974:
beyond the outer parameters of mainstream scientific or medical views to be presented to juries as valid evidence from which conclusions may be drawn. The use of such invalid scientific evidence (commonly referred to as 'junk science') has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific and medical knowledge. Most importantly, this development has led to a deep and growing cynicism about the ability of tort law to deal with difficult scientific and medical concepts in a principled and rational way.
256:. The school district produced an expert witness, Steven Armentrout, who testified that a possibility existed that AIDS could be transmitted to schoolmates through yet undiscovered "vectors". However, five experts testified on behalf of Thomas that AIDS is not transmitted through casual contact, and the court affirmed the "solid science" (as Huber called it) and rejected Armentrout's argument.
336:(free to read) journals has resulted in economic pressure on academic publishers to publish junk science. Even when the journal is peer-reviewed, the authors, rather than the readers, become the customer and the source of funding for the journal, so the publisher is incentivized to publish as many papers as possible, including those that are methodologically unsound.
973:
Another way in which causation often is undermined—also an increasingly serious problem in toxic tort cases—is the reliance by judges and juries on non-credible scientific or medical testimony, studies or opinions. It has become all too common for 'experts' or 'studies' on the fringes of or even well
459:
Tobacco industry documents reveal that Philip Morris executives conceived of the "Whitecoat
Project" in the 1980s as a response to emerging scientific data on the harmfulness of second-hand smoke. The goal of the Whitecoat Project, as conceived by Philip Morris and other tobacco companies, was to use
505:
extremist and a purveyor of "junk science". Cameron's research has been heavily criticized for unscientific methods and distortions which attempt to link homosexuality with pedophilia. In one instance, Cameron claimed that lesbians are 300 times more likely to get into car accidents. The SPLC states
522:
launched the Sound
Science Initiative, a national network of scientists committed to debunking junk science through media outreach, lobbying, and developing joint strategies to participate in town meetings or public hearings. In its newsletter on Science and Technology in Congress, the
122:), researchers biased with their study designs, and/or a "plain old lack of ethics". Being overly attached to one's own ideas can cause research to veer from ordinary junk science (e.g., designing an experiment that is expected to produce the desired results) into
485:, lay judges have become "gatekeepers" of scientific testimony and, as a result, respected scientists have sometimes been unable to provide testimony so that corporate defendants are "increasingly emboldened" to accuse adversaries of practicing junk science.
527:
also recognized the need for increased understanding between scientists and lawmakers: "Although most individuals would agree that sound science is preferable to junk science, fewer recognize what makes a scientific study 'good' or 'bad'." The
328:
Agin asks the reader to step back from the rhetoric, as "how things are labeled does not make a science junk science." In its place, he offers that junk science is ultimately motivated by the desire to hide undesirable truths from the public.
284:, Pedynowski noted that junk science can undermine the credibility of science over a much broader scale because misrepresentation by special interests casts doubt on more defensible claims and undermines the credibility of all research.
86:
In some contexts, junk science is counterposed to the "sound science" or "solid science" that favors one's own point of view. Junk science has been criticized for undermining public trust in real science. Junk science is not the same as
3021:
271:
reports offer an antidote to junk science by articulating the current consensus on the prospects for climate change, by outlining the extent of the uncertainties, and by describing the potential benefits and costs of policies to
1696:
203:
The book has been cited in over 100 legal textbooks and references; as a consequence, some sources cite Huber as the first to coin the term. By 1997, the term had entered the legal lexicon as seen in an opinion by
165:(commonly referred to as 'junk science') has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific or medical knowledge.
303:
As far as understanding junk science is concerned, the important aspect is that both Bell
Laboratories and the international physics community were fooled until someone noticed that noise records published by
1501:
103:"science done to establish a preconceived notion—not to test the notion, which is what proper science tries to do, but to establish it regardless of whether or not it would hold up to real testing."
56:, or analysis. The concept is often invoked in political and legal contexts where facts and scientific results have a great amount of weight in making a determination. It usually conveys a
897:
248:, suggests, his emphasis was on the use or misuse of expert testimony in civil litigation. One prominent example cited in the book was litigation over casual contact in the spread of
970:(Rep. No. 027-000-01251-5). (1986, February). Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED274437) p. 39:
229:
460:
ostensibly independent "scientific consultants" to spread doubt in the public mind about scientific data through invoking concepts like junk science. According to epidemiologist
392:
Theories more favorable to corporate activities are portrayed in words as "sound science". Past examples where "sound science" was used include the research into the toxicity of
524:
373:(2001), they write that industries have launched multimillion-dollar campaigns to position certain theories as junk science in the popular mind, often failing to employ the
1734:
448:. Thacker also noted that Milloy was receiving almost $ 100,000 a year in consulting fees from Philip Morris while he criticized the evidence regarding the hazards of
367:
say the concept of junk science has come to be invoked in attempts to dismiss scientific findings that stand in the way of short-term corporate profits. In their book
1908:
963:
1493:
2082:
1979:
614:
240:
Positive reports about magnetic water treatment are not replicable; this plus the lack of a physical explanation for any effects are hallmarks of junk science.
1439:
481:
118:
Junk science happens for different reasons: researchers believing that their ideas are correct before proper analysis (a sort of scientific self-delusion or
961:"Report of the Tort Policy Working Group on the causes, extent and policy implications of the current crisis in insurance availability and affordability"
3087:
3028:
268:
133:
Junk science can occur when the perpetrator has something to gain from arriving at the desired conclusion. It can often happen in the testimony of
2992:
1961:
1312:
320:
was what is called a "bad rap" against the U.S. Department of
Agriculture—a bad rap based on a junk-science belief that it's possible to prove a
1461:
1115:
Pedynowski, D (2003). "Toward a more 'Reflexive
Environmentalism': Ecological knowledge and advocacy in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem".
3131:
2186:
1212:
934:
891:
859:
815:
174:
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881:
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and others advocated public policies to improve the dissemination of valid environmental scientific knowledge and discourage junk science:
940:
456:, which had hosted the junkscience.com site, ceased its association with the site and removed Milloy from its list of adjunct scholars.
154:
3041:
1668:
1649:
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777:
507:
205:
141:
of products and services. These situations may encourage researchers to make sweeping or overstated claims based on limited evidence.
1865:
1755:
1541:
1267:
700:"Regulatory parallels to Daubert: stakeholder influence, "sound science," and the delayed adoption of health-protective standards"
60:
connotation that the research has been untowardly driven by political, ideological, financial, or otherwise unscientific motives.
2416:
2213:
2541:
106:"opinion posing as empirical evidence, or through evidence of questionable warrant, based on inadequate scientific methodology."
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461:
296:
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1263:
1068:
441:
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his work has been continually cited in some sections of the media despite being discredited. Cameron was expelled from the
3136:
2861:
960:
529:
519:
1293:
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2328:
1912:
1300:, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996; describes R.J.R. Tobacco's direct input into Milloy's junk science website.
281:
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637:
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554:
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In the second case, he cites an example that demonstrates ignorance of statistical principles in the lay press:
109:"methodologically sloppy research conducted to advance some extrascientific agenda or to prevail in litigation."
2652:
2546:
2512:
2396:
1029:
671:
532:, criticizing marketing claims made for food products, has created a list of "Ten Red Flags of Junk Science".
1304:
224:
who would purport to prove a defendant's future dangerousness based on the contours of the defendant's skull.
79:
effects of corporate activities, and occasionally in response to such criticism. Author Dan Agin in his book
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345:
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1947:
1818:
1807:"Manufacturing Uncertainty: Contested Science and the Protection of the Public's Health & Environment"
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1348:
465:
3116:
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2881:
2774:
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228:
Lower courts have subsequently set guidelines for identifying junk science, such as the 2005 opinion of
119:
472:
invented the "sound science" movement in the 1980s as part of their campaign against the regulation of
1328:
Minutes of a meeting in which Philip Morris
Tobacco discusses the inception of the "Whitecoat Project"
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2045:
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252:. A California school district sought to prevent a young boy with AIDS, Ryan Thomas, from attending
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1082:
Ehrlich, P. R.; Wolff, G.; Daily, G. C.; Hughes, J. B.; Daily, S.; Dalton, M.; et al. (1999).
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2018:
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71:. More recently, invoking the concept has been a tactic to criticize research on the harmful
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as "junk science". The credibility of Milloy's website junkscience.com was questioned by
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196:
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134:
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1100:
1083:
883:
Three Steps to the
Universe: From the Sun to Black Holes to the Mystery of Dark Matter
3110:
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2008:
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1749:
Baba, Annamaria; Cook, Daniel M.; McGarity, Thomas O.; Bero, Lisa A. (July 2005).
1844:
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548:
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130:(e.g., claiming that the unfavorable results actually proved the idea correct).
1350:
Doubt is Their
Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health
17:
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3022:
An
Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
2931:
2749:
2699:
2667:
2642:
2507:
2313:
2288:
2253:
2055:
1998:
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851:
Thinking about
Science: Good Science, Bad Science, and How to Make It Better
584:
295:. In the first case, Agin discussed falsified results in the development of
292:
41:
31:
1896:
1840:
1786:
1730:
1583:
Junk Science – How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hucksters Betray Us
1417:
1128:
1015:
733:
464:, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environment, Safety, and Health in the
2689:
2248:
2223:
2171:
2131:
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1227:
502:
407:
363:
53:
652: – Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
628: – Area of research which persists despite being widely discredited
381:
has described research demonstrating the harmful effects of smoking and
2936:
2836:
2769:
2679:
2632:
2599:
923:
Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014-10-17).
590:
479:
David Michaels has argued that, since the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in
83:
harshly criticized those who deny the basic premise of global warming.
581: – Expert witness evidence rule in American law for admissibility
280:
In a 2003 study about changes in environmental activism regarding the
2744:
1936:(10 questions we should ask when encountering a pseudoscience claim)
611: – U.S. legal test on the admissibility of scientific evidence
587: – Person's choice to deny psychologically uncomfortable truth
308:
in several papers were identical—which means physically impossible.
2318:
1688:
1301:
291:, Dan Agin emphasized two main causes of junk science: fraud, and
45:
1661:
Sanctified Snake Oil: The Effect of Junk Science on Public Policy
599: – Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
199:
popularized the term with respect to litigation in his 1991 book
1939:
452:
as junk science. Following the publication of this article, the
436:, in the wake of evidence that Milloy had received funding from
396:, which was heavily criticized by antiregulatory advocates, and
393:
249:
49:
1943:
1751:"Legislating 'Sound Science': The Role of the Tobacco Industry"
551: – Attitudes that reject science and the scientific method
216:
An example of 'junk science' that should be excluded under the
30:"Sound science" redirects here. For the branch of physics, see
414:
often denigrates credible scientific research on topics like
2391:
634: – Unscientific claims wrongly presented as scientific
1494:"Paul Cameron's Falsehoods Cited By Anti-Gay Sympathizers"
404:. Needleman was accused of fraud and personally attacked.
137:
in legal proceedings, and especially in the self-serving
1911:. Environmental Science & Technology. Archived from
63:
The concept was popularized in the 1990s in relation to
1859:
Yach, Derek; Aguinaga Bialous, Stella (November 2001).
986:
Roberts, L. (1989). "Global warming: Blaming the sun".
568:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
559:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
27:
Scientific data considered to be spurious or fraudulent
1072:, No. 04-3253, slip op. at 3 (7th Cir. July 11, 2005).
545: – Study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt
230:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
1201:
Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (2019-03-12).
1034:, No. 96–188, slip op. at 4 (U.S. December 15, 1997).
804:
Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (2019-03-12).
566: – 1985 autobiographical book by Richard Feynman
766:
Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (2020).
575: – English educational psychologist (1883–1971)
3001:
2965:
2792:
2625:
2555:
2359:
2094:
2081:
1986:
880:Garfinkle, David; Garfinkle, Richard (2009-05-15).
605: – Inquiries far outside of mainstream science
525:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1613:
1045:
848:Fang, Ferric C.; Casadevall, Arturo (2023-10-31).
153:appears to have been in use prior to 1985. A 1985
1805:Michaels, David; Monforton, Celeste (July 2005).
1685:Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy
1462:"Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation"
316:Since no such proof is possible , the article in
201:Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom.
187:Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem
1616:Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom
1052:(2001 ed.). New York: Basic Books. p.
1048:Galileo's revenge: Junk science in the courtroom
926:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology
385:as junk science, through the vehicle of various
833:Pseudoscience is different from junk science...
157:report by the Tort Policy Working Group noted:
220:as too unreliable would be the testimony of a
1980:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
1955:
1253:"How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'"
1204:Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science
807:Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science
615:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
1323:
1321:
886:. University of Chicago Press. p. 255.
482:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
2091:
1962:
1948:
1940:
693:
691:
3088:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
3029:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1886:
1822:
1776:
1407:
1099:
723:
269:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2993:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1384:"Scientific Evidence and Public Policy"
1313:University of California, San Francisco
662:
1542:"Sound Science for Endangered Species"
929:. Guilford Publications. p. 282.
854:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172.
593: – Invented claim or trivial fact
1488:
1486:
1196:
1194:
646: – Ability to understand science
175:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
7:
1861:"Junking Science to Promote Tobacco"
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
918:
916:
914:
875:
873:
871:
843:
841:
126:(e.g., lying about the results) and
155:United States Department of Justice
3042:James Randi Educational Foundation
1549:Science and Technology in Congress
508:American Psychological Association
206:Supreme Court of the United States
99:Junk science has been defined as:
25:
1866:American Journal of Public Health
1811:American Journal of Public Health
1756:American Journal of Public Health
1723:10.1038/scientificamerican0605-96
1388:American Journal of Public Health
244:As the subtitle of Huber's book,
193:et al.) as "noisy junk science."
2439:Strauss–Howe generational theory
2417:Moon landing conspiracy theories
2214:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
1551:. September 2002. Archived from
1302:Legacy Tobacco Documents Library
282:Crown of the Continent Ecosystem
177:) characterized the theory that
3067:The Natural History of Quackery
3009:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1909:"The Junkman Climbs to the Top"
1600:from the original on 2023-11-04
1504:from the original on 2020-05-02
1460:Herek, Gregory M. (1997–2007).
1442:from the original on 2019-10-04
1273:from the original on 2023-11-04
1084:"Knowledge and the environment"
943:from the original on 2024-02-07
900:from the original on 2024-02-07
824:from the original on 2024-02-07
786:from the original on 2023-01-17
748:from the original on 2009-05-17
169:In 1989, the climate scientist
1264:Center for Media and Democracy
1069:Culligan International Company
640: – Aspect of science news
1:
1695:Michaels, David (June 2005).
1641:The Republican War on Science
1228:"Smoked Out: Pundit For Hire"
1117:Society and Natural Resources
1101:10.1016/s0921-8009(98)00130-x
557: – Russian Internet meme
530:American Dietetic Association
520:Union of Concerned Scientists
377:themselves. For example, the
246:Junk Science in the Courtroom
3132:Public relations terminology
3074:The Psychology of the Occult
2329:Traditional Chinese medicine
2204:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
2061:Superseded scientific theory
1659:Kiss Sarnoff, Susan (2001).
1522:"Sound science initiative".
1234:, accessed 24 November 2010.
1008:10.1126/science.246.4933.992
698:Neff RA, Goldman LR (2005).
2685:Electronic voice phenomenon
2542:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
2402:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
1498:Southern Poverty Law Center
1436:Southern Poverty Law Center
1262:. Vol. 7, no. 3.
670:LaFee, Scott (2006-10-22).
638:Science by press conference
499:Southern Poverty Law Center
497:has been designated by the
3153:
3081:The Ragged Edge of Science
2812:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
2755:Pseudoscientific metrology
2279:Miracle Mineral Supplement
1337:. Accessed 5 October 2006.
1315:. Accessed 5 October 2006.
1207:. MIT Press. p. 292.
810:. MIT Press. p. 471.
400:'s research into low dose
343:
340:Misuse in public relations
29:
2695:Facilitated communication
1977:
672:"'Junk' food for thought"
622: – Aspect of science
3095:The Skeptic's Dictionary
2653:Biological transmutation
2573:Faster-than-light travel
2547:Enneagram of Personality
2513:Recovered-memory therapy
2397:9/11 conspiracy theories
1833:10.2105/AJPH.2004.043059
1778:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050963
1769:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050963
1697:"Doubt is Their Product"
1612:Huber, Peter W. (1993).
1586:. St. Martin's Griffin.
1409:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065599
1400:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065599
1382:Michaels, David (2005).
1347:Michaels, David (2008).
1067:Charles H. Sanderson v.
1030:General Electric Company
725:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
716:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
161:The use of such invalid
3060:The Demon-Haunted World
2978:Bourgeois pseudoscience
2412:COVID-19 misinformation
2351:Young blood transfusion
2122:Anthroposophic medicine
1879:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1745
1663:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1355:Oxford University Press
676:San Diego Union Tribune
514:Combatting junk science
370:Trust Us, We're Experts
346:corporate communication
2892:Corentin Louis Kervran
2760:Rapid prompting method
2648:Biodynamic agriculture
2638:Aquatic ape hypothesis
2496:Historical negationism
2199:Doctrine of signatures
2066:True-believer syndrome
1691:) DefendingScience.org
1466:psychology.ucdavis.edu
1129:10.1080/08941920309168
976:
493:American psychologist
466:Clinton Administration
326:
310:
278:
274:address climate change
242:
226:
167:
2897:The Light (newspaper)
2882:William Donald Kelley
2775:Voice stress analysis
2407:Climate change denial
2346:Wind turbine syndrome
2341:Vertebral subluxation
2234:Germ theory denialism
1929:Baloney Detection Kit
1558:on September 24, 2006
1530:(1): 13. Winter 1998.
1044:Huber, P. W. (1991).
971:
769:Collaborative Society
344:Further information:
314:
301:
265:
238:
214:
159:
120:drinking the Kool-Aid
3137:Conflict of interest
2887:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
2847:Ignatius L. Donnelly
2518:Past life regression
2377:Arabian Judah theory
2324:Traditional medicine
2117:Alternative medicine
2046:Pathological science
1088:Ecological Economics
626:Pathological science
555:"British scientists"
234:Frank H. Easterbrook
2983:Demarcation problem
2817:Brigitte Boisselier
2446:Hollow Earth theory
2429:Generational theory
2127:Applied kinesiology
1715:2005SciAm.292f..96M
1702:Scientific American
1032:v. Robert K. Joiner
1000:1989Sci...246..992R
710:(Suppl 1): S81–91.
644:Scientific literacy
297:organic transistors
163:scientific evidence
3053:Skeptical Inquirer
2952:Paul Joseph Watson
2927:Hans Alfred Nieper
2765:Statement analysis
2715:Intelligent design
2590:Reactionless drive
2424:Conversion therapy
2372:Ancient astronauts
2259:Leaky gut syndrome
2239:HIV/AIDS denialism
1994:Cargo cult science
1580:Agin, Dan (2006).
1333:2007-10-13 at the
1307:2015-06-23 at the
1296:2015-01-13 at the
966:2023-11-09 at the
704:Am J Public Health
564:Cargo cult science
318:The New York Times
3104:
3103:
3015:Cults of Unreason
2988:Scientific method
2917:Ministry of Ayush
2862:Nicholas Gonzalez
2788:
2787:
2725:Law of attraction
2705:Flat Earth theory
2585:Quantum mysticism
2525:Scientific racism
2481:Pseudoarchaeology
2387:Conspiracy theory
2085:characterized as
2029:Pseudomathematics
2019:Pseudoarchaeology
1873:(11): 1745–1748.
1214:978-0-262-53704-9
994:(4933): 992–993.
936:978-1-4625-1759-6
893:978-0-226-28349-4
861:978-1-68367-434-4
817:978-0-262-53704-9
650:Scientific method
620:Normative science
474:second-hand smoke
450:second-hand smoke
398:Herbert Needleman
383:second-hand smoke
375:scientific method
306:Jan Hendrik Schön
287:In his 2006 book
210:John Paul Stevens
173:(Director of the
16:(Redirected from
3144:
2957:Andrew Wakefield
2658:Creation science
2617:Water-fueled car
2579:Perpetual motion
2501:Holocaust denial
2471:Nibiru cataclysm
2466:Nazi archaeology
2269:Macrobiotic diet
2092:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:on June 20, 2005
1907:(May 11, 2005).
1905:Thacker, Paul D.
1900:
1890:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1843:. Archived from
1826:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:. Archived from
1780:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1733:. Archived from
1674:
1655:
1631:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1316:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1257:
1245:Rampton, Sheldon
1241:
1235:
1232:The New Republic
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
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1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1064:
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1051:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1019:
983:
977:
958:
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951:
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948:
920:
909:
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906:
905:
877:
866:
865:
845:
836:
835:
830:
829:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:
727:
695:
686:
685:
683:
682:
667:
579:Daubert standard
569:
560:
470:tobacco industry
433:The New Republic
387:astroturf groups
379:tobacco industry
350:public relations
218:Daubert standard
135:expert witnesses
124:scientific fraud
69:civil litigation
65:expert testimony
21:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
2997:
2973:Bogdanov affair
2961:
2941:Claude Vorilhon
2827:Robert Charroux
2802:Sucharit Bhakdi
2794:
2784:
2621:
2551:
2491:Genocide denial
2456:Japhetic theory
2451:Indigo children
2367:2012 phenomenon
2355:
2299:Patent medicine
2219:Energy medicine
2192:Colon cleansing
2177:Crystal healing
2112:Adrenal fatigue
2086:
2084:
2077:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1824:10.1.1.620.6171
1804:
1796:
1794:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1694:
1681:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1644:. Basic Books.
1634:
1628:
1620:. Basic Books.
1611:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1579:
1576:
1574:Further reading
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1540:
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1535:
1521:
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1516:
1507:
1505:
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1443:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1335:Wayback Machine
1326:
1319:
1309:Wayback Machine
1298:Wayback Machine
1291:Activity Report
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1230:, published in
1226:
1222:
1215:
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1184:
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1114:
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1081:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1023:
985:
984:
980:
968:Wayback Machine
959:
955:
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922:
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879:
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869:
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689:
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678:
669:
668:
664:
660:
655:
567:
558:
538:
516:
491:
430:, a writer for
428:Paul D. Thacker
424:passive smoking
420:ozone depletion
359:Sheldon Rampton
352:
342:
322:null hypothesis
191:Frederick Seitz
183:solar variation
147:
116:
97:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Tobacco science
15:
12:
11:
5:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
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3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2966:Related topics
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Randolph Stone
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Theodor Morell
2919:
2914:
2912:Joseph Mercola
2909:
2907:Jenny McCarthy
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Graham Hancock
2869:
2867:Goop (company)
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Vernon Coleman
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
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2809:
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2614:
2609:
2607:Teleportation‎
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:Melanin theory
2532:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2476:Parapsychology
2473:
2468:
2463:
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2448:
2443:
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2421:
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2404:
2399:
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2360:Social science
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
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2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Primal therapy
2306:
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2274:Magnet therapy
2271:
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2256:
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2236:
2231:
2226:
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2216:
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2196:
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2187:Detoxification
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2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2072:Voodoo Science
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Fringe science
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1901:
1856:
1802:
1746:
1692:
1680:
1679:External links
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:978-0275968458
1669:
1656:
1651:978-0465046751
1650:
1632:
1627:978-0465026241
1626:
1609:
1593:978-0312374808
1592:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1533:
1514:
1482:
1452:
1432:"Paul Cameron"
1423:
1374:
1368:978-0195300673
1367:
1339:
1317:
1283:
1236:
1220:
1213:
1190:
1188:, p. 249.
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1123:(9): 807–825.
1107:
1094:(2): 267–284.
1074:
1059:
1036:
1021:
978:
953:
935:
910:
892:
867:
860:
837:
816:
796:
779:978-0262356459
778:
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687:
661:
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656:
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647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
612:
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603:Fringe science
600:
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588:
582:
576:
570:
561:
552:
546:
539:
537:
534:
515:
512:
490:
487:
462:David Michaels
454:Cato Institute
416:global warming
402:lead poisoning
341:
338:
197:Peter W. Huber
185:(presented in
179:global warming
146:
143:
115:
112:
111:
110:
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96:
93:
26:
24:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3149:
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3133:
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3127:Pseudoscience
3125:
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3036:Fortean Times
3033:
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2832:Deepak Chopra
2830:
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2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:pseudoscience
2791:
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2756:
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2698:
2696:
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2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Cryptozoology
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
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2601:
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2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Anti-gravity‎
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:Pseudohistory
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Generationism
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:5G conspiracy
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Catastrophism
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
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2325:
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2297:
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2257:
2255:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:FasciaBlaster
2227:
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2222:
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2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
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2200:
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2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Correactology
2165:
2163:
2162:Chromotherapy
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:pseudoscience
2080:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Pseudohistory
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:Fringe theory
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1971:Pseudoscience
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:on 2008-05-10
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1793:on 2008-05-10
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1737:on 2007-09-27
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(6): 96–101.
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:Mooney, Chris
1633:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1599:
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1589:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1524:ASLO Bulletin
1518:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1472:on 2020-04-26
1471:
1467:
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1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1249:Stauber, John
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:, p. 63.
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:, p. 39.
1163:
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2568:Cold fusion‎
2264:Lunar effect
2209:Ear candling
2157:Chiropractic
2147:Bloodletting
2137:Bates method
2107:Aromatherapy
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2284:Naturopathy
2152:Body memory
2102:Acupuncture
1987:Terminology
1394:(S1): 5–7.
549:Antiscience
446:Exxon Mobil
442:RJR Tobacco
334:open source
181:was due to
149:The phrase
139:advertising
114:Motivations
48:scientific
3111:Categories
3047:Quackwatch
2877:David Icke
2857:Max Gerson
2852:Gaia, Inc.
2740:Numerology
2735:Lysenkoism
2730:Levitation
2710:Graphology
2595:Dean drive
2530:Aryan race
2461:Mediumship
2336:Trepanning
2304:Phrenology
2244:Homeopathy
2142:Biorhythms
2041:Paranormal
1851:2008-06-03
1797:2008-06-03
1741:2008-06-03
1604:2016-10-18
1508:2020-04-26
1476:2020-04-26
1446:2020-04-26
1357:. p.
1277:2023-12-24
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658:References
573:Cyril Burt
543:Agnotology
95:Definition
58:pejorative
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3002:Resources
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2750:Polygraph
2700:Feng shui
2668:Dianetics
2643:Astrology
2508:Pseudolaw
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2254:Iridology
2056:Snake oil
1999:Charlatan
1919:August 7,
1819:CiteSeerX
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1174:Agin 2006
1162:Agin 2006
1150:Agin 2006
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585:Denialism
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293:ignorance
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208:Justice
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42:spurious
2837:Clonaid
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