20:
802:
792:
46:
decreases as the vertical load, Fz, increases. The maximum lateral force that can be developed does increase as the vertical load increases, but at a diminishing rate.
734:
81:
of 6-10 degrees, although this angle increases as the vertical load on the tire increases. Formula 1 car tires may reach a peak side force at 3 degrees
633:
229:
198:
185:
623:
831:
744:
264:
42:
theory would suggest. The load sensitivity of most real tires in their typical operating range is such that the
151:
The same sensitivity is typically seen in the longitudinal forces, and combined lateral and longitudinal slip.
62:
developed should be proportional to the vertical load on the tire. In practice, the maximum horizontal force
585:
542:
472:
89:
As an example, here is data extracted from
Milliken and Milliken's "Race Car Vehicle Dynamics", figure 2.9:
43:
681:
552:
547:
512:
638:
274:
222:
791:
676:
507:
502:
379:
795:
754:
726:
668:
608:
600:
567:
557:
467:
454:
399:
389:
329:
319:
299:
246:
537:
497:
487:
482:
422:
364:
165:
74:
35:
826:
805:
716:
706:
696:
522:
442:
334:
215:
19:
820:
613:
580:
477:
462:
309:
269:
254:
739:
653:
648:
618:
527:
437:
432:
374:
354:
349:
279:
160:
767:
691:
643:
628:
575:
344:
324:
314:
259:
772:
590:
517:
427:
417:
384:
78:
762:
711:
701:
658:
407:
369:
359:
294:
289:
412:
304:
55:
39:
686:
492:
73:
Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force, or
66:
that can be generated is proportional, roughly, to the vertical load
184:
Milliken, W.F., Milliken, D.L., 1995, "Race Car
Vehicle Dynamics",
70:
raised to the power of somewhere between 0.7 and 0.9, typically.
284:
59:
18:
777:
339:
238:
31:
211:
207:
753:
725:
667:
599:
566:
453:
398:
245:
223:
8:
735:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
230:
216:
208:
197:Wright P., 2001, "Formula 1 Technology",
58:theory says that the maximum horizontal
177:
7:
778:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
14:
166:Weight transfer and load transfer
16:The behaviour of tires under load
801:
800:
790:
634:Tire-pressure monitoring system
199:Society of Automotive Engineers
186:Society of Automotive Engineers
188:(SAE) Warrendale, PA. page 27.
1:
624:Central Tire Inflation System
745:Tire Science and Technology
265:Low rolling resistance tire
30:describes the behaviour of
848:
786:
34:under load. Conventional
586:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
543:Lateral Force Variation
493:Pacejka's Magic Formula
473:Cold inflation pressure
44:coefficient of friction
682:List of tire companies
553:Traction (engineering)
548:Radial Force Variation
24:
533:Tire load sensitivity
201:(SAE) Warrendale, PA.
28:Tire load sensitivity
23:Tire load sensitivity
22:
513:Self aligning torque
832:Motorcycle dynamics
639:Tire-pressure gauge
275:Michelin PAX System
677:Tire manufacturing
508:Rolling resistance
40:classical friction
25:
814:
813:
503:Relaxation length
380:Formula One tyres
149:
148:
38:do not behave as
839:
804:
803:
796:Outline of tires
794:
609:Tire maintenance
558:Treadwear rating
468:Circle of forces
390:Continental tire
330:Orange oil tires
320:Mud-terrain tire
300:All-terrain tire
232:
225:
218:
209:
202:
195:
189:
182:
92:
91:
847:
846:
842:
841:
840:
838:
837:
836:
817:
816:
815:
810:
782:
749:
721:
663:
595:
562:
538:Tire uniformity
498:Pneumatic trail
488:Ground pressure
483:Cornering force
449:
423:Siping (rubber)
394:
365:Motorcycle tyre
241:
236:
206:
205:
196:
192:
183:
179:
174:
157:
87:
75:cornering force
52:
36:pneumatic tires
17:
12:
11:
5:
845:
843:
835:
834:
829:
819:
818:
812:
811:
809:
808:
798:
787:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
757:
755:Identification
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
717:Ozone cracking
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:Tire recycling
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
572:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Steering ratio
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
447:
446:
445:
443:Schrader valve
440:
435:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
396:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Whitewall tire
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
249:
243:
242:
237:
235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
204:
203:
190:
176:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
163:
156:
153:
147:
146:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:Vertical load
86:
83:
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
844:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
807:
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:
785:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
758:
756:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
728:
727:Organizations
724:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
670:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Tire rotation
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
602:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Groove wander
579:
577:
574:
573:
571:
569:
565:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Contact patch
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Camber thrust
461:
460:
458:
456:
452:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
401:
397:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Aircraft tire
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Run-flat tire
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Tubeless tire
253:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
233:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
210:
200:
194:
191:
187:
181:
178:
171:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
154:
152:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
116:
115:
111:
108:
105:
104:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
84:
82:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
740:Tire Society
654:Tire changer
649:Bead breaker
619:Bicycle pump
532:
528:Tire balance
438:Presta valve
433:Dunlop valve
375:Racing slick
370:Tractor tire
355:Tubular tire
350:Bicycle tire
280:Airless tire
193:
180:
161:Racing slick
150:
88:
72:
67:
63:
53:
27:
26:
768:Plus sizing
692:Waste tires
644:Direct TPMS
629:Tire mousse
601:Maintenance
576:Aquaplaning
345:Tundra tire
325:Paddle tire
310:Knobby tire
260:Radial tire
101:Slip Angle
821:Categories
773:Tire label
669:Life cycle
591:Tramlining
518:Slip angle
455:Attributes
428:Valve stem
400:Components
385:Spare tire
315:Large tire
172:References
79:slip angle
763:Tire code
712:Flat tire
702:Tire fire
659:Tire iron
568:Behaviors
360:Lego tire
295:Snow tire
290:Rain tyre
50:Behaviour
806:Category
413:Beadlock
305:Bar grip
155:See also
112:degrees
56:friction
54:Coulomb
707:Blowout
687:Retread
85:Example
77:, at a
106:(lbf)
98:Fy/Fz
827:Tires
418:Tread
285:Tweel
247:Types
239:Tires
142:0.97
139:1800
131:1.08
128:1350
120:1.10
60:force
32:tires
408:Bead
145:6.7
134:6.0
123:5.6
117:900
109:max
823::
68:Fz
64:Fy
231:e
224:t
217:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
