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even though there were tonnes readily available nearby. In comparison, there were hundreds of pipi and cockle shells. Over the next 25 years I asked every archaeologists and read heaps of archaeological reports/assessments as to why there were few Titiko in the midden. Their views is that it was a seasonal harvest, pollution had affected their habitats, not tasty, at least some acknowledged the difficulty to recover the meat.
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The titiko couldn't be used as a relish (kinaki) as it is a sealed unit with a hard shell and a cap (even 2) attached to its body that closes up and is difficult to remove. The only way in traditional times to remove the meat was to either smash the whole shell or to smash the top end and suck-out the soft contents.
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It was only recently that I knew the full answer. It was the availability of the standard safety pin which were being used for tying up babies nappies. We only had one safety pin but it was an ideal tool – it had the perfect bend to access the Titiko cap/s and it had a sustained sharp point to pierce
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Unfortunately I haven't had a meal of Titiko since 1963 and over the last 25 years during my travels all over NZ I have not seen a mature Titiko. I usually ask the old people I meet in my travel about the Titiko and they tell me the same story – they are small ones (10mm) around but no mature sized
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25 years ago I was with a group of archaeologists near my papakainga (village) Maramarahi near Thames, NZ where they were explaining to me what a shell midden was. They said this is what your people were eating hundreds of years ago. I noticed that there were only a handful of Titiko in the midden
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was plentiful in traditional times but because it took a lot of effort to extract the "meat" it was not a "staple" food of Maori. In earlier times it was preferable to travel miles by waka to collect pipi rather than walk 200m to scoop up the titko and spending a lot of effort to recover the meat.
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In the late 1950s and early 1960s I recall waiting for the time of the spring tide (3am low tide) and either wander to the mud-flats to pick titiko or cycle to the coast to pick pipi's. We would sweep and gather the titiko up with a branch, put then in a flax kete, wash/shake them in the incoming
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ones (25mm) ideal for eating. Apparently the Titiko, karahue, pupu, amphibola crenata is not a threatened species but unfortunately the mature ones certainly are.
274:. This is not a true land snail, but it is also not a true sea snail. Unlike almost all other snails that have opercula, this species breathes air. It is common in
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is employed as a lung, and therefore immersion of the animal in sea water is of secondary importance, and occurs for not more than an hour at each high tide.
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tide and then into a pot at home, boiled, then out would come the safety pin and titiko on hot fried bread and butter - only a delightful memory.
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and decomposing matter from the surface sand. It egests the sand and a slimy secretion that is a rich source of food for bacteria.
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the cap/s and to pull out the tasty morsel including its tasty and chewy head and tastier entrails from the apex.
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Rosenberg, G. (2011). Amphibola crenata (Gmelin, 1791). Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species at
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which lives in a habitat that is intermediate between the land and the sea, not entirely
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Taxonomy and anatomy of
Amphiboloidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Archaeopulmonata)
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is a curiosity, as it seems to represent a transitional state between
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http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=590660
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485:(1979). William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand,
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The thick shell of this species is about 20 mm in size.
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In the past this species was an important food for the
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on mud near mangroves, New
Zealand, with incoming tide
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504:. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 125
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406:From Dave Robson, Auckland, NZ. - The
356:This is one of very few air-breathing
1690:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
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1587:6ab4500f-2592-455e-be66-6180942ed50c
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383:or deposit feeder. It extracts
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1685:Gastropods described in 1791
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1675:Gastropods of New Zealand
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925:Placopecten magellanicus
769:New Zealand green-lipped
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999:(group of four species)
408:titiko, karahue, pupu,
1423:Acanthopleura echinata
1333:Atlantic white-spotted
784:Asian/Philippine green
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1359:Amphioctopus fangsiao
1003:South African abalone
875:("true oyster" genus)
641:California butterclam
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1084:Ribbed Mediterranean
599:Grooved carpet shell
511:. Zootaxa 1476: 1-50
500:Rosenberg, G. 1992.
27:Species of gastropod
1079:Rayed Mediterranean
673:Japanese littleneck
448:Schumacher H. C. F.
190:Amphibola australis
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412:or mud-flat snail
410:Amphibola Crenata
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270:and not entirely
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145:
144:
125:
115:Amphibolidae
50:
29:
1634:SeaLifeBase
1546:iNaturalist
1393:Neon flying
1099:Periwinkles
1059:Turtle/talc
992:Green ormer
902:New Zealand
872:Crassostrea
853:Sydney rock
731:New Zealand
653:Smooth clam
621:Blunt gaper
515:page(s): 7
347:terrestrial
313:A shell of
298:A shell of
282:Description
276:New Zealand
268:terrestrial
213:Jonas, 1846
49:A shell of
1669:Categories
1310:Bottletail
1297:Cuttlefish
1257:Freshwater
1201:Korean mud
1164:Pear whelk
940:Gastropods
897:Great/king
843:Windowpane
838:Portuguese
774:California
678:Razor clam
658:Soft-shell
435:References
375:Food chain
132:Schumacher
105:Gastropoda
1305:Spineless
1169:Lightning
1137:Channeled
794:Mytilidae
683:Pod razor
604:Hard clam
395:Human use
362:operculum
261:gastropod
258:pulmonate
254:operculum
140:Species:
126:Amphibola
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
1511:Q4748206
1505:Wikidata
1473:Category
1388:Humboldt
1338:Big blue
1196:Mud-flat
1147:Kellet's
987:Greenlip
982:Blacklip
884:Scallops
567:Bivalves
450:(1817).
385:bacteria
381:detritus
252:with an
181:Synonyms
111:Family:
95:Mollusca
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
1538:5796611
1407:Chitons
1320:Octopus
1288:Inkfish
1270:Nerites
1159:Knobbed
1046:Limpets
1031:Elegant
1018:Conches
1008:Chilean
949:Abalone
833:Pacific
818:Olympia
813:Eastern
805:Oysters
751:Mussels
708:Cockles
697:Paphies
594:Geoduck
389:diatoms
366:veliger
334:Ecology
264:mollusc
246:species
244:) is a
242:English
232:in the
174:, 1791)
121:Genus:
101:Class:
1652:590660
1639:153255
1626:298764
1613:590660
1600:912627
1584:NZOR:
1577:453440
1564:189512
1551:150045
1328:Common
1213:Bailer
1142:Common
1129:Whelks
1112:Banded
1107:Common
1089:Rustic
861:/Bluff
736:Sydney
726:Goolwa
716:Common
668:Tuatua
489:
457:: 190.
364:and a
358:marine
351:mantle
343:marine
272:marine
229:tītiko
172:Gmelin
134:, 1817
18:Titiko
1647:WoRMS
1370:Squid
1353:Mimic
1265:Apple
1069:China
1026:Queen
972:Green
967:Black
957:White
919:Yesso
779:Brown
721:Blood
689:Ensis
636:Venus
609:Horse
576:Clams
401:Māori
369:larva
250:snail
1608:OBIS
1572:NCBI
1559:IUCN
1533:GBIF
1525:CZDL
1223:Land
997:Pāua
977:Pink
848:Rock
789:Date
759:Blue
487:ISBN
345:and
256:, a
1520:CoL
1188:Sea
1036:Dog
962:Red
240:in
236:or
1671::
1649::
1636::
1623::
1610::
1597::
1574::
1561::
1548::
1535::
1522::
1507::
462:^
455:58
403:.
387:,
371:.
278:.
553:e
546:t
539:v
226:(
170:(
20:)
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