Tokyo subway sarin attack - Knowledge (XXG)

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that Asahara was indeed fit to stand trial, and on 27 March 2006, rejected the appeal against his death sentence. Japan's Supreme Court upheld this decision on 15 September 2006. Two re-trial appeals were declined by the appellate court. In June 2012, Asahara's execution was postponed due to the further arrests of the two remaining Aum Shinrikyo members wanted in connection with the attack. Japan does not announce dates of executions, which are by hanging, in advance of them being carried out. On 6 July 2018, the Ministry of Justice announced that Asahara had been executed that morning with six others of those principally involved.

883:(a rival Japanese religious movement), in mid-1994. The first attack involved a truck with a spraying system, as previously used – the spraying system malfunctioned, spraying sarin into the truck itself, and mildly poisoning the operators. The second attack utilized a truck modified to include an evaporation system based on heating sarin over a gas stove fire; despite prior warnings from cult member Kazuyoshi Takizawa, the truck caught fire during the dissemination, severely poisoning the driver Tomomitsu Niimi and causing both Niimi and Murai – the operators – to flee. Niimi received an injection of 1449: 1344: 753: 1224:

station to meet his accomplice with a car. Leaving the punctured packets on the floor allowed the sarin to leak out into the train car and stations. This sarin affected passengers, subway workers, and those who came into contact with them. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it can quickly and easily evaporate from a liquid into a vapor and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapor even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin. Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin presents an immediate but short-lived threat.

1405:, Hirose dropped the newspapers to the floor, repeated an Aum mantra and punctured both sarin packets with so much force that he bent the tip of his sharpened umbrella. Both packets were successfully broken, and all 900 millilitres (30 US fl oz) of sarin was released onto the floor of the train. Hirose then departed the train at Ochanomizu and left via Kitamura's car waiting outside the station. Hirose's clumsy release of the sarin resulted in him accidentally poisoning himself, but he was able to administer an antidote stored in Kitamura's car. 801: 683:), and began construction. However, public attitudes towards the cult had become very negative due to suspicions around the cult's illegal activities. These attitudes were exacerbated once it was revealed to the surrounding community that the group had acted illegally. A police investigation in October resulted in the arrests of several Aum members, causing Asahara to fear a police raid – he hence ordered the destruction of all biological and chemical weapon stockpiles, and for the cult to focus on legitimate, non-violent strategies only. 1245: 1139: 1150:, whose wife had been left comatose by the attack. Blame would not be clearly attributed to Aum Shinrikyo until after the subway attack, despite tipoffs – in September 1994, two anonymous letters were sent to major media outlets in Japan – the first asserting that the group were responsible for the attack, and the second claiming that Matsumoto was an open-air 'experiment of sorts', noting that the results would have been much worse if sarin had been released indoors, such as in 'a crowded subway'. 692:

in late 1992, Asahara's mental health deteriorated further – he began to complain of hallucinations and paranoia, and he withdrew from public appearances (except on Aum Shinrikyo Broadcasting), claiming society was preventing him from fulfilling his destiny as Christ. The concurrent replacement of the previously predominantly female group of top advisers with a more aggressive male group led to the gradual restarting of the violent campaign to seize power. At some point in 1992, Asahara published

1572: 1508: 1433: 1328: 1233: 2880: 2612:(some of whom, though present at subway entrances and filming the injured, hesitated when asked to transport victims to the hospital) and the Subway Authority, which failed to halt several of the trains despite reports of passenger injury. Health services including hospitals and health staff were also criticised; one hospital refused to admit a victim for almost an hour, and many hospitals turned victims away. Other prefectures near Tokyo like 852: 1610:, he punctured two of the three packets, left the train, and arrived back at Aum headquarters with Sugimoto by 08:30. Hayashi made the most punctures of any of the perpetrators. By the next stop, passengers in the third car began to feel the effects of the sarin. Noticing the large, liquid-soaked package on the floor and assuming it was the culprit, one passenger kicked the sarin packets out of the train and onto 1212:, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each perpetrator carried two packets totaling approximately 0.9 litres (30 US fl oz) of sarin, except Yasuo Hayashi, who carried three bags totalling approximately 1.3 litres (44 US fl oz) of sarin. Aum originally planned to spread the sarin as an aerosol but did not follow through with it. Sarin has an 2533: 2091: 383: 43: 1923: 1478:, Yokoyama began poking at the sarin packets. When the train reached the next station, he fled the scene with Tonozaki, leaving the sarin packets on the train car. The packets were not fully punctured. During his drop, Yokoyama left one packet fully intact, while the other packet was only punctured once (and with a small hole), resulting in the sarin being released relatively slowly. 553:, giving it privileges such as tax breaks and freedom from governmental oversight. This recognition caused dramatic growth, including an increase in net worth from less than 430 million yen to over 100 billion yen (approximately $ 7m to $ 1.3b in 2024 dollars) over the next six years, as well as an increase in membership from around 20 members to around 20,000 by 1992. 2894: 490: 2519:

been killed by sarin inhalation, thereby increasing the officially recognised death toll to 13. On 10 March 2020, another victim, who had been bedridden for 25 years since the attack, died. 56-year-old Sachiko Asakawa's cause of death was determined to be hypoxic encephalopathy caused by sarin poisoning; she is considered the attack's 14th fatality.

1412:, 19 stops later, two severely injured passengers were carried out of the train car, while station attendant Sumio Nishimura removed the sarin packets (one of these two passengers was the only fatality from this attack). The train continued with sarin still on the floor of the third car. Five stops later, at 08:38, the train reached 816:, where he had previously studied chemistry), he suggested to Hideo Murai – a senior Aum advisor who had tasked him with researching chemical weapons in November 1992, out of fear that the cult would soon be attacked with them – that the most cost-effective substance to synthesize would be sarin. 653:, and attempted to produce the toxin using three 10,000-litre (2,600 US gal) capacity fermenters. In total, around 50 batches of 9,000 litres (2,400 US gal) of a crude broth were produced – however, the cult did not attempt to purify the broth (which mostly would have consisted of 2375:'s Engineering Department. He worked for an electronics firm in Gunma Prefecture for three years after graduation before leaving to join Aum, where he became Undersecretary at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing scheme. Yokoyama was 784:

executed two attacks in 1993 using this vaccine strain – once from the roof of the headquarters building in Kameido, and once from a truck with a custom spraying device, aimed at the Diet building, Imperial Palace, and Tokyo Tower. Both attacks caused no effects other than a foul smell, reported by passers-by.

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However, the Japanese police had already discovered a sophisticated chemical weapons laboratory at Aum's main compound in March. The facility was capable of producing thousands of kilograms of sarin a year; far in excess of what was used. Later investigation showed that Aum not only created the sarin

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A 2008 law enacted by the Japanese government authorized payments of damages to victims of the gas attack, because the attack was directed at the government of Japan. As of December 2009, 5,259 people have applied for benefits under the law. Of those, 47 out of 70 have been certified as disabled and

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Asahara had at one time suspected Hayashi of being a spy. The extra packet of sarin he carried was part of "ritual character test" set up by Asahara to prove his allegiance, according to the prosecution. Hayashi fled after the attacks. He was arrested 21 months later, one thousand miles from Tokyo on

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The attack was originally believed to be an explosion and was thus labeled as such in media reports. Eventually, station attendants realized that the attack was not an explosion, but rather a chemical attack. At 08:35, the Hibiya Line was completely shut down and all commuters were evacuated. Between

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The Satyan-7 facility was declared ready for occupancy by September 1993 with the capacity to produce about 40–50 litres (11–13 US gal) of sarin, being equipped with 30-litre (7.9 US gal) capacity mixing flasks within protective hoods, and eventually employing 100 Aum members; the

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spores could be spread as a powder, rather than through spraying – this was achieved with a crude hot air dryer. Nakagawa has claimed that an attempt was made to spread this powder through the centre of Tokyo, but this, also, had no effects. The total failure of the biological weapons program had, by

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In the raid following the attack, police arrested many senior members of the cult. Police activity continued throughout the summer, and over 200 members were arrested, including Asahara. Thirteen of the senior Aum management, including Asahara himself, were sentenced to death and later executed; many

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on 27 February 2004, but lawyers immediately appealed the ruling. The Tokyo High Court postponed its decision on the appeal until results were obtained from a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation, which was issued to determine whether Asahara was fit to stand trial. In February 2006, the court ruled

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On the day of the attack, ambulances transported 688 patients and nearly 5,000 people reached hospitals by other means. In total, 278 hospitals saw 5,510 patients – 17 of whom were deemed critical, 37 severe, and 984 moderately ill with vision problems. About 85% of those reporting to hospitals were

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He was subsequently ordered to produce a small amount – within a month, the necessary equipment had been ordered and installed, and 10–20 grams (0.35–0.71 oz) of sarin had been produced via synthetic procedures derived from the five-step DHMP process as originally described by IG

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Again, the group did not attempt to purify the resulting product, which resembled a foul-smelling brown slurry. Further failed attacks on individuals were attempted in 1993 and 1994 using botulinum – first using a homemade sprayer mounted to a car, and then by mixing with juice – but neither had any

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The group reportedly still has about 2,100 members, and continues to recruit new members under the name "Aleph" as well as other names. Though the group has renounced its violent past, it still continues to follow Asahara's spiritual teachings. Members operate several businesses, though boycotts of

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In June 1994, Asahara ordered the cult to assassinate the judges involved in deciding a commercial land dispute involving the cult, due to his belief that they would not deliver a favourable judgement. About a week later, on 27 June, 30 litres (7.9 US gal) of sarin was loaded onto a truck

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After the destruction of the illegal weapon stockpiles, the cult relied on 'mainstream' methods to attract other members – this included frequent television appearances by Asahara, as well as the setting up of the 'Aum Shinrikyo broadcasting' radio station in Russia in April 1992. However, starting

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in Tsukiji was one of very few hospitals in Tokyo at that time to have the entire building wired and piped for conversion into a "field hospital" in the event of a major disaster. This proved to be a very fortunate coincidence as the hospital was able to take in most of the 600+ victims at Tsukiji

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Until 2008, 12 fatalities resulting from the attack had been officially acknowledged. However, in 2008 a survey of victims was conducted by the prefectural police department for the purpose of allocating compensation. This survey determined that a man who had died the day after the attack had also

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By mid-afternoon, over 500 mildly affected victims had recovered from vision problems and were released from hospital. Most of the remaining patients were well enough to go home the following day, and within a week only a few critical patients remained in hospital. The death toll on the day of the

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To aid in this, Tsuchiya was ordered by Endo to produce sarin again on 18 March – due to a lack of normal precursors as a result of the chemical destruction process, the sarin produced was of a lower quality and caused the normally colourless sarin to appear brown. 30 kilograms (66 lb) of the

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received increased funding to monitor the group. In 1999, the Diet gave the commission broad powers to monitor and curtail the activities of groups that have been involved in "indiscriminate mass murder" and whose leaders are "holding strong sway over their members", a bill custom-tailored to Aum

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The train reached the end of the line, Ikebukuro, at 08:30 where it would head back in the opposite direction. Before it departed the train was evacuated and searched, but the searchers failed to discover the sarin packets. The train departed Ikebukuro Station at 08:32 as the Shinjuku-bound A801.

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and may have tested the efficacy of the synthesized sarin on animals. They remained in Australia for eight days and attempted to return in October of the same year, but were denied visas – Banjawarn Station was sold by Aum in October 1994 for ~AU$ 150,000 less than market rate, the

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After this small quantity had been produced, Murai ordered Tsuchiya to produce about 70 tonnes (150,000 lb) – when Tsuchiya protested, noting that this level of scaling was not feasible in a research laboratory, a chemical plant was ordered to be built alongside the biological

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The drastically increasing popularity of the group also saw an increase in violent behavior from its members. In the year preceding its recognition by the Tokyo government, a member of the cult – Terayuki Majima – had accidentally drowned during a ritual; his body was cremated, with the remaining

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for treatment. Medical personnel at the hospital had not been given prior notice of the attack and were consequently clueless regarding what treatment Hirose needed. When Kitamura realized that he had driven Hirose to the hospital in vain, he instead drove to Aum's headquarters in Shibuya where

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and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid – the former being a degradation product of sarin, and the latter being a definitive signature of both sarin production and of failures in production. However, there was no law at the time prohibiting the production of the nerve agents. This evidence was left

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When the facility developed leaks, buckets were used to contain spills; several technicians inhaled fumes on repeated occasions, developing 'symptoms ranging from nosebleeds to convulsions', and toxic chemicals leaked from the site and into the soil. Citizens lodged complaints about foul smells

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Carrying their packets of sarin and umbrellas with sharpened tips, the perpetrators boarded their appointed trains. At prearranged stations, the sarin packets were dropped and punctured several times with the sharpened tip of the umbrella. Each perpetrator then got off the train and exited the

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Despite mouse bioassays run by Tomomasu Nakagawa (another cult member assisting Endo) returning no toxic effects, in April 1990 the crude broth was loaded into three trucks equipped with custom spray devices, which was to be sprayed at two US naval bases, Narita airport, the Diet building, the

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Reader concluded that, "The visit was well-intentioned, and the participants were genuinely concerned about possible violations of civil rights in the wake of the extensive police investigations and detentions of followers." However, it was ill-fated and detrimental to the reputation of those

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Similarly, the Aum anthrax program was a failure – despite having access to a sympathiser outside of the group who could acquire anthrax spores, the strain received by the group was a Sterne vaccine strain incapable of causing harm. It was unclear why, despite having this knowledge, the group

2757:(1997). He was critical of the Japanese media for focusing on the sensational profiles of the attackers and ignoring the lives of the victimized average citizens. The book contains extensive interviews with the survivors, telling their stories. Murakami later added a second part to the work, 645:

in order to overthrow the Japanese government. As members became disillusioned with the group (following contact with the outside world made during the election campaign) and defected, an attitude among the remaining members that 'the unenlightened' did not deserve salvation became accepted.

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The president of the Okamura ironworks, an industrial plant facing debt troubles, was a member of the cult who consulted with Asahara about a takeover strategy. In September 1992, Asahara was made president of the ironworks, resulting in 90% of staff being dismissed or leaving due to the

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In 1990, Hayashi resigned his job and left his family to join Aum in the monastic order Sangha, where he became one of Asahara's favorites and was appointed the group's Minister of Healing, as which he was responsible for administering a variety of "treatments" to Aum members, including

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care. Several of those affected by sarin went to work in spite of their symptoms, not realizing that they had been exposed to sarin. Most of the victims sought medical treatment as the symptoms worsened and as they learned of the actual circumstances of the attacks via news broadcasts.

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was upheld by Japan's Supreme Court. As a result, among a total of 189 members indicted, 13 were sentenced to death, five were sentenced to life in prison, 80 were given prison sentences of various lengths, 87 received suspended sentences, two were fined, and one was found not guilty.

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British scholar of Japanese religions Ian Reader, in a detailed account of the incident, reported that Melton "had few doubts by the end of his visit to Japan of Aum’s complicity" and eventually "concluded that Aum had in fact been involved in the attack and other crimes" In fact, the

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to be inevitable in the form of a global war involving the United States and Japan; that non-members were doomed to eternal hell, but could be saved if killed by cult members; and that only members of the cult would survive the apocalypse, and would afterwards build the Kingdom of

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pm. Within an hour, a mass disaster caused by an unknown toxic gas had been declared. Fifty-eight people were hospitalised, of whom seven people died in the immediate aftermath, and an eighth 14 years later, and an additional 253 people sought medical care at outpatient clinics.

1595:. Unlike the rest of the attackers, Hayashi carried three sarin packets onto the train instead of two. Prior to the attack, Hayashi asked to carry a flawed leftover packet in addition to the two others in an apparent bid to allay suspicions and prove his loyalty to the group. 1559:, the next stop, the passengers in the car had begun panicking. The first car was evacuated and several passengers were immediately taken to a hospital. Still, with the first car empty, the train continued down the line for one more stop until it was completely evacuated at 863:

Despite the safety features and often state-of-the-art equipment and practices, the operation of the facility was very unsafe – one analyst would later describe the cult as having a "high degree of book learning, but virtually nothing in the way of technical skill."

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After the verdict was read, his lawyer said that Kitamura was still under Asahara's spell which made him a victim of the cult as well. He also said that the court had dismissed this point adding that he would discuss with him whether to appeal to the higher courts.

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In the press conferences, Fisher and Lewis announced that Aum could not have produced the sarin with which the attacks had been committed. They had determined this, Lewis said, with their technical expert, based on photos and documents provided by the group.

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Kiyotaka Tonozaki, a high school graduate who joined the group in 1987, was Yokoyama's getaway driver. Tonozaki was 31 years old at the time of the attacks. He was a member of the group's Ministry of Construction. Tonozaki was sentenced to life imprisonment.

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mid-1993, convinced Asahara to focus on the chemical weapons division under Masami Tsuchiya. While Endo would be promoted within the cult to 'health minister' in 1994 – reflecting his seniority – no further attacks using biological weapons were attempted.

2678:, suggested Aum may be innocent. Shimada later apologized, claiming he had been deceived by Aum, but his and others' statements damaged the public image of scholars of religion in general in Japan. Shimada later had to resign from his academic position. 890:

Despite the failure of the attack, the members of Aum were convinced of sarin's efficacy, prompting Asahara to appoint Takizawa in charge of operations of Satyan-7; Tsuchiya was assigned to several other projects and would go on to manufacture several

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Fingerprint evidence for an Aum member linked to an earlier kidnapping, in addition to the sarin-contaminated soil samples, caused the police to set a raid date for 22 March. Asahara was made aware of the impending raid by two cult members inside the

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buyers noted that the previous owners wanted the property sold as soon as possible. They left behind several drums of hazardous and toxic chemicals and empty bottles of sake strewn about the property. Being concerned, the new owners contacted the

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Toyoda was sentenced to death. The appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the Tokyo High Court on 28 July 2003, and was upheld by the Supreme Court on 6 November 2009. Toyoda was executed at the Tokyo Detention House on 26 July 2018.

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As he was about to release the sarin, Hirose believed the loud noises, on the usually quiet train, caused by the newspaper-wrapped packets had caught the attention of a schoolgirl. To avoid further suspicion, he got off the train at either

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as early as 1985. In his meditation sessions during this time, he claimed that the god Shiva had been revealed to him, and had appointed him 'Abiraketsu no Mikoto' ('The god of light who leads the armies of the gods'), who was to build the

1490:, staff removed the sarin packets and mopped the floor, but the train continued on to Shinjuku. After arriving at 09:09, the train once again began to make its way back to Ikebukuro as the B901. The train was finally put out of service at 2515:. In one survey 20% of 837 respondents complained that they felt insecure when on a train, while 10% answered that they tried to avoid any nerve-attack related news. Over 60% reported chronic eyestrain and said their vision had worsened. 4546:

5,510 casualties; they had a total of 12 deaths, there were 8 as of that day; 17 critical patients; 37 severe, and 984 moderate. This leaves about 4,000 casualties who reported to medical facilities who seemingly had nothing wrong with

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chemical was manufactured and stored in a large container, from which it was decanted into plastic bags. Later forensic analysis found that the sarin utilised in the attack was roughly half as pure as that used in the Matsumoto attack.

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In May and June 2012, the last two of the fugitives wanted in connection with the attack were arrested in the Tokyo and Kanagawa area. Of them, Katsuya Takahashi, was taken into custody by police near a comic book cafe in Tokyo.

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Following the attack, Japanese police raided Aum Shinrikyo facilities and arrested members. The cult's headquarters in Tokyo was raided by police on 16 May 1995. Due to fears that armed cult members might resist the raid, the

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Naoko Kikuchi, who was involved in producing the sarin gas, was 24 years old at the time of the attacks. She was arrested after a tipoff in June 2012, but was acquitted in 2015 on the grounds that she was unaware of the plot.

2293:. In his first trial in May 1997 he admitted to the crimes and reportedly renounced the cult although he maintained the belief that Asahara had superpowers and his lawyer said that he still was under the spell of the cult. 4437: 2300:

in November 1999, with the presiding judge chastising him for playing an "indispensable role" in the attack. The judge also highlighted his self-righteous motive for his crimes and pronounced the sentencing saying that:

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Lewis, on the other hand, maintained his opinion that Aum had been framed, and wrote that having the trip funded by Aum had been arranged "so that financial considerations would not be attached to our final report".

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involved. While distinguishing between Lewis' and Melton's attitudes, Reader observed that Melton was criticized as well by both Japanese media and some fellow scholars. Using stronger words, Canadian scholar

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in January 1995, alerting Asahara and the cult, and causing Nakagawa and Endo to begin the process of destroying and/or hiding all nerve agents and biological weapons, which lasted until the end of February.

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of 550 micrograms per kilogram (0.0039 gr/lb), corresponding to 38.5 milligrams (0.594 gr) for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) human; however, dispersal issues dramatically reduced its effectiveness.

318:) during rush hour, killing 13 people, severely injuring 50 (some of whom later died), and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others. The attack was directed against trains passing through 4990: 557:

bones ground up and scattered over a nearby lake. Majima's friend – a fellow member of the group – was murdered by members acting under Asahara's orders, after he became disillusioned and tried to leave.

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Katsuya Takahashi, who was 37 years old at the time of the attack, was Toyoda's getaway driver. Takahashi was arrested in June 2012. He was the last of the wanted fugitives of the attack to be arrested.

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Detailed information on each subway line, including names of perpetrators, times of attack, train numbers and numbers of casualties, as well as biographical details on the perpetrators, were taken from

2689:, and chemical expert Thomas Banigan. They flew to Japan, with their travel expenses paid by Aum, and announced that they will investigate and report through press conferences at the end of their trip. 2068:, who was Hayashi's getaway driver, was 31 years old at the time of the attacks; he was sentenced to death due to his involvement in other crimes perpetrated by Aum members. Niimi was executed at the 1314:. There, the bags were removed and eventually disposed of by station attendants, of whom two died. The train continued on to the next station where it was completely stopped, evacuated and cleaned. 824:

production facility in the Fujigamine district of Kamikuishiki, to be labeled Satyan-7 ('Truth'). The specialized equipment and substantial chemicals needed to run the facility were purchased using

1470:, to wrap the two sarin packets. When they arrived at the station, Yokoyama put on a wig and fake glasses and boarded the fifth car of the Ikebukuro-bound 07:39 Marunouchi Line train number B801 ( 2484:(excessive constriction of the pupil), a severe casualty was short of breath or had muscular twitching or gastrointestinal problems as well as miosis, and a severe or critical casualty required 2437:

Hayashi's getaway driver was 36-year-old Shigeo Sugimoto, whose lawyers argued he played only a minor role in the attack, but the argument was rejected and he was sentenced to life in prison.

2197:, Hirose became an important member of the group's Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in the group's Automatic Light Weapon Development scheme. 2787:

The sarin attack was the most serious attack upon Japan since World War II. Shortly after the attack, Aum lost its status as a religious organization, and many of its assets were seized. The

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upheld Kitamura's sentence, which he called "too harsh" given his role in the attack. The court refuted his argument and highlighted his lack of remorse as motive for upholding the sentence.

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Ikuo Hayashi (born 23 January 1947) was 48 years old at the time of the attacks. Prior to joining Aum, Hayashi was a senior medical doctor with "an active 'front-line' track record" at the

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Several of those affected were exposed to sarin only by helping those who had been directly exposed. Among these were passengers on other trains, subway workers and health care workers.

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equipped with a fan, heater, and pump – six members, pre-administered with sarin antidotes and wearing improvised gas masks, began the propagation of sarin at around 10:40

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investigators about the sarin attacks and Aum activities post-Tokyo subway attack; his cooperation with the authorities resulted in numerous arrests and convictions, and he was given a

3871: 5728: 4020:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: HIBIYA LINE (Departing: Kita-senju / Destination: Naka-meguro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 5703: 2405:

Yasuo Hayashi (15 December 1957 – 26 July 2018) was 37 years old at the time of the attacks, and was the oldest person at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He studied

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in Chiyoda at 09:27, one hour and forty minutes after Yokoyama punctured the sarin packet. The attack resulted in no fatalities, but over 200 people were left in serious condition.

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in order to seek shelter. The spraying attacks failed to cause any ill effects among the population but 1,270 people attended the seminar, many of them becoming devout monks.

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received casualties. The cause of the incident was not immediately understood, and many hospitals received information on diagnosis and treatment only because a professor at

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Posing as joggers, Aum members sprayed Tadahito Hamaguchi, a man who the cult believed was spying on them, with VX from a syringe. He was pronounced dead four days later.

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As there was a severe shortage of antidotes in Tokyo, sarin antidote stored in rural hospitals as an antidote for herbicide/insecticide poisoning was delivered to nearby

2282:, causing the death of one person. Kitamura also aided cult fugitive Takeshi Matsumoto in hiding from justice between the months of March and April 1995 for the crime of 5758: 4362: 3666:

Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies: The Straight Scoop on Freemasons, the Illuminati, Skull and Bones, Black Helicopters, the New World Order, and Many, Many More

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Aum had carefully cultivated the friendship of Japanese scholars of religion. After the sarin gas attack, some of them, including Shimada Hiromi, a professor at Tokyo's

1548:, Toyoda punctured both packets and got off the train. He was on the train for a total of two minutes, by far the quickest sarin drop out of the five attacks that day. 4463: 4108: 4182: 875:

By December, Tsuchiya had accumulated in total about 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) of sarin – from this, two separate assassination attempts were made on

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Attempts to stockpile botulinum toxin proved unsuccessful. Seiichi Endo – one of the members tasked with acquiring botulinum toxin – collected soil samples from the

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In 2015, Takahashi was convicted for his role in the attack and was sentenced to life in prison. His appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in September 2016.

718:. His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world, and he claimed he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and take away their sins. 2644:; he recognized the symptoms, had information on diagnosis and treatment collected, and led a team who sent the information to hospitals throughout Tokyo via fax. 664:

Simultaneously, Asahara announced that the coming apocalyptic war could not save people outside of the cult, and that members should attend a three-day seminar in

576:(unless they were 'rebirthed' through intervention by 'enlightened people'), but that it was acceptable to kill those at risk of bad karma to save them from hell. 3833: 3149:

Sugiyama, Aya; Matsuoka, Toshihiko; Sakamune, Kazuaki; Akita, Tomoyuki; Makita, Ryosuke; Kimura, Shinsuke; Kuroiwa, Yukio; Nagao, Masataka; Tanaka, Junko (2020).

4982: 3960:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: MARUNOUCHI LINE (Destination: Ikebukuro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 872:

had assaulted the complex with poison gas. An accident at the plant in November 1994 would eventually force the suspension of the production of chemical agents.

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under Hasegawa Chemical, a chemical company already owned by Aum. At the same time, in September 1993, Asahara and 24 other cult members traveled from Tokyo to

3932:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: MARUNOUCHI LINE (Destination: Ogikubo) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 2851:, the fates of a handful of characters are explored and intertwined through a subway terrorist attack. Many references to the year 1995 are presented as well. 2493:

attack was eight, with four more dying subsequently. Hospitals only became aware that sarin was involved after about two hours, and then started administering

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Two vinyl bags – one containing sulfuric acid and the other containing sodium cyanide – were found, on fire, in the toilet of a subway station. Four injuries.

5331: 3988:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: HIBIYA LINE (Departing: Naka-meguro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 3524: 2966:

The definition of "terrorism" has changed over time, sporadic rebel clashes and/or raids throughout Japanese history can also be seen as a form of terrorism.

3401: 848:, who soon inspected the property due to concerns about its previous owners, and Banjawarn was exposed as a former chemical weapons testing site for Aum. 1291:

commonly worn by the Japanese during cold and flu season, Hayashi boarded the first car of southwest-bound 07:48 Chiyoda Line train number A725K (JR East

5718: 4600: 2554: 2108: 2019: 400: 60: 2824:

known Aleph-related businesses, in addition to searches, confiscations of possible evidence and picketing by protest groups, have resulted in closures.

1933: 760:

Under the oversight of Endo, the biological weapons division of the cult resumed – this time pursuing not only botulinum toxin, but also

1130:

Due to it being a warm evening, many residents had left their windows open while they slept – the first emergency call was made at 11:09

3559: 2792: 977:

Attempted assassination of Taro Takimoto, an attorney working on behalf of victims of the group – Takimoto was hospitalized but made a full recovery.

4710: 4525:. Proceedings of the Seminar Responding to the Consequences of Chemical and Biological Terrorism; Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. 3589: 4703:"Alleged Persecution of Cult Investigated: Japan: U.S. activists visit Tokyo. They're concerned about treatment of sect suspected in subway attack" 3236: 5409: 2681:

In May 1995, Aum contacted an American group known as AWARE (Association of World Academics for Religious Education), founded by American scholar

1617:

A puddle of sarin remained on the floor of the passenger car as the train continued to the next station. At 08:10, after the train pulled out of

5208: 3293: 4245: 3635: 2421:. He then became an Aum member, taking vows in 1988 and rising to the number three position in the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. 2779: 5773: 5301: 5105: 3868: 3805: 3733: 3682: 3647: 3597: 3055: 4141: 3726:

The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia

5783: 2685:, claiming that the human rights of its members were being violated. Lewis recruited human rights lawyer Barry Fisher, scholar of religion 1177: 161: 4278: 2647: 2305:

Though the defendant knew the deadliness of the nerve gas, he took part without hesitation, believing the attack was an "act of salvation"

2193:

Kenichi Hirose (12 June 1964 – 26 July 2018) was 30 years old at the time of the attacks. Holder of a postgraduate degree in physics from

156: 5257:

Ogawa Y, Yamamura Y, Ando A, et al. (1999). "An Attack with Sarin Nerve Gas on the Tokyo Subway System and Its Effects on Victims".

5131: 4770: 2640:'s school of medicine happened to see reports on television. Dr. Nobuo Yanagisawa had experience with treating sarin poisoning after the 3460: 2834: 2155: 1991: 447: 107: 5325: 4864: 4793: 5788: 5738: 4566: 4406: 2753: 2127: 1963: 1621:, a passenger in the third car pressed the emergency stop button. The train was in a tunnel at the time, and was forced to proceed to 1055:

Attempted assassination of Hiroyuki Nagaoka, head of the 'Aum Shinrikyo Victim's Group' – Nagaoka was hospitalized for several weeks.

741:'Aum-ification' of the plant. These workers were replaced with other members of the group. Over the course of 1993, the cult smuggled 419: 79: 3900:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: CHIYODA LINE - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 1512: 5708: 5602: 5274: 5247: 4913: 4322: 3496: 3411: 3088: 2863: 2580: 2174: 1637:

Ten members of Aum Shinrikyo were responsible for carrying out the attacks: five released the sarin, while the other five served as

1153:

Following an accident at Satyan-7 the next month (and complaints from the surrounding communities), a police investigation revealed

466: 126: 4530: 4077: 3765: 832:, Australia, bringing generators, tools, protective equipment (including gas masks and respirators), and chemicals to make sarin. 671:

With the intention of building a compound incorporating facilities such as a phosgene plant (as well as facilities to manufacture

3378: 3337: 2134: 1970: 426: 86: 3151:"The Tokyo subway sarin attack has long-term effects on survivors: A 10-year study started 5 years after the terrorist incident" 3009: 1420:, all while passengers continued to board the train. The train continued eastbound until it was finally taken out of service at 2867:

satirizes the attack and Aum Shinrikyo as a whole, mocking its members and showcasing "humiliating" news coverage of the event.

2460: 5034: 4392: 3061: 2761:. The additional section consists of a series of interviews with present and former Aum Shinrikyo members, first published in 1448: 1343: 752: 5698: 4592: 2558: 2512: 2480:, who had to be distinguished from those who had physical symptoms. The categorization was that a moderate casualty just had 2112: 2050: 1948: 601: 404: 64: 4459: 4340: 3699: 5082: 2141: 1977: 433: 93: 4959: 4178: 3262: 2216:

Hirose was later sentenced to death for his role in the attack. His appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the

1618: 550: 365:

others were given prison sentences up to life. The attack remains the deadliest terrorist incident in Japan as defined by

1382:. He then bought a sports tabloid to wrap the sarin packets in and boarded the second car of Marunouchi Line train A777 ( 776:– a dissident member had replaced the active compound with water, but the cult had failed to acquire an active strain of 5763: 4822: 2842:: The attack is a central plot element of the book with the main character's husband being a fatal victim of the attack. 2456: 1560: 1491: 1311: 1271: 773: 3825: 2719:

article and implied that Melton had spoken in the press conference. Melton was, however, not mentioned in the original

2330:

Toru Toyoda (23 January 1968 – 26 July 2018) was 27 years old at the time of the attack. He studied Applied Physics at

2200:

After releasing the sarin, Hirose showed symptoms of sarin poisoning. He was able to inject himself with the antidote (

1544:

set 11). Sitting close to the door, he set the sarin packets on the floor. When the train arrived at the next station,

1487: 564:. Sakamoto had been working on a class-action lawsuit against the cult. Asahara had previously advanced the concept of 542:. Around this time, the mental health of Matsumoto (now going by the name Shoko Asahara) deteriorated – he developed a 5748: 5713: 5612: 5509: 5402: 2926: 2921: 2800: 2376: 2371:

Yokoyama (19 October 1963 – 26 July 2018) was 31 at the time of the attack. He was a graduate in Applied Physics from

2275: 2123: 1959: 1714: 1441: 1352: 1336: 800: 415: 75: 4486: 2762: 2675: 2543: 4746: 4679: 1587:

Yasuo Hayashi and Shigeo Sugimoto were the team assigned to drop sarin on the southwest-bound Hibiya Line departing

5743: 5733: 1368: 1307:, he punctured one of his two bags of sarin, leaving the other untouched, and exited the train at Shin-Ochanomizu. 1147: 3517: 2624:

sent emergency services to Tokyo to support the rescue operation, and other hospitals in the region, including in

2562: 2547: 2101: 393: 53: 5219: 2839: 1173: 845: 31: 4844:

Lewis, James R. (1995). "Japan's Waco: Aum Shinrikyo and the Eclipse of Freedom in the Land of the Rising Sun".

1625:, where passengers stumbled out and collapsed on the station's platform and the train was taken out of service. 5753: 2682: 2477: 1664: 1555:, passengers in the train's first car began to feel the effects of the sarin and began to open the windows. By 1253: 1244: 1138: 366: 3002: 657:; one member even fell into one of the fermenters and nearly drowned, but otherwise suffered no ill effects). 5654: 5223: 5149: 3013: 2736: 2697:

used in the subway attacks, but had committed previous chemical and biological weapons attacks, including a

2473: 2406: 1813: 1580: 1524: 1516: 1300: 809: 5064:, "Last AUM Cult Fugitive Arrested In Tokyo, Ending 17 Years On The Run", 15 June 2012; wire service report 3639: 2342:

when he joined Aum, where he belonged to the Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology.

5723: 5693: 5592: 5582: 5555: 5547: 5395: 3552: 2932: 2908: 2380: 2221: 1421: 1351:

Two men, Ken'ichi Hirose and Koichi Kitamura, were assigned to release two sarin packets on the westbound

1117: 1010: 991: 561: 338: 4702: 4618: 4204: 3586:

The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture

1252:

The team of Ikuo Hayashi and Tomomitsu Niimi were assigned to drop and puncture two sarin packets on the

5649: 5418: 5344: 5197: 2601: 2225: 2069: 1603: 1545: 1530:

The pair, with Takahashi driving, left Aum headquarters in Shibuya at 06:30. After purchasing a copy of

1471: 1409: 1383: 1261: 1154: 715: 2148: 1984: 1611: 1424:

two stops later. The entire ordeal resulted in one passenger's death with 358 being seriously injured.

440: 100: 1146:

Investigations after the Matsumoto attack were generally inconclusive, with the primary suspect being

3285: 3162: 2043: 1466: 734: 3124: 1571: 1507: 3614:

Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism.

2735:

chastised both Lewis and Melton for having put the reputation of the whole category of scholars of

2485: 2410: 2331: 2290: 1638: 1592: 1576: 1537: 1523:

Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi were assigned to release sarin on the northeast-bound

1483: 1432: 1327: 1232: 585: 323: 228: 197: 337:, had already carried out several assassinations and terrorist attacks using sarin, including the 5042: 4671: 4149: 3758:

Proceedings of the Seminar on Responding to the Consequences of Chemical and Biological Terrorism

3628: 2847: 2811:

On 27 November 2004, all the Aum trials concluded, excluding Asahara's, as the death sentence of

2698: 2658:

stations, where it was collected by a Ministry of Health official on a train bound for Tokyo. An

2641: 2637: 2629: 2621: 2593: 1588: 1402: 1310:

The train proceeded down the line with the punctured bag of sarin leaking until 4 stops later at

1213: 813: 712: 295: 223: 2335: 835:

After repurchasing chemicals confiscated by customs, the group chartered aircraft from Perth to

3217: 2858:

where the player can experience a fictionalized version of the events leading up to the attack.

5489: 5454: 5297: 5270: 5243: 4909: 4767: 4318: 4209: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3729: 3678: 3643: 3593: 3492: 3407: 3198: 3180: 3051: 2938: 2915: 2297: 2194: 2054: 2039: 2030:, which he left to become head of Circulatory Medicine at the National Sanatorium Hospital in 1607: 1556: 1541: 1457: 1437: 1391: 1379: 927:, and gunpowder. These compounds would be used in several attacks and assassination attempts: 840: 836: 665: 5672: 3674: 3664: 3435: 2711:

account of the final press conference mentioned Lewis and Fisher but not Melton. A Christian

679:

gas), Aum Shinrikyo used 14 dummy companies to purchase acres of land in Namino (now part of

17: 5449: 5262: 5235: 5187: 4790: 4663: 3450: 3188: 3170: 2791:(Japanese parliament) rejected a request from government officials to outlaw the group. The 2686: 2617: 2372: 2314: 2260: 2217: 1940: 1552: 1482:

Passengers soon became ill and alerted station attendants of the sarin-soaked newspapers at

1461: 1395: 1375: 1097: 787:

In the summer of 1993, Endo attempted a different strategy – by desiccating the slurry, the

764:, using improved 200-litre (53 US gal) drum fermenters at their Kameido facility. 672: 518: 342: 30:"Tokyo subway attack" redirects here. For the October 2021 arson and stabbing incident, see 4563: 851: 5514: 5499: 5494: 5474: 5215: 5202: 4797: 4774: 4596: 4570: 4344: 4283: 4250: 3875: 2748: 2732: 2707: 2426: 2065: 2027: 2023: 1692: 1622: 1475: 1417: 1413: 1364: 1356: 1332: 1257: 1159: 904: 825: 769: 543: 539: 346: 3096: 1629:

the five stations affected in this attack, 8 people died and 275 were seriously injured.

1602:, Hayashi boarded the third car of southwest-bound 07:43 Hibiya Line train number A720S ( 4517: 3750: 3166: 2608:

services, were criticised for their handling of the attack and the injured, as were the

1540:

where he boarded the first car of northeast-bound 07:59 Hibiya Line train number B711T (

1180:

on the morning of 20 March – possibly as a desperate attack to initiate the apocalypse.

5469: 3333: 3193: 3150: 2188: 2031: 1725: 1456:

Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozaki were assigned to release sarin on the

1371: 1367:. There Hirose boarded a westbound Marunouchi Line train, then changed to a northbound 1360: 1304: 1276: 650: 5037:. The Daily Yomiuri. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. 4363:"Ex-Aum Shinrikyo member Katsuya Takahashi gets life in prison over 1995 sarin attack" 4069: 4044: 3455: 3374: 517:. The group believed in a doctrine revolving around a syncretic mixture of Indian and 5687: 5479: 5464: 5439: 5035:"Aum trials conclude at last/Top court finalizes death penalty on sarin chemist Endo" 5015: 4675: 4314: 3518:"Aum Shinrikyo: Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons" 3486: 2788: 2774: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2205: 1532: 1288: 1204:), one of the world's busiest commuter transport systems, at the peak of the morning 1193: 1070: 912: 900: 892: 876: 704: 680: 654: 605: 535: 514: 497: 358: 334: 327: 303: 267: 4019: 3987: 3959: 3931: 3899: 860:

UN would later estimate the value of the building and its contents at $ 30 million.

5667: 5633: 5459: 5444: 5349: 4589: 3858:

Ed. James J.F. Forest & Russell D. Howard: New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013, pg. 99.

3670: 3125:"Woman bedridden since AUM cult's 1995 sarin gas attack on Tokyo subway dies at 56" 2899: 2885: 2812: 2597: 2511:

Surveys of the victims in 1998 and 2001 showed that many were still suffering from

2508:

1,077 of 1,163 applications for serious injuries or illnesses have been certified.

2210: 2013: 1672: 1599: 1237: 1197: 916: 730: 549:

In August 1989, the group was granted official religious corporation status by the

350: 319: 208: 746: 341:

nine months earlier. They had also produced several other nerve agents, including

5294:

Il Caso Aum Shinrikyo: Società, Religione e Terrorismo nel Giappone Contemporaneo

5074: 4337: 3175: 3045: 2046:

to those whose loyalty was suspect. These treatments resulted in several deaths.

1904:

Naoko Kikuchi, an eleventh member of Aum, was involved with producing the sarin.

5504: 5484: 5109: 5020: 3880: 2532: 2090: 1922: 1201: 960: 880: 697: 382: 311: 42: 5266: 5239: 4951: 3700:"Photos: A Doomsday Cult Bought This Farm to Build Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3254: 2854:

One fictional portrayal of the Tokyo train gas terrorist attack is in the game

521:, as well as Christian and Hindu beliefs, especially relating to the Hindu god 5337: 5061: 5011: 4559: 3436:"In the Wake of Aum: The Formation and Transformation of a Universe of Belief" 3221: 2912:, a documentary film made following the arrest of the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo 2875: 2655: 2609: 2283: 1296: 1292: 1256:. Hayashi was the perpetrator and Niimi was his getaway driver. On the way to 924: 726: 721:

Asahara claimed to be able to see dark conspiracies everywhere promulgated by

708: 630: 526: 354: 5373: 5360: 4814: 3184: 4667: 4430:"Court acquits Kikuchi of 1995 Aum bombing, deeming she was unaware of plot" 3854:

Tucker, Johnathan B. "Chemical Terrorism: Assessing Threats and Responses."

2712: 2605: 1205: 908: 638: 590: 531: 3202: 560:

Three months after recognition, six Aum Shinrikyo members were involved in

5340:

Several pictures taken by One of the passengers on the scene (in Japanese)

2893: 2252:

was 27 years old when the attack was committed. He is currently serving a

4738: 4651: 4109:"Profiles of top Aum Shinrikyo members, including six still on death row" 2625: 2613: 2498: 2201: 1009:

Attempted assassination of Shoko Egawa, a journalist who had covered the

1001: 884: 676: 642: 600:

In 1990, Asahara announced that the group would run 25 candidates in the

5315: 5209:

Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response

4865:"CLarifying Contentious Issues: A Rejoinder to Melton, Shupe, and Lewis" 3010:

Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response

1606:

set 10) and dropped his sarin packets to the floor. Two stops later, at

2957:

17 critical (some later died), 37 severe, 984 temporary vision problems

2804: 2633: 2115: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1266: 869: 761: 500:

was founded in 1984 as a yoga and meditation class, initially known as

489: 407: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5531:

United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations

2481: 2204:

sulphate) and was rushed to the Aum-affiliated Shinrikyo Hospital in

594: 2666:

rushed emergency supplies to Tokyo unsolicited on hearing the news.

4607:, Kyle B. Olson, Research Planning, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, U.S. 3403:

Religious violence in contemporary Japan: the case of Aum Shinrikyō

1248:

JR East 203 series set 67, the Chiyoda Line train involved as A725K

4983:"Aum Shinrikyo guru Shoko Asahara hanged for mass murder: reports" 2778: 2663: 2659: 2494: 2414: 2279: 1570: 1563:. This attack killed one person and seriously injured 532 others. 1506: 1447: 1431: 1342: 1326: 1243: 1231: 1209: 1137: 920: 850: 829: 799: 751: 742: 661:

Imperial Palace, and the headquarters of a rival religious group.

569: 522: 488: 307: 299: 241: 177: 173: 5230:

Tu A. T. (1999). "Overview of Sarin Terrorist Attacks in Japan".

1614:'s subway platform. Four people in the station died as a result. 768:

effects. Five days before the sarin attack on the Tokyo subways,

5332:

The Aum Supreme Truth Terrorist Organization – The Crime library

3406:(1. publ ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 193–195. 2418: 2334:'s Science Department and graduated with honors. He also held a 1073:, who had criticized the group – Okawa suffered no ill effects. 722: 634: 573: 5391: 5132:"The True, Secret History of the Creepiest Cult Game Ever Made" 2379:

in 1999. His appeals were rejected, and he was executed at the

4348: 2918:, a cattle station in Western Australia owned by Aum Shinrikyo 2526: 2339: 2289:

He was a fugitive until November 1996 when he was arrested in

2278:

where Hirose boarded a train and punctured two bags of liquid

2084: 2072:

on 6 July 2018 with six others of those principally involved.

1916: 1260:, Niimi purchased newspapers to wrap the sarin packets in—the 896: 820:

Farben in 1938, and as used by the Allies after World War II.

376: 36: 3336:. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 31 October 1995. 597:

society made up of those who had developed 'psychic powers'.

568:: a doctrine which stated that not only were people with bad 5075:"Last Aum cult fugitive Katsuya Takahashi arrested in Japan" 4529:. Bethesda: U.S. Public Health Service. pp. 2-32–2-33. 4338:"Last Aum cult fugitive Katsuya Takahashi arrested in Japan" 959:

Two failed attempts to assassinate Daisaku Ikeda, leader of

1176:, and ordered an attack on Tokyo subway lines close to the 1027:

VX was used to assassinate up to 20 dissident Aum members.

919:; he would also manufacture small amounts of phosgene, VX, 749:, and began to prototype rifles based on the AK-74 design. 3558:. Monterey Institute of International Studies. June 2016. 812:

complex in November 1992. After initial research (done at

707:, and described a final conflict culminating in a nuclear 5338:

I got some pictures of sarin scattered on the metro floor

5261:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 333–355. 5234:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 304–317. 5198:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

4952:"Aum Shinrikyo: Japan executes cult leader Shoko Asahara" 4906:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

3488:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

2754:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

2267:

in the late 1980s after reading a book written by leader

804:

Aum Shinrikyo facility in Kamikuisshiki, 8 September 1996

306:. In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released 5387: 4487:"20 Years Ago, A Shadowy Cult Poisoned The Tokyo Subway" 4148:. Asahi Shimbun Company. 7 November 2009. Archived from 3095:(in Japanese). Kyodo News. 11 March 2010. Archived from 1295:

set 67) which was running on a through service from the

538:

branch; the following year, it opened a headquarters in

5185:"Survey: Subway sarin attack haunts more survivors" in 4931:"TOKYO JUDGE SETS IN MOTION SEIZURE OF AUM CULT ASSETS" 3826:"March 20, 1995: Poison Gas Wreaks Tokyo Subway Terror" 2362:

Train B711T (Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound Hibiya Line train)

1944: 756:

Layout of the Aum Shinrikyo biological weapons facility

5106:"Aum may be gone in name but guru still has following" 1536:

and wrapping his two sarin packets, Toyoda arrived at

1464:, Tonozaki stopped to allow Yokoyama to buy a copy of 1452:

02 series set 50, the train involved as B701/A801/B901

1236:

Detailed map of the attack on the Yoyogi-Uehara bound

1069:

Attempted assassination of Ryuho Okawa, leader of the

855:

Overhead view of the Satyan-7 chemical weapon facility

5160:. Vol. 4. Core Magazine. 1995. pp. 190–191. 2651:

Station, resulting in no fatalities at that station.

2228:

on 26 July 2018, along with five other cult members.

931:

Confirmed chemical attacks executed by Aum Shinrikyo

808:

Tsuchiya had established a small laboratory in their

4652:"Scholarship, Aum Shinrikyô, and Academic Integrity" 3751:"Overview: Recent events and responder implications" 357:

they believed in. The leader also wanted to start a

5642: 5626: 5575: 5540: 5523: 5432: 4791:"Matsumoto sarin victim dies 14 years after attack" 4311:オウム法廷〈10〉地下鉄サリンの「実行犯」たち (朝日文庫) (日本語) 文庫 – 2002/12/1 4179:"Japan hangs all 6 remaining Aum death row inmates" 3237:"Tokyo marks 15th anniversary of subway gas attack" 3001:Smithson, Amy E; Levy, Leslie-Anne (October 2000). 2463:was stationed nearby to provide support if needed. 2220:on 28 July 2003 and the sentence was upheld by the 839:, where they searched for uranium deposits to make 263: 255: 247: 237: 214: 204: 183: 169: 141: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3856:Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism, 2nd Ed. 3627: 3003:"Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo" 1398:and moved to the third car instead of the second. 703:He outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a 5779:Terrorist incidents on subterranean rapid transit 3523:. Centre for a New American Security. July 2011. 3047:Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2670:Defense offered by Japanese and American scholars 2396:Train A720S (Naka-Meguro-bound Hibiya Line train) 534:. In 1987, the group rebranded and established a 330:(Japanese parliament) is headquartered in Tokyo. 5047:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4981:Yoshida, Reiji; Murakami, Sakura (6 July 2018). 2076:Train A777 (Ogikubo-bound Marunouchi Line train) 5345:Homebrew chemical terror bombs, hype or horror? 4514:Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense 3123:Tanaka, Richi; Tatsumi, Kenji (20 March 2020). 2303: 2245: 2224:on 6 November 2009. Hirose was executed at the 1892: 1874: 1851: 1830: 1799: 1781: 1756: 1736: 1703: 1683: 868:several times, with the cult claiming that the 620: 287: 5729:History of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 5328:A history of Aum and list of Aum-related links 4273: 4271: 4269: 4070:"Sources: 7 former Aum cult members. executed" 3553:"Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBQ Activities" 3083: 3081: 3079: 2239: 2022:. The son of a doctor, Hayashi graduated from 1886: 1868: 1845: 1824: 1793: 1775: 1750: 1730: 1697: 1677: 614: 562:the murder of Tsutsumi Sakamoto and his family 506: 281: 145: 5704:Accidents and incidents involving Tokyo Metro 5403: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 3547: 3545: 3363:. The Japan News. 21 October 1995. p. 2. 3359:"Asahara rearrested in 1989 cultist murder". 8: 4815:"How cult apologists defended Aum Shinrikyo" 4136: 4134: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2715:Web site called Apologetic Index quoted the 2321:Train B801 (Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line) 1949:introducing citations to additional sources 1347:02 series set 16, the train involved as B777 5220:Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo 2561:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1200:(on lines that are part of the present-day 1071:Institute for Research into Human Happiness 637:", caused him to order the cult to produce 349:and had perpetrated several failed acts of 5410: 5396: 5388: 4601:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4407:"Woman arrested for 1995 Tokyo gas attack" 4246:"Gas attack getaway driver gets life term" 3630:The War on Terrorism and the Terror of God 2701:that killed eight people and injured 144. 2026:. He was a heart and artery specialist at 1192:On Monday, 20 March 1995, five members of 155: 138: 5173:(June 29, 1995). HappySoft Ltd. Aum Soft. 4908:. London, UK: Vintage. pp. 213–216. 4863:Kent, Stephen A.; Krebs, Theresa (1999). 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 3454: 3192: 3174: 3118: 3116: 3114: 2581:Learn how and when to remove this message 2274:During the attack he drove Hirose to the 2175:Learn how and when to remove this message 887:and pralidoxime iodine, saving his life. 467:Learn how and when to remove this message 302:, Japan, by members of the cult movement 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5759:Railway accidents and incidents in Japan 5016:Failed appeal ends last Aum murder trial 3819: 3817: 3724:Kaplan, David; Marshall, Andrew (1996). 3590:Continuum International Publishing Group 3313: 3311: 1939:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1646: 929: 4777:, A Brief History of Chemical Warfare, 4739:"Tokyo Cult Find an Unlikely Supporter" 4732: 4730: 4728: 4460:"オウム真理教事件から20年、学ぶべきだった「普遍性」とは森達也さんに聞く" 4393:"Chronology of cultists' legal battles" 4304: 4302: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 3512: 3510: 3508: 2978: 2950: 2775:Aum Shinrikyo § Current activities 1127:pm, spraying for around 10–20 minutes. 1011:1989 disappearance of Tsutsumi Sakamoto 5040: 4605:Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat? 4585: 4583: 4564:Aum victim keeps memory alive via film 4279:"Life term upheld in '95 sarin attack" 4205:"Police Arrest Pair in '95 Gas Attack" 3836:from the original on 11 September 2018 3636:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 3255:"Japan executes Sarin attack cultists" 3016:. pp. 91–95, 100. Report No. 35. 1460:-bound Marunouchi Line. On the way to 1142:Depiction of Aum Shinrikyo sarin truck 915:to be used in the cult activities and 27:1995 terrorist attack by Aum Shinrikyo 5259:Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins 5232:Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins 4825:from the original on 5 September 2019 4619:"Luck Played Role in Aid for Victims" 4309:Furuhata, Kenichi (1 December 2002). 4142:"Death sentences upheld for cultists" 4119:from the original on 12 November 2018 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3982: 3980: 3954: 3952: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3869:Last trial brings dark Aum era to end 3443:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 3375:"Death sentence on Aum leader upheld" 3216:Pletcher, Kenneth (31 October 2023). 3020:from the original on 25 December 2014 164:police officers respond to the scene. 7: 5769:Terrorist incidents in Japan in 1995 5286:Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook 3rd edition 4885:from the original on 7 February 2020 4749:from the original on 7 February 2020 4713:from the original on 28 October 2019 4682:from the original on 7 February 2020 4428:Osaki, Tomohiro (27 November 2015). 3584:Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2006). 2559:adding citations to reliable sources 2113:adding citations to reliable sources 1359:. The pair left Aum headquarters in 1178:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 772:was dispersed in a failed attack on 405:adding citations to reliable sources 162:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 65:adding citations to reliable sources 5130:Gault, Matthew (12 November 2019). 4940:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 4929:Sullivan, Kevin (31 October 1995). 4485:Alfred, Charlotte (20 March 2015). 2835:The Fine Art of Invisible Detection 2256:for the attack and other offenses. 1303:, the central business district in 696:, in which he identified with the " 3565:from the original on 11 April 2018 3235:Tomoko A. Hosaka (20 March 2010). 2413:; after graduation he traveled to 2020:Ministry of Science and Technology 1575:Detailed map of the attack on the 1511:Detailed map of the attack on the 1436:Detailed map of the attack on the 1331:Detailed map of the attack on the 1208:. The chemical agent used, liquid 1196:launched a chemical attack on the 1158:unacted on, but was leaked to the 25: 5719:Deaths from nerve agent poisoning 5604:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5171:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5152:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5085:from the original on 15 June 2012 4536:from the original on 3 March 2016 4493:from the original on 26 July 2018 4466:from the original on 18 July 2018 4373:from the original on 9 April 2016 4361:Osaki, Tomohiro (30 April 2015). 4185:from the original on 26 July 2018 3771:from the original on 3 March 2016 3698:Morgans, Julian (17 March 2021). 3530:from the original on 29 July 2019 3456:10.18874/jjrs.22.3-4.1995.381-415 3296:from the original on 6 April 2020 3064:from the original on 28 July 2018 2864:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 2793:National Public Safety Commission 2648:St. Luke's International Hospital 1474:set 50). As the train approached 298:perpetrated on 20 March 1995, in 4993:from the original on 8 July 2018 4962:from the original on 8 July 2018 4779:Historical Cases of CW Terrorism 4617:FARLEY, MAGGIE (29 March 1995). 4527:Office of Emergency Preparedness 4440:from the original on 8 July 2018 4080:from the original on 6 July 2018 4045:"Japanese Cult Member Gets Life" 3793:Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo 3381:from the original on 6 July 2018 3304:– via www.theguardian.com. 3265:from the original on 8 July 2018 2892: 2878: 2531: 2089: 1932:relies largely or entirely on a 1921: 1908:Train A725K (Chiyoda Line train) 1283:Hayashi eventually chose to use 737:, and rival Japanese religions. 381: 41: 5427:Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo 5334:Crime Library article about Aum 5104:Hongo, Jun (22 November 2011). 4701:Watanabe, Teresa (6 May 1995). 3466:from the original on 6 May 2018 3340:from the original on 2 May 2016 3334:"A Case Study on Aum Shinrikyo" 3284:Rafferty, Kevin (16 May 1995). 2461:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 2100:needs additional citations for 1598:After Sugimoto escorted him to 511:, "Aum Divine Beings’ Society") 392:needs additional citations for 52:needs additional citations for 3824:Staff, WIRED (20 March 2009). 3050:. Academic Press. p. 27. 2747:Popular contemporary novelist 2513:post-traumatic stress disorder 2049:Hayashi later reported to the 711:, borrowing the term from the 546:and expressed suicidal views. 1: 5296:, 2010, Edizioni Solfanelli, 5284:Sidell, Frederick R. (1998). 3377:. BBC.com. 13 December 2001. 3218:"Tokyo subway attack of 1995" 3089:"地下鉄サリン死傷者６３００人に救済法の認定作業で調査" 2783:Shoko Asahara's death warrant 1363:at 6:00 am and drove to 580:Early attempts to seize power 551:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 316:Teito Rapid Transit Authority 18:Tokyo subway sarin gas attack 5774:Terrorist incidents in Tokyo 5304:. Preface by Erica Baffelli. 3176:10.1371/journal.pone.0234967 5784:Political violence in Japan 5288:. Jane's Information Group. 5226:Report No. 35, October 2000 3616:New York: Macmillan (2000). 3241:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2927:List of executions in Japan 2922:Capital punishment in Japan 2759:The Place That Was Promised 2276:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line 2246: 2124:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 1960:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 1893: 1875: 1852: 1831: 1800: 1782: 1757: 1737: 1704: 1684: 694:Declaring Myself the Christ 687:Restarting violent activity 655:bacterial cultivation media 621: 416:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 288: 76:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 5805: 5564:Tokyo subway sarin attack 5267:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch022 5240:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch020 5024:, 22 November 2011, pg. 1. 4650:Reader, Ian (April 2000). 4519:U.S. Medical Team Briefing 3884:, 22 November 2011, pg. 3. 3844:– via www.wired.com. 3434:Susumu, Shimazono (1995). 2856:Tales of the Black Forest, 2772: 2699:previous attack with sarin 2662:company that manufactured 2296:Kitamura was sentenced to 2186: 2057:instead of death penalty. 2011: 1299:. As the train approached 1167:Preparation for the attack 1115: 796:Chemical weapon production 292:, "Subway Sarin Incident") 29: 5789:Military history of Tokyo 5739:March 1995 events in Asia 5663: 5425: 4904:Murakami, Haruki (2003). 4737:Reid, T.R. (6 May 1995). 4409:. smh.com.au. 3 June 2012 3485:Murakami, Haruki (1997). 2338:, and was about to begin 2240: 1887: 1869: 1846: 1825: 1812: 1794: 1776: 1751: 1731: 1713: 1698: 1678: 1492:Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station 1174:Japan Self-Defense Forces 1088:Tokyo subway sarin attack 846:Australian Federal Police 615: 572:doomed to an eternity in 507: 282: 277:Tokyo subway sarin attack 154: 146: 142:Tokyo subway sarin attack 32:October 2021 Tokyo attack 5709:Attacks by Aum Shinrikyo 4819:www.apologeticsindex.org 3796:. Weatherhill. pp. 3663:Goldwag, Arthur (2009). 3320:A Clock That Has Stopped 3318:Matsumoto, Rika (2015). 3044:Ramesh C. Gupta (2015). 2676:Japan Women's University 2259:Kitamura is a native of 2250:, born 16 February 1968) 1486:. One station later, at 1401:As the train approached 584:Asahara had experienced 5548:Sakamoto family murder 5224:Henry L. Stimson Centre 5154:Magazine Advertisement" 4668:10.1525/nr.2000.3.2.368 4577:, March 9, 2010, pg. 3. 3790:Brackett, D. W (1996). 3014:Henry L. Stimson Centre 2737:new religious movements 2407:Artificial Intelligence 2213:gave Hirose first aid. 1503:Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound 1301:Shin-Ochanomizu Station 493:Symbol of Aum Shinrikyo 345:, attempted to produce 187:20 March 1995 5594:Me and the Cult Leader 5374:35.68944°N 139.69167°E 4501:– via Huff Post. 4434:The Japan Times Online 4367:The Japan Times Online 4313:(in Japanese). Japan: 3626:Griffith, Lee (2004). 2933:Me and the Cult Leader 2784: 2381:Nagoya Detention House 2307: 2222:Supreme Court of Japan 1584: 1520: 1453: 1445: 1348: 1340: 1249: 1241: 1143: 1118:Matsumoto sarin attack 1112:Matsumoto sarin attack 992:Matsumoto sarin attack 856: 805: 757: 608:, under the banner of 494: 339:Matsumoto sarin attack 310:on three lines of the 289:Chikatetsu Sarin Jiken 5699:1995 murders in Japan 5650:2019 Tokyo car attack 4781:, Aum Shinrikyo, 2004 4773:25 March 2007 at the 4768:CW Terrorism Tutorial 2782: 2313:In January 2002, the 2226:Tokyo Detention House 2070:Osaka Detention House 1574: 1510: 1451: 1435: 1410:Nakano-sakaue Station 1346: 1330: 1262:Japan Communist Party 1247: 1235: 1155:methylphosphonic acid 1141: 950:Late 1993-early 1994 854: 803: 755: 586:delusions of grandeur 492: 5320:Dark History Podcast 4436:. japantimes.co.jp. 3749:Olson, Kyle (1996). 3728:. Crown Publishing. 3612:Lifton, Robert Jay, 3400:Reader, Ian (2000). 2861:The 1995 video game 2555:improve this section 2478:psychogenic patients 2457:1st Airborne Brigade 2109:improve this article 1945:improve this article 1644:The five duos were: 1561:Kasumigaseki Station 1551:Two stops later, at 1467:Nihon Keizai Shimbun 1312:Kasumigaseki Station 774:Kasumigaseki station 735:British Royal Family 591:Kingdom of Shambhala 401:improve this article 61:improve this article 5764:Religious terrorism 5556:Matsumoto incident 5379:35.68944; 139.69167 5370: / 4395:. 29 December 1999. 4369:. The Japan Times. 4152:on 13 December 2009 3167:2020PLoSO..1534967S 2486:intensive care unit 2467:Injuries and deaths 2411:Kogakuin University 2332:University of Tokyo 2291:Tokorozawa, Saitama 1593:Naka-Meguro Station 1538:Naka-Meguro Station 1422:Shin-Kōenji Station 932: 502:Oumu Shinsen no Kai 229:Religious terrorism 5749:Massacres in Japan 5714:Chemical terrorism 5214:2015-09-24 at the 4796:2008-08-13 at the 4595:2011-09-04 at the 4569:2010-03-10 at the 4516:) (12 July 1995). 4343:2018-07-16 at the 4254:. 12 November 1999 4213:. 14 November 1996 4113:Japan Times Online 3874:2020-01-12 at the 2848:Mawaru Penguindrum 2838:(2021) a novel by 2828:In popular culture 2801:sentenced to death 2785: 2642:Matsumoto incident 2638:Shinshu University 2594:Emergency services 2523:Emergency services 2377:sentenced to death 2034:(north of Tokyo). 1619:Hatchōbori Station 1612:Kodenmachō Station 1589:Kita-Senju Station 1585: 1521: 1454: 1446: 1403:Ochanomizu Station 1349: 1341: 1250: 1242: 1144: 998:20 September 1994 930: 857: 814:Tsukuba University 806: 758: 713:Book of Revelation 602:election that year 495: 333:The group, led by 296:domestic terrorism 224:Chemical terrorism 5744:Massacres in 1995 5734:March 1995 crimes 5681: 5680: 5533:(removed in 2022) 5490:Tomomasa Nakagawa 5455:Kiyohide Hayakawa 5302:978-88-89756-88-1 5292:Bonino, Stefano. 4707:Los Angeles Times 4623:Los Angeles Times 4287:. 30 January 2002 4210:Los Angeles Times 3807:978-0-8348-0353-4 3735:978-0-517-70543-8 3684:978-0-307-39067-7 3649:978-0-8028-2860-6 3599:978-0-567-04133-3 3361:The Daily Shimbun 3057:978-0-12-800494-4 2939:Religion in Japan 2916:Banjawarn Station 2591: 2590: 2583: 2417:where he studied 2387:Kiyotaka Tonozaki 2383:on 26 July 2018. 2350:Katsuya Takahashi 2298:life imprisonment 2195:Waseda University 2185: 2184: 2177: 2159: 2010: 2009: 1995: 1902: 1901: 1853:Tonozaki Kiyotaka 1842:Kiyotaka Tonozaki 1801:Takahashi Katsuya 1790:Katsuya Takahashi 1633:Main perpetrators 1608:Akihabara Station 1567:Naka-Meguro-bound 1557:Kamiyacho Station 1542:Tobu 20000 series 1513:Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen 1416:, the end of the 1380:Ikebukuro Station 1109: 1108: 1032:12 December 1994 837:Banjawarn Station 747:5.45x39mm bullets 477: 476: 469: 451: 273: 272: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5796: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5450:Satoru Hashimoto 5412: 5405: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5289: 5280: 5253: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5081:. 15 June 2012. 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4846:Prevailing Winds 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4811: 4805: 4804:, 6 August 2008. 4788: 4782: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4647: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4587: 4578: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4275: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4242: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. 26 July 2018. 4175: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4105: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4016: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3896: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3503: 3502: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3449:(3/4): 381–415. 3440: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3178: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3007: 2998: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2687:J. Gordon Melton 2586: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2535: 2527: 2373:Tokai University 2340:doctoral studies 2315:Tokyo High Court 2261:Aichi Prefecture 2251: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2218:Tokyo High Court 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2117: 2093: 2085: 2040:sodium pentothal 2005: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1953: 1925: 1917: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1647: 1553:Roppongi Station 1484:Kōrakuen Station 1462:Shinjuku Station 1396:Korakuen Station 1376:Shinjuku Station 1133: 1126: 1098:Hydrogen cyanide 933: 628: 627: 624: 618: 617: 525:. They believed 519:Tibetan Buddhism 515:Chizuo Matsumoto 513:, by pharmacist 512: 510: 509: 472: 465: 461: 458: 452: 450: 409: 385: 377: 367:modern standards 293: 291: 285: 284: 194: 192: 159: 150: 149: 148: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5754:Murder in Tokyo 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5659: 5638: 5627:Sects/Offshoots 5622: 5616: 5606: 5596: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5536: 5519: 5515:Masato Yokoyama 5510:Masami Tsuchiya 5500:Kazuaki Okazaki 5495:Tomomitsu Niimi 5475:Yoshihiro Inoue 5428: 5421: 5416: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5311: 5283: 5277: 5256: 5250: 5229: 5216:Wayback Machine 5203:Haruki Murakami 5188:Mainichi Online 5182: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4987:The Japan Times 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4958:. 6 July 2018. 4950: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4802:Yomiuri Shimbun 4798:Wayback Machine 4789: 4785: 4775:Wayback Machine 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4743:Washington Post 4736: 4735: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4649: 4648: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4597:Wayback Machine 4588: 4581: 4575:The Japan Times 4571:Wayback Machine 4558:Sasaki, Sayo, ( 4557: 4553: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4522: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4462:. 12 May 2015. 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345:Wayback Machine 4336: 4332: 4325: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284:The Japan Times 4277: 4276: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4251:The Japan Times 4244: 4243: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4115:. 6 July 2018. 4107: 4106: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3897: 3888: 3876:Wayback Machine 3866: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592:. p. 300. 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3286:"Shoko tactics" 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3261:. 6 July 2018. 3253: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3161:(6): e0234967. 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2830: 2777: 2771: 2769:Aum/Aleph today 2749:Haruki Murakami 2745: 2733:Stephen A. Kent 2721:Washington Post 2717:Washington Post 2708:Washington Post 2672: 2587: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2552: 2536: 2525: 2469: 2452: 2443: 2435: 2433:Shigeo Sugimoto 2427:Ishigaki Island 2403: 2398: 2389: 2369: 2367:Masato Yokoyama 2364: 2352: 2336:master's degree 2328: 2323: 2247:Kitamura Kōichi 2237: 2236:Kōichi Kitamura 2234: 2232:Kōichi Kitamura 2191: 2181: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2094: 2083: 2078: 2066:Tomomitsu Niimi 2063: 2061:Tomomitsu Niimi 2051:Japanese police 2044:electric shocks 2024:Keio University 2016: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1954: 1952: 1938: 1926: 1915: 1910: 1894:Sugimoto Shigeo 1884: 1883:Shigeo Sugimoto 1866: 1843: 1837: 1832:Yokoyama Masato 1822: 1821:Masato Yokoyama 1806: 1791: 1773: 1761: 1758:Kitamura Kōichi 1748: 1747:Kōichi Kitamura 1741: 1738:Hirose Ken'ichi 1728: 1717: 1705:Niimi Tomomitsu 1695: 1693:Tomomitsu Niimi 1675: 1659:Getaway driver 1639:getaway drivers 1635: 1623:Tsukiji Station 1569: 1505: 1500: 1476:Yotsuya Station 1442:Marunouchi Line 1430: 1428:Ikebukuro-bound 1418:Marunouchi Line 1414:Ogikubo Station 1378:and got off at 1365:Yotsuya Station 1357:Ogikubo Station 1353:Marunouchi Line 1337:Marunouchi Line 1325: 1320: 1318:Marunouchi Line 1258:Sendagi Station 1230: 1217: 1190: 1169: 1160:Yomiuri Shimbun 1131: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1046:4 January 1995 905:methamphetamine 841:nuclear weapons 826:shell companies 798: 705:Third World War 689: 625: 612: 582: 504: 487: 482: 473: 462: 456: 453: 410: 408: 398: 386: 375: 359:Third World War 347:botulinum toxin 279: 233: 217: 195: 190: 188: 165: 144: 143: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5600: 5590: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Kenichi Hirose 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5310: 5309:External links 5307: 5306: 5305: 5290: 5281: 5275: 5254: 5248: 5227: 5206: 5192: 5191:June 18, 2001. 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5141: 5122: 5096: 5066: 5054: 5026: 5004: 4973: 4943: 4921: 4914: 4896: 4855: 4836: 4806: 4783: 4760: 4724: 4693: 4662:(2): 368–382. 4635: 4609: 4579: 4551: 4504: 4477: 4451: 4420: 4398: 4384: 4353: 4351:, 14 June 2012 4330: 4323: 4317:. p. 68. 4298: 4265: 4224: 4196: 4163: 4130: 4091: 4061: 4036: 4024:publicism.info 4004: 3992:publicism.info 3976: 3964:publicism.info 3948: 3936:publicism.info 3916: 3904:publicism.info 3886: 3860: 3847: 3813: 3806: 3782: 3741: 3734: 3716: 3690: 3683: 3655: 3648: 3618: 3605: 3598: 3576: 3541: 3504: 3497: 3477: 3426: 3412: 3392: 3366: 3351: 3325: 3307: 3276: 3246: 3227: 3208: 3141: 3110: 3099:on 16 May 2013 3075: 3056: 3031: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2959: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2889: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2843: 2840:Robert Goddard 2829: 2826: 2773:Main article: 2770: 2767: 2744: 2741: 2683:James R. Lewis 2671: 2668: 2589: 2588: 2539: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2468: 2465: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2351: 2348: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2233: 2230: 2189:Kenichi Hirose 2187:Main article: 2183: 2182: 2097: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2081:Kenichi Hirose 2079: 2077: 2074: 2062: 2059: 2032:Tokai, Ibaraki 2012:Main article: 2008: 2007: 1943:. Please help 1929: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1881: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1840: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1788: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1745: 1726:Kenichi Hirose 1723: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1690: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1634: 1631: 1568: 1565: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1488:Hongō-sanchōme 1429: 1426: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1277:Seikyo Shimbun 1229: 1226: 1215: 1189: 1186: 1168: 1165: 1148:Yoshiyuki Kōno 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078:20 March 1995 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060:February 1995 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004: 999: 995: 994: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 957: 954: 951: 947: 946: 943: 940: 937: 797: 794: 688: 685: 651:Ishikari River 581: 578: 544:health anxiety 486: 483: 481: 478: 475: 474: 389: 387: 380: 374: 371: 294:was an act of 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 220: 218: 215: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 185: 181: 180: 171: 167: 166: 160: 152: 151: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5801: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Heisei period 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694:1995 in Tokyo 5692: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Fumihiro Joyu 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Yasuo Hayashi 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440:Shoko Asahara 5438: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326:Aum Shinrikyo 5324: 5321: 5317: 5316:Aum Shinrikyo 5313: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5276:0-8412-3630-5 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5249:0-8412-3630-5 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5142: 5138:. Vice Media. 5137: 5133: 5126: 5123: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5005: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4974: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4915:9780099461098 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4512:Fred Sidell ( 4508: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4324:9784022613974 4320: 4316: 4315:Asahi Shimbun 4312: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867:Hongo, Jun, " 3864: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498:0-375-72580-6 3494: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3478: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3415: 3413:9780700711093 3409: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845:In the anime 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2763:Bungei Shunjū 2760: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743:Murakami book 2742: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2582: 2574: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2540:This section 2538: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2441:Naoko Kikuchi 2440: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401:Yasuo Hayashi 2400: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2269:Shoko Asahara 2266: 2265:Aum Shinrikyo 2262: 2257: 2255: 2254:life sentence 2248: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2179: 2176: 2168: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: – 2125: 2121: 2120:Find sources: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2098:This section 2096: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2055:life sentence 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028:Keio Hospital 2025: 2021: 2015: 2004: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: – 1961: 1957: 1956:Find sources: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1934:single source 1930:This section 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1895: 1882: 1877: 1876:Hayashi Yasuo 1865:Yasuo Hayashi 1864: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1833: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1789: 1784: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1746: 1739: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 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