858:. Gastroliths are stones intentionally swallowed to aid with digestion (as is seen in a variety of modern birds). However, more recent taphonomic and sedimentological evidence suggests that sauropods did not use stones for digestion due to the general rarity of finding gastric mill-like stones with sauropod remains, and low relative mass of the stones to the size of sauropod bodies. When gastrolith-like rocks are found with sauropods, it may be that they were accidentally ingested, or intentionally ingested for mineral uptake.
3438:
3449:
3456:
4850:
184:
124:
5582:
6817:
1695:
1322:
6811:
1726:
1515:
1123:
4855:
4312:
6806:
4304:
6800:
5574:
3444:
4324:
1384:
1037:
4318:
5590:
1794:
1559:
1172:
6964:
1475:
1757:
1422:
1152:
645:, they are known to have inhabited primarily terrestrial areas, and little evidence exists to suggest that they spent much time in coastal environments. Macronarians are diagnosed through their distinct characters on their skulls, as well as appendicular and vertebral characters. Macronaria is composed of several subclades and families notably including
836:
It is well established that all sauropods, including macronarians, were obligate herbivores. Unlike their sister group, the diplodocids, which were thought to feed on low-lying plants, camarasaurids and other macronarians likely had strongly upward-oriented necks for browsing trees and taller plants.
841:
is thought to have had a maximum of three replacement teeth and tooth formation took about 315 days. The replacement rate is thought to be one tooth every 62 days – this is about the same level or higher than non-sauropod herbivores, though it is lower than the replacement rates of the sister taxa,
823:
which was found in North
America. There is strong geologic evidence that a land bridge between South and North America existed at the end of the Cretaceous allowing for dispersal of organisms between the two landmasses. Cretaceous sauropods are thought to have moved northward from South America,
850:
and other macronarians fed on mid to upper canopy plants where exogenous grit is almost non-existent. Given the large body size of these neosauropod herbivores, it is thought that this type of niche partitioning, characterized by different species taking advantage of different resources, was
755:
While sauropods are known to be the giants of the dinosaurs, macronarians were not exclusively large-bodied. Macronarians show divergence in the evolution of body size with some members both increasing and decreasing in size from the primitive condition. For example, despite all being in the
2511:
Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Barnes, R. N., & Mateus, O. (2013). Osteology of the Late
Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168(1),
878:. Despite the fact that macronarians are named after cranial openings, they are described by more appendicular synapomorphies. The species that survived late into the Cretaceous were characterized by stocky, wide-gauged posture, most notably the highly derived
2501:
Mateus, O., Jacobs, L. L., Schulp, A. S., Polcyn, M. J., Tavares, T. S., Buta Neto, A., ... & Antunes, M. T. (2011). Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola. Anais da
Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83(1),
774:
reached only 1.5-3 metric tons, which is fairly small for sauropods. While some macronarians represent some of the largest terrestrial vertebrates ever known, other macronarians experienced a steady size decrease over time.
783:
Sauropods, widely speaking, have been associated with both coastal and inland environments. It is believed that macronarians such as titanosaurs were strictly terrestrial and associated with inland environments such as
617:. Macronarians are named after the large diameter of the nasal opening of their skull, known as the external naris, which exceeded the size of the orbit, the skull opening where the eye is located (hence
1922:
P. D. Mannion. 2010. A revision of the sauropod dinosaur genus 'Bothriospondylus' with a redescription of the type material of the Middle
Jurassic form 'B. madagascariensis. Palaeontology 53(2):277-296
1878:
1868:
P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In D. B. Weishampel, H. Osmolska, and P. Dodson (eds.), The
Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley 259-322
788:
systems. These findings are based on ‘wide-gauged’ trackways produced by titanosaurs which are strongly correlated with terrestrial sediments. It is also believed that macronarians have
1904:
Paul M. Barrett, Roger B.J. Benson and Paul
Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods".
867:
2540:
846:
It is thought that this may be related to the fact that the low-browsing taxa ingested more grit and thus needed to replace teeth more, while
866:
Macronaria is nested within
Neosauropoda and is sister to Diplodocoidea. These groups split around the mid- to late-Jurassic and end at the
682:
forming another. This proposed shift with
Macronaria placed Diplodocoidea as an outgroup to the new clade Macronaria, under which all other
6989:
641:). Macronarians have been found globally, including discoveries in Argentina, the United States, Portugal, China, and Tanzania. Like other
2191:"Oldest camarasauromorph sauropod (Dinosauria) discovered in the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of the Khadir Island, Kachchh, western India"
6994:
653:, among several others. Titanosauriforms are particularly well known for being some of the largest terrestrial animals to ever exist.
6999:
2239:
3448:
3437:
450:
3455:
4849:
2533:
6954:
2229:
5581:
813:
is among the most commonly found dinosaur from the Late
Jurassic deposits of the Morrison Formation in the US. Unlike
183:
6816:
6810:
2313:"No gastric mill in sauropod dinosaurs: new evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches"
6853:
4854:
2628:
2526:
1222:
The cladogram below follows José L. Carballido, Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Diego Pol and
Leonardo Salgado (2011).
4311:
694:
The following list includes some of the distinguishing characteristics that are diagnostic for Macronaria:
6874:
4323:
4303:
6984:
6934:
6843:
6805:
6534:
2816:
2428:
6799:
5573:
4317:
748:
The posture of macronarians is characterized by a novel ‘wide-gauged’ locomotor style, particularly in
5589:
3443:
2189:
Moser, Markus; Mathur, Umesh B.; Fürsich, Franz T.; Pandey, Dhirendra K.; Mathur, Neera (2006-03-01).
6921:
2097:
3519:
2419:
José Luis Barco Rodríguez (2010). "Implicaciones filogenéticas y paleobiogeográficas del saurópodo
1934:"Sauropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Madagascar, and the oldest record of Titanosauriformes"
854:
It was at one point believed that polished pebbles occasionally found with sauropod skeletons were
139:
6574:
3646:
2171:
2129:
1961:
178:
145:
6939:
6710:
6251:
4998:
4639:
4368:
3556:
2401:
2350:
2332:
2293:
2235:
2210:
2121:
2113:
2045:
2003:
1953:
804:
792:
origins. A possible camarasauromorph of indeterminate genus and species was reported from the
123:
6968:
6581:
6426:
6366:
6008:
5900:
5806:
5697:
5499:
5479:
5418:
4537:
4390:
4237:
3954:
3908:
3888:
3832:
3135:
2912:
2892:
2482:
2472:
2391:
2381:
2340:
2324:
2283:
2273:
2202:
2163:
2105:
2037:
1995:
1945:
796:
730:
Forelimbs are relatively long in comparison to the hind limbs (most clearly demonstrated by
725:
392:
382:
6912:
1694:
1321:
6848:
6718:
6451:
6344:
6040:
6020:
6001:
5959:
5886:
5872:
5755:
5506:
5426:
5073:
4609:
4600:
4461:
4453:
4380:
4140:
4018:
3839:
3695:
3526:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3227:
3144:
2690:
2677:
2640:
2613:
2588:
2549:
2441:
1725:
1721:
1689:
1538:
1514:
1510:
1316:
1122:
983:
793:
758:
731:
579:
257:
133:
43:
39:
824:
thus explaining the high density of South American sauropods, and the sole appearance of
625:
meaning nose). Fossil evidence suggests that macronarian dinosaurs lived from the Middle
2101:
1933:
6725:
6640:
6522:
6467:
6417:
6229:
6222:
6168:
6140:
6095:
6068:
5943:
5908:
5850:
5777:
5690:
5454:
5333:
5305:
5284:
5269:
5191:
5164:
4982:
4966:
4932:
4775:
4574:
4446:
4272:
4011:
3990:
3939:
3931:
3783:
3776:
3683:
3582:
3570:
3378:
3350:
3187:
3158:
3151:
3097:
3011:
2997:
2981:
2956:
2786:
2345:
2312:
1666:
1378:
1031:
925:
671:
646:
588:
560:
423:
2148:
2083:"Palaeoenvironmental controls on the distribution of Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs"
2082:
2022:
817:
Titanosaurs were most commonly found in the Southern Hemisphere with the exception of
6978:
6768:
6753:
6732:
6648:
6608:
6596:
6566:
6515:
6487:
6460:
6381:
6358:
6306:
6237:
6161:
6127:
6116:
6054:
5973:
5936:
5915:
5865:
5843:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5762:
5727:
5704:
5646:
5513:
5492:
5360:
5351:
5340:
5319:
5298:
5276:
5219:
5096:
5033:
4917:
4740:
4716:
4682:
4653:
4646:
4625:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4511:
4502:
4439:
4431:
4424:
4354:
4341:
4258:
4182:
4125:
4104:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
3982:
3961:
3880:
3857:
3704:
3661:
3563:
3540:
3512:
3343:
3336:
3284:
3180:
3117:
3108:
2990:
2864:
2832:
2800:
2761:
2743:
2722:
2477:
2456:
2386:
2369:
2278:
2261:
1980:
1965:
1773:
1752:
1452:
1117:
888:
879:
770:
706:
679:
666:
638:
500:
351:
81:
2175:
2133:
6776:
6746:
6739:
6676:
6617:
6543:
6475:
6433:
6402:
6388:
6373:
6351:
6335:
6269:
6258:
6209:
6190:
6183:
6061:
6047:
6033:
5987:
5980:
5951:
5922:
5858:
5799:
5741:
5734:
5683:
5676:
5639:
5621:
5608:
5536:
5520:
5461:
5447:
5411:
5404:
5390:
5368:
5262:
5254:
5247:
5226:
5198:
5146:
5132:
5118:
5103:
5054:
4975:
4947:
4940:
4759:
4748:
4725:
4707:
4632:
4618:
4525:
4482:
4475:
4417:
4410:
4173:
4088:
3896:
3846:
3818:
3811:
3790:
3762:
3748:
3668:
3612:
3591:
3277:
3165:
3069:
3025:
3018:
2970:
2942:
2903:
2729:
1999:
1789:
1554:
1469:
1268:
1244:
1167:
1053:
875:
871:
809:
683:
661:
530:
520:
362:
289:
163:
151:
1932:
Bindellini, Gabriele; Dal Sasso, Cristiano (February 2021). Benson, Roger (ed.).
17:
6906:
6761:
6669:
6655:
6551:
6440:
6395:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6244:
6176:
6154:
6075:
5966:
5661:
5468:
5433:
5326:
5291:
5233:
5212:
5205:
5177:
5110:
5082:
5047:
5040:
5026:
4925:
4910:
4811:
4733:
4696:
4567:
4518:
4279:
4155:
4118:
4111:
4080:
4064:
4004:
3968:
3946:
3866:
3825:
3769:
3741:
3727:
3675:
3628:
3548:
3533:
3505:
3371:
3329:
3315:
3295:
3269:
3215:
3208:
3124:
3090:
3076:
2919:
2857:
2793:
2770:
2736:
2708:
2030:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1383:
1299:
1036:
1007:
959:
870:. In the less than 100 Myr that they lived, macronarians developed at least 216
855:
819:
764:
749:
657:
550:
540:
510:
480:
460:
341:
311:
157:
56:
712:
Posterior neural spines extend at the tip forming a triangular process upwards.
6662:
6589:
6558:
6320:
6147:
5994:
5929:
5893:
5879:
5814:
5785:
5748:
5711:
5654:
5240:
5184:
5139:
5089:
5061:
5019:
4955:
4903:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4768:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4581:
4493:
4468:
4148:
4132:
4096:
3997:
3873:
3797:
3711:
3654:
3605:
3357:
3173:
3062:
2926:
2885:
2850:
2579:
2109:
1361:
894:
785:
675:
650:
634:
570:
490:
470:
403:
372:
331:
241:
169:
101:
66:
6897:
2455:
José L. Carballido; Oliver W. M. Rauhut; Diego Pol; Leonardo Salgado (2011).
2405:
2336:
2297:
2214:
2149:"A quantitative analysis of environmental associations in sauropod dinosaurs"
2117:
2049:
2007:
1957:
6625:
6507:
6313:
5792:
5770:
5719:
5440:
5397:
5383:
5125:
4818:
4804:
4689:
4403:
4251:
4244:
3975:
3924:
3487:
3474:
3389:
3364:
3322:
3201:
3041:
2808:
2750:
1793:
1558:
1416:
1171:
1146:
901:
642:
630:
273:
195:
106:
50:
2354:
2328:
2125:
2041:
1756:
1474:
1421:
1151:
6891:
6633:
6299:
6109:
5312:
5153:
5012:
4265:
3755:
3598:
3308:
3083:
3055:
2963:
2878:
2871:
2778:
2715:
2597:
2573:
2396:
2288:
789:
626:
614:
611:
440:
228:
215:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
5669:
4073:
3917:
3804:
3262:
2487:
2206:
699:
111:
86:
1949:
6198:
5376:
3194:
2567:
2190:
205:
6868:
2167:
1906:
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society
2518:
1981:"Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs"
800:
607:
6926:
2317:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
715:
The anterior chevrons of the tail have open proximal articulation
6500:
3004:
6872:
6832:
5606:
4870:
4339:
3472:
2675:
2560:
2522:
4162:
2370:"Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis"
2461:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia"
2070:. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 229–249.
2262:"The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs"
897:. Camarasauromorpha is the most basal group of Macronaria.
1645:
Simplified cladogram of Macronaria after D'Emic (2012).
131:
Seven macronarian sauropods (top left to bottom right):
718:
Robust, spatulate (spoon-like), and broad-crowned teeth
6952:
584:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
526:
516:
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
436:
428:
420:
409:
399:
388:
378:
368:
358:
347:
337:
327:
6881:
6702:
6607:
6533:
6486:
6450:
6416:
6334:
6268:
6208:
6126:
6093:
6019:
5619:
5535:
5478:
5350:
5163:
5072:
4996:
4965:
4883:
4758:
4715:
4706:
4608:
4599:
4536:
4501:
4492:
4389:
4378:
4352:
4229:
4197:
4181:
4172:
4063:
3907:
3856:
3725:
3694:
3626:
3581:
3485:
3388:
3294:
3226:
3134:
3107:
3039:
2980:
2940:
2902:
2830:
2760:
2688:
2639:
2612:
2081:Butler, Richard J.; Barrett, Paul M. (2008-11-01).
2423:Barco, Canudo, Cuenca-Bescós y Ruiz-Omeñaca 2005".
1979:Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Sereno, Paul C. (1998-06-15).
660:who proposed the new subdivisions among the clade
2023:"The Evolutionary History of Sauropod Dinosaurs"
904:below follows José Luis Barco Rodríguez (2010).
2311:Wings, Oliver; Sander, P. Martin (2007-03-07).
2534:
2457:"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of
709:have distal ends that extend out transversely
664:. Previously, this clade was thought to have
8:
2147:Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul (2010).
1844:For alternative cladograms see also Mateus
6869:
6829:
6699:
6492:
6447:
6214:
6132:
6101:
6025:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5603:
5484:
5169:
5004:
4895:
4891:
4880:
4867:
4712:
4605:
4498:
4395:
4386:
4360:
4349:
4336:
4226:
4178:
3733:
3638:
3634:
3497:
3493:
3482:
3469:
3300:
3232:
3047:
2977:
2948:
2842:
2838:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2672:
2618:
2609:
2557:
2541:
2527:
2519:
122:
31:
2486:
2476:
2465:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2395:
2385:
2374:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2344:
2287:
2277:
2266:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2068:The sauropods: evolution and paleobiology
762:reached enormous sizes (~50 tons), while
6959:
1861:
721:Crests formed by large protruding nasal
656:Macronaria was described by Wilson and
2437:
2426:
2255:
2253:
2251:
7:
2061:
2059:
803:, representing the oldest member of
1745:
1714:
1681:
1659:
1648:
1530:
1503:
1444:
1437:
1408:
1353:
1346:
1291:
1284:
1260:
1236:
1225:
1138:
1109:
1023:
999:
975:
951:
940:
918:
907:
1988:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
744:Posture, body size, and locomotion
25:
6834:Topics in sauropodomorph research
2368:Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002-10-01).
2260:D'emic, Michael D. (2012-11-01).
2234:. Geological Society of America.
6962:
6815:
6809:
6804:
6798:
5588:
5580:
5572:
4853:
4848:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4302:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3436:
2478:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x
2387:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x
2279:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x
1792:
1755:
1724:
1693:
1557:
1513:
1473:
1420:
1382:
1320:
1170:
1150:
1121:
1035:
182:
2228:Farlow, James Orville (1989).
2000:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115
674:forming one sister group, and
1:
2231:Paleobiology of the Dinosaurs
2021:Upchurch, Paul (1995-09-29).
2195:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
2066:Carrano, Matthew T. (2005).
882:. Also under Macronaria are
698:The long axis of the distal
6990:Bathonian first appearances
851:necessary for coexistence.
702:shaft lie on the same plane
7016:
27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
6995:Maastrichtian extinctions
6839:
6828:
6796:
6698:
6495:
6217:
6135:
6104:
6028:
5634:
5630:
5615:
5602:
5569:
5487:
5172:
5007:
4898:
4894:
4879:
4866:
4846:
4398:
4363:
4348:
4335:
4299:
4225:
3736:
3641:
3637:
3500:
3496:
3481:
3468:
3434:
3303:
3235:
3050:
2951:
2845:
2841:
2703:
2699:
2684:
2671:
2621:
2608:
2556:
2459:Tehuelchesaurus benitezii
2110:10.1007/s00114-008-0417-5
1787:
1770:
1750:
1743:
1719:
1712:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1657:
1552:
1535:
1528:
1508:
1501:
1466:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1413:
1406:
1375:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1313:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1265:
1258:
1241:
1234:
1165:
1143:
1136:
1114:
1107:
1050:
1028:
1021:
1004:
997:
980:
973:
956:
949:
938:
923:
916:
828:in the Western Interior.
451:"Brachiosaurus" nougaredi
324:
319:
179:Scientific classification
177:
130:
121:
34:
7000:Dinosaur unranked clades
6854:List of sauropod species
1938:Papers in Palaeontology
2436:Cite journal requires
2329:10.1098/rspb.2006.3763
2042:10.1098/rstb.1995.0125
621:- meaning large, and –
6935:Paleobiology Database
6844:Sauropod neck posture
6535:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
837:Each tooth family in
705:Middle and posterior
320:Clades and subclades
2421:Galvesaurus herreroi
1885:. Christopher Taylor
416:Upchurch et al. 2004
6703:Dubious titanosaurs
3520:Chinshakiangosaurus
2102:2008NW.....95.1027B
2090:Naturwissenschaften
1879:"Camarasauromorpha"
633:) through the Late
140:Camarasaurus lentus
6575:Opisthocoelicaudia
3647:Archaeodontosaurus
2207:10.1007/BF02988396
756:titanosaur clade,
167:(foreground) with
146:Opisthocoelicaudia
6950:
6949:
6875:Taxon identifiers
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6824:
6823:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6711:Bruhathkayosaurus
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6412:
6411:
6330:
6329:
6252:Panamericansaurus
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
5598:
5597:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5531:
5530:
4999:Titanosauriformes
4992:
4991:
4862:
4861:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4640:Brachytrachelopan
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4369:Haplocanthosaurus
4331:
4330:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4230:Dubious sauropods
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
3721:
3720:
3622:
3621:
3557:Protognathosaurus
3464:
3463:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3035:
3034:
2936:
2935:
2826:
2825:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2323:(1610): 635–640.
2096:(11): 1027–1032.
2036:(1330): 365–390.
1950:10.1002/spp2.1282
1841:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1708:Titanosauriformes
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1497:Titanosauriformes
1486:
1485:
1395:
1394:
1333:
1332:
1230:Camarasauromorpha
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1103:Titanosauriformes
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
805:camarasauromorpha
651:Titanosauriformes
601:
600:
432:Titanosauriformes
417:
413:Camarasauromorpha
315:
18:Titanosauriformes
16:(Redirected from
7007:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6958:
6943:
6942:
6930:
6929:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6870:
6830:
6819:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6700:
6582:Pellegrinisaurus
6493:
6448:
6427:Bustingorrytitan
6367:Futalognkosaurus
6215:
6133:
6102:
6026:
6009:Diamantinasauria
5901:Pellegrinisaurus
5807:Jiangshanosaurus
5698:Baotianmansaurus
5632:
5628:
5617:
5604:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5500:Diamantinasaurus
5485:
5480:Diamantinasauria
5419:Jiangshanosaurus
5170:
5005:
4896:
4892:
4881:
4868:
4857:
4852:
4713:
4606:
4538:Rebbachisaurinae
4499:
4396:
4391:Rebbachisauridae
4387:
4361:
4350:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4306:
4238:Bothriospondylus
4227:
4179:
3955:Eomamenchisaurus
3909:Mamenchisauridae
3889:Lapparentosaurus
3833:Spinophorosaurus
3734:
3639:
3635:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3301:
3233:
3136:Massospondylidae
3048:
2978:
2949:
2913:Jaklapallisaurus
2893:Thecodontosaurus
2843:
2839:
2701:
2697:
2686:
2673:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2558:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1994:(sup002): 1–79.
1985:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1848:(2011), Mannion
1796:
1759:
1746:
1728:
1715:
1697:
1682:
1660:
1649:
1561:
1531:
1517:
1504:
1477:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1409:
1386:
1354:
1347:
1324:
1292:
1285:
1261:
1237:
1226:
1174:
1154:
1139:
1125:
1110:
1039:
1024:
1000:
976:
952:
941:
919:
908:
797:Khadir Formation
586:
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
430:
422:
415:
411:
401:
393:Marmarospondylus
390:
383:Lapparentosaurus
380:
370:
360:
349:
339:
329:
309:
304:
288:
272:
256:
187:
186:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6953:
6951:
6946:
6938:
6933:
6925:
6920:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6877:
6867:
6858:
6849:Sauropod hiatus
6835:
6820:
6782:
6719:Campylodoniscus
6682:
6603:
6529:
6482:
6452:Nemegtosauridae
6446:
6408:
6345:Argentinosaurus
6326:
6264:
6204:
6122:
6098:
6081:
6041:Atsinganosaurus
6021:Lirainosaurinae
6015:
6002:Xianshanosaurus
5887:Normanniasaurus
5873:Narambuenatitan
5756:Dongyangosaurus
5624:
5611:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5551:
5527:
5507:Sarmientosaurus
5474:
5427:Phuwiangosaurus
5346:
5159:
5074:Brachiosauridae
5068:
5001:
4988:
4961:
4888:
4875:
4858:
4824:
4754:
4702:
4610:Dicraeosauridae
4601:Flagellicaudata
4587:
4532:
4488:
4462:Nopcsaspondylus
4454:Maraapunisaurus
4383:
4381:Diplodocimorpha
4374:
4357:
4344:
4327:
4309:
4301:
4285:
4209:
4193:
4168:
4141:Tehuelchesaurus
4059:
4019:Tienshanosaurus
3903:
3852:
3840:Tehuelchesaurus
3730:
3717:
3696:Vulcanodontidae
3690:
3631:
3618:
3577:
3527:Gongxianosaurus
3490:
3477:
3460:
3453:
3404:
3384:
3290:
3249:Jingshanosaurus
3241:Chuxiongosaurus
3228:Sauropodiformes
3222:
3145:Adeopapposaurus
3130:
3103:
3044:
3031:
2976:
2945:
2932:
2898:
2835:
2822:
2756:
2693:
2691:Sauropodomorpha
2680:
2678:Sauropodomorpha
2655:
2641:Sauropodomorpha
2635:
2629:Avemetatarsalia
2614:Avemetatarsalia
2604:
2589:Avemetatarsalia
2563:
2562:
2552:
2550:Sauropodomorpha
2547:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2168:10.1666/08085.1
2151:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1883:Variety of Life
1877:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1722:Brachiosauridae
1690:Tehuelchesaurus
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1539:Phuwiangosaurus
1511:Brachiosauridae
1487:
1396:
1334:
1317:Tehuelchesaurus
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
984:Phuwiangosaurus
864:
834:
794:Middle Jurassic
781:
759:Argentinosaurus
746:
741:
692:
676:Titanosauroidea
580:Brachiosauridae
308:
302:
286:
270:
258:Sauropodomorpha
254:
181:
134:Argentinosaurus
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Late Cretaceous
40:Middle Jurassic
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7013:
7011:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6931:
6918:
6903:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6758:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6726:Clasmodosaurus
6722:
6715:
6706:
6704:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6641:Maxakalisaurus
6637:
6630:
6622:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6593:
6586:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6548:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6523:Quaesitosaurus
6519:
6512:
6504:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6468:Quaesitosaurus
6464:
6456:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6420:
6418:Saltasauroidea
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6348:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6230:Maxakalisaurus
6226:
6223:Adamantisaurus
6218:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6169:Epachthosaurus
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6141:Antarctosaurus
6136:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6099:
6096:Eutitanosauria
6094:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6069:Mansourasaurus
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5944:Tastavinsaurus
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5909:Petrobrasaurus
5905:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5851:Malarguesaurus
5847:
5840:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5778:Epachthosaurus
5774:
5767:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5691:Austroposeidon
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5455:Tangvayosaurus
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5334:Tastavinsaurus
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5306:Pukyongosaurus
5302:
5295:
5288:
5285:Liubangosaurus
5281:
5273:
5270:Liaoningotitan
5266:
5259:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5192:Astrophocaudia
5188:
5181:
5173:
5167:
5165:Somphospondyli
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4983:Lourinhasaurus
4979:
4971:
4969:
4967:Camarasauridae
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4937:
4933:Dashanpusaurus
4929:
4922:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4776:Dinheirosaurus
4772:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4575:Rebbachisaurus
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4447:Lavocatisaurus
4443:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4273:Qinlingosaurus
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4206:(see below ↓ )
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:(see below ↓ )
4187:
4185:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4012:Rhomaleopakhus
4008:
4001:
3994:
3991:Mamenchisaurus
3987:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3940:Chuanjiesaurus
3936:
3932:Cetiosauriscus
3928:
3921:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3784:Dashanpusaurus
3780:
3777:Cetiosauriscus
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:Zizhongosaurus
3680:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3583:Lessemsauridae
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:Tuebingosaurus
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3379:Sefapanosaurus
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3351:Melanorosaurus
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3188:Massospondylus
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3159:Glacialisaurus
3155:
3152:Coloradisaurus
3148:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3098:Tuebingosaurus
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3012:Pachysauriscus
3008:
3001:
2998:Gresslyosaurus
2994:
2986:
2984:
2982:Plateosauridae
2975:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2957:Plateosauravus
2952:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2787:Chromogisaurus
2783:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2471:(2): 605–662.
2447:
2438:|journal=
2411:
2380:(2): 215–275.
2360:
2303:
2272:(3): 624–671.
2247:
2240:
2220:
2181:
2162:(2): 253–282.
2139:
2073:
2055:
2013:
1971:
1944:(1): 137–161.
1924:
1915:
1896:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:Somphospondyli
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:Camarasauridae
1663:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1379:Tastavinsaurus
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1032:Tastavinsaurus
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
979:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
955:
950:
948:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:Camarasauridae
922:
917:
915:
906:
876:autapomorphies
872:synapomorphies
863:
860:
833:
830:
780:
777:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
728:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
703:
691:
688:
672:Camarasauridae
647:Camarasauridae
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
592:
589:Somphospondyli
582:
574:
564:
561:Pukyongosaurus
554:
544:
534:
524:
514:
504:
494:
484:
474:
464:
454:
444:
426:
424:Camarasauridae
407:
397:
386:
376:
366:
356:
345:
335:
322:
321:
317:
316:
300:
293:
292:
284:
277:
276:
268:
261:
260:
252:
245:
244:
239:
232:
231:
226:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
175:
174:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7012:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6956:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:Mongolosaurus
6766:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:Macrurosaurus
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6733:Hypselosaurus
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6649:Neuquensaurus
6646:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6609:Saltasaurinae
6606:
6599:
6598:
6597:Zhuchengtitan
6594:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:Dreadnoughtus
6564:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6516:Qingxiusaurus
6513:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:Saltasauridae
6485:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6461:Nemegtosaurus
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6382:Mendozasaurus
6379:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:Dzharatitanis
6356:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6307:Gondwanatitan
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:Muyelensaurus
6235:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6162:Chucarosaurus
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Colossosauria
6125:
6119:
6118:
6117:Menucocelsior
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6092:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:Lirainosaurus
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5974:Trigonosaurus
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:Ruyangosaurus
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:Pitekunsaurus
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:Mnyamawamtuka
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5844:Magyarosaurus
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:Ligabuesaurus
5833:
5831:
5830:
5829:Laplatasaurus
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:Karongasaurus
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:Dreadnoughtus
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:Borealosaurus
5725:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5705:Barrosasaurus
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:Aegyptosaurus
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5575:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5514:Savannasaurus
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:Australotitan
5490:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:Australodocus
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5352:Euhelopodidae
5349:
5343:
5342:
5341:Triunfosaurus
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5320:Sauroposeidon
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:Padillasaurus
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:Ligabuesaurus
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:Chubutisaurus
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:Brachiosaurus
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:Fushanosaurus
5031:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:Bashunosaurus
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4856:
4851:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:Atlantosaurus
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4717:Apatosaurinae
4714:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:Smitanosaurus
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:Dyslocosaurus
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:Dicraeosaurus
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:Amargatitanis
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:Katepensaurus
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:Itapeuasaurus
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:Demandasaurus
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:Cathartesaura
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4503:Limaysaurinae
4500:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:Histriasaurus
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:Dzharatitanis
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:Comahuesaurus
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4355:Diplodocoidea
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:Diplodocoidea
4338:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:Gigantosaurus
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4183:Diplodocoidea
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:Narindasaurus
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:Losillasaurus
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4054:Zigongosaurus
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:Yuanmousaurus
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:Xinjiangtitan
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:Wamweracaudia
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:Tonganosaurus
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:Klamelisaurus
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:Huangshanlong
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:Ferganasaurus
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:Cetiosauridae
3855:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:Tazoudasaurus
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:Ohmdenosaurus
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:Schleitheimia
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:Leonerasaurus
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:Blikanasaurus
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:Leonerasaurus
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:Lamplughsaura
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3285:Yunnanosaurus
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:Lufengosaurus
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:Eucnemesaurus
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3109:Riojasauridae
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:Euskelosaurus
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:Bagualosaurus
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:Bagualosauria
2829:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:Pampadromaeus
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2762:Saturnaliidae
2759:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:Pampadromaeus
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:Gigantoscelus
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2397:2027.42/73066
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:2027.42/94293
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:9780813722382
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:Chubutisaurus
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:Euhelopodidae
1748:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:Chubutisaurus
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:Brachiosaurus
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
985:
978:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
961:
954:
953:
946:
945:Laurasiformes
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
890:
889:Brachiosaurus
885:
881:
880:saltasaurines
877:
873:
869:
868:K/Pg boundary
861:
859:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
831:
829:
827:
822:
821:
816:
815:Camarasaurus,
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:Magyarosaurus
767:
766:
761:
760:
754:
751:
743:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:neural spines
704:
701:
697:
696:
695:
689:
687:
685:
681:
680:Diplodocoidea
677:
673:
669:
668:
667:Brachiosaurus
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Maastrichtian
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
605:
591:
590:
583:
581:
575:
573:
572:
565:
563:
562:
555:
553:
552:
545:
543:
542:
535:
533:
532:
525:
523:
522:
515:
513:
512:
505:
503:
502:
501:Fushanosaurus
495:
493:
492:
485:
483:
482:
475:
473:
472:
465:
463:
462:
455:
453:
452:
445:
443:
442:
435:
434:
433:
427:
425:
419:
418:
414:
408:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
387:
385:
384:
377:
375:
374:
367:
365:
364:
357:
354:
353:
352:Bashunosaurus
346:
344:
343:
336:
334:
333:
326:
325:
323:
318:
313:
310:Wilson &
307:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
176:
173:(background)
172:
171:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
6985:Macronarians
6882:
6803:
6777:Titanosaurus
6775:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6747:Loricosaurus
6745:
6740:Iuticosaurus
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6709:
6677:Yamanasaurus
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6632:
6624:
6618:Abditosaurus
6616:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6557:
6550:
6544:Abditosaurus
6542:
6521:
6514:
6506:
6499:
6476:Tapuiasaurus
6474:
6466:
6459:
6439:
6434:Titanomachya
6432:
6425:
6403:Puertasaurus
6401:
6394:
6389:Notocolossus
6387:
6380:
6374:Jiangxititan
6372:
6365:
6357:
6352:Drusilasaura
6350:
6343:
6336:Lognkosauria
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:Aeolosaurini
6259:Rinconsaurus
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6221:
6210:Rinconsauria
6197:
6191:Tengrisaurus
6189:
6184:Quetecsaurus
6182:
6175:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6115:
6108:
6074:
6067:
6062:Lohuecotitan
6060:
6053:
6048:Garrigatitan
6046:
6039:
6034:Ampelosaurus
6032:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5988:Uberabatitan
5986:
5981:Sonidosaurus
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5952:Tengrisaurus
5950:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5923:Rapetosaurus
5921:
5914:
5907:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5859:Malawisaurus
5857:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5805:
5800:Huabeisaurus
5798:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5742:Choconsaurus
5740:
5735:Brasilotitan
5733:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5684:Atacamatitan
5682:
5677:Argyrosaurus
5675:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5640:Abdarainurus
5638:
5622:Titanosauria
5609:Titanosauria
5578:
5537:Titanosauria
5521:Wintonotitan
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5467:
5462:Yongjinglong
5460:
5453:
5448:Tambatitanis
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5412:Huanghetitan
5410:
5405:Huabeisaurus
5403:
5396:
5391:Gannansaurus
5389:
5382:
5375:
5369:Chiayusaurus
5367:
5359:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5268:
5263:Jiutaisaurus
5261:
5255:Jiangxititan
5253:
5248:Garumbatitan
5246:
5239:
5232:
5227:Dongbeititan
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5199:Austrosaurus
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5152:
5147:Venenosaurus
5145:
5138:
5133:Sonorasaurus
5131:
5124:
5119:Giraffatitan
5117:
5109:
5104:Cedarosaurus
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5060:
5055:Pelorosaurus
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
4981:
4976:Camarasaurus
4974:
4954:
4948:Haestasaurus
4946:
4941:Europasaurus
4939:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4885:
4872:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:Diplodocinae
4749:Brontosaurus
4747:
4739:
4732:
4726:Amphicoelias
4724:
4708:Diplodocidae
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4633:Bajadasaurus
4631:
4624:
4619:Amargasaurus
4617:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4526:Rayososaurus
4524:
4517:
4510:
4483:Zapalasaurus
4481:
4476:Xenoposeidon
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4418:Campananeyen
4416:
4411:Amazonsaurus
4409:
4402:
4367:
4308:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4198:
4174:Neosauropoda
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4089:Haestasaurus
4087:
4079:
4072:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3897:Patagosaurus
3895:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3847:Volkheimeria
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3819:Perijasaurus
3817:
3812:Nebulasaurus
3810:
3803:
3796:
3791:Dystrophaeus
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3763:Barapasaurus
3761:
3754:
3749:Asiatosaurus
3747:
3740:
3710:
3703:
3682:
3674:
3669:Rhoetosaurus
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3613:Lessemsaurus
3611:
3604:
3597:
3592:Antetonitrus
3590:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3441:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3283:
3278:Yizhousaurus
3276:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3166:Ignavusaurus
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3123:
3116:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:Ignavusaurus
3068:
3061:
3054:
3026:Yimenosaurus
3024:
3019:Plateosaurus
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2971:Xixiposaurus
2969:
2962:
2955:
2943:Plateosauria
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:Unaysauridae
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2730:Guaibasaurus
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2593:
2584:
2507:
2497:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2429:cite journal
2420:
2414:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2269:
2265:
2230:
2223:
2201:(1): 34–51.
2198:
2194:
2184:
2159:
2156:Paleobiology
2155:
2142:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2033:
2029:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1790:Titanosauria
1788:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1738:
1720:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1665:
1652:
1644:
1555:Titanosauria
1553:
1537:
1536:
1509:
1496:
1470:Wintonotitan
1468:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1415:
1414:
1377:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1315:
1314:
1298:
1297:
1269:Europasaurus
1267:
1266:
1245:Camarasaurus
1243:
1242:
1229:
1221:
1168:Titanosauria
1166:
1145:
1144:
1116:
1115:
1102:
1054:Venenosaurus
1052:
1051:
1030:
1029:
1006:
1005:
982:
981:
958:
957:
944:
924:
911:
899:
895:Titanosauria
887:
884:Camarasaurus
883:
865:
853:
848:Camarasaurus
847:
843:
839:Camarasaurus
838:
835:
825:
818:
814:
810:Camarasaurus
808:
782:
779:Biogeography
769:
763:
757:
753:
747:
739:Paleobiology
732:brachiosaurs
693:
686:would fall.
684:neosauropods
665:
662:Neosauropoda
655:
622:
618:
603:
602:
587:
569:
559:
549:
539:
531:Huanghetitan
529:
521:Jiutaisaurus
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
431:
412:
402:
391:
381:
371:
363:Haestasaurus
361:
350:
340:
330:
305:
296:
290:Neosauropoda
280:
264:
248:
235:
222:
168:
164:Huanghetitan
162:
156:
152:Europasaurus
150:
144:
138:
132:
49:174–66
35:Macronarians
29:
6907:Wikispecies
6762:Microcoelus
6670:Saltasaurus
6656:Paralititan
6552:Alamosaurus
6441:Udelartitan
6396:Patagotitan
6293:Bravasaurus
6286:Arrudatitan
6279:Aeolosaurus
6245:Overosaurus
6177:Jainosaurus
6155:Bonitasaura
6076:Paludititan
5967:Traukutitan
5662:Angolatitan
5469:Yunmenglong
5434:Qiaowanlong
5327:Sibirotitan
5292:Oceanotitan
5234:Europatitan
5213:Brontomerus
5206:Brohisaurus
5178:Angolatitan
5111:Galvesaurus
5083:Abydosaurus
5048:Ornithopsis
5041:Fusuisaurus
5027:Eucamerotus
4926:Daanosaurus
4911:Aragosaurus
4812:Supersaurus
4734:Apatosaurus
4697:Tharosaurus
4568:Nigersaurus
4519:Limaysaurus
4280:Ultrasaurus
4156:Turiasaurus
4119:Moabosaurus
4112:Mierasaurus
4081:Bellusaurus
4065:Turiasauria
4005:Qijianglong
3969:Hudiesaurus
3947:Datousaurus
3867:Cetiosaurus
3826:Shunosaurus
3770:Bellusaurus
3742:Algoasaurus
3728:Eusauropoda
3676:Sanpasaurus
3629:Gravisauria
3549:Pulanesaura
3534:Isanosaurus
3506:Amygdalodon
3372:Pulanesaura
3330:Irisosaurus
3316:Anchisaurus
3296:Anchisauria
3270:Xingxiulong
3216:Xingxiulong
3209:Sarahsaurus
3125:Riojasaurus
3091:Sarahsaurus
3077:Kholumolumo
2920:Macrocollum
2858:Asylosaurus
2794:Nhandumirim
2771:Buriolestes
2737:Mbiresaurus
2709:Buriolestes
2488:11336/71888
1300:Galvesaurus
1008:Aragosaurus
960:Galvesaurus
856:gastroliths
844:Diplodocus.
826:Alamosaurus
820:Alamosaurus
765:Saltasaurus
750:titanosaurs
726:metacarpals
551:Ornithopsis
541:Oceanotitan
511:Fusuisaurus
481:Eucamerotus
461:Brohisaurus
342:Aragosaurus
158:Qiaowanlong
6979:Categories
6913:Macronaria
6883:Macronaria
6663:Rocasaurus
6590:Qunkasaura
6559:Baurutitan
6321:Shingopana
6148:Baalsaurus
5995:Volgatitan
5930:Rukwatitan
5894:Nullotitan
5880:Ninjatitan
5815:Kaijutitan
5786:Gandititan
5749:Daxiatitan
5712:Baurutitan
5655:Andesaurus
5546:see below↓
5241:Fukuititan
5185:Arkharavia
5140:Soriatitan
5090:Atlasaurus
5062:Rugocaudia
5020:Duriatitan
4956:Yuzhoulong
4904:Abrosaurus
4886:Macronaria
4873:Macronaria
4797:Kaatedocus
4790:Galeamopus
4783:Diplodocus
4769:Barosaurus
4676:Pilmatueia
4669:Lingwulong
4662:Kaatedocus
4582:Tataouinea
4494:Khebbashia
4469:Sidersaura
4199:Macronaria
4149:Tendaguria
4133:Oplosaurus
4097:Janenschia
3998:Omeisaurus
3874:Chebsaurus
3798:Janenschia
3712:Vulcanodon
3655:Kotasaurus
3606:Ledumahadi
3399:see below↓
3358:Meroktenos
3174:Leyesaurus
3063:Gyposaurus
2927:Unaysaurus
2886:Pantydraco
2851:Arcusaurus
2817:Saturnalia
2650:see below↓
2598:Dinosauria
2580:Sauropsida
1912:: 113–126.
1856:References
1653:Macronaria
1362:Janenschia
912:Macronaria
786:lacustrine
635:Cretaceous
604:Macronaria
571:Rugocaudia
491:Fukuititan
471:Duriatitan
404:Yuzhoulong
373:Janenschia
332:Abrosaurus
306:Macronaria
242:Saurischia
229:Dinosauria
170:Daxiatitan
6969:Dinosaurs
6626:Bonatitan
6508:Isisaurus
6314:Punatitan
5793:Hamititan
5771:Elaltitan
5720:Bonatitan
5441:Silutitan
5398:Gobititan
5384:Euhelopus
5126:Lusotitan
4819:Tornieria
4805:Leinkupal
4690:Suuwassea
4404:Agustinia
4252:Dinodocus
4245:Cardiodon
3976:Jingiella
3925:Anhuilong
3488:Sauropoda
3475:Sauropoda
3390:Sauropoda
3365:Mussaurus
3323:Camelotia
3202:Pradhania
3042:Massopoda
2809:Panphagia
2751:Panphagia
2566:Kingdom:
2406:0024-4082
2337:0962-8452
2298:0024-4082
2215:0031-0220
2118:0028-1042
2050:0962-8436
2008:0272-4634
1966:203376597
1958:2056-2799
1417:Euhelopus
1147:Euhelopus
902:cladogram
862:Phylogeny
790:Gondwanan
724:Elongate
643:sauropods
631:Bathonian
615:dinosaurs
274:Sauropoda
202:Kingdom:
196:Eukaryota
6927:42333654
6892:Wikidata
6634:Ibirania
6300:Caieiria
6110:Inawentu
5313:Ruixinia
5154:Vouivria
5013:Astrodon
4266:Neosodon
3756:Bagualia
3599:Ingentia
3309:Aardonyx
3256:Qianlong
3084:Musankwa
3056:Gryponyx
2964:Ruehleia
2879:Nambalia
2872:Efraasia
2779:Eoraptor
2716:Eoraptor
2574:Chordata
2572:Phylum:
2568:Animalia
2502:221-233.
2355:17254987
2176:86329220
2134:32810109
2126:18581087
1889:April 4,
1852:(2013).
627:Jurassic
612:sauropod
441:Astrodon
216:Chordata
212:Phylum:
206:Animalia
192:Domain:
6898:Q132504
5670:Arackar
4074:Amanzia
3918:Analong
3805:Jobaria
3263:Seitaad
2578:Class:
2512:98-206.
2346:2197205
2098:Bibcode
1741:
1710:
1655:
1499:
1232:
1105:
947:
914:
700:ischial
690:Anatomy
6955:Portal
6199:Vahiny
5960:Tiamat
5377:Erketu
3195:Ngwevu
2404:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2296:
2238:
2213:
2174:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2048:
2006:
1964:
1956:
1850:et al.
1846:et al.
658:Sereno
314:, 1998
312:Sereno
6940:57438
2594:Clade
2585:Clade
2172:S2CID
2152:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
2086:(PDF)
2026:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1962:S2CID
801:India
623:naria
619:macro
608:clade
606:is a
297:Clade
281:Clade
265:Clade
249:Clade
236:Clade
223:Clade
6501:Igai
3005:Issi
2627:see
2442:help
2402:ISSN
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2294:ISSN
2236:ISBN
2211:ISSN
2122:PMID
2114:ISSN
2046:ISSN
2004:ISSN
1954:ISSN
1891:2017
900:The
893:and
874:and
832:Diet
768:and
678:and
670:and
649:and
57:PreꞒ
6922:EoL
4163:Zby
2483:hdl
2473:doi
2469:163
2392:hdl
2382:doi
2378:136
2341:PMC
2325:doi
2321:274
2284:hdl
2274:doi
2270:166
2203:doi
2164:doi
2106:doi
2038:doi
2034:349
1996:doi
1946:doi
1910:131
799:of
610:of
6981::
6937::
6924::
6909::
6894::
2596::
2587::
2481:.
2467:.
2463:.
2433::
2431:}}
2427:{{
2400:.
2390:.
2376:.
2372:.
2349:.
2339:.
2331:.
2319:.
2315:.
2292:.
2282:.
2268:.
2264:.
2250:^
2209:.
2199:80
2197:.
2193:.
2170:.
2160:36
2158:.
2154:.
2128:.
2120:.
2112:.
2104:.
2094:95
2092:.
2088:.
2058:^
2044:.
2032:.
2028:.
2002:.
1992:18
1990:.
1986:.
1960:.
1952:.
1940:.
1936:.
1908:.
1881:.
886:,
807:.
752:.
299::
283::
267::
251::
238::
225::
161:,
155:,
149:,
143:,
137:,
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
6957::
6772:?
6757:?
6714:?
6644:?
6629:?
6621:?
6600:?
6585:?
6570:?
6562:?
6547:?
6526:?
6511:?
6479:?
6471:?
6377:?
6362:?
6233:?
6194:?
6172:?
6012:?
5955:?
5947:?
5904:?
5854:?
5839:?
5810:?
5781:?
5766:?
5723:?
5715:?
5665:?
5650:?
5524:?
5422:?
5372:?
5364:?
5280:?
5258:?
5114:?
5065:?
4951:?
4936:?
4921:?
4800:?
4744:?
4729:?
4657:?
4529:?
4457:?
4435:?
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4100:?
4092:?
4084:?
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3950:?
3935:?
3900:?
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3679:?
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3219:?
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2804:?
2782:?
2774:?
2542:e
2535:t
2528:v
2491:.
2485::
2475::
2444:)
2440:(
2408:.
2394::
2384::
2357:.
2327::
2300:.
2286::
2276::
2244:.
2217:.
2205::
2178:.
2166::
2136:.
2108::
2100::
2052:.
2040::
2010:.
1998::
1968:.
1948::
1942:7
1893:.
891:,
734:)
637:(
629:(
585:†
577:†
567:†
557:†
547:†
537:†
527:†
517:†
507:†
497:†
487:†
477:†
467:†
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429:†
421:†
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400:†
396:?
389:†
379:†
369:†
359:†
355:?
348:†
338:†
328:†
303:†
287:†
271:†
255:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
42:–
20:)
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