233:
to dTPMS, more sensitive to the influences of different tires and external influences like road surfaces and driving speed or style. The reset procedure, followed by an automatic learning phase of typically 20 to 60 minutes of driving under which the iTPMS learns and stores the reference parameters before it becomes fully active, cancels out many, but not all of these. As iTPMS do not involve any additional hardware, spare parts, electronic/toxic waste, or service (beyond the regular reset), they are regarded as easy to handle and customer friendly. As mentioned however, the sensors must be reset every time changes are done to the tire setup, and some consumers do not wish to have this added responsibility.
212:
so-called "run-flat warning systems" were introduced. These are most often first generation, purely roll-radius based iTPMS, which ensure that run-flat tires are not used beyond their limitations, usually 80 km/h (50 mph) and 80 km (50 miles) driving distance. The iTPMS market has progressed as well. Indirect TPMS are able to detect under-inflation through combined use of roll radius and spectrum analysis and hence four-wheel monitoring has become feasible. With this breakthrough, meeting the legal requirements is possible also with iTPMS.
286:
also measure and alert temperatures of the tire as well. These systems can identify under-inflation for each individual tire. Although the systems vary in transmitting options, many TPMS products (both OEM and aftermarket) can display realtime, individual tire pressures whether the vehicle is moving or parked. There are many different solutions, but all of them have to face the problems of exposure to hostile environments. The majority are powered by batteries, which limit their useful life. Some sensors utilise a
226:
pressure sensors in the wheels. First-generation iTPMS systems are based on the principle that under-inflated tires have a slightly smaller diameter (and hence higher angular velocity) than a correctly inflated one. These differences are measurable through the wheel speed sensors of ABS/ESC systems. Second generation iTPMS can also detect simultaneous under-inflation in up to all four tires using spectrum analysis of individual wheels, which can be realized in software using advanced signal processing techniques.
310:
295:
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drags the lower pressured tire 2.5 metres per kilometre (13 feet per mile). Moreover, running a tire even briefly on inadequate pressure breaks down the casing and prevents the ability to retread. Not all sudden tire failures are caused by under-inflation. Structural damages caused, for example, by hitting sharp curbs or potholes, can also lead to sudden tire failures, even a certain time after the damaging incident. These cannot be proactively detected by any TPMS.
272:
203:
for new models and on June 30, 2014 for existing models". Japan is expected to adopt
European Union legislation approximately one year after European Union implementation. Further countries to make TPMS mandatory include Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Israel, Malaysia and Turkey. After the TREAD Act was passed, many companies responded to the market opportunity by releasing TPMS products using battery-powered radio transmitter wheel modules.
528:
540:
33:
2241:
1808:
2231:
1798:
258:
1203:
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mechanical overload caused by overheating and subsequent, sudden destruction of the tire itself. Additionally, fuel efficiency and tire wear are severely affected by under-inflation. Tires do not only leak air if punctured, they also leak air naturally, and over a year, even a typical new, properly mounted tire can lose from 20 to 60
351:
not transmit information when parked (which eliminates spare tire monitoring) or apply a more power expensive two-way communication which enables wake-up of the sensor. For OEM auto dTPMS units to work properly, they need to recognize the sensor positions and must ignore the signals from other vehicles.
291:
as are some aftermarket systems, they are subject to mechanical damage, aggressive fluids, as well as theft. When mounted on the inside of the rim, they are no longer easily accessible for battery change and the RF link must overcome the attenuating effects of the tire, which increases the energy need.
507:
TPMS became obligatory for every vehicle under 3.5t sold after 2013. Later in 2015, every vehicle had to have TPMS regardless of its size. In 2011, Hyundai Mobis successfully developed the TPMS and first applied it in the
Veloster. As a result, the sensor's power usage is about 30% lower than that of
414:
Extended tire life: Under inflated tires are the number one cause of tire failure and contribute to tire disintegration, heat buildup, ply separation and sidewall/casing breakdowns. Further, a difference of 10 pounds per square inch (69 kPa; 0.69 bar) in pressure on a set of duals literally
354:
Aftermarket dTPMS units not only transmit while vehicles are moving or parked, but also provide users with some advanced monitoring options including data logging, remote monitoring options and more. They are available for all types of vehicles, from motorcycles to heavy equipment, and can monitor up
84:
Mandates for TPMS technology in new cars have continued to proliferate in the 21st century in Russia, the EU, Japan, South Korea and many other Asian countries. From
November 2014 TPMS was mandatory for new vehicles in the European Union; in a survey carried out between November 2016 and August 2017,
445:
In 2018, a field study on TPMS and tire inflation pressure was published on the UN ECE Working Party on Brakes and
Running Gear (GRRF) homepage. It covered 1,470 randomly selected vehicles in three EU countries with dTPMS, iTPMS and without TPMS. Main findings are that TPMS fitment reliably prevents
410:
Fuel savings: According to the GITI, for every 10% of under-inflation on each tire on a vehicle, a 1% reduction in fuel economy will occur. In the United States alone, the
Department of Transportation estimates that under inflated tires waste 2 billion US gallons (7,600,000 m) of fuel each
290:
similar to that used in RFID tag reading which solves the problem of limited battery life. This also increases the frequency of data transmission up to 40 Hz and reduces the sensor weight, which can be important in motorsport applications. If the sensors are mounted on the outside of the wheel,
372:
and efforts to remove these caps can break the stem, destroying the sensor. A similar fate may befall aftermarket brass valve cores installed in their stems by an unwary technician, replacing the original specialized nickel-coated cores. Seizure to the valve stem can complicate the repair of a tire
350:
Most originally fitted dTPMS have the sensor mounted on the inside of the rim and the batteries are not exchangeable. A discharged battery means that the tire must be dismounted in order to replace it, so long battery life is desirable. To save energy and prolong battery life, many dTPMS sensors do
232:
iTPMS cannot measure or display absolute pressure values; they are relative by nature and have to be reset by the driver once the tires are checked and all pressures adjusted correctly. The reset is normally done either by a physical button or in a menu of the on-board computer. iTPMS are, compared
225:
Indirect TPMS (iTPMS) systems do not use physical pressure sensors; they measure air pressures using software-based systems, which by evaluating and combining existing sensor signals such as wheel speeds, accelerometers, and driveline data to estimate and monitor the tire pressure without physical
202:
On July 13, 2010, the South Korean
Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs announced a pending partial-revision to the Korea Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (KMVSS), specifying that "TPMS shall be installed to passenger vehicles and vehicles of GVW 3.5 tons or less, ... on January 1, 2013
498:
This standard requires TPMS to be installed in all new passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses that have a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs.) or less, except those vehicles with dual wheels on an axle. The final rule requires that the
437:
The
European Union reports that an average under-inflation of 40 kPa produces an increase of fuel consumption of 2% and a decrease of tire life of 25%. The European Union concludes that tire under-inflation today is responsible for over 20 million liters of unnecessarily-burned fuel, dumping
285:
Direct TPMS (dTPMS) directly measures tire pressure using hardware sensors. In each wheel, most often on the inside of the valve, there is a battery-driven pressure sensor which transfers pressure information to a central control unit which reports it to the vehicle's onboard computer. Some units
385:
with dTPMS that employ sensors mounted inside the tire. Some manufacturers of sealants assert that their products are indeed compatible, but others warned that the "sealant may come in contact with the sensor in a way that renders the sensor temporarily inoperable until it is properly cleaned,
494:
The first country to have TPMS mandatory was the United States of
America. In the early 2000s, numerous traffic accidents such as rollovers and tire blowouts occurred due to insufficient air pressure level. NHTSA regarded flat tires as a potential threat to safety which was soon followed by the
394:
The dynamic behavior of a pneumatic tire is closely connected to its inflation pressure. Key factors like braking distance and lateral stability require the inflation pressures to be adjusted and kept as specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Extreme under-inflation can even lead to thermal and
211:
The introduction of run-flat tires and emergency spare tires by several tire and vehicle manufacturers has provided motivation to make at least some basic TPMS mandatory when using run-flat tires. With run-flat tires, the driver will most likely not notice that a tire is running flat, hence the
418:
Improved safety: Under-inflated tires lead to tread separation and tire failure, resulting in 40,000 accidents, 33,000 injuries and over 650 deaths per year. Further, tires properly inflated add greater stability, handling and braking efficiencies and provide greater safety for the driver, the
68:
TPMS are installed either when the vehicle is made or after the vehicle is put to use. The goal of a TPMS is avoiding traffic accidents, poor fuel economy, and increased tire wear due to under-inflated tires through early recognition of a hazardous state of the tires. This functionality first
190:
This act affects all light motor vehicles sold after
September 1, 2007. Phase-in started in October 2005 at 20%, and reached 100% for models produced after September 2007. In the United States, as of 2008 and the European Union, as of November 1, 2012, all new passenger car models
446:
severe and dangerous underinflation and hence yields the desired effects for traffic safety, fuel consumption and emissions. The study also showed that there is no difference in effectiveness between dTPMS and iTPMS and that the TPMS reset function does not present a safety risk.
454:
Because each tire transmits a unique identifier, vehicles may be easily tracked using existing sensors along the roadway. This concern could be addressed by encrypting the radio communications from the sensors but such privacy provisions were not stipulated by the NHTSA.
248:
iTPMS are regarded as less accurate by some due to their nature—given that simple ambient temperature variations can lead to pressure variations of the same magnitude as the legal detection thresholds— but many vehicle manufacturers and customers value the ease of use.
244:
R64. Examples for this are most of the VW group models, but also numerous Honda, Volvo, Opel, Ford, Mazda, PSA, FIAT and
Renault models. iTPMS are quickly gaining market shares in the EU and are expected to become the dominating TPMS technology in the near future.
495:
enactment of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 138 on attaching TPMS for every vehicle by September 2007, phased in from 2005. The standard is to warn drivers of significant under-inflation of tires and the resulting safety problems of low tire pressure.
422:
Environmental efficiency: Under-inflated tires, as estimated by the US Department of Transportation, release over 26 billion kilograms (57.5 billion pounds) of unnecessary carbon-monoxide pollutants into the atmosphere each year in the United States
184:
74:
60:
on vehicles. A TPMS reports real-time tire-pressure information to the driver, using either a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. TPMS can be divided into two different types –
163:. The system uses sensors in the wheels and a driver display which can show tire pressure at any wheel, plus warnings for both high and low pressure. It has been standard on Corvettes ever since.
499:
driver be given a warning when tire pressure is 25 percent or more below the vehicle manufacturer's recommended cold tire inflation pressure (placard pressure) for one to four tires.
355:
to 64 tires at a time, which is important for commercial vehicles. Many aftermarket dTPMS units do not require specialized tools to program or reset, making them much simpler to use.
430:
The French Sécurité Routière, a road safety organization, estimates that 9% of all road accidents involving fatalities are attributable to tire under-inflation, and the German
241:
474:
The US Department of Transportation has commissioned several studies to find systems that work on the heavy-duty market specifying some goals that were needed in this market.
187:. The Act mandated the use of a suitable TPMS technology in all light motor vehicles (under 10,000 lb (4,500 kg)), to help alert drivers of under-inflation events.
857:
313:
Because dual wheel assemblies are side by side on each axle hub, a pressure sensor is connected to each of the two tires, through the two pressure lines shown in the photo.
2265:
368:
The first generation of TPMS sensors that are integral with the valve stem can suffer from corrosion. Metallic valve caps can become seized to their valve stems due to
464:
1740:
386:
inspected and re-installed by a tire care professional". Such doubts are also reported by others. Use of such sealants may void the TPMS sensor warranty.
229:
iTPMS systems are sometimes referred to by other names, such as Ford's ‘Deflation Detection System (DDS)’ or Honda's ‘Deflation Warning System (DWS)’.
1207:
195:) released must be equipped with a TPMS. From November 1, 2014, all new passenger cars sold in the European Union must be equipped with a TPMS. For
693:
2270:
1844:
172:
78:
1055:
236:
Since factory installation of TPMS became mandatory in November 2014 for all new passenger vehicles in the EU, various iTPMS have been
1960:
1173:
912:
2275:
1970:
861:
159:
In the United States, TPM was introduced by General Motors for the 1991 model year for the Corvette in conjunction with Goodyear
1235:
471:
greater than 26,000 pounds), most of the above-mentioned systems don't work well, requiring the development of other systems.
1917:
85:
54% of passenger cars in Sweden, Germany, and Spain were found not to have TPMS, a figure believed to be an under-estimate.
1995:
1629:
559:
955:
664:
527:
2070:
1750:
1270:
785:
434:, a product safety organization, estimated that 41% of accidents with physical injuries are linked to tire problems.
956:"Convenient tire sealants to fix a flat tire; Evaluations show that compressor kits are better than aerosol sealers"
844:
759:
1907:
2206:
2095:
2035:
2000:
579:
539:
287:
1985:
1837:
156:, the first high volume mid-size passenger vehicle in the world to be equipped with TPM as a standard feature.
1152:
998:
642:
317:
A direct TPMS sensor consists of the following main functions requiring only a few external components —
124:
and efficiency, tire-pressure monitoring (TPM) was adopted by the European market as an optional feature for
1955:
1927:
1591:
1548:
1478:
709:
564:
1945:
1935:
1687:
1558:
1553:
643:
TPMS Fitment and Tyre Inflation Pressures, Field Study EU 2016/2017 - Informal document, 86th GRRF session
400:
180:
141:
1087:
Testing of Heavy Truck Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) in order to Define an Acceptance Procedure
321:
battery, housing, PCB — to get the sensor module that is mounted to the valve stem inside the tire:
1538:
309:
294:
1027:
976:
2040:
1975:
1518:
608:
481:
has tried to disseminate best practices since legal regulations for heavy vehicles has been lagging.
468:
2065:
2045:
1830:
1644:
1280:
1228:
813:
737:
574:
137:
2230:
1797:
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regulations only apply to vehicles under 10,000 pounds. For heavy-duty vehicles (Classes 7 and 8,
2211:
2116:
1682:
1513:
827:
624:
369:
271:
17:
2005:
1892:
1874:
1508:
1385:
689:
683:
478:
104:
1052:
2080:
1887:
1801:
1760:
1732:
1674:
1614:
1606:
1573:
1563:
1473:
1460:
1405:
1395:
1335:
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1305:
1252:
1109:
616:
569:
196:
192:
176:
2100:
2030:
1543:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1428:
1370:
1099:
Daniel, S. 2005. Status of TPMS Rulemaking, SAE Government/Industry Meeting - May 10, 2005
1059:
599:
Reina, Giulio (2015). "Tyre pressure monitoring using a dynamical model-based estimator".
37:
32:
883:
612:
2280:
2201:
2015:
2010:
1901:
1897:
1811:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1528:
1448:
1340:
1221:
199:, TPMS are not mandatory, but if a TPMS is fitted, it must comply with the regulation.
153:
121:
70:
57:
1089:. 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. 09-0551.
1085:
Grygier, Paul; Daniel Jr., Samuel; Hoover, Richard; Van Buskirk, Timothy (June 2009).
508:
existing products, reducing battery size and reducing sensor weight by more than 10%.
136:
in 1986, using a hollow spoke wheel system developed by PSK. In 1996 Renault used the
2259:
2244:
2183:
2168:
2148:
2075:
1912:
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1619:
1586:
1483:
1468:
1315:
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396:
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265:
237:
160:
73:
in Europe in the 1980s, while mass-market adoption followed the USA passing the 2000
628:
2153:
2090:
2060:
2055:
1745:
1659:
1654:
1624:
1533:
1443:
1438:
1380:
1360:
1355:
1285:
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into the atmosphere, and for 200 million tires being prematurely wasted worldwide.
303:
53:
1134:
620:
2234:
2158:
2131:
2126:
1990:
1980:
1940:
1773:
1697:
1649:
1634:
1581:
1350:
1330:
1320:
1265:
280:
145:
133:
62:
2216:
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2020:
1853:
1778:
1596:
1523:
1433:
1423:
1390:
257:
129:
125:
100:
96:
89:
2173:
2163:
2085:
2050:
1768:
1717:
1707:
1664:
1413:
1375:
1365:
1300:
1295:
103:
or portable display unit, are also available for bicycles, automobiles, and
1202:
1965:
1418:
1310:
1692:
1498:
1135:"49 CFR § 571.138 - Standard No. 138; Tire pressure monitoring systems"
913:"Ride-On TPS Tire Sealants and Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS)"
149:
92:
2136:
1950:
933:
299:
2121:
2025:
1290:
760:"G0000109 – Deflation Detection System (DDS) – Ford & Lincoln"
713:
431:
308:
293:
270:
256:
31:
381:
There is controversy regarding the compatibility of after-market
175:
in the late 1990s (which was linked to more than 100 deaths from
2143:
1783:
1345:
1244:
1826:
1217:
1864:
747:. The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea.
745:
Revisions to the Korean Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (KMVSS)
406:
The significant advantages of TPMS are summarized as follows:
1822:
1072:
An Evaluation of Existing Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
845:
Direct TPMS Versus Indirect TPMS | Schrader TPMS Solutions
665:"StatCap P1 Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Review"
1213:
738:"The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs"
650:
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
403:), roughly 10% or even more of its initial pressure.
373:
leak, possibly requiring replacement of the sensor.
2194:
2109:
1926:
1873:
1759:
1731:
1673:
1605:
1572:
1459:
1404:
1251:
1028:"Tracking Vehicles through Tire Pressure Monitors"
144:decided to adopt TPM as a standard feature on the
1074:. U.S. Dept. of Transportation. DOT HS 809 297.
465:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1838:
1229:
179:following tire tread-separation), pushed the
8:
1741:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
264:sensor fitted in valve system, manufacturer
999:"TPMS Fitment and Tyre Inflation Pressures"
977:"Common TPMS Service Questions and Answers"
710:"Michelin Pax System | Michelin Tires"
652:(Report). February 12–16, 2018. GRRF-86-17.
128:passenger vehicles in the 1980s. The first
1845:
1831:
1823:
1236:
1222:
1214:
726:PAX system description on Michelinman site
419:vehicle, the loads and others on the road.
275:A damaged direct TPMS sensor being removed
120:Due to the influence tire pressure has on
2266:Automatic identification and data capture
907:
905:
858:"Achey Breakey Parts: TPMS And Corrosion"
298:Tire pressure monitoring sensors on the
816:. CAPITOL-TIRES.com. February 28, 2016.
682:Dissanayake, Don (September 28, 2010).
591:
523:
346:voltage regulator (battery management).
688:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 344.
95:-based dTPMS systems, which require a
814:"How to Reset a Tire Pressure Sensor"
786:"Deflation Warning System User Guide"
7:
1174:"South Korea to make TPMS mandatory"
890:. Babcox Media, Inc. August 23, 2013
36:Driver Information Center in a 2013
1784:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
884:"Real-World TPMS Tips & Tricks"
167:Firestone recall and legal mandates
79:Firestone and Ford tire controversy
1961:Continuously variable transmission
1026:Schneier, Bruce (April 10, 2008).
828:"Reifendruck voll unter Kontrolle"
663:Langley, Jim (September 2, 2019).
25:
1153:"Tire pressure monitoring system"
1139:LII / Legal Information Institute
450:Privacy concerns with direct TPMS
2240:
2239:
2229:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1208:Tire-pressure monitoring systems
1201:
538:
526:
1640:Tire-pressure monitoring system
46:tire-pressure monitoring system
18:Tire pressure monitoring system
533:TPMS low pressure warning icon
1:
1996:Automated manual transmission
1630:Central Tire Inflation System
832:www.elektronikpraxis.vogel.de
621:10.1080/00423114.2015.1008017
560:Central tire inflation system
148:. The following year (2000),
27:Electronic system in vehicles
427:Further statistics include:
340:radio frequency transmitter;
2271:Vehicle safety technologies
2071:Semi-automatic transmission
1751:Tire Science and Technology
1271:Low rolling resistance tire
934:"Faqs: Is Slime TPMS Safe?"
860:. ABOUT.COM. Archived from
736:Minister Chung, Jung-hwan.
518:TPMS system dashboard icons
438:over 2 million tonnes of CO
343:low frequency receiver, and
140:for the Scenic and in 1999
2297:
1908:Internal combustion engine
377:Tire sealant compatibility
278:
2225:
2207:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2096:Transmission control unit
2036:Limited-slip differential
2001:Electrorheological clutch
1860:
1792:
580:Loose wheel nut indicator
328:analog-digital converter;
1986:Dual-clutch transmission
545:TPMS system failure icon
2276:Automotive technologies
1956:Constant-velocity joint
1592:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
1549:Lateral Force Variation
1499:Pacejka's Magic Formula
1479:Cold inflation pressure
601:Vehicle System Dynamics
565:Cold inflation pressure
1936:Automatic transmission
1688:List of tire companies
1559:Traction (engineering)
1554:Radial Force Variation
1110:"What Does TPMS Mean?"
856:Sean Phillips (2014).
758:Ford (June 11, 2018).
314:
306:
276:
268:
216:Direct versus indirect
181:United States Congress
65:and indirect (iTPMS).
41:
1539:Tire load sensitivity
1058:June 6, 2014, at the
312:
297:
288:wireless power system
274:
260:
132:to adopt TPM was the
35:
2041:Locking differential
1976:Direct-shift gearbox
1519:Self aligning torque
1210:at Wikimedia Commons
1032:Schneier on Security
469:gross vehicle weight
364:Valve-stem corrosion
40:showing TPMS readout
2066:Preselector gearbox
2046:Manual transmission
1645:Tire-pressure gauge
1281:Michelin PAX System
1053:FMVSS No. 138, 2006
864:on October 20, 2014
613:2015VSD....53..568R
575:Tire-pressure gauge
459:Heavy-duty vehicles
142:PSA Peugeot Citroën
138:Michelin PAX system
2212:Electric generator
2117:Wheel hub assembly
1683:Tire manufacturing
1514:Rolling resistance
370:galvanic corrosion
359:Maintenance issues
334:system controller;
315:
307:
277:
269:
42:
2253:
2252:
2006:Epicyclic gearing
1875:Automotive engine
1820:
1819:
1509:Relaxation length
1386:Formula One tyres
1206:Media related to
695:978-953-307-111-4
183:to legislate the
130:passenger vehicle
16:(Redirected from
2288:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2110:Wheels and tires
2081:Torque converter
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1802:Outline of tires
1800:
1615:Tire maintenance
1564:Treadwear rating
1474:Circle of forces
1396:Continental tire
1336:Orange oil tires
1326:Mud-terrain tire
1306:All-terrain tire
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1205:
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1062:
1051:49 CFR, Ch. V.,
1049:
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1038:
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793:Trident Honda UK
790:
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775:
774:
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755:
749:
748:
742:
733:
727:
725:
723:
721:
712:. Archived from
706:
700:
699:
679:
673:
672:
660:
654:
653:
647:
639:
633:
632:
596:
570:Nira Dynamics AB
542:
530:
390:Benefits of TPMS
331:microcontroller;
325:pressure sensor;
173:Firestone recall
116:Initial adoption
21:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2221:
2190:
2105:
2101:Universal joint
2031:Hotchkiss drive
1922:
1869:
1856:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1788:
1755:
1727:
1669:
1601:
1568:
1544:Tire uniformity
1504:Pneumatic trail
1494:Ground pressure
1489:Cornering force
1455:
1429:Siping (rubber)
1400:
1371:Motorcycle tyre
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1178:《Tire Business》
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669:Road Bike Rider
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71:luxury vehicles
58:pneumatic tires
52:) monitors the
38:Chevrolet Cruze
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2237:
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2202:Electric motor
2198:
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2038:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Friction drive
2013:
2011:Fluid coupling
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
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1932:
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1902:Plug-in hybrid
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1761:Identification
1757:
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1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1723:Ozone cracking
1720:
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1705:
1703:Tire recycling
1700:
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1529:Steering ratio
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1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:Schrader valve
1446:
1441:
1431:
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1416:
1410:
1408:
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1341:Whitewall tire
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1318:
1313:
1308:
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1196:External links
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716:on May 4, 2015
701:
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685:Acoustic Waves
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607:(4): 568–586.
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279:Main article:
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207:Run-flat tires
205:
168:
165:
161:run-flat tires
122:vehicle safety
117:
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63:direct (dTPMS)
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1620:Tire rotation
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1587:Groove wander
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1484:Contact patch
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1346:Aircraft tire
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1276:Run-flat tire
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1261:Tubeless tire
1259:
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490:United States
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389:
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384:
383:tire sealants
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259:
252:
250:
246:
243:
242:UN Regulation
240:according to
239:
238:type-approved
234:
230:
227:
221:Indirect TPMS
220:
215:
213:
206:
204:
200:
198:
194:
188:
186:
182:
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166:
164:
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155:
152:launched the
151:
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39:
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19:
2154:Racing slick
2091:Transfer box
2061:Park-by-wire
2056:Parking pawl
1971:Differential
1946:Direct-drive
1928:Transmission
1918:Steam engine
1863:Part of the
1862:
1746:Tire Society
1660:Tire changer
1655:Bead breaker
1639:
1625:Bicycle pump
1534:Tire balance
1444:Presta valve
1439:Dunlop valve
1381:Racing slick
1376:Tractor tire
1361:Tubular tire
1356:Bicycle tire
1286:Airless tire
1181:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1159:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1047:
1037:December 10,
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
993:
981:. Retrieved
971:
959:. Retrieved
950:
938:. Retrieved
928:
916:. Retrieved
892:. Retrieved
887:
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
851:
840:
831:
822:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:
779:
767:. Retrieved
763:
753:
744:
731:
718:. Retrieved
714:the original
704:
684:
677:
668:
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649:
637:
604:
600:
594:
506:
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462:
453:
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436:
429:
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405:
393:
380:
367:
353:
349:
318:
316:
304:semi-trailer
300:tandem axles
284:
261:
247:
235:
231:
228:
224:
210:
201:
189:
170:
158:
119:
88:Aftermarket
87:
83:
69:appeared in
67:
54:air pressure
49:
45:
43:
29:
2132:Alloy wheel
1991:Drive wheel
1981:Drive shaft
1941:Chain drive
1774:Plus sizing
1698:Waste tires
1650:Direct TPMS
1635:Tire mousse
1607:Maintenance
1582:Aquaplaning
1351:Tundra tire
1331:Paddle tire
1316:Knobby tire
1266:Radial tire
983:October 15,
961:October 15,
940:October 15,
918:October 15,
894:October 17,
888:Tire Review
868:October 15,
720:October 26,
503:South Korea
337:oscillator;
281:Direct TPMS
253:Direct TPMS
197:N1 vehicles
146:Peugeot 607
134:Porsche 959
56:inside the
2260:Categories
2217:Alternator
1865:Automobile
1854:Powertrain
1779:Tire label
1675:Life cycle
1597:Tramlining
1524:Slip angle
1461:Attributes
1434:Valve stem
1406:Components
1391:Spare tire
1321:Large tire
1011:August 13,
586:References
485:Compulsory
262:direct TPM
97:smartphone
77:after the
2086:Transaxle
2051:Manumatic
2021:Gearshift
1893:Fuel cell
1769:Tire code
1718:Flat tire
1708:Tire fire
1665:Tire iron
1574:Behaviors
1366:Lego tire
1301:Snow tire
1296:Rain tyre
1160:nhtsa.gov
185:TREAD Act
177:rollovers
154:Laguna II
75:TREAD Act
2245:Category
2184:Tubeless
2169:Run-flat
2149:Off-road
1966:Coupling
1888:Electric
1812:Category
1419:Beadlock
1311:Bar grip
1183:July 13,
1056:Archived
629:53472315
554:See also
399:(3 to 9
105:trailers
1713:Blowout
1693:Retread
1119:May 31,
798:July 7,
784:Honda.
769:July 7,
609:Bibcode
150:Renault
111:History
99:and an
2235:Portal
2195:Hybrid
2159:Radial
2137:Hubcap
1951:Clutch
1898:Hybrid
1867:series
1114:《Cars》
936:. 2012
692:
627:
423:alone.
126:luxury
2281:Tires
2179:Spare
2122:Wheel
2026:Giubo
1424:Tread
1291:Tweel
1253:Types
1245:Tires
1156:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
789:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
646:(PDF)
625:S2CID
512:Icons
463:U.S.
432:DEKRA
411:year.
302:of a
90:valve
2174:Snow
2164:Rain
2144:Tire
1414:Bead
1185:2010
1121:2020
1039:2014
1013:2024
985:2014
963:2014
942:2014
920:2014
896:2014
870:2014
800:2022
771:2022
722:2016
690:ISBN
477:The
319:e.g.
171:The
50:TPMS
2127:Rim
617:doi
479:SAE
401:psi
397:kPa
266:VDO
101:app
93:cap
2262::
1176:.
1158:.
1137:.
1112:.
1030:.
1004:.
904:^
886:.
830:.
791:.
762:.
743:.
667:.
648:.
623:.
615:.
605:53
603:.
193:M1
107:.
81:.
44:A
1904:)
1900:(
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1187:.
1162:.
1141:.
1123:.
1041:.
1015:.
987:.
965:.
944:.
922:.
898:.
872:.
834:.
802:.
773:.
724:.
698:.
671:.
631:.
619::
611::
440:2
191:(
48:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
