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266:. According to Hesemann, none of the consulted experts found any indication of medieval or late antique forged writing. They all dated the scripts to a timeframe between the 1st and the 3rd–4th centuries AD, with a majority of experts preferring—and none of them excluding—the 1st century. Hesemann concluded that it is very well possible that the writing on the Titulus Crucis is indeed authentic.
20:
77:
wood, 25 cm × 14 cm × 2.6 cm (9.8 in × 5.5 in × 1.0 in) and has a weight of 687 grams (1.515 lb). It is inscribed on one side with three lines, of which the first is mostly destroyed. The second line is written in Greek letters and
118:
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reported that in AD 383 "A silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the holy wood of the Cross. The casket is opened and (the wood) is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the title are placed upon the table."
301:
tests on the artifact, and it was shown to have been made between 980 and 1146 AD. The
Titulus Crucis recovered from the residence of Helena is therefore most likely a medieval artifact; the Italian classicist
290:
refers to this argument as "trying to psychoanalyze the dead," saying that "Forgers—particularly of another era—may do something cleverer or dumber or simply different from what we would expect."
169:
in 1144, he renovated the church and had the relic deposited in a box that bears his seal as a cardinal. The box was apparently forgotten until 1 February 1492, when workers restoring a
123:
66:. Its authenticity is disputed, with some scholars confirming a plausible authenticity, while others ignore or consider it to be a medieval forgery.
371:"et affertur loculus argenteus deauratus, in quo est lignum sanctum crucis, aperitur et profertur, ponitur in mensa tam lignum crucis quam titulus."
785:
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Some
Christian pilgrims who visited Jerusalem in the centuries between Helena and Pope Lucius reported seeing Christ's titulus there:
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The uncalibrated radio-carbon date was 1020 ± 30 BP, calibrated as AD 996–1023 (1σ) and AD 980–1146 (2σ), using the method of
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417:
National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and
Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe National Cultivation of Culture
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A part of this sign, relic known as the "Title" or "Titulus Crucis", kept in the
Cappella delle Reliquie in Rome, Italy.
63:
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investigated the relic. Hesemann presented the inscription of the title to seven experts on Hebrew, Greek and Latin
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36:
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Il titolo della Croce di Gesù: confronto tra i
Vangeli e la Tavoletta-reliquia della Basilica Eleniana a Roma
286:—he surmises that if the relic were counterfeit, the forger would have directly copied the biblical text.
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177:, Spanish cardinal priest of Santa Croce at the time, encouraged veneration of the rediscovered relic.
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732:(in Italian) (2nd ed.). Dottorato nella Facoltà di Teologia. Pontificia Università Gregoriana.
567:'TITULUS CRUCIS'..Evidence that the Actual Sign Posted Above The Lord on The Cross Has Been Located?
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488:
Resurrecting the
Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics
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matches what is historically plausible, as it differs from the order found in the canonical
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161:") which she had built in Rome about AD 325. Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso was made
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Titulus Crucis - The title of the cross of Jesus Christ? by
Michael Hessemann"
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for "Title of the Cross") is a venerated piece of wood kept in the Church of
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is likely to be identical to a genuine part of the True Cross, written by a
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The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600
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discovered it hidden behind a brick that was inscribed "Titulus Crucis".
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familiar to Roman
Catholics. The Titulus Crucis is also mentioned in the
82:, the third in Latin letters, also with reversed script. The Latin reads
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tests on the artifact have shown that it dates between 980 and 1146 AD.
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discussed the possibility that it is a copy of a now-lost original.
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206:("Here is the king of the Jews"), corresponding to Luke 23:38.
90:("Jesus the Nazarene King of the Jews"), corresponding to
102:: in Mark 15:26 (as the reason of the crucifixion), in
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of the church in 1124 and, some time before he became
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The
University of North Carolina Press (15 Aug 2009)
672:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Renaissance
649:(The University Press of Kentucky, 1 March 2007)
16:Piece of wood kept in the Church of Santa Croce
386:INTCAL98. These results were published in the
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414:Marijan Dović, Jón Karl Helgason (2016).
214:In 1997, the German author and historian
62:. It is venerated by some Catholics as a
675:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
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515:Bella, Francesco; Azzi, Carlo (2002).
137:, Roman Empress and mother of Emperor
756:Rosary Workshop on the Titulus Crucis
527:(3). University of Arizona: 685–689.
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510:
508:
506:
486:Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette
153:which were donated to the church of
200:of "nut" wood with the inscription
517:"14C Dating of the Titulus Crucis"
264:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
14:
578:Antoninii Placentini Itinerarium
384:calibration of radiocarbon dates
194:in the 6th century described a
244:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
145:and reportedly discovered the
1:
86:Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
786:Relics associated with Jesus
726:Rigato, Maria-Luisa (2005).
316:Relics associated with Jesus
228:Israel Antiquities Authority
141:, went on pilgrimage to the
64:relic associated with Jesus
43:which is claimed to be the
824:
155:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
37:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
669:Campbell, Gordon (2019).
534:10.1017/S0033822200032136
467:OUP Oxford (17 Mar 2005)
175:Pedro González de Mendoza
796:Latin words and phrases
203:"Hic est rex Iudaeorum"
781:12th-century artifacts
776:11th-century artifacts
771:10th-century artifacts
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280:order of the languages
256:University of Tel Aviv
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181:Other Jerusalem relics
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801:Christian terminology
791:Forgery controversies
420:. BRILL. p. 30.
192:Antoninus of Piacenza
139:Constantine the Great
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94::19 and the initials
73:The board is made of
51:(title panel) of the
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647:Relics of the Christ
583:Corpus Christianorum
268:Carsten Peter Thiede
260:Carsten Peter Thiede
703:Itinerarium Egeriae
295:Roma Tre University
278:. He said that the
270:suggested that the
299:radiocarbon dating
131:
128:
68:Radiocarbon dating
25:
739:978-88-7652-969-6
682:978-0-19-871615-0
655:978-0-8131-2425-4
496:978-0-8078-3298-1
473:978-0-19-826928-1
343:Lance of Longinus
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252:Benjamin Isaac
224:Gabriel Barkay
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167:Pope Lucius II
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114:Helena's relic
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322:Arma Christi
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304:Maria Rigato
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220:palaeography
213:
210:Authenticity
184:
132:
72:
57:Jesus Christ
28:
26:
521:Radiocarbon
392:Radiocarbon
338:Holy Sponge
288:Joe Nickell
248:Israel Roll
236:Ester Eshel
232:Hanan Eshel
106::38 and in
806:True Cross
765:Categories
715:Luke 23:38
619:Luke 23:38
608:Mark 15:26
597:John 19:19
433:28 January
402:References
348:True Cross
297:conducted
147:True Cross
108:Matthew 27
53:True Cross
551:131394510
543:0033-8222
333:Holy Nail
159:Jerusalem
143:Holy Land
100:Synoptics
55:on which
688:16 March
390:journal
310:See also
705:, 37, 1
262:of the
254:of the
242:of the
226:of the
197:titulus
104:Luke 23
92:John 19
47:titulus
736:
679:
653:
549:
541:
494:
471:
424:
187:Egeria
171:mosaic
151:relics
135:Helena
133:Saint
75:walnut
580:, in
547:S2CID
498:p.87
475:p.32
356:Notes
110::37.
33:Latin
734:ISBN
690:2020
677:ISBN
651:ISBN
539:ISSN
492:ISBN
469:ISBN
435:2017
422:ISBN
258:and
250:and
238:and
96:INRI
41:Rome
27:The
529:doi
39:in
767::
636:^
559:^
545:.
537:.
525:44
523:.
519:.
505:^
443:^
246:;
234:,
230:;
222::
742:.
692:.
553:.
531::
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394:.
31:(
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