involved Shooting" 3280: 2953:

Se, Office of Community Oriented Policing (December 3, 2012).

2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 1797:

Steffens, Lincoln (January 1903). "The shame of Minneapolis".

1275:

in a homicide investigation, of which Locke was not a suspect

690:: The Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) submitted their 5097:(Report) (Expanded ed.). Minneapolis. 2020 . p. 144 4950:"Post-Floyd probe finds discrimination by Minneapolis police" 4231:"Judge dismisses officer's defamation lawsuit against Hodges" 4224: 4222: 4220: 3804: 3802: 3709:"Police union: Jamar Clark went for cop's gun, wasn't cuffed" 3494: 3492: 3393: 3391: 2703:

Expert witness: breaking the policemen's blue code of silence

2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2462:

United States National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

2404:

Davis, W. Harry (September 1, 2002). Sturdevant, Lori (ed.).

477:

Expert Witness: Breaking the Policemen's Blue Code of Silence

4048:"Minneapolis ends pot stings criticized as targeting blacks" 3970:"The Latest: Mayor Nominates Arradondo as Minneapolis Chief" 3451:"The Latest: Mayor nominates Arradondo as Minneapolis chief" 3211: 3209: 2373: 2371: 1381:

Protests in Minneapolis regarding the trial of Derek Chauvin

4636: 4634: 2696: 2694: 1886: 1884: 1867:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 1473:"Brian O'Hara named Chief of Minneapolis Police Department" 1053:", Against the backdrop of ongoing racial tensions and the 280:

workers, Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie in

2653:"Fraser remembered as 'quiet giant' of Minnesota politics" 2487:

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders Report

2057:"Negroes Protest Against Police Atrocities in this City". 1755: 1753: 1751: 1409:"History of the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis" 1061:

movement and demands for police reform and racial justice.

202:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4801:"When a graphic video can quell unrest but still do harm" 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4430:

Karnowski, Steve; Goldberg, Michael (September 7, 2024).

3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1920:"Minneapolis, Minnesota Population History (1880 - 2018)" 1361:

List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota

5010: 5008: 5006: 4466:(Press release). News Releases. Saint Paul. May 26, 2020 3683:"Controversy follows Minneapolis police union president" 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3400:"Minneapolis pays $ 3 million in police misconduct case" 3218:"Controversy follows Minneapolis police union president" 2432:

The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America

2408:(1 ed.). Afton, Minn: Afton Historical Society Pr. 1184:

called to reduce the budgets of police departments. The

313:, where union membership is a requirement of employment. 4541:"Protests, fires rage through the night in Minneapolis" 4333: 4331: 4133: 4131: 3244:"Homicide problem awaits Minneapolis' new police chief" 2920:

Walker, Samuel; Archbold, Carol; Herbst, Leigh (2002).

2837:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1095–1100. 2757:"Harteau's not the first chief to deal with misconduct" 2260: 2258: 2256: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1533:

Minnesota Department of Human Rights (April 27, 2022).

515:

police-minority relations at home and nationally." The

4173:"Minneapolis man convicted of killing Tyrone Williams" 2803:

Nelson, Julie; Jacobsen, Jeremiah (October 31, 2019).

2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2579:"George Floyd's Death Exposes the 'Minnesota Paradox'" 2147: 2145: 2143: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 890:

Office of Police Conduct Review Report on Ketamine Use

572:

until his dismissal through federal mediation in 2002.

37:, providing details with a history of policing in the 4948:

Karnowski, Steve; Ibrahim, Mohamed (April 27, 2022).

1073:: Texts and e-mails obtained from Minneapolis by the 863:: MPD Chief Janee Harteau resigned shortly after the 3291: 3289: 49:

from the nineteenth century to the present day. The

5270: 5213: 5175: 5147: 4614:"George Floyd death tests Minneapolis police chief" 4492:Bjorhus, Jennifer; Navratil, Liz (August 4, 2020). 3472:"A look inside the Office of Police Conduct Review" 2134:

Hooded Americanism: the history of the Ku Klux Klan

1893:

North Star - Duluth Lynchings: Presence of the Past

4199:"Gunman who murdered Mpls. activist gets 20 years" 3371:Report of the Metro Gang Strike Force Review Panel 3123:Van Berkel, Jessie; Navratil, Liz (June 3, 2020). 2957:. Place of publication not identified: BiblioGov. 2934:(Report). Web Version. Washington, DC. p. 111 2859: 2378:Williams, Brandt; Martin, Meg (December 4, 2015). 1948:. Hennepin County Sheriff's Office. Archived from 1403: 1401: 295:the NAACP met with city officials including Mayor 5088:Enough is Enough: 150 Years of Minneapolis Police 2888:"Failures of City Blamed for Riot In Los Angeles" 1760:Oatis, Ianna; Boney-Jett, Renee; Gaither, Acoma. 1495: 1493: 1444:Enough is Enough: 100 Years of Minneapolis Police 439:report, which had been ordered by then President 4457:"BCA Investigating Minneapolis In-Custody Death" 3056:"Mediation 'Agreement' has serious shortcomings" 1841:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 1766:The Minnesota Historical Society (MNHS) MNopedia 1595:Our enemies in blue: police and power in America 1561:Our enemies in blue: police and power in America 5319:History of law enforcement in the United States 3629:"Minneapolis police union elects new president" 3596: 3594: 3592: 3526:"Minneapolis Police Group Endorses Gov. Dayton" 2995:Departing Minneapolis Police Chief Robert Olson 2406:Overcoming: The Autobiography of W. Harry Davis 470:served for three terms as MDP chief of police. 3778:Walsh, Paul; Jany, Libor (November 15, 2015). 3562:Stockman, Farah; Eligon, John (June 5, 2020). 3317:"Behind the scenes with the gang strike force" 3258:"Minneapolis cops file discrimination lawsuit" 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 2267:Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country 1692: 1690: 1688: 1371:2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest 309:and strongly opposed labor union's support of 5125: 3074:"Communities United Against Police Brutality" 1678:History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 635:United States Drug Enforcement Administration 140:History of the Minneapolis Police Department. 8: 3097:"McManus leaves as Minneapolis police chief" 1699:History of the Minneapolis Police Department 904:: Chief Arradondo banned Philadelphia-style 639:Minnesota Tribal Law Enforcement Association 269:had emerged in Minnesota in the wake of the 3002:. Minnesota Public Radio. January 13, 2004. 2729:. City of Bloomington. 2008. Archived from 2577:Patterson, Jennifer Jeanne (June 4, 2020). 1863:Millikan, William; Rachleff, Peter (2001). 204:(NAACP) was established in the Twin Cities. 108:(1861 – 1865), an internal war pitting the 5132: 5118: 5110: 3994:Jany, Libor; Mannix, Andy (June 7, 2020). 1654:"Inside the Minneapolis Police Department" 1630:. University of Cincinnati. Archived from 1626:Kunnen-Jones, Marianne (August 21, 2002). 4892:Hyatt, Kim; Miller, Maya (July 7, 2021). 2210:"Remembering the truckers strike of 1934" 1413:Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis 5283:Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment 2790:""Officer Down:" Remembering Jerry Haaf" 2549:"Harry Davis — a life of accomplishment" 2521:Bernstein, Richard (February 29, 1988). 2332:Chronicling America, Historic Newspapers 261:June 15, 1920: In her 2013 publication, 3836:"Minneapolis Police Murder Jamar Clark" 2358:"Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder turns 75" 1453:(Report). Minneapolis. 2017. p. 36 1397: 692:Metro Gang Strike Force Special Review. 431:, Minneapolis, New Britain, Rochester, 246:, deputized the private army which the 4020:Rosenberg, Amy S. (January 31, 2018). 3754:"Race and Policing in the Twin Cities" 3350:Metro Gang Strike Force Advisory Board 3296:Williams, Brandt (February 13, 2013). 3189:Metro Gang Strike Force Special Review 2861:"Much Of Blame Is Laid On Chief Gates" 2858:Cannon, Lou; Lee, Gary (May 2, 1992). 1762:"Race and Policing in the Twin Cities" 1181:New York's 15th congressional district 1172:Minnesota's 5th congressional district 147:: Augustine E. Costello published his 4463:Minnesota Department of Public Safety 4171:Williams, Brandt (January 15, 2019). 3470:Bruch, Michelle (December 29, 2015). 3054:Thomas, Pauline (December 11, 2003). 2265:Offner, Arnold A. (August 21, 2018). 2182:Nathanson, Iric (November 20, 2010). 1900:. May 4, 2007. Event occurs at 14:10 504:'Have my lawyer talk to your lawyer.' 53:, with its headquarters in downtown 7: 3707:Chazin, Rachel (November 19, 2015). 3608:. Minneapolis-St. Paul. May 21, 2015 2301:Freedman, Samuel G. (May 30, 2020). 1366:List of Minneapolis Chiefs of Police 394:: Against the backdrop of the 1960s 265:, author Elizabeth Hatle wrote that 226:, competed for the lower-grade jobs. 4521:, St. Paul, Minnesota, May 28, 2020 4519:Office of the Governor of Minnesota 4408:Silverstein, Jason (June 4, 2021). 3627:Norfleet, Nicole (April 30, 2015). 3242:Brandt Williams (January 9, 2007). 2705:. Brookline, Mass.: A Bigger Play. 2604:"Minneapolis Mayoral Superlatives," 2500:United States Department of Justice 2087:"Mayor Received NAACP Delegation". 1975:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 194. 969:: MPD Cases 18-293415 and 18-294338 547:United States Department of Justice 4695:Ellison, Jeremiah (June 4, 2020). 4102:Chanen, David (January 11, 2019). 3856:. Minneapolis. AP. August 21, 2017 3459:. Associated Press. July 21, 2017. 3095:Brandt Williams (March 16, 2006). 521:trial jury acquitted four officers 335:Minneapolis general strike of 1934 14: 5334:Race and law in the United States 5278:List of incidents of civil unrest 4799:Feshir, Riham (August 28, 2020). 4612:Siemaszko, Corky (May 29, 2020). 4308:Collins, Jon (December 1, 2018). 4281:Moini, Nina (November 30, 2018). 3681:Jany, Libor (December 11, 2015). 3499:Roper, Eric (November 14, 2014). 3216:Jany, Libor (December 11, 2015). 3159:"Gang and Drug Oversight Council" 2886:Mydans, Seth (October 22, 1992). 2788:Hughes, Art (September 9, 2002). 2547:Benson, Lorna (August 11, 2006). 2435:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. 1998:"When the Klan came to Minnesota" 1996:Johnson, Kay (October 24, 2013). 834:: Police officer shot and killed 719:: A Minneapolis police officer's 375:s founder, editor and publisher, 299:. In 1923 Leach was a KKK target. 5324:History of Saint Paul, Minnesota 4255:BringMeTheNews (July 24, 2019). 4138:Lee, Jessica (January 9, 2019). 3809:Walsh, Paul (January 16, 2019). 3653:Nelson, Tim (December 4, 2015). 3028:Jany, Libor (October 13, 2017). 2188:. Minnesota Historical Society. 2136:. Durham: Duke University Press. 1971:Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey (2013). 1839:City Bosses in the United States 1500:Sawyer, Liz (November 4, 2022). 1351:Hennepin County Sheriff's Office 807:. In response to Clark's death, 51:Hennepin County Sheriff's Office 5339:Minnesota history-related lists 5049:Dewan, Shaila (June 17, 2023). 4976:Berman, Mark (April 27, 2022). 4773:Bump, Philip (April 20, 2021). 4586:Crowley, James (May 30, 2020). 4386:Cheung, Helier (June 8, 2020). 3076:. Newsletter. December 14, 2003 3013:Art Hughes (December 4, 2003). 2829:Danver, Steven L., ed. (2011). 2755:Tevlin, Jon (August 13, 2013). 2625:Furst, Randy (March 20, 2013). 1721:Costello, Augustine E. (1890). 631:Federal Bureau of Investigation 545:was funded by a grant from the 122:the enslavement of black people 4565:Boggs, Justin (May 31, 2020). 3726:Mullen, Mike (July 12, 2016). 3315:Nelson, Tim (August 5, 2009). 2356:Sanna, James (July 15, 2008). 1310:as Chief of Police succeeding 1118:riots caused by Floyd's murder 1: 5314:Minneapolis Police Department 5141:Minneapolis Police Department 4641:Conley, Lisa (June 5, 2020). 3918:Moini, Nina (July 26, 2017). 3398:Furst, Randy (June 1, 2013). 2831:"Los Angeles Uprising (1992)" 2495:National Institute of Justice 2234:. Obituary. January 1, 1989. 1973:The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota 1898:Twin Cities Public Television 1356:Minneapolis Police Department 1306:confirmed the appointment of 680:: West St. Paul Police Chief 603:San Antonio Police Department 525:Los Angeles Police Department 492:Bloomington Police Department 263:The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota 4836:Hyatt, Kim (July 12, 2023). 4229:Belz, Adam (April 4, 2018). 3060:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder 2583:U.S. News & World Report 2429:McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). 1816:. New York: Sagamore Press. 1302:: In an unanimous vote, the 368:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder 256:American Federation of Labor 63:Saint Paul Police Department 5344:Minnesota law-related lists 5288:2021 Minneapolis Question 2 4721:Levin, Sam (June 6, 2020). 4667:Metz, Nina (June 3, 2020). 3838:. NAACP. November 15, 2015. 3302:Minnesota Public Radio News 3263:Minnesota Public Radio News 2658:Minnesota Public Radio News 2651:Kerr, Euan (June 3, 2019). 1812:Steffens, Lincoln (1957) . 1801:. Vol. 20, no. 3. 1593:Williams, Kristian (2015). 1559:Williams, Kristian (2004). 1004:: Officer-involved shooting 981:: officer-involved shooting 963:: Officer-involved shooting 875:: Officer-involved shooting 844:: Hennepin County Attorney 519:began on April 29, after a 5360: 3606:FOX 9 Minneapolis-St. Paul 2498:(Report). Washington, DC: 2152:Millikan, William (1989). 1277:Minnesota Attorney General 1083:called Minnesota Governor 865:shooting of Justine Damond 699:: Former attorney general 17: 4026:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3376:(Report). August 20, 2009 3246:. Minnesota Public Radio. 3099:. Minnesota Public Radio. 3017:. Minnesota Public Radio. 2792:. Minnesota Public Radio. 2701:Bouza, Anthony V (2013). 2269:. Yale University Press. 2198:– via Google Books. 2119:Lament of an Intersection 541:The creation of the 2002 4461:Office of Publications, 2980:Minneapolis Star Tribune 2362:Twin Cities Daily Planet 2132:Chalmers, David (1987). 1697:Fossum, Michael (1996). 1304:Minneapolis City Council 1177:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez 1162:reported that lawmakers 404:Long, hot summer of 1967 3905:11 January 2012 at the 3323:. St. Paul, Minneapolis 2606:, accessed June 5, 2019 2089:The Minnesota Messenger 2074:The Minnesota Messenger 2059:The Minnesota Messenger 1814:The shame of the cities 1597:. Baltimore: AK Press. 1273:no-knock search warrant 1047:racial justice protests 1012:Justine Ruszczyk Damond 627:Metro Gang Strike Force 435:, and Toledo. The 1968 339:Battle of Bloody Friday 325:Minnesota Supreme Court 271:June 15, 1920 lynchings 218:, who were part of the 120:—primarily fought over 5329:History of Minneapolis 3711:. KSMP. Archived from 2931:University of Nebraska 1675:Isaac Atwater (1893). 1506:Minnesota Star Tribune 1230:murder of George Floyd 1076:Minnesota Star Tribune 1043:murder of George Floyd 721:body-worn camera (BWC) 517:1992 Los Angeles riots 128:which was part of the 114:southern United States 110:northern United States 4289:. St. Paul, Minnesota 3715:on November 20, 2015. 2456:Kerner, Otto (1988). 2006:Hutchinson, Minnesota 1952:on September 29, 2007 1837:Zink, Harold (1930). 1711:Cited by MPD 150 2017 1656:. City of Minneapolis 1265:killing of Amir Locke 1051:Civil Rights movement 703:and former FBI agent 496:Star Tribune reporter 396:Civil Rights Movement 4054:. AP. Archived from 3343:"2008 Annual Report" 2898:on November 23, 2018 1540:(Report). p. 72 1140:suggested a move to 805:administrative leave 583:Twenty-first century 406:, Minneapolis Mayor 24:adding missing items 4779:The Washington Post 4545:The Washington Post 4205:. February 13, 2019 4116:on February 3, 2019 3266:, December 7, 2007. 2866:The Washington Post 2336:Library of Congress 2307:The Washington Post 2104:Minnesota Messenger 2038:. November 20, 2015 1701:. s.n. p. 40. 1329:US Attorney General 1167:U.S. Representative 381:The Washington Post 292:Minnesota Messenger 200:: A chapter of the 33:The following is a 5055:The New York Times 5021:The New York Times 4825:. August 27, 2020. 4762:. August 26, 2020. 4674:chicagotribune.com 4572:The Denver Channel 4058:on August 11, 2018 3568:The New York Times 3528:. October 12, 2014 3256:Williams, Brandt, 2892:The New York Times 2527:The New York Times 2232:The New York Times 2117:Miller, Clarence, 2091:. August 19, 1922. 1332:Merrick B. Garland 1059:Black Lives Matter 809:Black Lives Matter 508:September 25, 1992 421:Newark, New Jersey 373:Spokesman-Recorder 248:Citizens' Alliance 238:: During the 1917 222:to the industrial 106:American Civil War 96:Nineteenth century 5301: 5300: 5157:Medaria Arradondo 4261:Bring Me The News 4152:on April 27, 2019 3476:Southwest Journal 3275:Alonso, Melissa, 2964:978-1-288-38435-8 2844:978-1-59884-222-7 2712:978-0-9888672-1-5 2686:978-0-674-72485-3 2471:978-0-679-72078-2 2415:978-1-890434-52-6 2276:978-0-300-24101-3 2161:Minnesota History 2106:, August 11, 1922 2036:historyapolis.com 1823:978-0-8446-3001-4 1570:978-1-887128-85-8 1477:Security Magazine 1312:Medaria Arradondo 1267:, a 22-year-old 1202:defund the police 1142:defund the police 1106:: In response to 1055:COVID-19 pandemic 1041:: The in-custody 937:Richard W. Stanek 893:According to the 797:November 15, 2015 441:Lyndon B. Johnson 437:Kerner Commission 425:Detroit, Michigan 282:Duluth, Minnesota 240:Streetcar strikes 161:Twentieth century 81:Medaria Arradondo 5351: 5215:Officer-involved 5134: 5127: 5120: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5012: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4955:Associated Press 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4870:Associated Press 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4148:. 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June 23, 1922. 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2028: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2002:Hutchison Leader 1993: 1987: 1986: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1860: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1799:McClure Magazine 1794: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1694: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1634:on June 19, 2008 1623: 1617: 1616: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1530: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1448: 1440: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1263:: Following the 1183: 1174: 836:Philando Castile 750:discrimination." 570:Chief of the MPD 275:African-American 79:, who succeeded 70:Chiefs of Police 28:reliable sources 5359: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5266: 5216: 5209: 5171: 5143: 5138: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081:Further reading 5078: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5013: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4982:Washington Post 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4929:. 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News Releases 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4082:Washington Post 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3949:Chicago Tribune 3943: 3942: 3938: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3907:Wayback Machine 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3881:Washington Post 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3560: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3352:, February 2009 3345: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3283:, June 1, 2020. 3274: 3270: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3161:. April 8, 2011 3157: 3156: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3104: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2489: 2485:Kerner (1968). 2484: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2284: 2277: 2264: 2263: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1795: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1727:. p. 324. 1720: 1719: 1715: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1605: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1571: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1420: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1347: 1200:: The call to " 1179: 1170: 1138:Steven Fletcher 933:Dave Hutchinson 726:prone restraint 599:William McManus 585: 412:Harold LeVander 408:Arthur Naftalin 363:Hubert Humphrey 353:John Cowles Sr. 297:George E. Leach 290:: An ad in the 220:Great Migration 167:January 7, 1901 163: 98: 93: 31: 12: 11: 5: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5255:Leneal Frazier 5252: 5246: 5240: 5237:Justine Damond 5234: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5205:Jamal Mitchell 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5193:trial protests 5190: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5041: 5002: 4968: 4940: 4912: 4884: 4856: 4828: 4810: 4791: 4765: 4747: 4713: 4687: 4659: 4630: 4604: 4578: 4557: 4531: 4506: 4477: 4448: 4422: 4400: 4378: 4356: 4345:. May 17, 2019 4327: 4300: 4273: 4247: 4216: 4203:AP via KARE 11 4190: 4163: 4127: 4094: 4069: 4039: 4012: 3986: 3961: 3936: 3910: 3893: 3867: 3841: 3827: 3798: 3770: 3744: 3718: 3699: 3673: 3645: 3619: 3588: 3539: 3517: 3488: 3462: 3442: 3431:. 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Hill, 2595: 2569: 2539: 2513: 2477: 2470: 2448: 2441: 2421: 2414: 2396: 2367: 2348: 2319: 2282: 2275: 2252: 2219: 2201: 2194: 2174: 2139: 2124: 2109: 2094: 2079: 2064: 2049: 2018: 1988: 1981: 1963: 1932: 1911: 1880: 1873: 1844: 1829: 1822: 1804: 1778: 1747: 1733: 1713: 1684: 1667: 1645: 1618: 1603: 1585: 1583:online version 1569: 1551: 1518: 1489: 1464: 1418: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1386:Consent decree 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336:consent decree 1317: 1316: 1315: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1280: 1269:Black American 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248:Leneal Frazier 1236: 1235: 1234: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1195: 1186:New York Times 1153: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1068: 1062: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1005: 999: 994: 993: 992: 987:: Under Mayor 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 954:John Delmonico 947: 941: 921: 920: 919: 913: 910:Super Bowl LII 899: 895:New York Times 891: 882: 876: 870: 869: 868: 852: 851: 850: 839: 823: 822: 821: 794: 788: 772: 766: 756: 753: 752: 751: 734: 733: 732: 714: 713: 712: 708: 694: 675: 674: 673: 669: 657: 656: 655: 642: 620: 614: 613: 612: 606: 592: 584: 581: 580: 579: 573: 559: 553: 532: 505: 481: 461: 455: 452:W. Harry Davis 445: 416:National Guard 414:called in 600 389: 388: 387: 384: 356: 343: 328: 314: 300: 285: 259: 252: 233: 227: 205: 195: 194: 193: 180: 174: 162: 159: 158: 157: 151: 142: 133: 97: 94: 92: 89: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5356: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183:Derek Chauvin 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4688: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4411: 4404: 4401: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4316:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Index